578:) the liaison officer at the office of the chiefs of staff, were all favored by Liu Chengyou, but had long not been promoted, causing them to be resentful. When Liu Chengyou wanted to make his favorite concubine Consort Geng empress, Yang considered it too quick after the expiration of his morning period for Liu Zhiyuan, and so opposed it. When Consort Geng died, Yang opposed Liu Chengyou's wishes to have her buried with the ceremonies due an empress. Further, there was an occasion when Yang and Shi were discussing state matters with Liu Chengyou, Liu Chengyou made the comment, "Be careful! Do not let others get a chance to criticize you!" Yang responded, "Your Imperial Majesty should just be quiet. Your subjects are still here." This led to Liu Chengyou's resentment toward them, and his close associates thereafter falsely accused Yang and the others of plotting against him. As Su resented Shi, he also incited Li Ye and the others.
455:), who was particularly efficient at torturing those who are arrested and placed in military jails (which were under Shi's jurisdiction), such that the prisoners would always confess after the torturing. Shi was also responsible for security at the capital, as part of his responsibility in commanding the imperial guards. Under his orders, if the soldiers arrested suspected, they would execute most of them, no matter how serious or non-serious the offenses were, without giving the suspects the chance to appeal. Those who were not killed would have their mouths lacerated, their tongues cut, their tendons cut, or their feet broken. As a result, while crimes disappeared, many innocent people died. Shi disliked learned civilians, often telling others, "Those people take things lightly, and often refer to people like us as just soldiers." He entrusted the taxation of Guide Circuit to his close associate Yang Yi (
537:), was seated next to Shi, and repeatedly reminded him of what the game's rules were. Su joked, "When you are seated next to someone named Yan, you need not fear being punished." However, Shi took the comment badly — as he thought that Su was satirizing his wife Lady Yan, who was once a prostitute working in a drinking hall. He cursed Su, and when Su did not respond, got up and wanted to batter Su. As a response, Su left, and he took a sword and considered chasing after Su. Yang wept and urged him to stop, stating, "Lord Su is a chancellor. If you, Lord, killed him, what kind of a place are you putting the
512:) (a title that Yang Bin also carried) to allow him to give orders to the military governors. Su Fengji opposed, pointing out that there had been no precedent to allow a military governor to continue to retain chief of staff title. Eventually, Liu Chengyou approved Shi's proposal. When Shi then complained to Su about his opposition, Su responded, "Letting the central government control the outlying circuits is proper. How can it be that now you are letting an outlying circuit control the central government?"
406:. He stated to them, "My remaining breaths are getting short, and I cannot speak much. Chengyou is young and weak, so what happens after my death has to be entrusted to you." He also told them to guard against Du Chongwei. After Liu Zhiyuan died the same day, these officials, without announcing his death, had Du and his sons put to death. Liu Chengyou was created the Prince of Zhou, and shortly after, when Liu Zhiyuan's death was announced, Liu Chengyou succeeded him as emperor.
526:
slanderous and the wicked. Be careful in examining between good and evil. Su Fengji, Yang Bin, and Shi
Hongzhao are all the deceased Emperor's old subjects. They are faithful and caring for the state. May it be that Your Imperial Majesty trust them and use them, and there will be no trouble. As far as what happens on the battlefield, I, your subject, wishes to expend all of my foolish and foolhardy efforts, hopefully being worthy of your service.
339:) had already agreed to submit to Liu, and who was therefore being under siege by Cui, Geng, and Zhuaila. Hearing that Shi was about to arrive, Cui, Geng, and Zhuaila lifted the siege on Heyang and retreated to Huai, allowing Shi to join forces with Wu. Soon thereafter, Liu was able to enter Luoyang and then Daliang without much difficulty. The
546:, to try to moderate, but could not repair the relationship between them. Su considered requesting an assignment as a circuit military governor, but then decided that if he left the capital, Shi could easily destroy him, and so did not. Wang, however, did request such an assignment, but Yang and Shi urged him against leaving the capital.
354:
apprehensive and did not dare to disobey him, and therefore, wherever he went, he was victorious. It was due to Shi
Hongzhao's achievement that the Emperor was able to safely advance from Jinyang to Luoyang and Bian without having blood on his soldiers' swords. Therefore, the Emperor depended on and loved him.
560:) inside the palace, but wanted to be promoted to the higher position of director of palace affairs, a desire that Liu Chengyou and Empress Dowager Li were both in concurrence with, but Yang and Shi considered inappropriate as he lacked the seniority, so they stopped his commission. Further, Hou Kuangzan (
530:
Liu
Chengyou showed a serious expression and thanked Guo. However, the tension between the officials continued. Not long after Guo's departure, Wang Zhang hosted a feast for the honored officials. During the feast, there was a drinking game that Shi was unfamiliar with. The director of diplomatic
585:
On
December 24, 950, as the officials were arriving at the palace for the imperial gathering, a number of soldiers appeared and killed Yang, Shi, and Wang Zhang. Subsequently, Liu Chengyou declared that they had committed treason, and stated to the chancellors and the other officials, "Yang Bin and
581:
Liu
Chengyou, thereafter, plotted with Li Ye, Nie, Hou, and Guo Yunming to kill Yang and the others. Liu Chengyou reported his plans to Empress Dowager Li, who responded, "How can such things be easily considered! You should discuss with the chancellors further." However, Li Ye then stated, "The
515:
It was at the send-off dinner for Guo the next day, at the mansion of Dou Zhengu, that frictions within the imperial government came to the forefront. At the feast, Shi, when toasting Guo, spoke in a harsh voice, "How could there have been opposition when we discussed this matter yesterday at the
471:
was causing a disturbance outside the hall of examinations, Su Fengji ordered that the examinee be arrested and delivered to Shi's headquarters, hoping that Shi would have him battered and tattooed. Shi
Dechong, however, told Shi Hongzhao, "When an examinee is rude, there are civilian agencies to
353:
Shi
Hongzhao was decisive and quiet, and was strict in troop discipline. If his officers did not follow his orders, he would pound them to death immediately. If his soldiers, while marching, damaged farmers' fields or tied horses to trees , he would decapitate them. Therefore, the soldiers were
549:
By winter 950, Liu
Chengyou himself had tired of the control the senior officials had on his government, even though, under Yang's leadership, the imperial government was considered well-run, and Shi's overseeing of the capital made it safe for the public. Part of the friction came from how his
516:
imperial gathering? Now, let us drink, younger brother !" Su and Yang also raised their cups and stated, "This is an important matter for the state. Do not bear grudges!" Shi responded, again in a harsh voice, "To settle the state, it takes long spears and large swords. What use does the
525:
The
Empress Dowager had long followed the deceased Emperor, and she has experienced many things. Your Imperial Majesty is your prime years. If there are important matters, it is best to ask her advice and follow it. You should be close to the faithful and honest, and be far away from the
497:
In summer 950, an incident occurred to damage the relationship between the leading officials. They had discussed and resolved that, because of frequent Liao incursions and the inability for the circuits to coordinate their defenses, Guo Wei should be sent to Yedu (鄴都, in modern
582:
deceased
Emperor had said before that the matters of the state should not be discussed with scholars. Their timidity will ruin you." When Empress Dowager Li tried to speak again, Liu Chengyou responded angrily, "The matters of state cannot be decided in the halls of a woman!"
520:
have?" Wang Zhang responded, "Without ink brushes, where does money come from?" It was said that from this point on, there were increasing tension between generals and chancellors. Later, when Guo was about to leave the capital, he went to see Liu Chengyou and stated to him:
435:
Shortly after Liu Zhiyuan's death, Shi's mother died. However, instead of observing a lengthy mourning period, he returned to his duties in a few days. Liu Chengyou then formally recalled him to governmental service, and gave him the greater honorary chancellor title of
586:
the others viewed us as a young child. We finally now get to be your true lord. You should not worry!" He sent soldiers to arrest and kill the relatives and close associates of Yang, Shi, and Wang. Later, after Guo overthrew Liu Chengyou and established
461:), and Yang abused his power, such that the entire circuit feared him as much as it feared Shi, even including Shi's deputy military governor. He delivered an overabundance of funds to Shi, such that the people greatly suffered. His son Shi Dechong (
205:
then claimed to be the emperor of China as well. Liu Zhiyuan initially postured that he would submit to Liao, but was preparing to rise to resist. He claimed to his soldiers that he was going to launch troops to rescue Later Jin's emperor
210:(Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor), whom Liao troops were delivering to Liao proper, and he had Shi Hongzhao gather them and inform them of that. The soldiers wanted Liu to take the throne immediately, but Liu declined at that time.
506:) to serve as its defender (as well as the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered at Yedu) to coordinate the defense against Liao. Shi advocated that Guo be allowed to continue to retain his title as chief of staff (
541:
into? Please think carefully!" Shi thereafter got on a horse and left, and Yang followed him on a horse as well, not leaving him until he reached his manor. When Liu Chengyou heard of this, he sent the director of palace affairs,
419:
During Liu Chengyou's administration, there was a split of authorities among the high level officials. Yang Bin oversaw the governmental operations; Guo Wei oversaw military operations; Shi Hongzhao oversaw the imperial guards; and
102:), was a farmer. In Shi Hongzhao's youth, he spent his days roving around his home territory, trying to be heroic, and not engaging in a trade. He became good at fighting with his fists and walking fast, being able to cover 200
324:. When he sent a messenger to consult with Shi, however, Shi pointed out that retreat would be viewed as a sign of weakness, and thereafter Liu agreed to let him continue the siege of Ze. Soon, Shi sent his officer Li Wanchao (
479:, Guo declined to be individually rewarded, so the other high-level officials and regional governors were all rewarded. As part of the rewards, Shi was given the greater honorary chancellor title
367:
ended with Du's capitulation, Liu Zhiyuan made a number of movements of his generals. As part of these orders, Shi Hongzhao was moved from Zhongwu to Guide Circuit (歸德, headquartered in modern
273:— as Liao's Emperor Taizong had already left the region and was on the way back to Liao proper. Shi reached Lu before Geng could, and Geng decided to retreat. Shi sent his officer Ma Hui (
163:) in 941, he requested that Shi Hongzhao be assigned to him, and he promoted Shi Hongzhao to be an officer of his headquarter guards. Later, when he established the two Wujie Corps (
877:
550:
close associates and relatives of the empress dowager were trying to gain power, but were being thwarted by Yang and Shi. At that time, Empress Dowager Li's younger brother Li Ye (
375:), but remained at the capital Daliang to serve as the overall commander of infantry and cavalry imperial guard soldiers, with Liu Zhiyuan's younger brother or cousin Liu Xin (
872:
115:, there was a conscription where every seven households were to contribute one soldier. Shi Hongzhao was conscripted at that time. He was later placed in the Kaidao Corps (
472:
punish him; this is not a matter of the military. This is how the civilian officials want to expose your faults, Lord." Shi Hongzhao agreed and released the examinee.
892:
265:)), Liu sent Shi with 10,000 men to aid the Lu garrison against Geng, with the intent that Shi's troops would serve as his forward troops in his advance toward
231:). Shortly after, when Liu issued a number of commissions for his officers, Shi was made the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern
882:
857:
842:
862:
302:
Liu then launched his troops, heading toward Shi's position to rendezvous with him. Before Liu's arrival, Shi attacked Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern
449:
At that time, Later Han's laws were very strict, and Shi was said to be particularly cruel in his punishments. He trusted his treasurer Xie Hui (
239:) and the commander of infantry troops. Soon after, when the Liao-commissioned military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern
58:
867:
827:
213:
Shortly after, Liu declared himself emperor — and while he did not initially declare a name for his state, it would later be known as
777:
765:
668:
543:
316:). Liu, fearing that Shi's troops were too few in number, considered recalling him, despite the opposition of his staff members
127:), which Yingze belonged to, and yet later made a soldier of the Later Liang imperial guards. During the time of the subsequent
887:
832:
259:) (which was apparently still held by subordinates of the prior Later Jin-commissioned military governor Zhang Cong'en (
112:
806:
802:
798:
794:
770:
754:
733:
708:
689:
673:
628:
782:
169:), he made Shi their overall commander, also carrying the honorary title of prefect of Lei Prefecture (雷州, in modern
135:, and Shi Jingtang kept him as a personal guard. After Shi Jingtang later became emperor of the succeeding state of
837:
382:
214:
136:
61:
847:
330:) to convince Zhai to surrender. After Zhai surrendered, he left Li in charge of Ze, and continued his advance.
72:(Emperor Yin), but Liu Chengyou eventually tired of these officials' governance and had Shi killed, along with
852:
310:), but was initially unable to capture it against the defense by the Liao-commissioned prefect Zhai Lingqi (
202:
333:
Shi approached Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Luoyang), whose military governor Wu Xingde (
381:) serving as Shi's deputy as well as the military governor of Zhongwu. He was also given the honorary
468:
822:
88:
It is not known when Shi Hongzhao was born, but it is known that he was from Yingze (滎澤, in modern
279:) to chase and attack Geng, defeating Geng's troops. Geng and other Liao generals Cui Tingxun (
467:), however, was learned, and often disliked Shi Hongzhao's behavior. On one occasion, when an
55:
20:
68:(Emperor Gaozu) left in charge of the government during the youth of his son and successor
643:
789:
623:
345:
816:
538:
195:
28:
399:
340:
207:
198:
178:
132:
69:
476:
364:
146:
65:
587:
429:
421:
128:
77:
51:
225:), which Shi quickly captured, killing the Liao-commission prefect Wang Hui (
517:
317:
174:
170:
104:
89:
64:
state. Shi was one of the key officials that Later Han's founding emperor
508:
425:
368:
321:
303:
240:
151:
73:
403:
292:
270:
266:
232:
218:
156:
139:, Shi Hongzhao became an officer in the imperial guard's Konghe Corps (
499:
398:
In spring 948, Liu Zhiyuan fell seriously ill. He entrusted his son
307:
244:
222:
160:
503:
372:
296:
236:
93:
646:
475:
In 949, after Guo defeated the rebellion of the major general
194:
In 947, Later Jin was destroyed by the invading troops of the
556:) was serving as the director of miscellaneous affairs (武德使,
590:, Guo posthumously created Shi as the Prince of Zheng.
415:
Participation in the group leadership of the government
217:. He sent Shi to attack Dai Prefecture (代州, in modern
189:
253:), was heading for Zhaoyi's capital Lu Prefecture (
190:
During Liu's campaign to capture the Central Plains
566:) the director of imperial stables, Guo Yunming (
155:) of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern
572:) the director of tea and wine, and Nie Wenjin (
523:
351:
878:People executed by Later Han (Five Dynasties)
573:
567:
561:
551:
532:
484:
462:
456:
450:
441:
390:
376:
334:
325:
311:
291:) withdrew to Huai Prefecture (懷州, in modern
286:
280:
274:
260:
254:
248:
226:
164:
140:
122:
116:
97:
45:
35:
8:
424:oversaw the financial agencies. Su Fengji,
493:Breakdown in the group leadership structure
873:Executed Later Han (Five Dynasties) people
746:
744:
742:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
700:
698:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
893:People assassinated in the 10th century
598:
59:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
7:
639:
637:
359:After Later Han's firm establishment
883:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) people
858:Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
843:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) generals
131:, he once served under the general
647:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
363:In late 947, after a rebellion by
358:
50:) (as posthumously honored during
14:
778:New History of the Five Dynasties
766:Old History of the Five Dynasties
669:Old History of the Five Dynasties
402:to Su Fengji, Yang Bin, Shi, and
387:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
863:Assassinated Chinese politicians
457:
391:
377:
275:
261:
149:became the military governor (
123:
117:
54:), was a major general of the
46:
1:
410:During Liu Chengyou's reign
349:, comments this about Shi:
27:) (died December 24, 950),
909:
868:Executed people from Henan
828:Politicians from Zhengzhou
185:During Liu Zhiyuan's reign
145:). When the major general
574:
568:
562:
552:
533:
485:
463:
451:
442:
335:
326:
312:
287:
281:
255:
249:
227:
165:
141:
98:
36:
24:
96:). His father, Shi Pan (
531:protocol, Yan Jinqing (
432:served as chancellors.
121:) of Zheng Prefecture (
528:
356:
888:Liao dynasty generals
409:
184:
594:Notes and references
833:Generals from Henan
247:), Geng Chongmei (
111:Toward the end of
838:Later Tang people
469:imperial examinee
343:historical work,
900:
848:Zhongwu jiedushi
758:
748:
737:
727:
712:
702:
693:
683:
677:
665:
650:
641:
632:
620:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:
555:
554:
536:
535:
488:
487:
466:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
445:
444:
394:
393:
380:
379:
338:
337:
329:
328:
315:
314:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
277:
264:
263:
258:
257:
252:
251:
230:
229:
177:— then ruled by
168:
167:
144:
143:
126:
125:
120:
119:
101:
100:
49:
48:
40:), formally the
39:
38:
26:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
898:
897:
813:
812:
761:
749:
740:
728:
715:
703:
696:
684:
680:
666:
653:
644:Academia Sinica
642:
635:
621:
600:
596:
495:
417:
412:
361:
285:) and Zhuaila (
203:Emperor Taizong
192:
187:
86:
42:Prince of Zheng
12:
11:
5:
906:
904:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Guide jiedushi
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
815:
814:
811:
810:
790:Zizhi Tongjian
786:
774:
760:
759:
751:Zizhi Tongjian
738:
730:Zizhi Tongjian
713:
705:Zizhi Tongjian
694:
686:Zizhi Tongjian
678:
651:
633:
624:Zizhi Tongjian
597:
595:
592:
494:
491:
416:
413:
411:
408:
360:
357:
346:Zizhi Tongjian
191:
188:
186:
183:
85:
82:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
905:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
787:
784:
780:
779:
775:
772:
768:
767:
763:
762:
756:
752:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
670:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
599:
593:
591:
589:
583:
579:
559:
547:
545:
540:
539:Son of Heaven
527:
522:
519:
513:
511:
510:
505:
501:
492:
490:
482:
481:Zhongshu Ling
478:
473:
470:
447:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
414:
407:
405:
401:
396:
388:
384:
374:
370:
366:
355:
350:
348:
347:
342:
331:
323:
319:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
272:
268:
246:
242:
238:
234:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
204:
200:
197:
182:
180:
176:
172:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
138:
134:
130:
114:
109:
107:
106:
95:
91:
83:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
43:
33:
30:
29:courtesy name
22:
18:
788:
776:
764:
750:
729:
704:
685:
681:
667:
622:
584:
580:
557:
548:
529:
524:
514:
507:
496:
480:
474:
448:
437:
434:
418:
400:Liu Chengyou
397:
386:
362:
352:
344:
341:Song dynasty
332:
301:
212:
208:Shi Chonggui
199:Liao dynasty
193:
179:Southern Han
150:
133:Shi Jingtang
110:
103:
87:
70:Liu Chengyou
41:
31:
17:Shi Hongzhao
16:
15:
477:Li Shouzhen
365:Du Chongwei
147:Liu Zhiyuan
113:Later Liang
66:Liu Zhiyuan
823:950 deaths
817:Categories
588:Later Zhou
430:Dou Zhengu
422:Wang Zhang
383:chancellor
129:Later Tang
108:in a day.
84:Background
78:Wang Zhang
52:Later Zhou
518:ink brush
318:Su Fengji
215:Later Han
175:Guangdong
171:Zhanjiang
137:Later Jin
90:Zhengzhou
62:Later Han
793:, vols.
771:vol. 107
755:vol. 288
734:vol. 287
709:vol. 286
690:vol. 282
674:vol. 107
629:vol. 289
544:Wang Jun
509:Shumishi
438:Shizhong
426:Su Yugui
392:同中書門下平章事
369:Shangqiu
322:Yang Bin
304:Jincheng
241:Changzhi
201:, whose
152:Jiedushi
74:Yang Bin
783:vol. 30
558:Wudeshi
404:Guo Wei
293:Jiaozuo
271:Daliang
267:Luoyang
233:Xuchang
219:Xinzhou
157:Taiyuan
56:Chinese
32:Huayuan
21:Chinese
500:Handan
428:, and
385:title
308:Shanxi
245:Shanxi
223:Shanxi
196:Khitan
161:Shanxi
23::
504:Hebei
373:Henan
297:Henan
237:Henan
94:Henan
320:and
269:and
76:and
807:289
803:288
799:287
795:286
575:聶文進
569:郭允明
563:後匡贊
534:閻晉卿
489:).
486:中書令
464:史德珫
446:).
395:).
336:武行德
327:李萬超
313:翟令奇
299:).
282:崔廷勳
262:張從恩
250:耿崇美
181:).
25:史弘肇
819::
805:,
801:,
797:,
781:,
769:,
753:,
741:^
732:,
716:^
707:,
697:^
688:,
672:,
654:^
636:^
627:,
601:^
553:李業
502:,
458:楊乙
452:解暉
443:侍中
378:劉信
371:,
306:,
295:,
288:拽剌
276:馬誨
256:潞州
243:,
235:,
228:王暉
221:,
173:,
166:武節
159:,
142:控鶴
124:鄭州
118:開道
105:Li
99:史潘
92:,
80:.
47:鄭王
37:化元
809:.
785:.
773:.
757:.
736:.
711:.
692:.
676:.
649:.
631:.
483:(
440:(
389:(
44:(
34:(
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.