403:
break, table break, tap break, and pliers break. Pressure breaks, intended for scores that are more than 12 inches from the edge, flips the glass over on a table surface with the score facing downwards. Pressure would be applied on either sides of the score until the glass panel breaks. Tweak break, meant for scores between 4 and 6 inches from the edge, involves using one's fingertips to propagate the break along the score line. Table break, recommended for glasses with at least 12 to 18 inches from the edge, uses the table edge to break the score. For scores close to the edge, tap break is recommended at the expense of a scalloping effect on the glass edge. For this type of break, drop jaw pliers or glass pliers are used to break the glass along the score. For scores less than 1/2 to 1 inches from the edge, pliers break would use pliers to place a downwards pressure on the glass, breaking the score through an angle.
124:
369:
injuring passengers. For security, laminated glass is difficult to break, which prevents intruders. Laminated glass can also reduce heating from the sun, allow building interiors to stay cool and reducing energy consumption. Depending on its thickness, laminated glass can reduce noise pollution coming from the exterior. In natural disasters such as hurricanes or earthquakes, laminated glass will remain intact and reduce potential injuries and deaths.
356:
where the interlayer material transfers shear stress to the glass. The stiffness in the interlayer will determine the overall bending stiffness of the laminated glass panel. Laminated glass fails due to the cohesive failure of the interlayer and/or the connectivity between the panel and interlayer. The failure of the interlayer can occur when the interlayer material is ductile (at room temperature), or brittle and stiff (when working below the
38:
242:, and layers of laminated glass. In automobiles, the laminated glass panel is around 6.5 mm (0.26 inches) thick, in comparison to airplane glass being three times as thick. In airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, there is often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm thick PVB between them. This is one of the makeups used for the Boeing 747 cockpit side windows. The
327:(LEDs) and laminated to or between glass. Colored interlayers can be added to provide a permanent transparent color for a laminated glass panel. A switchable interlayer can also be added to create a panel which can be clear when a small electric current is passed through the interlayer and opaque when the current is switched off.
407:
flammable. A safer alternative is to melt the PVB lamination layer with a heat gun. Once the interlayer is melted, the separation is cut using a single-edged razor blade or a tape measure blade. With the blade, one would stroke the score and cut the PVB until the glass is separated from the interlayer completely.
355:
For laminated glass, the post-breakage strength and safety are most important when analyzing its performance. The interaction between the glass and its interlayer determines the failure of the panels. In testing the performance of laminated glass, the panel is subjected to impact loading and bending,
415:
According to the United States
National Windshield Repair Association, laminated glass repair is possible for minor impact damage using a process that involves drilling into the fractured glass to reach the lamination layer. Special clear adhesive resin is injected under pressure and then cured with
443:
is mechanically detached from the inner film. The application of heat then melts the laminating plastic, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), enabling both the glass and the interior film to be recycled. The PVB recycling process is a simple procedure of melting and reshaping it. However, the recycled
263:
together with a plastic interlayer, usually polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (cross-linked EVA). The interlayer is meant to improve the mechanical properties such as impact strength, fracture toughness, and failure modes. The plastic interlayer is
406:
After cutting the laminated glass panels, there are different ways to separate the interlayer. The most common methods are melting it and cutting it. Before, glaziers often used denatured alcohol to melt the polyvinyl butyral (PVB) layer, however, this method proved to be dangerous as alcohol is
402:
Cutting laminated glass requires a different scoring procedure since the glass has resistance to fracture. Laminated glass can be broken through breaks, which depends on the distance between the edge of the glass and its score. The most common breaks for laminated glass are pressure break, tweak
368:
The main benefits of laminated glass are: increased safety/security, reduced emissions, reduced noise pollution, and protection during natural disasters. Laminated glass increases safety for people during vehicle accidents since their windshield will stay intact, preventing glass fragments from
200:
In 1927, the
Canadian chemists Howard W. Matheson and Frederick W. Skirrow invented the plastic polyvinyl butyral (PVB). By 1936, United States companies had discovered that laminated "safety glass" consisting of a layer of PVB between two layers of glass would not discolor and was not easily
246:
forward pressure windshields had 7 plies, 4 glass and 3 PVB for a total thickness of 38 mm (1.5 inches). For increasing sound attenuation through laminated glass for extreme sound levels, using a mix of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm glass thicknesses is more effective.
299:
family for the lamination of glass. Beside PVB, other important thermoplastic glass lamination materials today are ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoset EVA, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The adhesion of TPU is not only high to glass, but also to polymeric interlayers.
416:
ultraviolet light. When done properly, the strength and clarity is sufficiently restored for most safety related purposes. The process is widely used to repair large industrial automotive windshields where the damage does not interfere with the view of the driver.
215:. The "Indestructo" safety glass was chosen because "it gives the most complete protection. In addition to being splinter-proof, it is crystal clear and permanently non-discolourable." This quote hints at issues that prevented wider use of laminated glass earlier.
107:(TPU). An additional property of laminated glass for windows is that an adequate TPU, PVB or EVA interlayer can block nearly all ultraviolet radiation. A thermoset EVA, for example, can block up to 99.9% of all UV rays. The thermoset EVA offers a complete bonding (
294:
Once a thermoset EVA is properly laminated, the glass can be presented frameless. There should be no water/moisture infiltration, very little discoloration, and no delamination due to the high level of bonding (crosslinking). Newer developments have increased the
56:
interlayers between them which prevent the glass from breaking into large sharp pieces. Breaking produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern (radial and concentric cracks) when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass.
702:
691:
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sandwiched by the glass, which is then passed through a series of rollers or vacuum bagging systems to expel any air pockets. The assembly then is heated for the initial melt, and the assembly is heated again under pressure in an
282:
is now available for architectural applications by either printing directly to the glass and then laminating, or printing directly to the PVB as is the case with the trademarked Dupont SentryGlas
Expressions process. Full
154:, and when dropped it shattered but did not break into pieces. In 1909 Bénédictus filed a patent, after hearing about a car accident where two women were severely injured by glass debris. In 1911, he formed the
431:(ELV) is implemented. While the interlayer material cannot be easily recycled, research has been done to recycle the interlayer by mechanical processes and use them in other applications. A study by
92:. Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, because it significantly improves sound attenuation compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness.
223:
A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final product that is referred to as 5.38 mm (0.212 inches) laminated glass.
699:
688:
591:
1003:"Laminated glass with thermoset film of (meth)acrylate or hydrocarbon resin, containing EVA and organic peroxide for high impact strength, penetration resistance and transparency."
115:(PC), or other types of products. For sound insulation, if using EVA or TPU, no additional acoustic material is required; if using PVB, a special acoustic PVB compound is used.
1033:
193:
Meanwhile, in 1905, John Crewe Wood, a solicitor in
Swindon, Wiltshire, England, patented a laminated glass for use in windshields. The layers of glass were bonded together by
1002:
211:
By 1939, 600,000 square feet (56,000 m) of safety glass manufactured by
British Indestructo Glass, Ltd. of London was being used annually in vehicles produced at the
287:
images can be printed to the interlayer prior to the autoclave process, and present vivid translucent representations. This process has become popular in architectural,
268:(oven) to achieve the final bonded product (fully crosslinked in the case of the thermoset EVA). The tint at the top of some car windshields is in the PVB. To obtain a
1351:
1266:
377:
Plastic interlayers in laminated glass make its cutting difficult. There is an unsafe practice of cutting both sides separately, pouring a flammable liquid such as
540:
1331:
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PVB will have structure variations and lower strength properties than the original polymer. Also TPU is easy to recycle as all non crosslinked plastics.
659:
623:
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into the crack, and igniting it to melt the interlayer to separate the pieces. The following safer methods were recommended by the UK Government's
602:
84:
and skylight glazing. In geographical areas requiring hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts,
439:
proposes that waste laminated glass be placed into a separating device such as a rolling mill where the glass is fragmented and the larger
718:
123:
550:
269:
781:
208:, the British Parliament required new cars to have safety-glass windshields, but did not specifically require laminated glass.
31:
1303:
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178:. In 1912, the process was licensed to the English Triplex Safety Glass Company. Subsequently, in the United States, both
243:
1017:
651:
Le Carbon, S.A., French patent no. 321,651 (registered: May 31, 1902). See also: Jean-Marie Michel (April 27, 2012)
1356:
382:
166:. Production of Triplex glass was slow and painstaking, so it was expensive; it was not immediately widely adopted by
85:
1206:
1052:
MartĂn, Marc; Centelles, Xavier; SolĂ©, Aran; Barreneche, Camila; Fernández, A. InĂ©s; Cabeza, Luisa F. (2020-01-10).
320:
104:
1118:"Experimental results of mechanical, adhesive, and laminated connections for laminated glass elements – A review"
1015:"Laminated glass with thermoset EVA film for high impact strength, penetration resistance and high transparency."
201:
penetrated during accidents. Within five years, the new safety glass had substantially replaced its predecessor.
1328:
307:
and is widely utilized in architectural applications. In addition, laminated glass has applications in making
848:
Risk and the
Control of Technology: Public Policies for Road Traffic Safety in Britain and the United States
1209:. Health and Safety Executive / Local Authorities Enforcement Liaison Committee. August 2000. Archived from
183:
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592:"Acoustic Interlayers for Laminated Glass – What makes them different and how to estimate performance"
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150:(1878–1930), inspired by a laboratory accident: a glass flask had become coated with the plastic
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683:(18): 9. The relevant quote is reprinted (in French) in: Jean-Marie Michel (April 27, 2012)
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378:
343:
Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU, PVB, or EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
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Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU, PVB, or EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
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1281:"Repair of Laminated Auto Glass Standard 02.13.2007 (Second Draft of Proposed Standard)"
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of laminated glass is no longer permitted in landfill in most
European countries as the
260:
197:. In 1906, he founded the Safety Motor Screen Company to produce and sell his product.
151:
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27:
Type of safety glass with a thin polymer interlayer that holds together when shattered
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Automobile windshield with "spider web" cracking typical of laminated safety glass.
1280:
17:
903:
175:
80:, and artistic expression. The most common use of laminated glass is automobile
77:
978:"Laminated Glass for Architects - Surprising Benefits, Security & Strength"
953:
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759:
436:
273:
272:, colored PC films can be combined with the thermoset EVA material during the
108:
81:
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834:, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001),
763:
525:
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Modern laminated glass is produced by bonding two or more layers of ordinary
1014:
136:
502:"Laminated plate theories and fracture of laminated glass plate – A review"
1210:
311:, penetration-proof glass, stairs, rooftops, floors, canopies, and beams.
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171:
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manufacturers, but laminated glass was widely used in the eyepieces of
53:
458:
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Strength can be increased with multiple laminates and thicker glass.
143:
89:
1116:
Centelles, Xavier; Castro, J. Ramon; Cabeza, Luisa F. (2019-02-01).
776:
David
Burgess-Wise, "A good idea at the time: Safety Motor Screen,"
122:
36:
1034:"Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) having good adhesion to glass "
103:(EVA), ionoplast polymers, cast in place (CIP) liquid resin, or
52:
consisting of two or more layers of glass with one or more thin
1054:"Polymeric interlayer materials for laminated glass: A review"
685:
Contribution Ă l'Histoire
Industrielle des Polymères en France
653:
Contribution Ă l'Histoire
Industrielle des Polymères en France
167:
628:
NewsAnalysis:Trends US Glass, Volume 49, Issue 4 - April 2014
850:(Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1985),
230:, a type of laminated glass, is usually constructed using
1338:
British specification for safety glass for land transport
139:
to render them less susceptible to cracking or breaking.
677:
Glaces et verres; revue technique, artistique, pratique
30:"Sandwich Glass" redirects here. For other uses, see
1182:"What is Laminated Glass and What are the Benefits?"
803:(filed: August 15, 1927; issued: August 20, 1929).
731:
French patent 405,881 (registered November 25, 1909)
127:
Firefighters breaking through a laminated windshield
821:(filed: February 25, 1936; issued: June 23, 1936)
624:"EVA Finds Popularity Among Decorative Fabricators"
1241:on 14-08-2018, Dennis Krawchuk said (2013-03-07).
767:(filed: March 12, 1906; issued: Sept. 4, 1906).
135:obtained a patent for coating glass objects with
832:A History of the International Chemical Industry
796:"Vinyl ester resins and process of making same,"
500:Vedrtnam, Ajitanshu; Pawar, S. J. (2017-12-01).
780:(U.K.), December 1, 2001. Available online at
700:Chapter A3: Le verre renforcé Triplex, page 7.
657:Chapter A3: Le verre renforcé Triplex, page 1
617:
615:
794:Howard W. Matheson and Frederick W. Skirrow,
542:Excel Senior High School: Engineering Studies
319:Since 2004, metallized and electroconductive
213:Ford Motor Company works in Dagenham, England
8:
863:
861:
859:
323:(PET) interlayers are used as substrate for
142:Laminated glass was invented in 1903 by the
1265:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
599:Glass Performance Days South America - 2012
303:Laminated glass is also sometimes used in
1306:Archived 2008-10-31, retrieved 2014-07-23
1149:
1077:
539:Metcalfe, Peter; Metcalfe, Roger (2004).
111:) with the material whether it is glass,
719:"Le verre feuilleté, tombé de l'échelle"
389:Special purpose laminated cutting tables
485:
1352:Glass coating and surface modification
1325:on automobile safety glazing materials
1258:
885:
874:
655:, (Société Chimique de France, 2012),
340:LEDs on transparent conductive polymer
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1107:
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1047:
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1013:High quality thermoset EVA, EVALAYER
7:
928:"Does Laminated Glass Reduce Noise?"
495:
493:
491:
489:
1058:Construction and Building Materials
675:Édouard Bénédictus (October 1930),
158:, which fabricated a glass-plastic
1304:Laminated Car Windscreen Recycling
567:"Lamination to Kinds of Materials"
25:
1070:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116897
518:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.10.020
1001:Bridgestone Inc., DE4308885(B4)
958:Home Window Repair - Chandler AZ
590:Schimmelpenningh, Julia (2012).
398:High pressure abrasive waterjet.
131:In 1902, the French corporation
1142:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.11.029
330:For LED glass, the layers are:
95:The interlayer is typically of
32:Sandwich Glass (disambiguation)
904:"Architectural Glass New York"
506:Engineering Fracture Mechanics
429:End of Life Vehicles Directive
392:Vertically inclined saw frames
1:
395:A blowlamp or hot air blower.
1207:"Cutting of laminated glass"
952:Dublin, Maria (2018-04-24).
60:Laminated glass is used for
871:. May 12, 1939. p. 53.
383:Health and Safety Executive
1373:
689:Société Chimique de France
687:, published online by the
321:polyethylene terephthalate
291:, and signage industries.
105:thermoplastic polyurethane
29:
1243:"Laminated Glass-Cutting"
1032:Bayer Inc., US2006135728
244:AĂ©rospatiale/BAC Concorde
190:produced Triplex glass.
156:Société du Verre Triplex
1186:Lee Glass & Glazing
954:"What is Safety Glass?"
740:Michel (2012), pp. 1,2.
622:Headley, Megan (2014).
236:thermoplastic materials
1122:Engineering Structures
908:Architectural Glass NY
228:Bullet-resistant glass
188:Pittsburgh Plate Glass
162:to reduce injuries in
128:
101:ethylene-vinyl acetate
42:
818:U.S. patent 2,045,130
800:U.S. patent 1,725,362
760:"Transparent screen,"
325:light emitting diodes
206:Road Traffic Act 1930
126:
40:
1247:Technically Speaking
982:Dynamic Fenestration
932:Better Soundproofing
749:Michel (2012), p. 2.
433:University of Surrey
1213:on 24 November 2007
1134:2019EngSt.180..192C
764:U.S. patent 830,398
1357:Vehicle technology
1334:2009-06-22 at the
1020:2015-04-02 at the
705:2016-05-04 at the
694:2016-05-04 at the
662:2014-12-04 at the
148:Édouard Bénédictus
129:
43:
18:Shatterproof glass
884:Missing or empty
758:John Crewe Wood,
571:www.bycunited.com
474:Unbreakable glass
379:denatured alcohol
309:bulletproof glass
180:Libbey-Owens-Ford
152:cellulose nitrate
97:polyvinyl butyral
70:automobile safety
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351:Performance
176:World War I
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480:References
274:laminating
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346:Glass
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