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Shadowing lemma

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35:. Informally, the theory states that every pseudo-orbit (which one can think of as a numerically computed trajectory with rounding errors on every step) stays uniformly close to some true trajectory (with slightly altered initial position)—in other words, a pseudo-trajectory is "shadowed" by a true one. This suggests that numerical solutions can be trusted to represent the orbits of the dynamical system. However, caution should be exercised as some shadowing trajectories may not always be physically realizable. 637: 430: 198: 492: 425:{\displaystyle \forall (x_{n}),\,x_{n}\in U,\,d(x_{n+1},f(x_{n}))<\varepsilon \quad \exists (y_{n}),\,\,y_{n+1}=f(y_{n}),\quad {\text{such that}}\,\,\forall n\,\,x_{n}\in U_{\delta }(y_{n}).} 175: 139: 106: 678: 192: > 0, such that any (finite or infinite) ε-pseudo-orbit that stays in U also stays in a δ-neighborhood of some true orbit. 707: 594: 671: 180:
Then, near a hyperbolic invariant set, the following statement holds: Let Λ be a hyperbolic invariant set of a
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f. There exists a neighborhood U of Λ with the following property: for any
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Lemma describing the behaviour of pseudo-orbits near a hyperbolic invariant set
559: 475: 636: 526:"On the probability of finding nonphysical solutions through shadowing" 542: 493:"Numerical orbits of chaotic processes represent true orbits" 491:
Hammel, Stephan M; Yorke, James A; Grebogi, Celso (1988).
589:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Theorem 18.1.2. 652: 623:
Can a butterfly in Brazil control the climate of Texas?
585:
Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems
201: 147: 114: 81: 582: 424: 169: 133: 100: 31:describing the behaviour of pseudo-orbits near a 672: 497:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 8: 679: 665: 524:Chandramoorthy, Nisha; Wang, Qiqi (2021). 541: 508: 410: 397: 384: 379: 378: 371: 370: 365: 352: 327: 322: 321: 309: 280: 255: 244: 229: 224: 212: 200: 158: 146: 119: 113: 89: 80: 458: 7: 633: 631: 141:belongs to a ε-neighborhood of 581:Katok, A.; Hasselblatt, B. (1995). 651:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by 372: 299: 202: 14: 635: 530:Journal of Computational Physics 510:10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15701-1 364: 298: 188: > 0 there exists 416: 403: 358: 345: 315: 302: 289: 286: 273: 248: 218: 205: 164: 151: 95: 82: 1: 708:Mathematical analysis stubs 21:theory of dynamical systems 724: 630: 560:10.1016/j.jcp.2021.110389 170:{\displaystyle f(x_{n})} 33:hyperbolic invariant set 134:{\displaystyle x_{n+1}} 101:{\displaystyle (x_{n})} 647:–related article is a 426: 171: 135: 102: 67:) to itself, define a 645:mathematical analysis 427: 172: 136: 103: 199: 145: 112: 108:of points such that 79: 552:2021JCoPh.44010389C 471:"Shadowing Theorem" 69:ε-pseudo-orbit 51: →  468:Weisstein, Eric W. 422: 167: 131: 98: 698:Dynamical systems 660: 659: 614:Shadowing Theorem 368: 715: 681: 674: 667: 639: 632: 601: 600: 588: 578: 572: 571: 545: 521: 515: 514: 512: 488: 482: 481: 480: 463: 447:Butterfly effect 431: 429: 428: 423: 415: 414: 402: 401: 389: 388: 369: 366: 357: 356: 338: 337: 314: 313: 285: 284: 266: 265: 234: 233: 217: 216: 176: 174: 173: 168: 163: 162: 140: 138: 137: 132: 130: 129: 107: 105: 104: 99: 94: 93: 75:) as a sequence 39:Formal statement 723: 722: 718: 717: 716: 714: 713: 712: 688: 687: 686: 685: 628: 610: 605: 604: 597: 580: 579: 575: 523: 522: 518: 490: 489: 485: 466: 465: 464: 460: 455: 442:Chaotic systems 438: 406: 393: 380: 348: 323: 305: 276: 251: 225: 208: 197: 196: 154: 143: 142: 115: 110: 109: 85: 77: 76: 41: 25:shadowing lemma 17: 12: 11: 5: 721: 719: 711: 710: 705: 700: 690: 689: 684: 683: 676: 669: 661: 658: 657: 640: 626: 625: 620: 609: 608:External links 606: 603: 602: 595: 573: 516: 503:(2): 465–469. 499:. New Series. 483: 457: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 444: 437: 434: 433: 432: 421: 418: 413: 409: 405: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 377: 374: 363: 360: 355: 351: 347: 344: 341: 336: 333: 330: 326: 320: 317: 312: 308: 304: 301: 297: 294: 291: 288: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 264: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 240: 237: 232: 228: 223: 220: 215: 211: 207: 204: 182:diffeomorphism 166: 161: 157: 153: 150: 128: 125: 122: 118: 97: 92: 88: 84: 40: 37: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 720: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 693: 682: 677: 675: 670: 668: 663: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 641: 638: 634: 629: 624: 621: 619: 615: 612: 611: 607: 598: 596:0-521-34187-6 592: 587: 586: 577: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 520: 517: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 487: 484: 478: 477: 472: 469: 462: 459: 452: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 435: 419: 411: 407: 398: 394: 390: 385: 381: 375: 361: 353: 349: 342: 339: 334: 331: 328: 324: 318: 310: 306: 295: 292: 281: 277: 270: 267: 262: 259: 256: 252: 245: 241: 238: 235: 230: 226: 221: 213: 209: 195: 194: 193: 191: 187: 183: 178: 159: 155: 148: 126: 123: 120: 116: 90: 86: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 47: :  46: 38: 36: 34: 30: 26: 22: 653:expanding it 642: 627: 618:Scholarpedia 584: 576: 533: 529: 519: 500: 496: 486: 474: 461: 189: 185: 179: 73:ε-orbit 72: 68: 64: 60: 57:metric space 52: 48: 44: 43:Given a map 42: 24: 18: 692:Categories 543:2010.13768 536:: 110389. 453:References 568:225075706 476:MathWorld 399:δ 391:∈ 373:∀ 367:such that 300:∃ 296:ε 236:∈ 203:∀ 436:See also 548:Bibcode 63:,  19:In the 703:Lemmas 593:  566:  190:ε 186:δ 23:, the 643:This 564:S2CID 538:arXiv 55:of a 29:lemma 27:is a 649:stub 591:ISBN 293:< 71:(or 616:on 556:doi 534:440 505:doi 694:: 562:. 554:. 546:. 532:. 528:. 501:19 495:. 473:. 177:. 680:e 673:t 666:v 655:. 599:. 570:. 558:: 550:: 540:: 513:. 507:: 479:. 420:. 417:) 412:n 408:y 404:( 395:U 386:n 382:x 376:n 362:, 359:) 354:n 350:y 346:( 343:f 340:= 335:1 332:+ 329:n 325:y 319:, 316:) 311:n 307:y 303:( 290:) 287:) 282:n 278:x 274:( 271:f 268:, 263:1 260:+ 257:n 253:x 249:( 246:d 242:, 239:U 231:n 227:x 222:, 219:) 214:n 210:x 206:( 165:) 160:n 156:x 152:( 149:f 127:1 124:+ 121:n 117:x 96:) 91:n 87:x 83:( 65:d 61:X 59:( 53:X 49:X 45:f

Index

theory of dynamical systems
lemma
hyperbolic invariant set
metric space
diffeomorphism
Chaotic systems
Butterfly effect
Weisstein, Eric W.
"Shadowing Theorem"
MathWorld
"Numerical orbits of chaotic processes represent true orbits"
doi
10.1090/S0273-0979-1988-15701-1
"On the probability of finding nonphysical solutions through shadowing"
arXiv
2010.13768
Bibcode
2021JCoPh.44010389C
doi
10.1016/j.jcp.2021.110389
S2CID
225075706
Introduction to the Modern Theory of Dynamical Systems
ISBN
0-521-34187-6
Shadowing Theorem
Scholarpedia
Can a butterfly in Brazil control the climate of Texas?
Stub icon
mathematical analysis

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