Good and evil - Knowledge (XXG)

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limiting desires are good." It is through good actions, then, that the agent becomes free from selfish desires and achieves a state of well-being: "The good is the main link between selfishness thriving and dying. Selfishness, which in the beginning is the father of evil tendencies, becomes through good deeds the hero of its own defeat. When the evil tendencies are completely replaced by good tendencies, selfishness is transformed into selflessness, i.e., individual selfishness loses itself in universal interest."

2588: 1438: 689: 150: 2431:. One might point out, though, that the actual perpetrators of those atrocities probably avoided calling their actions genocide, since the objective meaning of any act accurately described by that word is to wrongfully kill a selected group of people, which is an action that at least their victims will understand to be evil. Universalists consider evil independent of culture, and wholly related to acts or intents. 6435: 235: 2885:

evaluate good relative to what else could be achieved there. In other words, good is situated in a particular place and one does not dismiss everything that is not available there (such as very low gravity or absolutely abundant sugar candy) as "not good enough", one works within its constraints. Transcending them and learning to be satisfied with them, is thus another sort of value, perhaps called

2686: 1890: 1766: 88: 47: 2781: 1181:"Nevertheless, a doubt occurs to the mind—that is, scorpions and serpents are poisonous. Are they good or evil, for they are existing beings? Yes, a scorpion is evil in relation to man; a serpent is evil in relation to man; but in relation to themselves they are not evil, for their poison is their weapon, and by their sting they defend themselves." 3149: 3163: 2489:, says the root of anger and the desire to harm someone is almost always related to variations of implicit or explicit philosophical beliefs about other human beings. He further claims that without holding variants of those covert or overt belief and assumptions, the tendency to resort to violence in most cases is less likely. 2511:

specific innocent victims (often children or other people in relatively powerless positions). Peck considers those he calls evil to be attempting to escape and hide from their own conscience (through self-deception) and views this as being quite distinct from the apparent absence of conscience evident in sociopaths.

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construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction, elaboration or prioritisation. Ones that relied only on local referents one could verify for oneself, creating more certainty and therefore less investment in protection, hedging and insuring against consequences of loss of the value.

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values, or in any system that recognizes the validity of ecology as a scientific study of limits and potentials, an ecosystem is a fundamental good. To all who investigate, it seems that goodness, or value, exists within an ecosystem, Earth. Creatures within that ecosystem and wholly dependent on it,

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is the study of the fundamental questions concerning the nature and origins of the good and the evil, including inquiry into the nature of good and evil, as well as the meaning of evaluative language. In this respect, meta-ethics is not necessarily tied to investigations into how others see the good,

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or ideas, and that the greatest of the ideas and the essence of being was goodness, or The good. The good was defined by many ancient Greeks and other ancient philosophers as a perfect and eternal idea, or blueprint. The good is the right relation between all that exists, and this exists in the mind

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is an internal, aware, and intentional ethical behavior, according to one's commitment to the path of liberation. It is an ethical compass within self and relationships, rather than what is associated with the English word "morality" (i.e., obedience, a sense of obligation, and external constraint).

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6:5 and 8:21. The Hebrew word "yetzer" having appeared twice in Genesis occurs again at the end of the Torah: "I knew their devisings that they do". Thus from beginning to end the heart's "yetzer" is continually bent on evil, a profoundly pessimistic view of the human being. However, the Torah which

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Values and the people that hold them seem necessarily subordinate to the ecosystem. If this is so, then what kind of being could validly apply the word "good" to an ecosystem as a whole? Who would have the power to assess and judge an ecosystem as good or bad? By what criteria? And by what criteria

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The two questions are subtly different. One may answer the first question by researching the world by use of social science, and examining the preferences that people assert. However, one may answer the second question by use of reasoning, introspection, prescription, and generalization. The former

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A satisfying formulation of goodness is valuable because it might allow one to construct a good life or society by reliable processes of deduction, elaboration, or prioritization. One could answer the ancient question, "How should we then live?" among many other important related questions. It has

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specific to political leaders, under which the greatest evil is seen to be the failure of the state to protect itself and its citizens. Machiavelli wrote: "...there will be traits considered good that, if followed, will lead to ruin, while other traits, considered vices which if practiced achieve

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and localized religious views. However small-community-based and ecology-centric views have gained some popularity in recent years. In part, this has been attributed to the desire for ethical certainties. Such a deeply rooted definition of goodness would be valuable because it might allow one to

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by saying that an individual person's flourishing is valuable only as a means to the flourishing of society as a whole. In other words, a single person's life is, ultimately, not important or worthwhile in itself, but is good only as a means to the success of society as a whole. Some elements of

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Most philosophers who think goods have to create desirable mental states also say that goods are experiences of self-aware beings. These philosophers often distinguish the experience, which they call an intrinsic good, from the things that seem to cause the experience, which they call "inherent"

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In adherence to the core principle of spiritual evolution, the Sikh idea of evil changes depending on one's position on the path to liberation. At the beginning stages of spiritual growth, good and evil may seem neatly separated. However, once one's spirit evolves to the point where it sees most

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One response is that humans are not necessarily confined to Earth, and could use it and move on. A counter-argument is that only a tiny fraction of humans could do this—and they would be self-selected by ability to do technological escalation on others (for instance, the ability to create large

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believes that evil arises from a misunderstanding of the goodness of nature, which is understood as being inherently perfect if viewed from the correct (spiritual) perspective. Misunderstanding God's reality leads to incorrect choices, which are termed evil. This has led to the rejection of any

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and not achieve perfection. Peck argues that while most people are conscious of this at least on some level, those that are evil actively and militantly refuse this consciousness. Peck describes evil as a malignant type of self-righteousness which results in a projection of evil onto selected

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proposed that it is not the satisfaction of desires that motivates the agent but rather "a desire to be free from the limitation of all desires. Those experiences and actions which increase the fetters of desire are bad, and those experiences and actions which tend to emancipate the mind from

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asserts that evil is non-existent and that it is a concept for the lacking of good, just as cold is the state of no heat, darkness is the state of no light, forgetfulness the lacking of memory, ignorance the lacking of knowledge. All of these are states of lacking and have no real existence.

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Assessment of the value of old or historical artifacts takes into consideration, especially but not exclusively: the value placed on having a detailed knowledge of the past, the desire to have tangible ties to ancestral history, or the increased market value scarce items traditionally hold.

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A view adopted by James Griffin attempts to find a subjective alternative to hedonism as an intrinsic value. He argues that the satisfaction of one's informed desires constitutes well-being, whether or not these desires actually bring the agent happiness. Moreover, these preferences must be

950:. Confucianism's primary concern is with correct social relationships and the behavior appropriate to the learned or superior man. Evil would thus correspond to wrong behavior. Still less does it map into Taoism, in spite of the centrality of dualism in that system, but the opposite of the 2401:, maintained that there are certain acts that are universally considered evil, such as rape and murder. However, the numerous instances in which rape or murder is morally affected by social context call this into question. Up until the mid-19th century, many countries practiced forms of 2467:

is the attempt to find a compromise between the absolutist sense of morality, and the relativist view; universalism claims that morality is only flexible to a degree, and that what is truly good or evil can be determined by examining what is commonly considered to be evil amongst all

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Radical values environmentalism can be seen as either a very old or a very new view: that the only intrinsically good thing is a flourishing ecosystem; individuals and societies are merely instrumentally valuable, good only as means to having a flourishing ecosystem. The

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Desire satisfaction may occur without the agent's awareness of the satisfaction of the desire. For example, if a man wishes for his legal will to be enacted after his death, and it is, then his desire has been satisfied even though he will never experience or know of it.

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spoke as much with the quote, "As the sanity of the individual lies in the continuity of his memories, so the sanity of the group lies in the continuity of its traditions; in either case a break in the chain invites a neurotic reaction" (The Lessons of History, 72).

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used the word 'pleasure' in a more general sense that encompassed a range of states from bliss to contentment to relief. Contrary to popular caricature, he valued pleasures of the mind to bodily pleasures, and advocated moderation as the surest path to happiness.

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advise politicians to explicitly ban absolute moral and ethical considerations from international politics, and to focus on self-interest, political survival, and power politics, which they hold to be more accurate in explaining a world they view as explicitly

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Accordingly, remaining on Earth, as a living being surrounded by a working ecosystem, is a fair statement of the most basic values and goodness to any being we are able to communicate with. A moral system without this axiom seems simply not actionable.

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By another approach, one achieves peace and agreement by focusing, not on one's peers (who may be rivals or competitors), but on the common environment. The reasoning: As living beings it is clearly and objectively good that we are surrounded by an

1963:. According to this claim, to talk about the good is to talk about something real that exists in the object itself, independent of the perception of it. Plato advocated this view, in his expression that there is such a thing as an eternal realm of 2853:, and observations that living things compete more with their own kind than with other kinds. Rather, what is of intrinsic good is the flourishing of all sentient life, extending to those animals that have some level of similar sentience, such as 727:

is often associated with conscious and deliberate wrongdoing, discrimination designed to harm others, humiliation of people designed to diminish their psychological needs and dignity, destructiveness, and acts of unnecessary or indiscriminate

2755:, especially in distributing social goods, defined fairness in terms of procedures, and attempted to prove that just institutions and lives are good, if rational individuals' goods are considered fairly. Rawls's crucial invention was the 2186:—the ability of a being to "feel" another's pain. People tend to value the lives of gorillas more than those of mosquitoes because the gorilla lives and feels, making it easier to empathize with them. This idea is carried forward in the 2405:. As is often the case, those transgressing moral boundaries stood to profit from that exercise. Arguably, slavery has always been the same and objectively evil, but individuals with a motivation to transgress will justify that action. 514:, the principle of chaos, disorder, and decay, with the former being the power and principles which society sought to embody where the latter was such that undermined society. This correspondence can also be seen reflected in ancient 2601:

argued that there are cases where a little evil is a positive good. He wrote, "Seek out the society of your boon companions, drink, play, talk bawdy, and amuse yourself. One must sometimes commit a sin out of hate and contempt for

1078:" of the masses, who resent their "masters", the strong. He also critiques morality by saying that many who consider themselves to be moral are simply acting out of cowardice – wanting to do evil but afraid of the repercussions. 1590:

is considered a "great gift" (mahadana) to others, because it creates an atmosphere of trust, respect, and security. It means the practitioner poses no threat to another person's life, property, family, rights, or well-being.

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In non-market societies, labour may be valued primarily in terms of skill, time, and output, as well as moral or social criteria and legal obligations. In market societies, labour is valued economically primarily through the

1865:", because it tries to actively prohibit evils and cherish goods. These descriptive and normative approaches can be complementary. For example, tracking the decline of the popularity of slavery across cultures is the work of 1245:

exercises "the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world." In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the

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For example, in both economics and in folk wisdom, the value of something seems to rise so long as it is relatively scarce. However, if it becomes too scarce, it leads often to a conflict, and can reduce collective value.

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writer who advised tyrants that "it is far safer to be feared than loved." Treachery, deceit, eliminating political rivals, and the usage of fear are offered as methods of stabilizing the prince's security and power.

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has been given many treatments; one is that the good is based on the natural love, bonding, and affection that begins at the earliest stages of personal development; another is that goodness is a product of knowing

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Plato wrote that there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.

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A benefit of tracing good to pleasure and pain is that both are easily understandable, both in oneself and to an extent in others. For the hedonist, the explanation for helping behaviour may come in the form of

2206:'s stances that the idea of a self with unique identity is illusory, and that morality ultimately comes down to sympathy and fellow feeling for others, or the exercise of approval underlying moral judgments. 1639:

explains that, because God is the source of all things, what we believe to be evil must too come from God. And because God is ultimately a source of absolute good, nothing truly evil can originate from God.

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It is difficult to figure out where an immaterial trait such as "goodness" could reside in the world. A counterproposal is to locate values inside people. Some philosophers go so far as to say that if some

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Feng Youlan, Volume II The Period of Classical Learning (from the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D). Trans. Derk Bodde. Ch. XIV Liu Chiu-Yuan, Wang Shou-jen, and Ming Idealism. part 6 § 6

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separate power being the source of evil, or of God as being the source of evil; instead, the appearance of evil is the result of a mistaken concept of good. Christian Scientists argue that even the most

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Horner, I.B. (trans.) (1975; reprinted 2000). The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon (Part III): 'Chronicle of Buddhas' (Buddhavamsa) and 'Basket of Conduct' (Cariyapitaka). Oxford: Pali Text Society.

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Thus, evil is more of an intellectual concept than a true reality. Since God is good, and upon creating creation he confirmed it by saying it is Good (Genesis 1:31) evil cannot have a true reality.

1626:, speaks of the balance of good and evil. When this balance goes off, divine incarnations come to help to restore this balance, as a balance must be maintained for peace and harmony in the world. 970:

holds that good and evil do not exist by nature, meaning that good and evil do not exist within the things themselves. All judgments of good and evil are relative to the one doing the judging.

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It is possible to treat the essential theories of value by the use of a philosophical and academic approach. In properly analyzing theories of value, everyday beliefs are not only carefully

2267:. Modern economics thus reflects very ancient philosophy, but a calculation or quantitative or other process based on cardinality and statistics replaces the simple ordering of values. 2158:

prioritized goods by considering pleasure, pain and consequences. This theory had a wide effect on public affairs, up to and including the present day. A similar system was later named

2663:, was a materialist and claimed that evil is actually good. He was responding to the common practice of describing sexuality or disbelief as evil, and his claim was that when the word 2359:

conceptions of value and meaning, and focus on the relationships between body and other essential elements of human life. In effect, conceptual metaphor theories treat ethics as an

1344:, as a fundamental universal principle that is independent from and equal with good in a dualistic sense. Within Islam, it is considered essential to believe that all comes from 2849:

According to the naturalistic view, the flourishing of society is not, or not the only, intrinsically good thing. Defenses of this notion are often formulated by reference to

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or righteousness clearly divides the world into good and evil, and clearly explains that wars have to be waged sometimes to establish and protect dharma; this war is called

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Nevertheless, Sikhism, like many other religions, does incorporate a list of "vices" from which suffering, corruption, and abject negativity arise. These are known as the

1424:), at which point the good inclination is "born" and able to control his behavior. Moreover, the rabbis have stated: "The greater the man, the greater his inclination." 3045:

distinctions. Very often, environmental cognition and moral cognition were not distinguished in these languages. Offenses to nature were like those to other people, and

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long been thought that this question can best be answered by examining what it is that necessarily makes a thing valuable, or in what the source of value consists.

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is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm. Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the

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Thomas Aquinas, SUMMA THEOLOGICA, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947) Volume 3, q. 72, a. 1, p. 902.

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A fundamental question is whether there is a universal, transcendent definition of evil, or whether evil is determined by one's social or cultural background.

2344:. The price of labour may then be set by supply and demand, by strike action or legislation, or by legal or professional entry-requirements into occupations. 6204: 2975:

who compete with humans to occupy them) it is both futile to flee, and foolish to imagine that it would take less energy and skill to protect the Earth as a

2943:" that is neither whole-Earth nor human. Many have come to the conclusion that without assuming ecosystem continuation as a universal good, with attendant 1976:, and the right relation to the Divine and to Nature. The characters in Plato's dialogues mention the many virtues of a philosopher, or a lover of wisdom. 1363:

understanding of Islam, evil does not have a positive existence in itself and is merely the lack of good, just as darkness is the result of lack of light.

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describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an "unjustifiable reality. In common parlance, evil is 'something' that occurs in experience that

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is used to describe the natural pleasures and instincts of men and women, or the skepticism of an inquiring mind, the things called evil are really good.

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Moral instructions are included in Buddhist scriptures or handed down through tradition. Most scholars of Buddhist ethics thus rely on the examination of

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for individual(s). Some even define goodness and intrinsic value as the experience of pleasure, and bad as the experience of pain. This view is called

1744:, in which all beings that have lived will be led across a bridge of fire, and those who are evil will be cast down forever. In Afghan belief, angels ( 6494: 3768:: A course of introductory lectures on religion, psychology and personal growth (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1997/2008), see especially Chapter XI. 2079:, avow a form of perfectionism in which the capacity to determine good and trade off fundamental values, is expressed not by humans but by software, 3105:

are sometimes upheld as fundamentally good especially in Western industrial society—all imply newness, and even opportunity to profit from novelty.

2380: 2759:, a procedure in which one tries to make objective moral decisions by refusing to let personal facts about oneself enter one's moral calculations. 2554:

Is consistent in his or her sins. Evil people are defined not so much by the magnitude of their sins, but by their consistency (of destructiveness)

538:, the basic meanings of κακός and ἀγαθός are "bad, cowardly" and "good, brave, capable", and their absolute sense emerges only around 400 BC, with 6489: 6236: 5143: 4674: 3263: 1074:. In these works, he states that the natural, functional, "non-good" has been socially transformed into the religious concept of evil by the " 4976: 4940: 4905: 4847: 4648: 4616: 4584: 4508: 4409: 4342: 4293: 3814: 3684: 3476: 2309:

theory, which argues that the value of labour depends on subjective preferences by consumers, which may however also be objectively studied.

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Nothing can be evil through that which it possesses in common with our nature, but in so far as a thing is evil to us it is contrary to us.

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are an example of this, encouraging the view that people ought to conform as individuals to demands of a peaceful and ordered society.

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According to the guidance of reason, of two things which are good, we shall follow the greater good, and of two evils, follow the less.

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force. Definitions of evil vary, as does the analysis of its motives. However, elements that are commonly associated with evil involve

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in fashion and art. By contrast, cultural history and other antiques are sometimes seen as of value in and of themselves due to their

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believed that virtues consisted of realization of potentials unique to humanity, such as the use of reason. This type of view, called

1598:, and the use of anthropological evidence from traditional Buddhist societies, to justify claims about the nature of Buddhist ethics. 1694:, who thrive in their reverence toward divine knowledge, rise above vice via the practice of the high virtues of Sikhism. These are: 1385:

inclination to do evil, by violating the will of God. The term is drawn from the phrase "the imagination of the heart of man evil" (

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person does not pursue evil for its own sake, but from the mistaken viewpoint that he or she will achieve some kind of good thereby.

5352: 4997: 4923: 4875: 4861: 4702: 4539: 4504: 4317: 4236: 4059: 3643: 3564: 3424: 3054: 2820: 2725: 1937: 1813: 872:. Differing views also exist as to why evil might arise. Many religious and philosophical traditions claim that evil behavior is an 216: 198: 131: 74: 3315: 2990:

and improving this is seen as an even more basic good. In many other moral systems, also, remaining on Earth in a state that lacks

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style and states these further propositions which he purports to prove or demonstrate from the above definitions in part IV of his

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spacecraft to flee the planet in, and simultaneously fend off others who seek to prevent them). Another counter-argument is that

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is sometimes used as a modern definition of evil. Hitler's policies and orders resulted in the deaths of about 50 million people.

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The idea that the ultimate good exists and is not orderable but is globally measurable is reflected in various ways in economic (

1647:, called such due to their propensity to cloud the mind and lead one astray from the prosecution of righteous action. These are: 4622: 3704: 2154: 1398:

began with blessing anticipates future blessing which will come as a result of God circumcising the heart in the latter days.

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Living This Life Fully: Teachings of Anagarika Munindra, by Mirka Knaster Ph.D., Shambhala Publications, USA, 2010. Pg. 67

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The issue of good and evil in the human visuality, often associated with morality, is regarded by some biologists (notably

6037: 5454: 5196: 3408: 2113: 946:, there is no direct analogue to the way good and evil are opposed, although references to demonic influence is common in 515: 6284: 6244: 6157: 4140:

Sandhu, Jaswinder (February 2004). "The Sikh Model of the Person, Suffering, and Healing: Implications for Counselors".

3728:. Uses strikingly similar language to that in the etymology section of this article, in the context of Chinese Idealism. 2087:. Skeptics assert that rather than perfect goodness, it would be only the appearance of perfect goodness, reinforced by 1496:, and is a code of conduct that embraces a commitment to harmony and self-restraint with the principal motivation being 784: 3748:

Definitions translated by W.H. White, Revised by A.H. Stirling, Great Books vol 31, Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 p. 424

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2. By evil, on the contrary I understand that which we certainly know hinders us from possessing anything that is good.

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are either natural events (natural disasters or illnesses) or caused by humanity's free will to disobey God's orders.

904:). A variety of thinkers have alleged the opposite, by suggesting that evil is learned as a consequence of tyrannical 2103:

Welfarist theories of value say things that are good are such because of their positive effects on human well-being.

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that reflect it, the questions are now universally recognized as central in determining value, e.g. the economic "

2763:, a great influence for Rawls, similarly applies a lot of procedural practice within the practical application of 2696: 1919: 1904: 1795: 1780: 1405:

is man's misuse of things the physical body needs to survive. Thus, the need for food becomes gluttony due to the

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Griffin, James. Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance. 1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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problem and the issue of how to work-out values as a negotiation of these metaphors, not the application of some

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Commonly hates with the pretense of love, for the purposes of self-deception as much as the deception of others

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There are at least two basic ways of presenting a theory of value, based on two different kinds of questions:

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Abuses political or emotional power ("the imposition of one's will upon others by overt or covert coercion")

2084: 1622:. However, the main emphasis in Hinduism is on bad action, rather than bad people. The Hindu holy text, the 1540: 1175: 539: 3780: 6459: 5896: 5497: 5449: 5129: 2614: 2587: 1995:). A theist may, therefore, claim that the universe has a purpose and value according to the will of such 1861:", because it attempts to describe what people actually view as good or evil; while the latter is called " 1437: 1303:, mortal life is viewed as a test of faith, where one's choices are central to the Plan of Salvation. See 2865:

that supports life. Indeed, if we weren't, we could neither discuss that good nor even recognize it. The

2301:, which attributes value to real production-costs, and ultimately expenditures of human labour-time (see 6276: 6268: 6196: 6152: 5514: 5509: 5404: 3894: 3290: 2964: 2795:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

2088: 1441: 1205: 947: 917: 688: 335: 28: 24: 2178:. It follows from this principle that what brings happiness to the greatest number of people, is good. 2071:

An entirely different form of perfectionism has arisen in response to rapid technological change. Some

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Hence it follows that if the human mind had none but adequate ideas, it would form no notion of evil.

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Knowledge of good or evil is nothing but affect of joy or sorrow in so far as we are conscious of it.

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those targets while treating everyone else normally ("their insensitivity toward him was selective")

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does not tend to arouse a desirable subjective state in self-aware beings, then it cannot be good.

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rhetoric. In all these systems, remaining on Earth is perhaps no higher than a third-place value.

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theories, all of which focus on various ways of assessing progress towards that goal, a so-called

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studies links between their languages and the ecosystems they lived in, which gave rise to their

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could thus be best described as one's baser instincts. It is not understood as a demonic force.

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If men were born free, they would form no conception of good and evil so long as they were free.

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and Human Communication: Supporting Identity, Culture, and History Without Global Domination".

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holds that standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.

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onto others. Jung interpreted the story of Jesus as an account of God facing his own shadow.

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This development from the relative or habitual to the absolute is also evident in the terms

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Monotheists might also hope for infinite universal love. Such hope is often translated as "

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and dangerous. Political realists usually justify their perspectives by laying claim to a

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is the view that physical pleasure is the ultimate good. However, the ancient philosopher

1740:). The final resolution of the struggle between good and evil was supposed to occur on a D 1455: 1394: 1348:, whether it is perceived as good or bad by individuals; and things that are perceived as 1278: 1266: 1209: 1147: 1123: 1059: 877: 852: 843: 535: 462: 424: 4153: 954:(compassion, moderation, and humility) can be inferred to be the analogue of evil in it. 3323: 1110:. People tend to believe evil is something external to them, because they project their 6408: 6162: 6062: 6047: 6022: 6017: 5901: 5791: 5729: 5648: 5638: 5628: 5538: 5419: 5414: 5399: 5339: 5324: 5299: 5201: 5184: 4890: 4816: 4641:

Evolution for Everyone: How Darwin's Theory Can Change the Way We Think About Our Lives

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claims that good and evil are meaningless, that there is no moral ingredient in nature.

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or a strict standoff between parties who have no way to understand each other's views.

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a personal preference or subjective judgment regarding any issue which might be earn

620:

Many medieval Christian theologians both broadened and narrowed the basic concept of

569: 5024: 2041:—one that, according to various teachings of "enlightenment", approaches a state of 6499: 6373: 6316: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6112: 6082: 5816: 5689: 5623: 5618: 5553: 5409: 5394: 5231: 5221: 5190: 4604: 4568: 4555: 3253: 3228: 3122: 3086: 3023: 3022:

is the most detailed expression of this overall thought but it strongly influenced

2948: 2843: 2606:, so as not to give him the chance to make one scrupulous over mere nothings... ." 2539: 2413: 2384: 2329: 2302: 2298: 2065: 2027: 1733: 1683: 1644: 1614:. This division of good and evil is of major importance in both the Hindu epics of 1611: 1469: 1447: 1420:, a boy's evil inclination is greater than his good inclination until he turns 13 ( 1345: 1247: 1197: 939: 551: 476: 439: 331: 5106: 4712: 2971:

species. A third is that if there are no other worlds fit to support life (and no

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Singh, Charan (2013-12-11). "Ethics and Business: Evidence from Sikh Religion".

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Maintains a high level of respectability and lies incessantly in order to do so

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life-relevant, that is, contribute to the success of a person's life overall.

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clearly, the idea of evil vanishes and the truth is revealed. In his writings

1382: 967: 643: 633: 543: 495: 483:) may be reached by practising philanthropy to the point of personal poverty, 480: 414: 370: 351: 339: 327: 278: 270: 4932:

The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform

4308:

Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell (2008).

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He also considers certain institutions may be evil, as his discussion of the

317:

lens, where this dichotomy is a central concept, and often symbolized by the

6348: 6260: 5992: 5972: 5871: 5781: 5754: 5734: 5679: 5548: 5357: 5009: 3268: 3110: 3102: 3050: 3042: 2987: 2862: 2645: 2603: 2572: 2452: 2313: 2287: 2095:, which would cause people to accept such rulers or rules authored by them. 2057: 2034: 2023: 1959:

One attempt to define goodness describes it as a property of the world with

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are likewise related to a concept of being in, or returning to, a state of

2018:", and wisdom itself is largely defined within some religious doctrines as 1972:

of a just political community, love, friendship, the ordered human soul of

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Some theories describe no higher collective value than that of maximizing

591:

both being derived from terms for "regional custom", Greek ήθος and Latin

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Communicatio: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research

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prioritized social arrangements and goods based on their contribution to

2434:

Views on the nature of evil tend to fall into one of four opposed camps:

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The economic value of labour may be assessed technically in terms of its

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We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With our Families

3177: 3046: 2999: 2995: 2906: 2857:. Others go farther, declaring that life itself is of intrinsic value. 2850: 2748: 2710: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2446: 2402: 2317: 1973: 1969: 1737: 1691: 1687: 1675: 1560: 1554: 1534: 1505: 1481: 985:

1. By good, I understand that which we certainly know is useful to us.

750: 718: 319: 5048: 3608: 3371:

Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus

1690:", or someone who lives selfishly and without virtue. Inversely, the " 1460:

Buddhist ethics are traditionally based on what Buddhists view as the

624:

until it came to have several, sometimes complex definitions such as:

617:

is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God."

5987: 5928: 5861: 5786: 5663: 5273: 5069: 3373:. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 173. 3011: 2991: 2968: 2944: 2409: 2294:

is seen as the ultimate source of all new economic value. This is an

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is also wholehearted commitment to what is wholesome. Two aspects of

1501: 1465: 1213: 943: 933: 629: 523: 519: 467: 458: 454: 435: 358: 310: 3137:) as an important question to be addressed by the field of biology. 846: 116:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3758: 3600: 2923:

have been most forthright about it, and have developed theories of

1500:, or freedom from causing harm. It has been variously described as 5967: 5957: 2586: 2571:

and its attempted coverup illustrate. By this definition, acts of

2442: 2379: 2325: 2015: 2007:, and the right relations that humans ought to have to the divine 1999:(s) that lies partially beyond human understanding. For instance, 1984: 1663: 1341: 1250: 1242: 1225: 1191: 893: 869: 687: 647: 547: 503: 443: 259: 241: 4805:

Romero, Rhys. "Just Being a Student". 2009. Austin Student Press.

4280:

Del Testa, David W.; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003).

3583:(Spring 1985). "Democritus and the Origins of Moral Psychology". 3396: 2893:

would ecosystems be modified, especially larger ones such as the

546:. Morality in this absolute sense solidifies in the dialogues of 6007: 5923: 5769: 5764: 5724: 5168: 5163: 5121: 3777: 3551:

Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (2005). "Marduk". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

2594:

believed that occasional minor evil could have a positive effect

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Singh, Arjan (January 2000). "The universal ideal of sikhism".

3679:. Nasville, Tennessee: Fortress Press / Vanderbilt University. 3073:

An event is often seen as being of value simply because of its

2198:. The impact of sympathy on human behaviour is compatible with 1409:. The need for procreation becomes promiscuity, and so on. The 5933: 5019: 4882:

Evil in Modern Thought – An Alternative History of Philosophy.

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Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation

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are beings sent to help us achieve the path towards goodness.

1651: 614: 453:, some of which embraced an extreme dualistic belief that the 143: 81: 40: 3471:. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions – Bear & Company. 2955:

it is impossible to justify such operational requirements as

2441:

holds that good and evil are fixed concepts established by a

1472:. The Indian term for ethics or morality used in Buddhism is 1216:(left), the personification of the character and will of the 1130:. This hypothesis, based on his previous experience from the 4958:

Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England.

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Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists

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Deceives others as a consequence of their own self-deception

2518:

Is consistently self-deceiving, with the intent of avoiding

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suggested that people may act in evil ways as a result of a

309:, in which good should prevail and evil should be defeated. 6229:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

2792:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

1136:

The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil

4992:. New York and London: T & T Clark / Continuum, 2004. 4965:

Evil and Human Agency – Understanding Collective Evildoing

3342:

Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism

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was notably pessimistic about creativity and thought that

2767:, however, this is indeed not based solely on 'fairness'. 1983:

is a person who believes that the Supreme Being exists or

564:) as a moral absolute). The idea was further developed in 5242: 4196:

Purity and Pollution in Zoroastrianism: Triumph Over Evil

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would encounter the fleeing humans and destroy them as a

2560:

Has a covert intolerance to criticism and other forms of

499:) and diligently searching for wisdom by helping others. 385:

in the sense of "having the right or desirable quality" (

163:

of distinct good and evil concept and do not represent a

4892:

Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior

4758:

The Moral Society — A Rational Alternative to Death

4142:

International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling

888:. Some argue that evil itself is ultimately based in an 3469:

Gnostic Philosophy: From Ancient Persia to Modern Times

2798: 2449:, nature, morality, common sense, or some other source. 1968:

of the Divine, or some heavenly realm. The good is the

1869:, while advising that slavery be avoided is normative. 876:

that results from the imperfect human condition (e.g. "

449:

This idea developed into a religion which spawned many

172: 105: 2538:

his or her evils and sins onto very specific targets,

880:"). Sometimes, evil is attributed to the existence of 397:

and a distinction "right and wrong, good and bad" are

357:

The principal study of good and evil (or morality) is

4987:

Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of

4784:. 1996. Cambridge University Press. Third section, -. 2557:

Is unable to think from the viewpoint of their victim

2003:—a proponent of this view—believed he had proven the 1393:), which occurs twice at the beginning of the Torah. 510:, the principle of justice, order, and cohesion, and 3113:

expanding faster than wisdom necessarily was fatal.

2916:"Remaining on Earth" as the most basic value. While 2135:. It has two main varieties: simple, and Epicurean. 1578:

are essential to the training: right "performance" (

796: 788: 670:

or behaviour which induces strong emotional reaction

313:

philosophies typically perceive the world through a

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Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.

4735:

Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices

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On God, The Soul, Evil and the Rise of Christianity

3335: 3333: 3049:reinforced this by giving nature "personality" via 1849:

What do people find good, and what do they despise?

1332:

Morality in Islam § Emphasis on good character

1170:Thus, evil does not exist, and is relative to man. 34:"Good and bad" redirects here. For other uses, see 4889: 4572: 4437:People of the Lie: The hope for healing human evil 4392:(1954). "The Sources of Evil According to Plato". 4330: 3846:(Lima, Ohio: Academic Renewal Press, 2001): 42–43. 3746:Of Human Bondage or of the Strength of the Affects 2979:than it would take to construct some new habitat. 1295:"For the love of money is the root of all of evil" 1277:defines evil as the absence or privation of good. 461:should be embraced. Gnostic ideas influenced many 4985:. In David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson (eds), 4394:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2020:a knowledge and understanding of innate goodness. 828: 5091:"The Denial of the World from an Impartial View" 4002:Gethin (1998), p. 170; Harvey (2007), p. 199; Ñā 427:of early Iranian gods into two opposing forces: 2986:However, most religious systems acknowledge an 2064:, has been recently defended in modern form by 1756:Descriptive, meta-ethical, and normative fields 1724:, the world is a battle ground between the God 1525:foundational to Buddhism and the non-sectarian 983: 837: 713:is a broad concept often associated with life, 4217: 4215: 3908:Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth 3844:Evil: A Historical and Theological Perspective 2994:or power over self is less desirable—consider 2176:the greatest happiness for the greatest number 1021:The knowledge of evil is inadequate knowledge. 5258: 5137: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3677:Good and Evil: Interpreting a Human Condition 157:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 6205:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 4884:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. 1852:What really is good, and what really is bad? 855: 754: 5030:ABC News: Looking for Evil in Everyday Life 4981:Wilson, William McF., and Julian N. Hartt. 4718:Aristotle. "Nicomachean Ethics". 1998. US: 4499:, Dante University of America Press, 2003, 2355:theories argue against both subjective and 1918:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1794:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1682:One who gives in to the temptations of the 763: 361:, of which there are three major branches: 159:deal primarily with part of the world with 75:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5265: 5251: 5243: 5144: 5130: 5122: 4929:Steven Mintz; John Stauffer, eds. (2007). 4431: 4429: 3369:Matthews, Caitlin; Matthews, John (2004). 2500:. The original Judeo-Christian concept of 373:concerning the nature of morality itself. 5025:Good and Evil in (Ultra Orthodox) Judaism 4842:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4491: 4489: 2821:Learn how and when to remove this message 2726:Learn how and when to remove this message 2653:security and well being for the Prince." 1938:Learn how and when to remove this message 1814:Learn how and when to remove this message 1261:is used to indicate unsuitability, while 1174:, son of the founder of the religion, in 609:According to the classical definition of 471:(variously interpreted as enlightenment, 217:Learn how and when to remove this message 199:Learn how and when to remove this message 132:Learn how and when to remove this message 5207:See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil 4777:. 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4770:. 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4727:The Principles of Morals and Legislation 3831:God, Power, and Evil: a Process Theodicy 3555:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). New York: 2155:The Principles of Morals and Legislation 1436: 1340:There is no concept of absolute evil in 369:concerning particular moral issues, and 6237:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 4821:Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty 4609:The Book of Real Answers to Everything! 4251:"Top 25 Political Icons – Adolf Hitler" 3736: 3734: 3281: 1062:morality, addresses this in two books, 660:of behaviour which might enhance group 393:in the sense "undesirable". A sense of 5049:The Discussion of Evil in Christianity 4949:Stapley, A.B. & Elder Delbert L., 4854:Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil 4782:Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 4312:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 318. 4035:; and Saddhatissa (1987), pp. 54, 56. 3264:Tree of the knowledge of good and evil 3060:Most people in the world reject older 3037:peoples never lost this sort of view. 2613:approach to politics was put forth by 1857:kind of method of analysis is called " 1468:, or other enlightened beings such as 560:, which ponders the concept of piety ( 326:Evil is often used to denote profound 4935:. University of Massachusetts Press. 4823:. New York: A.W.H. Freeman / Owl Book 4520:Strauss, Leo, Thoughts on Machiavelli 4198:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 3439: 2496:on the other hand, describes evil as 2485:, in his school of psychology called 1707:, or meditation upon the divine name. 803:. Other later Germanic forms include 768:are widely considered to come from a 706:often breaks down along these lines: 381:Every language has a word expressing 7: 4746:. 1948. University of Chicago Press. 4110:. New York: Taplinger Publishing Co. 3663:Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 2708:adding citations to reliable sources 2091:and probably brute force of violent 1916:adding citations to reliable sources 1792:adding citations to reliable sources 1106:and elsewhere, depicted evil as the 330:. Evil has also been described as a 323:, commonly known as the "yin-yang". 6253:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5076:Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 5055:Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 3701:Good and Evil in Chinese Philosophy 3394:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3239:Objectivist theory of good and evil 2514:According to Peck, an evil person: 2487:Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy 1416:According to the Talmudic tractate 1233:draws its concept of evil from the 365:concerning how we ought to behave, 5071:Prolegomenon to the Study of Evil. 4249:Sanburn, Josh (February 4, 2011). 4231:. 1967. Sufism Reoriented. p. 93. 4154:10.1023/B:ADCO.0000021548.68706.18 4085:An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics 3921:from the original on March 3, 2016 3454:The Penguin Dictionary of Religion 2506:is as a process that leads one to 1880:Theories of the intrinsically good 717:, continuity, happiness, love, or 642:religious obligation arising from 262:are generally seen as evil beings. 14: 4400:(1). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 3585:The American Journal of Philology 3055:Anthropological theories of value 2107:Subjective theories of well-being 550:, together with the emergence of 56:This article has multiple issues. 6495:Religious philosophical concepts 6434: 6433: 4677:from the original on 2012-04-17. 4625:from the original on 2012-11-22. 4359:"Frontline: the triumph of evil" 3805:. Translated by Laura Clifford. 3161: 3147: 3117:Goodness and morality in biology 2939:" to humans as a whole, or the " 2779: 2684: 2320:or commercially in terms of its 2225:Objective theories of well-being 1888: 1764: 1701:, or selfless service to others. 1492:is one of three sections of the 518:as well in the conflict between 251: 233: 148: 86: 45: 5038:interview with Lance Morrow on 4916:The Science of Good & Evil. 4737:. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. 4550:For discussion, see debates on 4371:from the original on 2007-04-19 4087:Cambridge University Press 2000 2695:needs additional citations for 2579:would also be considered evil. 2231:Wealth § separate analysis 2190:view and has given rise to the 64:or discuss these issues on the 6490:Recurring elements in folklore 6221:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 5591:Value monism – Value pluralism 4579:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4435:Peck, M. Scott. (1983; 1988). 4402:American Philosophical Society 3809:: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. 1876:or of asserting what is good. 916:For other uses of "good", see 21:Good and evil (disambiguation) 1: 5107:10.1080/14639947.2015.1104003 4749:Durant, Ariel and W. Durant. 4448:Peck, M. Scott. (1978;1992), 4083:Macmillan 1992; Peter Harvey 4081:The Nature of Buddhist Ethics 4029:June 1389; Nyanatiloka (1988) 3833:(Westminster, 1976/2004), 31. 3721:History of Chinese Philosophy 3492:Asante, Molefi Kete (2012). " 2420:to be acceptable, as did the 795:and suffixed zero-grade form 506:, there were the concepts of 6285:On the Genealogy of Morality 6245:Critique of Practical Reason 5089:Contestabile, Bruno (2016). 4963:Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005) 4760:. 2005. Whitmore Publishing. 4575:The Social Conquest of Earth 2959:of human activity on Earth. 1586:). Honoring the precepts of 1134:, was published in the book 856: 4768:A Treastise of Human Nature 4643:. Random House Publishing. 4329:Gourevitch, Philip (1999). 4004: 3630:Kenney, John Peter (2018). 3039:Anthropological linguistics 2751:. Rawls defined justice as 1732:) and the malignant spirit 1606:In Hinduism the concept of 1253:. In the New Testament the 1212:of evil, tempts the devine 465:religions which teach that 244:are considered good beings. 175:, discuss the issue on the 112:the claims made and adding 6526: 6475:Ethical issues in religion 6213:A Treatise of Human Nature 4969:Cambridge University Press 4888:Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). 4286:Greenwood Publishing Group 3591:(1). Baltimore, Maryland: 3299:University of Hawaii Press 2765:The Categorical Imperative 2265:genuine progress indicator 2228: 2194:movement and parts of the 1582:), and right "avoidance" ( 1453: 1370: 1325: 1223: 1145: 1132:Stanford prison experiment 1085: 1071:On the Genealogy of Morals 927: 915: 912:Theories of moral goodness 797: 789: 457:should be shunned and the 446:) which were in conflict. 408: 33: 18: 6429: 5159: 5068:Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. 5046:Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. 4898:New York University Press 4729:. 1988. Prometheus Books. 4713:Recognising Good And Evil 4670:Moral behavior in animals 4284:. Westport, Connecticut: 3939:Book of Deuteronomy 31:21 3636:Bloomsbury Publishing USA 3081:. Philosopher-historians 3057:explore these questions. 3033:It is often claimed that 2771:Society, life and ecology 2286:, and in its critique by 1386: 1226:Devil § Christianity 595:, respectively (see also 305:antagonistic opposite of 5564:Universal prescriptivism 5078:118 (4):278–281 (2013). 5058:118 (9):540–542 (2013). 4753:. 1997. MJF Books. (p72) 4715:from ourcivilisation.com 4693:Anders, Timothy (1994). 3593:Johns Hopkins University 3553:Encyclopedia of Religion 3467:Churton, Tobias (2005). 2837:as a good: to go beyond 2536:Psychologically projects 2328:or production cost (see 2249:gross national happiness 2133:monistic theory of value 2093:technological escalation 1564:. It is also the second 1202:The Temptation of Christ 924:Chinese moral philosophy 693:The Good and Evil Angels 487:(as far as possible for 5353:Artificial intelligence 4866:Katz, Fred Emil (2004) 4852:Katz, Fred Emil (1993) 4720:Oxford University Press 4697:. Chicago: Open Court. 4450:The Road Less Travelled 3803:Some answered questions 3675:Farley, Edward (1990). 3557:MacMillan Reference USA 3528:Oxford University Press 3346:Oxford University Press 3320:Oxford University Press 2627:international relations 2371:Philosophical questions 2085:artificial intelligence 1504:, moral discipline and 1176:Some Answered Questions 952:basic virtues of Taoism 930:Confucius § Ethics 847: 838: 829: 820: 814: 808: 745: 540:pre-Socratic philosophy 16:Philosophical dichotomy 5040:Evil: An Investigation 4918:New York: Time Books. 4802:. 1999. Belknap Press. 4751:The Lessons of History 4637:Wilson, Edward Osborne 4569:Wilson, Edward Osborne 4108:Sri guru-granth sahib 4020:June 13, 2016, at the 4012:; Nyanatiloka (1988), 3559:. pp. 5702–5703. 3524:Myths from Mesopotamia 3504:(2). London, England: 3322:. 2012. Archived from 3291:Streng, Frederick John 2873:recognizes this view. 2801:by rewriting it in an 2595: 2492:American psychiatrist 2388: 1834:, but also rigorously 1451: 1221: 1108:dark side of the Devil 989: 833:(adjective and noun), 772:reconstructed form of 764: 755: 699: 502:Similarly, in ancient 315:dualistic cosmological 6277:The Methods of Ethics 5515:Divine command theory 5510:Ideal observer theory 5095:Contemporary Buddhism 4953:. Ensign May 1975: 21 4951:Using Our Free Agency 4840:The Evolution of Evil 4695:The evolution of evil 4495:Niccolo Machiavelli, 4470:Peck, 1978/1992, p298 4461:Peck, 1983/1988, p105 4439:. Century Hutchinson. 4310:The evolution of evil 4194:Choksy, J.K. (1989). 4106:Singh, Gopal (1967). 4096:Bhagavad Gita 4.07–08 4044:Bodhi (2005), p. 153. 3976:Avot deRabbi Natan 16 3801:'Abdu'l-Bahá (1982). 3740:Benedict de Spinoza, 3340:Staub, Ervin (2011). 2965:extraterrestrial life 2590: 2383: 2305:). It contrasts with 2174:is whatever provides 2089:persuasion technology 1443:Extermination of Evil 1440: 1391:yetzer lev-ha-adam ra 1387:יֵצֶר לֵב הָאָדָם רַע 1195: 948:Chinese folk religion 918:Good (disambiguation) 691: 656:a generally accepted 638:religious authorities 516:Mesopotamian religion 409:Further information: 377:History and etymology 29:Evil (disambiguation) 25:Good (disambiguation) 6394:Political philosophy 4914:Shermer, M. (2004). 4836:Russell, Robert John 4787:Kierkegaard, Søren. 4756:Garcia, John David. 4733:Boyce, Mary (1979). 4008:amoli (1999), pp. 3 3506:Taylor & Francis 3452:John Hinnel (1997). 3297:. Honolulu, Hawaii: 2855:Great Ape personhood 2704:improve this article 2477:Usefulness as a term 2398:The Abolition of Man 2261:well-being measuring 2188:ethical relationship 2170:, which states that 1912:improve this section 1788:improve this section 1494:Noble Eightfold Path 1450:(12th century Japan) 1065:Beyond Good and Evil 1058:, in a rejection of 934:Taoism § Ethics 896:(i.e., human value, 783:ultimately from the 776:, comparable to the 554:thought (notably in 536:Western civilisation 301:is perceived as the 289:. In religions with 181:create a new article 173:improve this article 161:dualistic world view 36:Bad (disambiguation) 19:For other uses, see 6364:Evolutionary ethics 6325:Reasons and Persons 6301:A Theory of Justice 5455:Uncertain sentience 5197:Lesser of two evils 5042:, October 19, 2003. 4828:Hewlett, Martinez J 4800:A Theory of Justice 4744:Theory of Valuation 3829:David Ray Griffin, 3759:Dreams of Wholeness 3757:Stephen Palmquist, 3526:. Oxford, England: 3456:. Penguin Books UK. 3318:. Oxford, England: 3301:. pp. 148–149. 3234:Non-physical entity 3209:Inductive reasoning 3069:History and novelty 2867:anthropic principle 2744:A Theory of Justice 2671:Goodness and agency 2637:, sometimes called 2615:Niccolò Machiavelli 2562:narcissistic injury 2353:Conceptual metaphor 2257:science of morality 2253:positive psychology 2237:classical economics 2081:genetic engineering 1596:Buddhist scriptures 1464:perspective of the 1418:Avot de-Rabbi Natan 1305:Agency (LDS Church) 1153:Abrahamic religions 1128:collective identity 1056:Friedrich Nietzsche 979:Benedict de Spinoza 785:Proto-Indo-European 753:such as the German 399:cultural universals 338:behavior involving 240:In many religions, 6465:Concepts in ethics 6359:Ethics in religion 6354:Descriptive ethics 6189:Nicomachean Ethics 4817:Baumeister, Roy F. 4711:Atkinson, Philip. 4261:on August 26, 2011 3883:InterVarsity Press 3879:Evil and the Cross 3807:Wilmette, Illinois 3783:2008-12-19 at the 3764:2008-09-06 at the 3707:2006-05-29 at the 3659:Augustine of Hippo 3131:David Sloan Wilson 2803:encyclopedic style 2790:is written like a 2596: 2522:and maintaining a 2498:militant ignorance 2465:Moral universalism 2389: 2348:Mid-range theories 2251:) and scientific ( 2099:Welfarist theories 1867:descriptive ethics 1716:In the originally 1527:Vipassana movement 1452: 1231:Christian theology 1222: 993:quasi-mathematical 991:Spinoza assumes a 958:Western philosophy 700: 611:Augustine of Hippo 481:'oneness with God' 444:Destructive Spirit 97:possibly contains 6447: 6446: 6414:Social philosophy 6399:Population ethics 6389:Philosophy of law 6369:History of ethics 5852:Political freedom 5529:Euthyphro dilemma 5320:Suffering-focused 5240: 5239: 4983:Farrer's Theodicy 4977:978-0-521-85694-2 4942:978-1-55849-570-8 4907:978-0-8147-6193-9 4848:978-3-525-56979-5 4826:Bennett, Gaymon, 4725:Bentham, Jeremy. 4650:978-0-385-34092-2 4618:978-1-74129-007-3 4586:978-0-87140-413-8 4532:The Satanic Bible 4509:978-0-937832-38-7 4411:978-90-04-05235-2 4344:978-0-312-24335-7 4295:978-1-57356-153-2 4025:Thanissaro (1999) 3987:Babylonian Talmud 3816:978-0-87743-162-6 3686:978-0-8006-2447-7 3634:. 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New York City: 3289:Ingram, Paul O.; 3204:Graded absolutism 3169:Psychology portal 3155:Philosophy portal 2973:extraterrestrials 2953:ecological wisdom 2833:Many views value 2831: 2830: 2823: 2757:original position 2736: 2735: 2728: 2659:, founder of the 2650:higher moral duty 2617:, a 16th-century 2276:political economy 2274:In the classical 2245:welfare economics 2202:views, including 1961:Platonic idealism 1955:Platonic idealism 1948: 1947: 1940: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1359:According to the 1311:Christian Science 1200:'s 1854 painting 906:social structures 676:imposing a legal 658:cultural standard 485:sexual abstinence 227: 226: 219: 209: 208: 201: 183:, as appropriate. 142: 141: 134: 99:original research 79: 6517: 6437: 6436: 6384:Moral psychology 6329: 6321: 6313: 6309:Practical Ethics 6305: 6297: 6293:Principia Ethica 6289: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6257: 6249: 6241: 6233: 6225: 6217: 6209: 6201: 6197:Ethics (Spinoza) 6193: 5832:Moral imperative 5290:Consequentialism 5267: 5260: 5253: 5244: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5118: 4946: 4911: 4895: 4868:Confronting Evil 4793:Penguin Classics 4780:Kant, Immanuel. 4738: 4708: 4679: 4678: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4601:Griffith, Jeremy 4597: 4591: 4590: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4548: 4542: 4528: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4493: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4390:Cherniss, Harold 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4336: 4326: 4320: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4257:. 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Wilson 3107:Bertrand Russell 2826: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2731: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2688: 2680: 2459:Moral relativism 2439:Moral absolutism 2429:Rwandan genocide 2307:marginal utility 2168:maxim of utility 2164:John Stuart Mill 2114:state of affairs 2073:techno-optimists 2022:The concepts of 2005:existence of God 1943: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1892: 1884: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1768: 1760: 1428:Indian religions 1388: 1289:." According to 1275:Summa Theologica 1088:Moral psychology 1042:Proposition 68 " 1035:Proposition 65 " 1019:Proposition 64 " 1012:Proposition 30 " 859: 850: 841: 832: 823: 817: 811: 802: 801: 794: 793: 767: 758: 748: 702:Today the basic 542:, in particular 419:The philosopher 363:normative ethics 255: 237: 222: 215: 204: 197: 193: 190: 184: 152: 151: 144: 137: 130: 126: 123: 117: 114:inline citations 90: 89: 82: 71: 49: 48: 41: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6485:Literary motifs 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6425: 6332: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6263: 6255: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6177: 5950: 5943: 5867:Self-discipline 5827:Moral hierarchy 5775:Problem of evil 5720:Double standard 5710:Culture of life 5668: 5597: 5544:Non-cognitivism 5459: 5334: 5276: 5271: 5241: 5236: 5173: 5155: 5150: 5088: 5006: 4943: 4928: 4908: 4887: 4880:Neiman, Susan. 4813: 4811:Further reading 4808: 4773:Hurka, Thomas. 4732: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4682: 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5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5383:Environmental 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5305:Particularism 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153:Good and evil 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998:0-567-02510-1 4995: 4991: 4990: 4989:Austin Farrer 4984: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956:Stark, Ryan. 4955: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4924:0-8050-7520-8 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4876:0-7914-6030-4 4873: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4862:0-7914-1442-6 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4798:Rawls, John. 4797: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4775:Perfectionism 4772: 4769: 4766:Hume, David. 4765: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4742:Dewey, John. 4741: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4704:9780812691757 4700: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4540:0-380-01539-0 4537: 4533: 4530:Anton LaVey, 4527: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505:0-937832-38-3 4502: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4318:3-525-56979-3 4315: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237:1-880619-09-1 4234: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079:Damien Keown 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060:0-86013-072-X 4057: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3917: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3645:9781501314018 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3568: 3566:0-02-865741-1 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3426:9780070082090 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409:Brown, Donald 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3224:Moral realism 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214:Moral dilemma 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3159: 3156: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3135:Frans de Waal 3132: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3028:Green Parties 3025: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:value of life 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2911:deforestation 2908: 2904: 2901:) or oceans ( 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2825: 2822: 2814: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2788:This section 2786: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2761:Immanuel Kant 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2730: 2727: 2719: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2693:This section 2691: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2600: 2599:Martin Luther 2593: 2592:Martin Luther 2589: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508:miss the mark 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494:M. Scott Peck 2490: 2488: 2484: 2481:Psychologist 2476: 2474: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416:, considered 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2342:labour market 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284:David Ricardo 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2200:Enlightenment 2197: 2193: 2192:animal rights 2189: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075:, especially 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2062:perfectionism 2059: 2053:Perfectionism 2052: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1897:This section 1895: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1818: 1815: 1807: 1804:November 2012 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1773:This section 1771: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736:(also called 1735: 1731: 1728:(also called 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1686:is known as " 1685: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1624:Bhagavad Gita 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1336:Devil (Islam) 1333: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Henri Blocher 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1248:fallen angels 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1219: 1218:Christian god 1215: 1211: 1208:(right), the 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1103:Answer to Job 1099: 1092: 1089: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 994: 988: 982: 980: 973: 971: 969: 962: 957: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 935: 931: 923: 919: 911: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 861: 858: 854: 849: 845: 840: 836: 831: 827: 822: 816: 810: 806: 800: 792: 786: 782: 779: 775: 771: 766: 762: 757: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 726: 723: 720: 716: 712: 709: 708: 707: 705: 698: 697:William Blake 694: 690: 683: 679: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 659: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626: 625: 623: 622:Good and evil 618: 616: 612: 604: 602: 600: 599: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 570:Neoplatonists 567: 563: 559: 558: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 529: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 497: 492: 491: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 434: 430: 426: 422: 416: 412: 405:Ancient world 404: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 376: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:good and evil 280: 276: 272: 261: 254: 243: 236: 221: 218: 203: 200: 192: 182: 178: 174: 168: 166: 162: 155: 146: 145: 136: 133: 125: 115: 111: 107: 101: 100: 95:This article 93: 84: 83: 78: 76: 69: 68: 63: 62: 57: 52: 43: 42: 37: 30: 26: 22: 6418: 6374:Human rights 6317:After Virtue 6043:Schopenhauer 5817:Moral agency 5759: 5690:Common sense 5586:Universalism 5554:Expressivism 5534:Intuitionism 5505:Subjectivism 5450:Terraforming 5425:Professional 5232:Radical evil 5222:Value theory 5191:Summum bonum 5189: 5185:Greater good 5152: 5098: 5094: 5070: 5053: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5014: 4986: 4982: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4931: 4915: 4896:. New York: 4891: 4881: 4867: 4853: 4839: 4820: 4799: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4734: 4726: 4694: 4669: 4659: 4640: 4631: 4608: 4595: 4574: 4563: 4556:permaculture 4546: 4531: 4526: 4515: 4496: 4480: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4436: 4397: 4393: 4384: 4373:. Retrieved 4362: 4353: 4332: 4324: 4309: 4304: 4281: 4275: 4263:. Retrieved 4259:the original 4254: 4244: 4228: 4225: 4195: 4189: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4148:(1): 33–46. 4145: 4141: 4135: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4066: 4049: 4040: 4009: 3998: 3990: 3982: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3923:. Retrieved 3907: 3901: 3890: 3885:, 1994): 10. 3878: 3873: 3864: 3856: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3825: 3802: 3778:Book website 3773: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3700: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3662: 3654: 3631: 3625: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3552: 3546: 3523: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3435: 3412: 3403: 3393: 3389: 3370: 3364: 3341: 3324:the original 3294: 3284: 3254:Supreme good 3229:Natural evil 3120: 3096: 3092: 3087:Ariel Durant 3078: 3074: 3072: 3059: 3032: 3024:deep ecology 3016: 2985: 2981: 2961: 2949:biodiversity 2915: 2891: 2887:satisfaction 2875: 2859: 2848: 2844:Confucianism 2834: 2832: 2817: 2808: 2789: 2764: 2752: 2742: 2737: 2722: 2713: 2702:Please help 2697:verification 2694: 2664: 2655: 2649: 2638: 2629:theories of 2624: 2608: 2597: 2566: 2540:scapegoating 2513: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2483:Albert Ellis 2480: 2471: 2433: 2414:World War II 2407: 2396: 2390: 2385:Adolf Hitler 2376:Universality 2351: 2338: 2330:labour power 2311: 2303:law of value 2295: 2292:human labour 2291: 2273: 2269: 2234: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2153: 2148: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2102: 2070: 2066:Thomas Hurka 2056: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2019: 2013: 1978: 1958: 1949: 1934: 1925: 1910:Please help 1898: 1871: 1855: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1801: 1786:Please help 1774: 1734:Angra Mainyu 1720:religion of 1715: 1684:Five Thieves 1681: 1678:, or Egotism 1645:Five Thieves 1642: 1633: 1612:Dharmayuddha 1605: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1470:Bodhisattvas 1459: 1448:Heian period 1442: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1390: 1378: 1377:In Judaism, 1376: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1315: 1309: 1298: 1294: 1286: 1274: 1269:theologian, 1262: 1258: 1229: 1201: 1198:Ary Scheffer 1188:Christianity 1183: 1180: 1172:`Abdu'l-Bahá 1169: 1164:Baháʼí Faith 1161: 1158:Baháʼí Faith 1135: 1121: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1069: 1063: 1054: 1043: 1036: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1006: 996: 990: 984: 977: 966: 940:Confucianism 937: 886:human agency 873: 864: 862: 798: 790: 780: 773: 737: 731: 724: 710: 701: 692: 684:Modern ideas 621: 619: 608: 596: 592: 588: 584: 582: 555: 552:monotheistic 533: 501: 494: 493:, total for 488: 477:emancipation 466: 448: 440:Angra Mainyu 433:Illuminating 418: 390: 382: 380: 356: 332:supernatural 325: 318: 282: 268: 213: 195: 186: 158: 128: 119: 96: 72: 65: 59: 58:Please help 55: 6470:Dichotomies 6192:(c. 322 BC) 6058:Kierkegaard 5877:Stewardship 5654:Rousseauian 5571:Rationalism 5483:Cognitivism 5430:Programming 5405:Meat eating 5378:Engineering 5015:In Our Time 4832:Peters, Ted 4722:. (1177a15) 4552:monoculture 4337:. Picador. 4226:Discourses. 4222:Baba, Meher 3417:McGraw-Hill 3249:Psychopathy 3193:Common good 2878:materialism 2716:August 2009 2657:Anton LaVey 2640:realpolitik 2425:Interahamwe 2393:C. S. Lewis 2365:abstraction 2083:of humans, 2009:first cause 1873:Meta-ethics 1859:descriptive 1726:Ahura Mazda 1620:Mahabharata 1498:nonviolence 1462:enlightened 1422:bar mitzvah 1411:yetzer hara 1407:yetzer hara 1403:yetzer hara 1379:yetzer hara 1373:Yetzer hara 1281:theologian 1026:Corollary " 826:Old Frisian 742:Old English 674:statute law 668:natural law 646:leading to 429:Ahura Mazda 344:selfishness 297:influence, 6454:Categories 6088:Bonhoeffer 5797:Immorality 5740:Eudaimonia 5700:Conscience 5695:Compassion 5581:Skepticism 5576:Relativism 5493:Naturalism 5473:Absolutism 5445:Technology 5295:Deontology 5212:Immorality 4967:New York: 4686:References 4497:The Prince 4375:2007-04-09 4265:August 27, 4205:0292798024 3744:, Part IV 3440:Boyce 1979 3244:Ponerology 3219:Moral evil 3099:innovation 3035:aboriginal 2903:extinction 2895:atmosphere 2882:embodiment 2839:eudaimonia 2739:John Rawls 2635:neorealism 2619:Florentine 2528:perfection 2524:self-image 2334:well-being 2280:Adam Smith 2229:See also: 2218:Meher Baba 2204:David Hume 1993:polytheism 1989:monotheism 1928:April 2010 1828:catalogued 1705:Nam Simran 1666:, or Wrath 1660:, or Greed 1637:Guru Arjan 1546:Theravadin 1383:congenital 1371:See also: 1326:See also: 1224:See also: 1086:See also: 1082:Psychology 968:Pyrrhonism 963:Pyrrhonism 874:aberration 865:being good 749:) and its 644:Divine law 634:punishment 544:Democritus 415:Gnosticism 371:metaethics 352:negligence 340:expediency 336:unbalanced 328:immorality 291:Manichaean 279:psychology 271:philosophy 189:March 2022 122:April 2019 106:improve it 61:improve it 6349:Casuistry 6261:Either/Or 6168:Korsgaard 6163:Azurmendi 6128:MacIntyre 6068:Nietzsche 5998:Augustine 5993:Confucius 5973:Aristotle 5949:Ethicists 5907:Intrinsic 5872:Suffering 5782:Happiness 5755:Free will 5735:Etiquette 5680:Authority 5624:Epicurean 5619:Confucian 5614:Christian 5549:Emotivism 5373:Discourse 5310:Pragmatic 5282:Normative 5115:148168698 5101:: 49–61. 5084:0032-6178 5064:0032-6178 5036:Booknotes 4789:Either/Or 4483:, XX, p58 4404:: 23–30. 4162:145256429 3855:Schwarz, 3711:C.W. Chan 3269:Welfarism 3111:knowledge 3103:invention 3043:knowledge 3004:kamikazes 2988:afterlife 2929:biophilia 2921:ethicists 2871:cosmology 2863:ecosystem 2604:the Devil 2453:Amoralism 2412:, during 2357:objective 2314:use-value 2296:objective 2288:Karl Marx 2058:Aristotle 2047:Godliness 2035:salvation 2028:spiritual 2024:innocence 1899:does not 1863:normative 1832:described 1775:does not 1672:, or Lust 1389:‎, 1361:Ahmadiyya 1301:Mormonism 1291:1 Timothy 1273:, who in 1267:Dominican 1122:In 2007, 1098:Carl Jung 1093:Carl Jung 1051:Nietzsche 890:ignorance 882:free will 835:Old Saxon 728:violence. 704:dichotomy 664:or wealth 652:damnation 648:sainthood 636:from the 557:Euthyphro 496:initiates 473:salvation 421:Zoroaster 348:ignorance 303:dualistic 295:Abrahamic 287:dichotomy 177:talk page 110:verifying 67:talk page 6439:Category 6379:Ideology 6344:Axiology 6173:Nussbaum 6123:Frankena 6118:Anscombe 6108:Williams 6063:Sidgwick 5983:Valluvar 5978:Diogenes 5963:Socrates 5887:Theodicy 5882:Sympathy 5847:Pacifism 5837:Morality 5750:Fidelity 5730:Equality 5685:Autonomy 5673:Concepts 5634:Feminist 5609:Buddhist 5539:Nihilism 5478:Axiology 5435:Research 5368:Computer 5363:Business 5227:Altruism 5217:Morality 5178:Theories 4838:(2008). 4791:. 1992. 4675:Archived 4667:(2012). 4639:(2007). 4623:Archived 4603:(2011). 4571:(2012). 4452:. Arrow. 4369:Archived 4018:Archived 3925:June 25, 3916:Archived 3781:Archived 3762:Archived 3705:Archived 3617:16411324 3595:: 1–31. 3522:(1987). 3411:(1991). 3397:"Ethics" 3293:(1986). 3259:Theodicy 3183:Axiology 3141:See also 2880:or even 2753:fairness 2676:Goodwill 2573:criminal 2418:genocide 2361:ontology 2152:'s book 2143:Epicurus 2129:hedonism 2125:pleasure 2043:holiness 2039:goodness 1836:analyzed 1616:Ramayana 1602:Hinduism 1567:pāramitā 1490:Buddhism 1433:Buddhism 1178:states: 1142:Religion 1001: : 981:states: 902:divinity 898:sanctity 799:*up-elo- 751:cognates 662:survival 589:morality 574:Gnostics 562:τὸ ὅσιον 425:pantheon 275:religion 171:You may 6337:Related 6083:Tillich 6048:Bentham 6023:Spinoza 6018:Aquinas 6003:Mencius 5917:Western 5892:Torture 5857:Precept 5812:Loyalty 5807:Liberty 5802:Justice 5715:Dignity 5705:Consent 5649:Kantian 5639:Islamic 5602:Schools 5488:Realism 5420:Nursing 5415:Medical 5400:Machine 5340:Applied 5018:at the 4819:(1999) 4420:3143666 4127:2366249 3665:1.31–32 3200:(Plato) 3178:Akrasia 3075:novelty 3047:Animism 3000:bushido 2996:seppuku 2977:habitat 2945:virtues 2907:forests 2851:biology 2797:Please 2749:justice 2741:' book 2631:realism 2468:humans. 2447:deities 2427:in the 2403:slavery 2318:utility 2184:empathy 2120:goods. 1997:creator 1987:exist ( 1974:virtues 1970:harmony 1920:removed 1905:sources 1796:removed 1781:sources 1738:Ahriman 1718:Persian 1692:Gurmukh 1688:Manmukh 1676:Ahankar 1630:Sikhism 1584:varitta 1580:caritta 1561:bhavana 1535:samādhi 1506:precept 1446:. Late 1395:Genesis 1381:is the 1367:Judaism 1259:poneros 974:Spinoza 781:huwapp- 778:Hittite 774:*ubilaz 719:justice 715:charity 490:hearers 463:ancient 320:taijitu 104:Please 6505:Tropes 6328:(1984) 6320:(1981) 6312:(1979) 6304:(1971) 6296:(1903) 6288:(1887) 6280:(1874) 6272:(1861) 6264:(1843) 6256:(1820) 6248:(1788) 6240:(1785) 6232:(1780) 6224:(1759) 6216:(1740) 6208:(1726) 6200:(1677) 6158:Taylor 6143:Parfit 6138:Singer 6113:Mackie 5988:Cicero 5929:Virtue 5862:Rights 5787:Honour 5644:Jewish 5440:Sexual 5348:Animal 5330:Virtue 5274:Ethics 5113: 5082: 5062: 4996: 4975: 4939: 4922: 4904: 4874: 4860: 4846: 4701: 4647: 4615: 4583: 4538: 4503: 4418: 4408: 4341: 4316: 4292: 4235: 4202: 4160: 4125: 4058: 4010:passim 3991:Sukkah 3813: 3742:Ethics 3683: 3642: 3615: 3609:295049 3607: 3563: 3534: 3475: 3423: 3377: 3352: 3316:"Evil" 3012:Jihadi 2969:locust 2876:Under 2646:amoral 2255:, the 2033:, and 2031:purity 1981:theist 1840:judged 1750:saints 1748:) and 1746:yazata 1730:Ormazd 1664:Karodh 1608:dharma 1558:, and 1538:, and 1502:virtue 1466:Buddha 1334:, and 1241:. The 1214:Christ 1204:, the 1112:shadow 998:Ethics 944:Taoism 932:, and 853:Gothic 851:, and 630:praise 585:ethics 576:, and 524:Tiamat 520:Marduk 468:gnosis 438:) and 436:Wisdom 389:) and 359:ethics 311:Taoist 277:, and 260:demons 242:angels 27:, and 6420:Index 6182:Works 6153:Adams 6148:Nagel 6103:Dewey 6098:Rawls 6078:Barth 6073:Moore 6038:Hegel 6013:Xunzi 5968:Plato 5958:Laozi 5939:Wrong 5912:Japan 5902:Value 5897:Trust 5792:Ideal 5659:Stoic 5410:Media 5395:Legal 5111:S2CID 4481:Werke 4416:JSTOR 4158:S2CID 3919:(PDF) 3912:(PDF) 3859:, 75. 3605:JSTOR 3276:Notes 2992:honor 2947:like 2918:green 2905:) or 2835:unity 2520:guilt 2443:deity 2410:Nazis 2395:, in 2326:price 2016:faith 1965:forms 1541:paññā 1531:sīla, 1342:Islam 1322:Islam 1293:6:10 1263:kakos 1257:word 1255:Greek 1251:Satan 894:truth 870:truth 857:ubils 791:*wap- 787:form 765:euvel 761:Dutch 736:word 593:mores 548:Plato 512:Isfet 508:Ma'at 504:Egypt 451:sects 387:ἀρετή 350:, or 179:, or 6133:Hare 6093:Foot 6053:Mill 6033:Kant 6028:Hume 6008:Mozi 5924:Vice 5842:Norm 5770:Evil 5765:Good 5725:Duty 5465:Meta 5388:Land 5315:Role 5300:Care 5169:Evil 5164:Good 5080:ISSN 5060:ISSN 5010:Evil 4994:ISBN 4973:ISBN 4937:ISBN 4920:ISBN 4902:ISBN 4872:ISBN 4870:, , 4858:ISBN 4856:, , 4844:ISBN 4699:ISBN 4645:ISBN 4613:ISBN 4581:ISBN 4554:and 4536:ISBN 4501:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4339:ISBN 4314:ISBN 4290:ISBN 4267:2011 4255:Time 4233:ISBN 4200:ISBN 4183:(1). 4123:SSRN 4056:ISBN 3993:52a) 3927:2014 3857:Evil 3811:ISBN 3681:ISBN 3640:ISBN 3613:PMID 3561:ISBN 3532:ISBN 3494:Maat 3473:ISBN 3421:ISBN 3375:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3133:and 3101:and 3085:and 3083:Will 3051:myth 2951:and 2665:evil 2633:and 2625:The 2609:The 2575:and 2422:Hutu 2408:The 2282:and 2172:good 2131:, a 2045:(or 1985:gods 1903:any 1901:cite 1838:and 1830:and 1779:any 1777:cite 1699:Sewa 1670:Kaam 1658:Lobh 1618:and 1588:sīla 1576:sīla 1572:Sīla 1555:dāna 1550:sīla 1519:Sīla 1512:Sīla 1486:Śīla 1482:Pāli 1478:sīla 1474:Śīla 1401:The 1350:evil 1316:evil 1237:and 1162:The 1068:and 942:and 884:and 848:ubil 839:ubil 830:evel 821:ufel 815:ifel 809:evel 759:and 756:Übel 746:yfel 738:evil 732:The 725:Evil 711:Good 678:duty 598:siðr 587:and 522:and 413:and 383:good 307:good 299:evil 293:and 258:And 6500:Sin 5934:Vow 5664:Tao 5358:Bio 5103:doi 5074:in 5052:in 5020:BBC 5012:on 4364:PBS 4150:doi 3597:doi 3589:106 3079:age 3010:in 2998:in 2913:)? 2869:in 2706:by 2526:of 2503:sin 2445:or 2316:or 2278:of 2162:by 2049:). 1991:or 1914:by 1790:by 1652:Moh 1488:in 1484:). 1476:or 1354:bad 1352:or 1346:God 1299:In 1235:Old 1196:In 938:In 892:of 695:by 650:or 632:or 615:sin 601:). 568:by 534:In 479:or 391:bad 281:, " 269:In 108:by 6456:: 5109:. 5099:17 5097:. 5093:. 4971:. 4900:. 4834:, 4830:, 4673:. 4621:. 4611:. 4607:. 4507:, 4488:^ 4428:^ 4414:. 4398:98 4396:. 4367:. 4361:. 4253:. 4224:. 4214:^ 4179:. 4156:. 4146:26 4144:. 4031:, 4027:; 4016:; 3791:^ 3733:^ 3661:, 3611:. 3603:. 3587:. 3502:38 3500:. 3419:. 3332:^ 3307:^ 3129:, 3125:, 3053:. 3030:. 3002:, 2931:, 2927:, 2889:. 2324:, 2290:, 2259:) 2247:, 2243:, 2239:, 2068:. 2026:, 2011:. 1979:A 1842:. 1570:. 1552:, 1529:; 1508:. 1330:, 1138:. 1023:" 908:. 900:, 860:. 842:, 824:, 818:, 812:, 613:, 580:. 572:, 526:. 475:, 401:. 354:. 346:, 342:, 273:, 70:. 23:, 5266:e 5259:t 5252:v 5145:e 5138:t 5131:v 5117:. 5105:: 4945:. 4910:. 4795:. 4707:. 4653:. 4589:. 4558:. 4422:. 4378:. 4347:. 4298:. 4269:. 4239:. 4229:1 4208:. 4181:2 4164:. 4152:: 4129:. 4005:ṇ 3989:( 3929:. 3819:. 3689:. 3648:. 3619:. 3599:: 3569:. 3540:. 3508:. 3481:. 3429:. 3383:. 3358:. 2909:( 2897:( 2824:) 2818:( 2813:) 2809:( 2805:. 2729:) 2723:( 2718:) 2714:( 2700:. 1941:) 1935:( 1930:) 1926:( 1922:. 1908:. 1817:) 1811:( 1806:) 1802:( 1798:. 1784:. 1480:( 1220:. 1046:" 1039:" 1030:" 1016:" 1009:" 920:. 740:( 721:. 442:( 431:( 220:) 214:( 202:) 196:( 191:) 187:( 169:. 135:) 129:( 124:) 120:( 102:. 77:) 73:( 38:. 31:.

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