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thus needed to be recruited externally. Shepherds were most often the younger sons of farming peasants who did not inherit any land. In other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child, youth or an elder who could not help much with harder work; these shepherds were fully integrated in society.
457:. When free labour was more readily available others took up this occupation. Some shepherds were additionally brought to Australia on the ships that carried sheep and were contracted to caring for them on their arrival in the colony. Sheep owners complained about the inefficiency of shepherds and the shepherds' fears of getting lost in
464:
Typically sheep were watched by shepherds during the day, and by a hut-keeper during the night. Shepherds took the sheep out to graze before sunrise and returned them to brush-timber yards at sunset. The hut-keeper usually slept in a movable shepherd's watch box placed near the yard in order to deter
395:
Shepherding practices in China have evolved over the centuries, adapting to changes in agricultural and pastoral systems. With the modernization of agriculture and the growth of urbanization, the traditional role of shepherds has declined significantly in many parts of China. However, there are still
317:
Wages are higher than was the case in the past. Keeping a shepherd in constant attendance can be costly. Also, the eradication of sheep predators in parts of the world has lessened the need for shepherds. In places like
Britain, hardy breeds of sheep have frequently been left alone without a shepherd
399:
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture in China, leading to efforts to preserve and revitalize traditional shepherding practices. Some initiatives aim to support and empower local shepherds, recognizing the cultural and environmental importance
383:
Shepherding in China dates back thousands of years. Traditional
Chinese shepherds played a vital role in the country's agrarian society, tending to flocks of sheep and goats in various regions. These herders were responsible for not only ensuring the well-being of their animals but also safeguarding
387:
Shepherding in ancient China was often a communal effort, with families or communities collectively managing their herds. These communities developed techniques and methods to graze their flocks in the vast and varied landscapes of China, from the high plateaus of Tibet to the fertile plains of the
239:
Shepherding developed only in certain areas. In the lowlands and river valleys, it was far more efficient to grow grain and cereals than to allow sheep to graze; thus the raising of sheep was confined to rugged and mountainous areas. In pre-modern times shepherding was thus centered on regions such
706:
618) This includes Jesus, Moses, Abraham, and all other prophets according to Islam. Also, 'shepherd' used as a metaphor of leadership and responsibilities that comes with it. A hadith narrated from Ibn Umar says that
Muhammad says, "All of you are shepherds and every one of you is responsible for
391:
Traditional
Chinese shepherds used tools and equipment suited to their specific regions and needs. In the north, where winters could be harsh, they often relied on yurts or portable shelters to protect themselves and their livestock from the cold. In the more temperate and arable southern regions,
309:
of many common lands in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries shifted some shepherds from independent nomads to employees of massive estates. Some families in Africa and Asia have their wealth in sheep, so a young son is sent out to guard them while the rest of the family tends to other chores. In
235:
Shepherds would normally work in groups: either looking after one large flock, or each bringing their own and merging their responsibilities. They would live in small cabins, often shared with their sheep, and would buy food from local communities. Less often shepherds lived in covered wagons that
231:
In many societies, shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners, being paid to watch the sheep of others. Shepherds also lived apart from society, being largely nomadic. It was mainly a job for solitary males without children, and new shepherds
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and pigs. However to maintain a large flock, the sheep must be able to move from pasture to pasture. This required the development of an occupation separate from that of the farmer. The duty of shepherds was to keep their flock intact, protect it from predators and guide it to market areas in time
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is one of the thrusts of
Biblical scripture. This illustration encompasses many ideas, including God's care for his people. The tendency of humans to put themselves into danger's way and their inability to guide and take care of themselves apart from the direct power and leading of God is also
550:
for the affection of the goddess Inanna and ultimately wins her favor. Ancient Near
Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant, but, during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died".
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All of you are shepherds, and every one of you is responsible for his herd. A leader is a shepherd, a man is the shepherd over his family and a woman is the shepherd over her husband's house and his children. So all of you are shepherds, and every one of you is responsible for his
468:
In 1839 the usual wage for a shepherd was about AU£50 per year, plus weekly rations of 12 pounds (5.4 kg) meat, 10 pounds (4.5 kg) flour, 2 pounds (0.91 kg) sugar and 4 ounces (110 g) tea. The wage during the depression of the 1840s dropped to £20 a year.
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for long periods. More productive breeds of sheep can be left in fields and moved periodically to fresh pasture when necessary. Hardier breeds of sheep can be left on hillsides. The sheep farmer will attend to the sheep when necessary at times like lambing or shearing.
472:
During the 1850s many shepherds left to try their luck on the goldfields causing acute labour shortages in the pastoral industry. This labour shortage leads to the widespread practice of fencing properties, which in turn reduced the demand for shepherds. Over 95% of
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Once driven overland to these properties, sheep were pastured in large unfenced runs. There, they required constant supervision. Shepherds were employed to keep the sheep from straying too far, to keep the mobs as healthy as possible and to prevent attacks from
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his herd. A leader is a shepherd, a man is the shepherd over his family, and a woman is the shepherd over her husband's house and his children. So all of you are shepherds, and every one of you is responsible for his herd."
859:
698:, and Allah's Apostle (peace and blessings of Allah be to him) said, "Pick the black fruit, for it is the best." The companions asked, "Were you a shepherd?" He replied, "There was no prophet who was not a shepherd." (
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regions, particularly in remote and mountainous areas, where shepherds continue to maintain their traditional way of life, preserving the ancient practices and knowledge that have been passed down through generations.
878:
660:). In both cases, the implication is that the faithful are the "flock" who have to be tended. This is in part inspired by Jesus's injunctions to Peter, "Feed my sheep", which is the source of the pastoral image in
804:
In the poem "The passionate shepherd to his love", by
Christopher Marlowe, a shepherd is depicted as a partaker of rural paradise, and capable of giving things worth more than that a town resident could give.
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sheep were grazing in paddocks by the mid-1880s. An 1890s census of fencing in New South Wales recorded that 2.6 million kilometres of fencing had been erected there with a contemporary cost of A$ 3 billion.
722:, translated as, "the lord of the animals", though more commonly associated with cattle. As Pashupati, the deity is metaphorically regarded to be the herdsman or the shepherd of the souls of men.
838:. These characters are often of much higher social status than the characters who save and raise them, the shepherds themselves being secondary characters. Similarly, the heroes and heroines of
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European exploration led to the spread of sheep around the world, and shepherding became especially important in
Australia and New Zealand where there was great pastoral expansion. In Australia
902:
690:, every messenger of God had the occupation of being a shepherd at one point in their lives, as he himself was as a young man. Narrated by Jabir bin Abdullah: We were with
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often appeared as shepherds and shepherdesses in pastoral settings, but these figures were royal or noble, and their simple setting does not cloud their innate nobility.
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central and eastern regions. The shepherds employed their knowledge of the land and the behavior of their animals to select optimal grazing grounds and water sources.
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people and there were many shepherds among them. It may also be worth noting that many biblical figures were shepherds, among them the patriarchs
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attacks on the sheep. Dogs were also often chained close by to warn of any impending danger to the sheep or shepherd by dingoes or natives.
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also has many mentions of shepherd tales. There are many relevant quotations, such as "We are the cattle, God almighty is our shepherd."
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Because the occupation is so widespread, many religions and cultures have symbolic or metaphorical references to shepherds. For example,
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The first
Shepherd's Fair was announced to take place in the Cyprus Village of Pachna, on August 31, 2014, in the printed editions of
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replaced shepherds working on foot, who have not been employed in
Australia and New Zealand since the start of the 20th century.
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110:"). Shepherding is one of the world's oldest occupations; it exists in many parts of the globe, and it is an important part of
1526:(2001). "The Marvelous in Context: The Place of the Contes de Fées in Late Seventeenth Century France". In Zipes, Jack (ed.).
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and introduced predators such as feral dogs and foxes. Lambing time further increased the shepherd's responsibilities.
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in a natural cave in Piedra River in the monk's old path from the monastery to the roe deer salt ponds, Aragon, Spain
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This concept has also been used frequently by critics of organized religion to present an unflattering portrayal.
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Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition
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Notes de Préhistoire Libanaise : 1) Ard es Saoude. 2) La Bekaa Nord. 3) Un polissoir en plein air. BSPF
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The shepherd's crook is a strong multi-purpose stick or staff, often fashioned with a hooked end.
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servants. The accommodation was usually poor and the food was lacking in nutrition, leading to
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word for "shepherd", is now used solely to denote the clergy of most Christian denominations.
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1506:"Christopher Marlowe's Poems The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Summary and Analysis"
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Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon: North, South and East-Central Lebanon, p. 49
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of New South Wales to elsewhere, taking over vast holdings called properties and now
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The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm
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Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture
771:, which is an idyllic and natural countryside. These works are, indeed, called
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Some sheep were integrated in the family farm along with other animals such as
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Shepherding is among the oldest occupations, beginning some 5,000 years ago in
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1308:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 101.
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them from natural predators such as wolves and protecting them from theft.
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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
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shepherds utilized different strategies for grazing and protection.
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and that it may have been practised by one of the first cultures of
46:"Sheepherder" and "Sheepherders" redirect here. For other uses, see
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Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer
1272:(2008) . "Toward the Image of Tammuz". In Moran, William L. (ed.).
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Shepherding was an isolated, lonely job that was firstly given to
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133:. This symbolism and shepherds as characters are at the center of
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519:, who was revered as the patron god of shepherds. In his role as
1397:"Bible Gateway passage: Luke 2:8-20 - New International Version"
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125:, and ancient Greek mythologies highlighted shepherds such as
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reinforced with the metaphor of sheep in need of a shepherd.
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due to the fact that it could not easily be stored without
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In modern times, shepherding has changed dramatically. The
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of their role in maintaining China's pastoral landscapes.
83:
is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards flocks of
1363:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. p. 116.
1278:. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. pp. 73–103.
216:
from this milk; a few shepherds still do this today.
1203:. Vol. 8. Sydney: Halstead Press. p. 103.
1178:. Canberra: ANU Archives of Business & Labour.
39:"Sheepherding" redirects here. For other uses, see
566:, Ezekiel 34), and in Christianity especially for
29:Person who tends, feeds, or guards flocks of sheep
1483:. University Park: Penn State Press. p. 63.
1357:Ackerman, Susan (2006) . Day, Peggy Lynne (ed.).
310:the US, many sheep herds are flocked over public
1453:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization
791:, both of which inspired many imitators such as
554:Metaphorically, the term "shepherd" is used for
511:, later known as Tammuz, was an important rural
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1262:
1260:
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612:, who was a shepherd in the rugged area around
1329:Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983).
1456:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. p. 171.
1130:"Κύπρος Ειδήσεις Πολιτική Κοινωνία Ψυχαγωγία"
763:The shepherd, with other such figures as the
8:
1426:Encyclopedia of Translated Prophetic Hadiths
1230:
1228:
931:Traditional midnight mass with shepherds in
1352:
1350:
1153:. Vol. I. Weldon Russell, Willoughby.
1480:The Shepheardes Calender: An Introduction
812:portray them being rescued by shepherds:
702:, Chapter 'Prophets', Volume 4, Book 55,
622:announced the birth of Jesus to shepherds
1239:. The British Museum Press. p. 72.
919:, about 1780, V&A Museum no. 23-1886
161:. Sheep were kept for their milk, their
1360:Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel
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1235:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
59:Shepherds travelling in Chambal, India
694:'s Apostle picking the fruits of the
627:The same metaphor is also applied to
7:
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1555:A Beginner's Guide to Raising Sheep
1079:Copeland, L.; Wescombe, P. (1966).
869:mosaic illustrating the concept of
546:, Dumuzid competes with the farmer
535:king of the Sumerian city-state of
375:Aerial view of a flock of sheep in
25:
1530:. W.W. Norton. pp. 920–921.
767:, is the inhabitant of idealized
710:One of the gentle aspects of the
357:and in the Greek-language daily,
297:Shepherd with his horse and dog,
248:, Scotland and Northern England.
1450:Zimmer, Heinrich Robert (1990).
1221:. No. 63. January 29, 2009.
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240:as the Middle East, Greece, the
149:Middle Age livestock shelter or
1504:GradeSaver (October 26, 2020).
654:among their insignia (see also
312:Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
177:tentatively suggested that the
67:Shepherd with grazing sheep in
1:
1477:Johnson, Lynn Staley (2010).
517:ancient Mesopotamian religion
1575:Animal husbandry occupations
1201:The Australian Encyclopaedia
1138:(in Greek). Philenews. 2014.
754:A Shepherdess with her Flock
379:with shepherd and motorbike
236:traveled with their flocks.
112:pastoralist animal husbandry
48:Sheepherder (disambiguation)
41:Shepherding (disambiguation)
1215:"Still on the Sheep's Back"
1149:Coupe, Sheena, ed. (1989).
1601:
1199:Chisholm, Alec H. (1963).
820:, the title characters of
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38:
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1174:Pemberton, P. A. (1986).
570:, who called himself the
404:Australia and New Zealand
282:Shepherds at work, 2017,
34:Shepherd (disambiguation)
798:The Shepheardes Calender
1176:Pure Merinos and Others
1104:Fleisch, Henri (1966).
539:. In the Sumerian poem
1042:Livestock guardian dog
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650:having the shepherd's
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412:Shepherd's watch box,
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808:Many tales involving
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165:and especially their
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288:Carpathian Mountains
246:Carpathian Mountains
137:literature and art.
32:For other uses, see
1300:Kramer, Samuel Noah
836:William Shakespeare
121:called himself the
1510:www.gradesaver.com
1270:Jacobsen, Thorkild
1085:. Impr. Catholique
889:(The Shepherds of
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735:In popular culture
668:", originally the
544:Prefers the Farmer
423:spread beyond the
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1463:978-81-208-0751-8
1285:978-1-55635-952-1
949:sculpture at the
917:Angelica Kauffman
871:The Good Shepherd
831:The Winter's Tale
826:Daphnis and Chloe
818:Romulus and Remus
686:, the Prophet of
676:The Good Shepherd
425:Nineteen Counties
194:nomadic shepherds
69:Făgăraș Mountains
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1037:Herding dog
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951:Koskipuisto
909:A Sleeping
840:fairy tales
745:pastoralism
96:sceaphierde
93:Old English
81:sheepherder
18:Shepherdess
1564:Categories
1246:0714117056
1089:August 29,
1051:References
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810:foundlings
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781:Theocritus
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210:shearing
205:chickens
182:industry
151:paridera
135:pastoral
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504:Kuruba
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