437:. Shi escaped to Anqing and summoned forces against the half-insane Wei Changhui, but upon learning that Qing armies threatened Huannan, he decided to put the Kingdom first and moved the forces to help the defense. This move won him further acclaim. In November, Hong Xiuquan ordered Wei Changhui's execution and requested that Shi return to Tianjing and take over the administration, whereupon he obeyed. He restored order to the city and rebuilt Taiping's broken morale, and the public support for Shi caused Hong Xiuquan to harbor deeper suspicion against him. Hong then handed power to his two brothers and gradually undermined Shi's administration, to the point where Shi realized that he must either leave or risk the eruption of another civil war In 1857, Shi left the capital, writing a poem asking the people to have faith in the Taiping Kingdom, and the people who wish to follow him may do so. The exact number that choose to follow Shi, and the damage this caused the Taiping, is a matter of intense academic debate:
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468:. One of Shi's officers led a branch of the army across the river without difficulty, but by the time Shi and his main army arrived, a furious flood suddenly made the river impossible to cross. Several attempts were made with heavy losses, and the army was running out of rations. The Qing army followed a few days behind. On 13 June, Shi Dakai negotiated with the Qing to spare his men's lives if he turned himself in. He entered Qing camps with three followers, dressed in formal Taiping uniform, and spoke to the Qing fearlessly. He was questioned and imprisoned, and on the 25th he was sentenced to be executed by
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repeatedly declined the beauties offered to him. He had two sons, Dingji and
Dingzhong, with her. The only additional wives he took were those commanded upon him by his superiors. These women and the female officers had the freedom of riding in and out of his dwelling, a liberty unheard of in the house of other Kings. In his youth, Shi's original wife Xiong left him when he decided to join the rebellion, carrying their unborn son with her. The child was born into Xiong's second marriage and later claimed back by Shi's aunt and was renamed to Hu Yonghuo. He was Shi's only surviving issue.
382:, followed by the Qing army, who launched a fierce attack. At Renyi's watergate, Shi used stealth strategy to win a decisive victory with three hundred men against the enemies' five thousand. In August, after the Taiping conquered the city Yongan, Shi won wide admiration from the populace for his gentle rule and fair administration, people attracted by his reputation coming to join the rebellion in flocks. In October, Hong Xiuquan made the twenty-year-old Shi E-Wang, "Lord of the Holy Lighting". Shi later spearheaded the series of battles that won the city
410:, was considered the elite of Qing forces. Shi arrived on the battlefield in December, receiving command after Taiping had already suffered serious losses. Shi planned the battle meticulously, laying out airtight defenses and using small boats to continuously harass the enemy camps, then trapping the Qing's ships with secretly built dams and chopping the Xiang forces in half. Shi led a series of swift offenses securing decisive victories for Taiping, driving the Qing commander
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commerce, and insinuated local talent to create an efficient and honest bureaucracy. He restored the badly neglected public security by encouraging civilians to report the misbehaviours of soldiers and handing out fair punishments. In a few months of Shi's administration Anqing became one of the most loyal and well-managed cities of
Taiping, as well as one of the best fortified.
449:. To this day, many legends about him are still told affectionately in the provinces that his army travelled through. As they were further and further from Tianjing, some of Shi's officers tried to persuade him to shed the name of Taiping and establish his own rule, which he repeatedly refused. Eventually some of the troops split from him and headed back toward Tianjing.
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While he did notable work fortifying the capital
Tianjing, Shi's most famous political accomplishment was his reform of Anqing (安慶易制). In 1854, Shi arrived in Anqing and undertook military and civil affairs. He created compassionate decrees that encouraged agriculture, lightened taxes and stimulated
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for the
Taiping, where they established their capital, to be known as Tianjing, or Heavenly Capital (天京). Now legendary and avowed among the Qing army, Shi was also the only Taiping commander who fought through those battles without a single defeat. Both friend and foe noted his kindness in treating
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While Shi left
Tianjing, he was not separated from the Taiping command, for he still maintained communication with Hong Xiuquan and sent his forces to assist various Taiping commanders on other battle fronts. He did not completely give up hopes to return until Hong Xiuquan replaced his authority of
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in the Anshun Court. His enemies recorded that through the entire torturous execution Shi did not flinch, and never once cried out in pain. He was 32 years old. After his death, 4,000 men among Shi's troops were released, and the remaining 2,000 were executed. His son
Dingzhong was also executed.
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Shi's personal life is the most austere of all
Taiping leaders. His dwelling was the most modest and he was the only one who refused to tear down civilian homes in its construction. While the Taiping Kingdom's custom required leaders to have multiple wives, Shi was content with his wife Huang and
351:. He headed the family at a young age after being orphaned, and was known in the local community for his hospitality, martial skills and justice in handling local affairs. Shi had studied for the imperial examinations, but had failed in his attempts to pass them.
367:, and joined them in the leadership of the rebellion. Quickly distinguished by his brilliant tactics, skilled training of the troops and fair administration of the public funds, Shi was made commander of his own army at the age of nineteen.
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command, upon which he began the expedition away from
Tianjing. Over the course of the expedition, soldiers from various sources came to join Shi. He fought for six years throughout central China against the much larger armies of the
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Many of Shi's former troops continued to battle the Qing, most notably the forces led by Lai Yuxin and Li Fuyou.
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to attempt suicide, and later calling Shi "the most cunning and strong amongst the Taiping."
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A monument of Shi Dakai in Chengdu, where Shi Dakai was killed by the Qing government
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Studies of Surviving Historical Documents on the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace
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Shi's heroics as an outstanding general were later to inspire his fellow
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717:. Sanlian Publishing (The Three Alliances Publishing). p. 175.
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Annotated and Updated Reading of Li Xiucheng's Self Account
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Tiandao Qingli Shu (The Book of Heavenly Ways and Methods)
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Franz H. Michael, The Taiping Rebellion: History 40 (1966)
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General and honorary king of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
583:(Second ed.). Sanlian (Three Alliances) Publishing.
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Studies on the Affairs of the Kingdom of Heavenly Peace
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757:Explorations on the Three Rivers Battle
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870:石达开事解惑之我见(11)----石达开离京后与天京仅存名义上的关联了吗？.
837:. China's Social Sciences Publishing.
658:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
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600:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
524:River Town: Two Years on the Yangtze
464:in order to reach their destination
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901:"Mao: the legend of the Long March"
639:Kingdom of Heavenly Peace, Book Two
555:]. Sichuan People's Publishing.
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732:. Shanghai Commercial Publishing.
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743:(二) 辅政安民 天国志·翼王世家 (二) 辅政安民
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152:殿前吏部又正天僚開朝公忠又副軍師頂天扶朝綱翼王喜千歲
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547:Shi, Shi 史式 (1985).
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79:March 1, 1831
71:
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63:
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57:
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54:Heavenly King
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20:
1447:
1432:Fu Shanxiang
1413:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1344:Zuo Zongtang
1336:
1321:Li Hongzhang
1276:
1257:
1252:Zhang Lexing
1222:
1206:Chen Yucheng
1183:
1165:
1160:Wei Changhui
1152:
1147:Xiao Chaogui
1139:
1134:Feng Yunshan
1126:
1121:Yang Xiuqing
1100:Hong Xiuquan
1039:2nd Jiangnan
1024:1st Jiangnan
932:the original
919:
908:. Retrieved
905:HistoryExtra
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886:
865:
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486:Qing dynasty
475:
470:slow slicing
458:Jinsha River
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447:Qing Dynasty
443:
435:Wei Changhui
427:Wei Changhui
423:Yang Xiuqing
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369:
365:Hong Xiuquan
361:Feng Yunshan
358:
338:
320:
306:
292:
268:
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252:
245:Chinese name
216:Battles/wars
211:Taiping army
101:(1863-06-26)
59:Hong Xiuquan
31:
1499:1863 deaths
1494:1831 births
1466:Noble ranks
1442:Yang Fuqing
1306:Zeng Guofan
1266:Su Sanniang
1195:Li Xiucheng
1173:Hong Rengan
1074:3rd Nanking
1004:1st Nanjing
858:石达开离京从征人数考.
439:Li Xiucheng
412:Zeng Guofan
408:Zeng Guofan
297:), born in
249:family name
170:Nickname(s)
146:Regnal name
120:Lady Xiong
90:Qing Empire
1488:Categories
1375:Xiang Rong
1230:Qin Rigang
1217:Li Shixian
910:2022-02-08
613:References
335:Early life
180:Allegiance
174:Shigandang
122:Lady Huang
75:1831-03-01
1476:See also:
1437:Hu Jiumei
1331:Jirhangga
1271:Qiu Ersao
1184:Shi Dakai
1069:Changzhou
1059:Guanzhong
772:Shi Dakai
700:Shi Dakai
564:. 重庆出版社.
499:clansman
492:in 1912.
307:Wing King
294:Shí Dákāi
269:Shi Dakai
202:Commander
193:1851–1863
22:Shi Dakai
1054:Shanghai
994:Changsha
817:Archived
478:romantic
243:In this
208:Commands
1448:†
1414:†
1394:†
1381:†
1368:†
1362:He Chun
1355:†
1337:†
1316:Guanwen
1277:†
1258:†
1223:†
1166:†
1153:†
1140:†
1127:†
999:Wuchang
989:Jintian
562:太平天国史实考
511:Sources
482:heroism
466:Chengdu
454:Sichuan
400:Jiangxi
384:Nanjing
380:Guangxi
349:Guangxi
345:Guixian
321:Yi-Wang
303:Guangxi
299:Guigang
110:Sichuan
106:Chengdu
86:Guangxi
82:Guixian
1444:
1410:
1390:
1377:
1364:
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1219:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1162:
1149:
1136:
1123:
1107:
1084:Fujian
1049:Anqing
1044:Ningbo
841:
814:翼王坪远征考
788:, 1880
666:
568:
549:太平军在四川
536:
530:54, 56
501:Zhu De
327:and a
291::
289:pinyin
283::
275::
247:, the
117:Spouse
1079:Hubei
1034:Sanhe
935:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
551:[
497:Hakka
396:Hukou
343:from
341:Hakka
311:翼王五千歲
128:Issue
45:Reign
1064:Cixi
839:ISBN
664:ISBN
566:ISBN
534:ISBN
462:Dadu
363:and
329:poet
316:lit.
198:Rank
96:Died
69:Born
660:114
374:in
285:石達開
277:石达开
254:Shí
251:is
25:石達開
1490::
903:.
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398:,
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313:;
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967:e
960:t
953:v
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847:.
803:.
672:.
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607:.
574:.
542:.
257:.
77:)
73:(
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