Muhammad of Ghor - Knowledge (XXG)

1808: 4057:, p. 276:"Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir informs us that in the year 592 of the Hijri calendar (i.e. AD 1196), Muhammad bin-Sam Ghori, and his lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aibak marched towards Thangar . Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal (Kumarapal), whose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai , gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from many parts of Hindustan and Khorasan. To encourage them to settle, they were given houses and goods in the area. Baha-ud-din Tughril later established Sultankot (near Bayana), and made that his military-base and reside" 2916: 2900: 2688: 68: 5075:, p. 182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin" 795: 802: 1607: 2366: 1669:

Chahamana army off guard as they had spent the night in a state of unawareness. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered losses due to surprise attacks before sunrise. Juzjani attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 elite mounted archers whom Muhammad stationed at a small distance from the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces and which ultimately scattered the "infidel host". Prithviraj was captured during the battle on the bank of river Saraswati (present-day

4069:, p. 171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin" 2841: 2227:) assassinated the Ghurid governor Amir Dad Hasan in a personal meeting and issued a fake decree of him being appointed by Muhammad as the new governor of Multan. Muhammad defeated Aibak Beg decisively and captured him in the battle. Afterwards, he marched towards Ghazni, where Yildiz mutinied earlier and seized the city. On the advance of a vast army of Muhammad of Ghor, foreseeing an inevitable defeat, Yildiz and his aristocrats surrendered to Muhammad, who pardoned them. 5012:, p. 73:"Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam has often been compared to Mahmud of Ghazni. As a warrior, Mahmud Ghazni was mnore successful than Muizzuddin, having never suffered a defeat in India or in Central Asia. He also ruled over a larger empire outside India. But it has to be kept in mind that Muizzuddin had to contend with larger and better organised states in India than Mahmud. Though less successful in Central Asia, his political achievements in India were greater" 1585:

be dead, later a remnant of his soldiers arrived in the night and searched for his body at the battlesite. Muhammad in extremely critical situation recognised his soldiers, who rejoiced after finding him alive and took him from the battlefield in a litter to Ghazni. However, the version from Za'inul Masir is not corroborated by any other contemporary and later writers, which made its authenticity dubious and the version of Juzjani more credible.

2111:. The Ghurids, thus, for a short span established their sway over most of the Khurasan for first time in their history. However, their success turned to be a short-term affair as Alauddin succeeded the throne in August 1200 and soon after recaptured his lost territories by 1201. Despite the success against the Ghurids, Alauddin sent an envoy for diplomacy to Muhammad, probably in order to focus solely on overcoming from the suzerainty of 1665:. Upon Ghori's arrival on the battlefield, Prithviraj, the Rajput leader, purportedly sent a formal message suggesting a peaceful resolution, stating, "It would be wise for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you." In response, Ghori replied, indicating that he had come to face challenges on the directive of his ruling sibling and proposing the dispatch of an envoy to negotiate peace. 2936: 811: 5983: 1581:. The battle was marked by the initial attack of mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle. Muhammad mortally wounded Govind Rai in personal combat and in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithvīrāj's army was deemed victorious. 4045:, p. 44:"Shihabuddin again came to India in 1195-1196. This time he attacked Biyana, Kumarpal king of Bayana was a Rajput of the Yaddo Bhatti sect. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit. Bahauddin Turghil was given the charge of Thankar" 1645:, was called from Ghazni with a large contingent along with other seasoned warlords like Mukalba, Kharbak and Illah. Muhammad made necessary arrangements to counter the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces by having them attack mock elephants made of mud and wood. The near contemporary chroniclers Juzjani and 686:

as a base and raided the principality of Oghuzs multiple times, before defeating them decisively along with Ghiyath al-Din and followed up their victory by conquering Ghazni in 1169 along with some other territories in what is present-day eastern Afghanistan. Soon, Muhammad's coronation took place in

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It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first

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ruler Dharavarsha. The Ghurid army suffered heavy casualties during the battle, and also in the retreat back across the desert to Ghazni. The defeat forced Muhammad to opt for the northern routes who thenceforth, concentrated on creating a suitable base in Punjab and northwest for further incursions

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And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary

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The Ghor region, however, during his reign did prospered and became a leading centre of learning and culture. He also gave grants to various theologians like Maulana Fakharudin Razi who preached the Islamic teachings in the backward regions of the Ghurid empire. Muhammad also briefly contributed in

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troops and the later succeeded the throne of Khwarezm in December 1172. Sultan Shah fled to the Ghurid brothers and asked for their assistance in order to expel his brother Tekish. While they received him well, they refused to give him military aid against Tekish, with whom the Ghurids were on good

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According to Juzjani, Muhammad was carried away from the battleground in wounded state by a Khalji horsemen. A largely different account from Za'inul Masir claimed that Muhammad after being wounded in combat with Govindraja fell unconscious and his forces withdrew in disarray after assuming him to

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According to accounts from Hasan Nizami, Muhammad Ufi, and Firishta, it becomes evident that Ghori employed deception, and Prithviraj, considering it a genuine truce, accepted the proposal. Before the next day, the Ghurids attacked the Rajput army. The assault occurred before sunrise, catching the

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for the expanses of his army, which was committed for the protection of a Imam's shrine. These events eventually turned the people belligerent towards the Ghurids who retaliated when Muhammad besieged Gurganz and militarily supported the besieged Khwarezmian Shah who as a result collected a hughe

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where he spend a whole season. However, later Ghiyath-al din sent an envoy to brought him back who subsequently placed him in charge of the southern part of the Ghurid domains which possibly included Istiyan and Kajuran. ‌ During the early campaigns of Muhammad as a prince, he was instructed to

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Finbarr Barry Flood commented on the notion of continuity of the pre-conquest arrangements in the numismatics as a pragmatic measure of Ghurids to met the economic realities in northern India. Sunil Kumar further elaborated on the basis of hoard evidences that the coins issued by Muhammad were

2969:. The paradigm of coins issued by Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din shifted drastically from 1199 onwards to a further more orthodox ideologue with the Quranic verses on both sides. The radical shift to orthodoxy in the coinage is probably to propound their recent change of school from 621:

after his campaign in Ghazni, initially installed them as governors of Sanjah. However, their efficient administration of the province, made him doubtful of their uprise and seeing a possible challenge to his own authority, he ordered his nephews to be imprisoned in the castle of

3694:, p. 40–42: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Muhammad had raised 120,000 cavalry" 1656:

had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived. Instead of engaging in direct confrontation as they did in the initial Battle of Tarain, the Ghurids adopted a strategy of deceit and diplomacy to overcome the

1884:. The Ghurid army was victorious, Jayachandra was killed in the battle, and much of his army was slaughtered. Following the battle, the Ghurids took the fort at Asni, where they plundered the royal treasure of the Gahadavalas, and went on to take the pilgrimage city of 4856:

At its peak, the Ghurid empire, or perhaps more accurately the region across which its armies campaigned, briefly stretched for over 3000 km from east to west – from Nishapur in eastern Iran to Benares and Bengal and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to

2915: 2672:"Other monarchs may have one son or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah (Friday sermon) throughout these territories" 2486:

Muhammad's only offspring was his daughter who died during his own lifetime. His sudden assassination in Damyak led to a period of struggle among his slaves and other senior Ghurid elites for the succession. The Ghurid aristocrats of Ghazni and

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managed to keep him around the borders of Lahore for few more years by sending tributes along with one of the Ghaznavid prince (Malik Shah) under his custody in Ghazni as a hostage. In 1182, Muhammad followed a southerly arc to the port city of

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stated that Muhammad brought 120,000-130,000 fully armoured men to the battle in 1192. Ferishta placed the strength of Rajput army in the decisive battle at 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry (most likely a gross exaggeration).

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also emphasized upon the importance of each of the Turkish slaves ("bandagan") to Muhammad. He further panegyrise Aibak for enduring the trust of his master. Muhammad's slaves played a key role in the expansion and consolidation of the

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laid his own claim for the succession after Sayf al-Din death as the elder member of the Ghurid family. Muhammad helped his brother in suppressing the revolt of Fakhruddin who garnered a sizeable army in alliance with the chiefs of

2270:. Muhammad also directed his Indian soldiers to join him in the expedition against the Qara Khitais. However, soon another political unrest broke out which turned Muhammad towards Punjab again where he was eventually assassinated. 3825:, p. 108: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain" 2899: 5255:, p. 30: "As the hoard evidences from north India confirms, Mu'izzi wede valued as much as the earlier Rajput currencies and were fully assimilated within an economic word unimpressed with transition in the political realm" 1807: 2534:" on Aibak and Yildiz. Thus, freed from the slavery and with investment of a "chatr" from Mahmud, Yildiz established himself as the king of Ghazni in 1206 and Aibak in Lahore (who declared independence in 1208) established the 5273: 4461:

Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia

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as governor of the fortress with 1200 horsemen, Muhammad received the news that Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Rai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of

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who ruled his ancestral realm briefly before he died in 1149, when Muhammad of Ghor was a child. His name is variously transliterated as Muizuddin Sam, Shihabuddin Ghuri, Muhammad Ghori and Muhammad of Ghor. According to the

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Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad around this time died at Herat on 13 March 1203, after months of illness which briefly diverted Muhammad's attention from the existing state of affairs. Thus, taking advantage of his absence from

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world. The Ghurids reached the greatest extent of their territorial expansion, where they briefly ruled over a territory which spanned over 3000 km from east to west. During these years, their empire stretched from

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The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his

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governor there. Muhammad defeated the Qarmatian ruler Khafif in 1175 and annexed Multan. The defeat turned to be a death blow for the Qarmatian power in Multan, who never regained their influence in the region again.

1633:"emirs" who fled during the battle. The wallets filled with grains were tied around their necks and under this condition they were paraded through Ghazni, those who refused were beheaded. The late medieval historian 2094:

and his nephew Hindu Khan. The Ghurid siblings seized the opportunity and amidst the turmoil in the Khwarezmian house for succession, Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din invaded and captured the oasis cities of

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and executed Prithviraj shortly afterwards. He limited his presence in India afterwards, deputing the political and military operations in the region to a handful of elite slave commanders who swiftly

1253:, while Muhammad expanded the Ghurid domains eastwards into the Indian plains from his capital at Ghazni. The expeditions into the Indian plains and the plunder extracted from the sacking of lucrative 2992:, the language of northern Indian literate elites and not in the Arabic. Coins minted by Muhammad and his lieutenants in north India continued featuring the iconographic programme of 2163:, who sent a sizeable army to aid the Khwarezmians. Muhammad, because of the pressure from the Qara Khitai forces was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, he was chased on his way to 1637:

further states on the testimony of folklore in Ghazni, that Muhammad vowed not to visit his royal harem and heal his wounds sustained in the battle till he avenged the humiliation of his defeat.

673:", his brother succeeded Sayf al-Din to the throne in 1163 and initially placed Muhammad as a minor officer in his court, which result in him retiring (unhappy with his position) to the court of 753:

After the death of Ghiyath Al-Din Muhammad – the senior partner in the dyarchy – Muhammad assumed the title of "Al-Sultan Al-Azam" which meant the "Greatest Sultan". On one of colonnade in the

2538:. Historian Iqtidar Alam Khan though, doubted that Aibak styled himself as the "Sultan" as it is not attested by the numismatic evidences. Soon, Mahmud was enforced to accept suzerainty of 2981:

schools of Islam by Ghiyath al-Din and Muhammad respectively in order to embed themselves within cosmopolitan networks of the wider Islamic world and shed off their backward origin.

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The Ghurid garrison of Tabarhind under Ziauddin, held out for thirteen months before being capitulated. The Rajputs could not make quick progressions during the siege due to absence of

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After the disaster of Andkhud and the subsequent rumours of Muhammad's death in the battle led to widespread insurrections throughout the Ghurid Sultanate, most notably by Aibak Beg,

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History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV THe age off achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting

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Despite the debacle of Andhkhud and the successive plummet of their western frontier, Muhammad's empire at the time of his assassination still spread out as far as Herat in the west,

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Illtutmish, despite the fact that his master Aibak who purchased him originally was still a slave along with other senior slaves of Muhammad who were not manumitted until that point.

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History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting

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theorizes that this speculation that the Ismaili assassins were sent by the Khwarezmian Shah is unlikely to be correct. Muhammad's assassins were probably sent by the Imam of

2459:" ("fida-i-mulahida"). The story of his assassination by the Khokhars is probably an invention of later times based on indirect evidences. Muhammad's coffin was carried from 6145: 669:

who both were executed in the battle, although Fakhruddin was reinstated in Bamiyan in 1163. Afterwards, with the support of the remaining local Ghurid officers and "

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who barely consulted Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud in their affairs. Notwithstanding, they still paid him a minimal tribute. During his reign, Mahmud also officially grant "

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who do not want the "Sultan of Islam" to be captured by the infidels. Following the defeat, the Ghurids lost the control over most of the Khurasan except Herat and

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established their puppet government in the Ghurid lands, although Yildiz drove them back in 1213 before Alauddin eradicated the Ghurids and annexed Fīrūzkūh from

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chief Sallakhanapala surrendered after a long siege and accepted the Ghurid suzerainty. After the assassination of Muhammad, Tourghil styled himself as the

794: 594:, his birth name was "Muhammad" which is vernacularly spelt as "Hamad" by the Ghurids. During his childhood, his mother used to call him "Zangi" due to his 2223:

and by the governor of Ghazni, Yildiz, as well. Muhammad first marched to Multan instead of Ghazni, where his slave general Aibak Beg (who rescued him in

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acknowledged the Ghurid suzerainty and later sent his armies several times assisting the Ghurids in their warfares. Afterwards, Ghiyath al-Din captured

609:- Muhammad was younger to Ghiyath al-Din by three years and few months, who was born in 1140. Therefore, Muhammad's birth year can be dated to 1144. 5863: 2499:

who was his nephew and son of his brother Ghiyath al-Din. Nonetheless, Baha al-Din died on his march to Ghazni on 24 February 1206 due to illness.

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along with his title on the obverse side of coin, whereas the reverse side of coin featured Muhammad's name and his title along with the title of

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styling him as the "Sultan-i-Ghazi" (sultan of the holy warriors) portraying his Indian expeditions as the engagement between the army of Islam (

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Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee;

1724:. Subsequently, Hairaja immolated himself on a funeral pyre and the Ghurids reoccupied Ajmer and placed it under a Muslim governor. Soon after, 1518:

in his father court, as the head of judicature department in the newly conquered Ghaznavid territories along with the charge of Multan. His son

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Thus, Muhammad successfully restored his empire to stability, after suppressing the mutineers and turned his attention towards the affairs of

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The coins issued by Muhammad in northern India followed the Indian standards of weight and metallic purity. The Ghurid coins in India except

2661:. Further, two daughters of Aibak were married to Qabacha. This policy was continued by Aibak as well, who married his daughter to his slave 1918:. Muhammad along with Aibak advanced and besieged Thankar whose ruler Kumarpal was defeated. Muhammad placed the fort under his senior slave 6175: 6155: 6150: 2631: 2006: 1321: 1273: 781: 460: 373: 369: 2617:

by the Ghurid Sultan. He raised his slaves with affection and treated them as his sons and successors, after his despondency with his own

506:. Muhammad quelled the widespread insurrection throughout his empire after the debacle and ordered the construction of a bridge over the 4688:

Alka Patel (2017). "Periphery as Centre: The Ghurids between the Persianate and Indic Worlds". In Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).

2809: 2747: 1922:, who later established Sultankot and used it as his stronghold. After the conquest of Thankar, Bahaurddin Turghil reduced the fort of 6170: 4699: 2988:, continued on the same paradigm of pre-conquest with the existing Hindu iconography juxtaposed with the name of Muhammad written in 6185: 5781: 5335: 2577:

and laid his own claim for succession of the Ghurid conquests of Muhammad of Ghor. However, he was defeated and executed in 1216 by

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where he and all his kinfolks were executed before 1192. Thus, ended the lineage of Ghaznavids and their historic struggle with the

5139: 1328:, a later chronicler mentioned the year of Uch conquest as 1176. It was placed under Malik Nasiurdin Aitam until his death in the 5266:"Sources suggest that the movie is in the pre-production stage and the makers are making sure to match the deadline of November" 757:

along with some of his golden mints circulated in India – Muhammad is eulogized as the "Sikander Al-Thani". (Second Alexander)

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the archietectural aspect of his region, chiefly constructing distinctive kind of Islamic glazed tiles in his capital Ghazni.

645:" stated that the hardship continued due to their financial conditions. Muhammad thus, took shelter in the court of his uncle 325:

until the latter's death in 1203. Ghiyath al-Din, the senior partner, governed the western Ghurid regions from his capital at

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Some later accounts possibly with the genesis in the writing of Ferishta claimed that his assassins were Hindu Khokhars. In "

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by sougthing peace with the Ghurids. However, the attempt turned to be futile and Muhammad marched again with his forces on

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during his lifetime who later according to Juzjani became renowned for their calibre in "east". Muhammad purchased a young

2439:", he stated that "Twenty Khokhar infidels" who were cowed down by him earlier attacked his carvan and stabbed him with a " 2412:

According to some sketchy accounts regarding the identity of Muhammad's assassins, claimed that the assassins were sent by

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Muhammad, later also organized matrimonial alliances among the families of his slaves in accordance with the practise of

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was also captured by Muhammad and Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1193, although in continuation with the policy adopted earlier in

6190: 2856:, Pakistan, where Muhammad was assassinated. Muhammad was actually buried in Ghazni, according to contemporary sources. 2005:

along with his governor Bahauddin Turghil. Thus, Ghiyath al-Din asked for aid from Muhammad, who was occupied with his

1673:) and summarily executed. After the victory, Muhammad took over much of the Chahamana kingdom and sacked their capital 6060: 3020:

accepted on the same scale by the local Indian financiers and bankers as the previous coins which were issued by the

695:. Subsequently, Muhammad utilized the city of Ghazni as a launch pad to led a series of lucrative forays down to the 2949:

The circulation of coins from Muhammad's court in Ghazni around 1199, confirming to the numismatic standards of the

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tribes whose power and influence began to wane, although they were still controlling extensive territories. He used

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purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

1950: 404:, which forced him to change his route for future inroads into the Indian Plains. Hence, Muhammad pressed upon the 6013: 5856: 4237:, p. 44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)" 1231:

invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests under Muhammad of Ghor from 1175 to 1205).

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The synchronous accounts did not write much about Muhammad's exact birth date, although based on the writings of

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Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.

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as attested by the numismatic evidences in which he minted his name along with placing Alauddin's name in the "

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Historian Kishori Saran Lal states Govind Rai was struck in the mouth, but does not mention any mortal wounds.

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army of 70,000 which eventually forced Muhammad to relieve the siege and retreat before being cornered by the

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The largest extent of the Ghurid empire in 1200 during the reign of Muhammad Ghori and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad

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after Ghiyath al-Din's death. Alauddin retreated on the Ghurid advance and desperately requested aid from the

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as his brother Ghiyath al-Din began to have health problems. Notwithstanding, Muhammad as per the writings of

1475:. In the subsequent years, he expanded and consolidated his conquests around present-day Pakistan and annexed 617:

The early years of both Muhammad and his brother Ghiyath al-Din were spent in constant hardship. Their uncle

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in 1994-1995 and was later handed over to the Punjab archaeology department. Following his assassination in

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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries

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In popular traditions, when a courtier lamented that the Sultan (Muhammad) had no male heirs, he retorted:

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on their part, which strengthened the position of Muhammad during these months to raise a formidable army.

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In 1175, Muhammad marched from Ghazni and helped his brother in the annexation of the cosmopolitan city of

6195: 5324:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). 2444: 2192: 1910:

Muhammad returned to the Indian frontier again around 1196 to consolidate his hold around the present-day

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and western Punjab, the Ghurid generals began to raid the eastern Punjab region and captured a castle -

1404: 1138: 1063: 435:, the Ghurid forces suffered a decisive reverse and Muhammad himself got wounded in engagement with the 113: 4489: 2840: 2254:

garrison stationed there and placed it under his son. Afterwards, Muhammad ordered his viceory in the

1732:, a puppet Rajput scion was installed in Delhi on tribute. (possibly the son of Govindraja who died in 598:. After the coronation in Ghazni, he styled himself as "Malik Shihabuddin" and after his occupation of 2573:

was extirpated by 1215. Yildiz was toppled from Ghazni around the same time as well who later fled to

6140: 6135: 5942: 5902: 3000: (based on the existing pattern of Chahamanas) on one side and Muhammad's name in the 2735: 2658: 2602: 2523: 2315:

Hence, Muhammad marched from Ghazni in December 1205 for his last campaign in order to subjugate the

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Moidul Mulk along with other elites, where he was buried (Ghazni) in the mausoleum of his daughter.

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After crushing the Khokhars, on his way back to his capital in Ghazni, Muhammad's caravan rested at

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emissaries while offering evening prayers. Muhammad's assassination led to the rapid decline of the

454:, and returned a year later with a vast army of mounted archers to secure a decisive victory in the 6023: 5962: 2759: 2176: 1965: 1881: 1780: 1416: 1392: 831: 557: 393: 54: 5521:

Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib

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and beheaded the Ghurid governor Karang there. Muhammad of Ghor, possibly to take over the entire

2044:. Sultan Shah died after a year in 1191 possibly due to the drug overdose. According to historian 6070: 6065: 6055: 5912: 4938: 2926: 2751: 2550: 2492: 2259: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2180: 2156: 2144: 2136: 2018: 1977: 1873: 1748: 1653: 1638: 1561: 1242: 1106: 1019: 995: 657: 646: 495: 444: 317:

of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206. Muhammad and his elder brother

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after the Andkhud debacle and were not facing any potential danger from them. Hence, historian

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at the time, marched with his army from Ghazni. The Ghurid feudatories: Shamsuddin Muhammad of

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after the death of his father in 1161. Sayf al-Din, later died in a battle against the nomadic

6003: 5937: 5932: 5922: 5917: 5897: 5822: 5798: 5777: 5767: 5756:

Saran, Paramatma (2001) . "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.).

5742: 5721: 5699: 5675: 5651: 5627: 5606: 5585: 5560: 5536: 5503: 5465: 5444: 5420: 5396: 5372: 5331: 5307: 4986: 4980: 4948: 4877: 4845: 4806: 4695: 4656: 4023: 3992: 3389: 3072: 3038: 2869:, the corpse of Muhammad Ghori was actually placed in the mausoleum of his daughter in Ghazni. 2862: 2845: 2797: 2764: 2727: 2654: 2650: 2626: 2610: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2455:

all contemporary or near contemporary accounts confirmed that Muhammad was assassinated by a "

2382: 2293: 2224: 2168: 2085: 2057: 1989: 1942: 1919: 1776: 1768: 1721: 1646: 1630: 1329: 887: 703: 641:" states that the Ghurid siblings were reinstated in Sanjah, although the earlier account of " 618: 586: 491: 397: 253: 137: 125: 119: 4800: 4017: 3986: 3012:, the Ghurid circulation continued on the pre-conquest paradigm which had the iconography of 1343:. Therefore, to outflank the Ghaznavids in Punjab and to open up an alternative route to the 6105: 6075: 6028: 5967: 5927: 5575: 5434: 5325: 3013: 2876: 2622: 2594: 2566: 1815: 1788: 1772: 1752: 1523: 1514:

including most of the Punjab. He, appointed Mulla Sirajuddin who was earlier a high-ranking

1491:

and forced him to surrender after a short siege. He imprisoned Khusrau Malik in the fort of

1289: 1261:, gave Muhammad access to a vast amount of treasure in Ghazni which according to chronicler 946: 922: 642: 591: 478:

After the death of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in 1203, Muhammad of Ghor ascended the throne of

275: 143: 131: 5692:(1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 2819:. According to Juzjani, Muhammad imposed heavy taxes, plundered and seized the property in 1779:

before his assassination, swiftly raided the local kingdoms and expanded his empire in the

5907: 5698:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5502:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 4869: 2805: 2793: 2789: 2614: 2535: 1531: 1495:, breaching his own agreement of safe conduct for his presence. Khusrau Malik was sent to 1312:. His campaign in Uch is not mentioned in detail in the near contemporary accounts except 1262: 986: 565: 561: 1450:

which was possibly ruled by the Ghaznavids. Thereafter, he advanced further and besieged

5147: 2090:

Tekish died in 1200, which led to a brief period of struggle for the succession between

6091: 6033: 5972: 5872: 5515: 5493: 5321: 4646: 3025: 2554: 2421: 2350: 2343:. His armies also burnt down the forests where many of them took refuge while fleeing. 2255: 2069: 1927: 1915: 1888:, which was looted and a large number of its temples destroyed. The Gahadavala capital 1697: 1689: 1565: 1527: 1472: 1429: 1396: 1376: 1344: 1258: 1194: 1179: 1030: 1007: 875: 860: 606: 541: 432: 425: 337:, which lasted after him for nearly half a millennium under evolving Muslim dynasties. 310: 243: 161: 89: 5368:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

3016:

and a "Chahaman horsemen" juxtaposed with Muhammad's name written as "Shri Hammirah".

1241:

with the senior partner Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad engaged in a protracted duel with the

6129: 5711: 5303:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

4934: 4649:(1998). "The Seljuk and the Khwarazm Shah". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). 2853: 2769: 2429: 2386: 2385:

province of modern-day Pakistan) where he was assassinated on March 15, 1206, by the

2029: 1862: 1828: 1589: 1557: 1510:

After uprooting the Ghaznavids, Muhammad now established his sway over the strategic

1455: 1228: 977: 968: 718: 487: 420:. After expelling the Ghaznavids from their last bastion, Muhammad, thus secured the 341: 314: 5757: 2331:

rivers and fought valiantly until the afternoon but Muhammad carried the day after

1680:

Muhammad captured and placed strong garrisons at the strategic military stations of

5689: 5665: 5496:(1992) . "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 4976: 2942: 2906: 2475: 2448: 2349:

was rewarded for his gallantry against the Khokhars with a presentation of special

2335:

arrived with a reserve contingent, whom Muhammad earlier stationed on the banks of

2231: 1701: 1662: 1266: 1094: 499: 464: 77: 17: 5392:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

2773: 5816: 5792: 5771: 5736: 5715: 5693: 5669: 5645: 5621: 5600: 5579: 5530: 5519: 5497: 5459: 5438: 5414: 5390: 5366: 5301: 4942: 4839: 4689: 4650: 3795: 2815:

The Ghurids similar to the Ghaznavids were unpopular among their subjects of the

2119:

which forced Alauddin to shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad recaptured

5346: 4972: 2958: 2825: 2755: 2642:

while still regarding Muhammad as their supreme master until his assassination.

2639: 2531: 2417: 2369:

Artistic description of Muhammad's assassination while offering evening prayers.

2267: 2251: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2112: 2065: 1993: 1877: 1760: 1744: 1740: 1511: 1492: 1408: 1400: 1380: 1368: 1250: 845: 696: 692: 679: 631: 553: 511: 421: 413: 401: 389: 377: 357: 345: 263: 81: 1526:

in 1260 which is regarded as a monumental work from the medieval period on the

5812: 5461:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

2978: 2970: 2884: 2801: 2717: 2662: 2471: 2452: 2354: 2247: 2183:. He was allowed to return to his capital, after paying a heavy ransom to the 1277: 909: 754: 623: 522: 507: 405: 365: 334: 5892: 5759:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire

5703: 5641: 5507: 3043: 3024:, despite a period of transition (regime change) in the political milieu of 2966: 2880: 2820: 2713: 2649:. The notable among these alliances, were the marriages of the daughters of 2578: 2346: 2332: 2200: 2188: 2120: 2104: 1976:

Muhammad continued to aid his brother for the expansion in west against the

1961: 1911: 1792: 1677:

during which several Hindu temples were desecrated by the Ghurids in Ajmer.

1420: 1388: 1356: 1352: 957: 595: 4881: 2621:

household in his later days. According to another contemporary account of

1980:

in the interlude of his eastwards expansion. Meanwhile, in the affairs of

1704:

on condition of heavy tribute. However, later after a revolt by his uncle

1339:

and instead focused on lands bordering the middle and lower course of the

1265:

based on the authority of Muhammad's comptroller included 60,000 kg (1500

329:

whereas Muhammad extended Ghurid rule eastwards, laying the foundation of

6095: 3005: 2989: 2816: 2646: 2635: 2488: 2443:". However, this account is not corroborated by the earlier authorities. 2436: 2340: 2320: 2316: 2305: 2235: 2164: 2116: 2096: 2072:

stated that Ghurids annexed some part of Khurasan after their victory in

2049: 1998: 1997:

terms till then. Sultan Shah, carved out his independent principality in

1981: 1953: 1914:. The territory of Bayana at the time was under the control of a sect of 1885: 1705: 1634: 1621:

After the defeat in Tarain, Muhammad meted out severe punishments to the

1574: 1553: 1500: 1483:

and the countryside. After Khusrau Malik made an unsuccessful attempt to

1447: 1325: 1246: 1126: 742: 688: 638: 599: 585: region of present-day west-central Afghanistan to the Ghurid ruler 518: 503: 479: 451: 326: 5982: 5717:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

2861:

A shrine for Muhammad Ghori was built in Dhamiak by Pakistani scientist

760:

Muhammad's courtier rhetorically aggrandize him as the champion of

6109: 6044: 3021: 2997: 2950: 2866: 2849: 2731: 2704: 2696: 2598: 2460: 2374: 2309: 2285: 2243: 2148: 2010: 1946: 1923: 1893: 1578: 1504: 1476: 1464: 1348: 1281: 1238: 714: 683: 650: 537: 385: 356:

as an independent sovereign. Expanding the Ghurid dominion east of the

322: 238: 217: 5327:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods

2905:

Traditional gold coins of Muhammad from Ghazni for the circulation in

1869:

with an army of 50,000 horsemen where he confronted the forces of the

514:

in order to avenge his defeat at Andkhud, although a rebellion by the

380:

within a year. Afterwards, Muhammad took his army by the way of lower

5992: 5695:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

5499:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)

2985: 2974: 2954: 2785: 2743: 2709: 2618: 2606: 2605:

who was sold into slavery and was later bestowed with the domains of

2582: 2570: 2507: 2464: 2456: 2440: 2425: 2378: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2301: 2297: 2108: 2061: 1957: 1935: 1931: 1889: 1870: 1866: 1833: 1819: 1811: 1796: 1784: 1713: 1693: 1658: 1642: 1626: 1622: 1570: 1488: 1480: 1451: 1384: 1364: 1336: 1309: 1305: 1285: 1166: 726: 721:. The Ghurid siblings advanced into the present-day Iran and brought 674: 545: 483: 468: 436: 417: 349: 229: 73: 5112: 5086: 2941:

Bull-and-horseman coins of Muhammad derived from the coinage of the

2808:

turned to be the only major Islamic state that survived amongst the

2565:

in exile. Alauddin also defeated and executed the last Ghurid ruler

2234:

again to avenge the rout at Andhkhud and to reclaim his holdings in

4838:

David Thomas (2016). "Ghurid Sultanate". In John Mackenzie (ed.).

3009: 2993: 2839: 2777: 2721: 2686: 2574: 2562: 2416:. However, the Khwarezmians already curbed the Ghurid ambition in 2397:

On the third of the month Sha`ban in the year six hundred and two,

2395:

From the beginning of the world the like of whom no monarch arose,

2364: 2339:. Muhammad followed his victory by a large scale slaughter of the 2296:

and rebelled by disrupting the Ghurid communication chain between

2289: 2239: 2204: 2152: 2132: 2124: 2053: 2041: 2033: 2014: 1858: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1670: 1549: 1468: 1460: 1412: 1372: 1360: 1340: 1293: 1254: 761: 738: 734: 710: 700: 670: 666: 662: 533: 532:

On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated on the bank of

515: 472: 381: 361: 5841: 2292:

until Siwalik hills, arose in the wake of Muhammad's rout in the

1818:(1204-1206). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated 1759:, appointed Aibak as his administraitor of the Ghurid domains in 1743:, although later he got preoccupied with the Ghurid expansion in 1710:

Ranthambore, where he established a new dynasty of the Chahamanas

5881: 5668:(1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). 2703:, the Ghurids emerged as one of the major powers in the eastern 2558: 2263: 2195:, the negotiations between Muhammad and Taniku were arranged by 2140: 2100: 2073: 2037: 2002: 1964:. Thus, Aibak avenged the rout of Muhammad at the same place in 1892:

was annexed in 1198. During this campaign, the Buddhist city of

1861:, Muhammad himself returned to India to further expand down the 1515: 1153: 818: 582: 200: 5845: 2399:

Happened on the road to Ghazni at the halting-place of Damyak.

2323:

led by Bakan and Sarkha offered a battle somewhere between the

2207:. Thus, Muhammad of necessity agreed for a cold peace with the 1487:

Ghurid garrison in Sialkot, Muhammad made the final assault on

502:, which resulted in the Ghurid power ebbing out in most of the 2495:

from the Bamiyan branch, although his Turkic slaves supported

2250:

and captured the city following a short siege, destroying the

1317: 1301: 490:. Within a year or so, Muhammad suffered a devastating defeat 4494:. Oxford ; New York : Clarendon Press. p. 113. 4019:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

3988:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

2597:(c.1260), Muhammad enthusiastically used to purchase several 2393:

The martyrdom of the sovereign of sea and land, Muizz-ud-din,

1332:

in 1204. Afterwards, it was placed under Nasiruddin Qabacha.

626:. Although, they were released from the captivity by his son 340:

During his early career as governor of the southern tract of

5738:

India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil

699:

and beyond. In 1174, Muhammad led an expedition against the

4167: 4165: 4140: 4138: 3777: 3775: 2032:

after months of campaigning and executed their governor of

1857:

After Aibak consolidated the Ghurid rule in and around the

1335:

During the course of his early invasions, Muhammad avoided

3388:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. 3237: 3235: 3233: 2017:

joined them with their respective contingents against the

1736:) However, he was soon deposed on the account of treason. 1316:, although the detail in the text about his expedition in 424:, the traditional route of entry for invading armies into 5330:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. 2262:

to construct a boat bridge and a castle across the river

1304:

which was situated south of the confluence of the rivers

556:

by 1215. However, his conquests east of the Indus in the

431:

Extending the Ghurid dominion further eastwards into the

4578: 4576: 4527: 4525: 4337: 4335: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4182: 4180: 3881: 3879: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3266: 3264: 3262: 2844:

Modern shrine to Muhammad, built by Pakistani scientist

1960:

after a sudden attack and afterwards sacked his capital

602:, he took the title of "Muizzuddin" or "Mu'izz al-Din". 4617: 4615: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4125: 4123: 2638:

and amidst this also raised their own authority in the

4982:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

4876:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 8. 4245: 4243: 3750: 3748: 3305: 3303: 3196: 3194: 3142: 3140: 2800:

which was further consolidated by his slave commander

2762:

had far flug consequences. The 13th century chronicle

2750:. While, Muhammad was not much successful against his 5020: 5018: 4802:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

3181: 3179: 1403:

who was also aided by other Rajput chiefs mainly the

1227:

Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

463:

and extended the Ghurid influence as far east as the

289: 2734:

within a decade of his assassination along with the

2238:. Accordingly, by July 1205, Muhammad's governor of 2040:. The Ghurids followed their victory by recapturing 360:

from his base in Ghazni, Muhammad crossed the river

6084: 6042: 5990: 5879: 2742:made his short-lived successes in the Khurasan and 2353:from Muhammad. According to Juzjani, Muhammad also 2308:

were hostile to Muslims and use to "torment every "

1696:. Muhammad later installed Prithviraja's minor son 1387:, the Ghurid army got exhausted, when they reached 259: 249: 237: 224: 207: 194: 190: 182: 170: 105: 95: 88: 34: 2569:from the Bamiyan line in the same year. Thus, the 2557:in 1215 who either died as his captive (burned in 1564:'s kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia-ud-Din of 552:to annex remaining Ghurid territories west of the 2810:carnage in the Central Asia caused by the Mongols 2748:more substantial Islamic monarchs of Central Asia 2772:, mentioned that the Sultan (Muhammad of Ghor) " 2720:and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to 2187:general Taniku (Tayangu) which included several 1739:While, Muhammad continued to carry raids in the 1300:After the conquest of Multan, Muhammad captured 301: – 15 March 1206), also known as 2670: 2506:in 1206, although most of his conquests in the 2391: 2048:, the Ghurids could not annex any territory in 706:in present-day Turkmenistan and subdued them. 3800:. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–202, 461. 2288:tribe whose influence extended from the lower 186:11 February 1203–15 March 1206 (as sole ruler) 5857: 27:Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate (c. 1173–1206) 8: 2036:Bahauddin Turghil while Sultan Shah fled to 1347:, Muhammad turned south towards present-day 392:, only to end up getting wounded and routed 384:, endeavoring to penetrate into present-day 1367:) and captured it after a short siege from 687:Ghazni in 1173 and his brother returned to 396:by a coalition of Rajput chiefs led by the 5864: 5850: 5842: 4805:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 4434: 4210: 4171: 4144: 3980: 3978: 3333: 3294: 3282: 2776:was read in all the mosques from Herat to 2432:he sacked during the Khurasan expedition. 653:as vassal of their uncle Alauddin Husayn. 637:‌After their release from the captivity, " 456:return engagement on the same battleground 66: 31: 5113:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi" 5087:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi" 2746:as less consequential in contrast to the 2632:Ghurid conquests in the Ganga-Jamuna doab 2381:(which is near the city of Jhelum in the 2266:to facilitate the march of his armies in 2135:where he appointed his nephew Alp Ghazi, 1393:in the mountainous pass of Gadararaghatta 731:Taj al-Din III Harb ibn Muhammad ibn Nasr 6146:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent 5060: 4841:The Encyclopedia of Empire, 4 Volume Set 4016:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). 3985:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). 3595: 3321: 3241: 1806: 1708:, Govindraja was forced to move towards 1605: 1322:legend associated with the Bhati Rajputs 810: 801: 717:after defeating a former general of the 498:aided by timely reinforcements from the 174:1173–11 February 1203 (with his brother 5623:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India 5138:Sudha Ramachandran (3 September 2005). 5048: 5036: 5009: 4825: 4543: 4475: 4386: 3957: 3945: 3885: 3858: 3766: 3559: 3504: 3420: 3088: 3055: 2895: 2510:were in the grasp of his lieutenants – 1865:. Accordingly, in 1194, he crossed the 1767:. His lieutenants - Qutb ud-Din Aibak, 5485:The Foundation of Muslim rule in India 5072: 4738: 4675: 4606: 4582: 4567: 4446: 4410: 4341: 4302: 4186: 4066: 3897: 3846: 3834: 3727: 3547: 3528: 3468: 3270: 3224: 3170: 3158: 3119: 2872:Pakistani military named three of its 2758:, notwithstanding, his success in the 2634:when he was engaged in the affairs of 2024:The Ghurid forces decisively defeated 1274:expeditions in the Indian subcontinent 581:Muhammad of Ghor was born in the 5794:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 5351:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 5276:from the original on 27 February 2021 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5140:"Asia's missiles strike at the heart" 4921: 4897: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4714: 4694:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22. 4594: 4555: 4531: 4516: 4504: 4491:The Oxford student's history of India 4422: 4398: 4374: 4362: 4326: 4314: 4285: 4273: 4249: 4234: 4222: 4198: 4156: 4129: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4054: 3969: 3921: 3909: 3870: 3822: 3810: 3679: 3583: 3492: 3456: 3408: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3253: 3212: 3200: 3146: 3131: 2060:and who by 1193 captured much of the 1661:, as documented in Taj-ul Ma'asir by 1641:, a prominent Iranian general of the 348:after a series of forays and annexed 7: 4909: 4726: 4633: 4621: 4078: 3933: 3781: 3754: 3739: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3571: 3480: 3444: 3432: 3309: 3185: 3095: 3004: on other side written in 2740:largest contiguous empire in history 2001:and began plundering the regions of 782:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor 364:in 1175, approaching it through the 5024: 4261: 4042: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3516: 3107: 2546:" until his assassination in 1212. 2167:and was decisively defeated in the 1795:) in north and till the borders of 510:to launch a full-scale invasion of 279: 5776:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. 5647:The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India 5440:Essays on Islam and Indian History 5416:History of Medieval India:800-1700 4465:. London, Hutchinson. p. 166. 4022:. Getty Publications. p. 74. 3991:. Getty Publications. p. 11. 2699:of Muhammad and his elder brother 2677:Muhammad of Ghor on his succession 2171:in 1204 by the combined forces of 1712:. Hariraja, briefly dislodged the 25: 4947:. Psychology Press. p. 167. 3075:who was in charge of Kirman then. 2792:laid to the establishment of the 2625:who wrote under the patronage of 2300:and Ghazni along with plundering 2056:which remained under the sway of 1411:(who was earlier deposed by from 1379:. After marching through the dry 5981: 4985:. Psychology Press. p. 21. 3385:A Historical atlas of South Asia 3382:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 2934: 2914: 2898: 2780:". His decisive victory in the 2502:Thus, Muhammad was succeeded by 1847:srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah 1560:on the northwestern frontier of 1237:The Ghurid brothers ruling in a 809: 800: 793: 6061:Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud 5581:Slavery and South Asian History 5111:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). 5085:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). 2812:during the thirteenth century. 2712:in eastern present-day Iran to 1548:In 1190, after consildating in 1522:(born 1193) later composed the 1359:, he laid siege to the fort of 691:for the westwards expansion in 521:forced him to move towards the 6181:13th-century murdered monarchs 5556:The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty 5464:. Princeton University Press. 5371:. Cambridge University Press. 5300:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). 4488:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1921). 2874:medium-range ballistic missile 2147:, laid siege to their capital 560:, evolved into the formidable 482:as well, becoming the supreme 450:in 1191. Muhammad returned to 291:Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām 272:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam 1: 5458:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 2921:Muhammad's mint based on the 2804:. In the ensuring times, the 2491:supported the succession of 2191:and gold coins. According to 2127:and sacked the country-side. 1785:north-western parts of Bengal 1284:) who regained a foothold in 729:under their sway whose ruler 649:who held the principality of 494:against their Turkish rivals 295: 5602:The Present in Delhi's Pasts 5584:. Indiana University Press. 5524:. People's Publishing House. 5345:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001). 3046:portrayed Muhammad of Ghor. 2304:. According to Juzjani, the 1988:was defeated by his brother 1720:, but was later defeated by 1446:In 1179, Muhammad conquered 768:) and the army of infidels ( 471:and regions to the north in 461:raided local Indian kingdoms 6176:Assassinated Iranian people 6156:13th-century Iranian people 6151:12th-century Iranian people 5797:. Sydney University Press. 5620:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). 5443:. Oxford University Press. 5306:. Pearson Education India. 1282:sevener branch of Isma'ilis 529:during his last campaign. 394:near Mount Abu at Kasahrada 290: 90:Sultan of the Ghurid Empire 72:Gold coin of Muhammad from 6217: 5395:. Har-Anand Publications. 2887:, in the memory of Mu'izz. 2728:The Catastrophe of Andkhud 2540:Alauddin Shah of Khawarazm 2277: 2155:which was besieged by the 2083: 1903: 1599: 1541: 1439: 1288:, soon after the death of 779: 737:and territories adjoining 564:under his slave commander 527:crushed the Khokhar revolt 352:where he was installed by 344:, Muhammad subjugated the 53:Sikander al-Thani (Second 6171:Murdered Persian monarchs 5996:(1151-1152 and 1173–1215) 5979: 5762:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 4691:The Coming of the Mongols 3797:History of the Chāhamānas 2528:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji 2274:Campaign against Khokhars 2092:Alauddin Shah of Khwarezm 1611:The last stand of Rajputs 1320:is possibly blurred by a 1249:situated in west-central 540:on 15 March 1206, by the 232:(present-day Afghanistan) 203:(present-day Afghanistan) 65: 39: 6186:History of Ghor Province 2961:and name of his sibling 2730:and the collapse of the 2453:Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabi 1972:Struggle in Central Asia 808: 799: 80:and what is present-day 5948:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 5773:Early Chauhān Dynasties 5365:Biran, Michael (2005). 4799:Jackson, Peter (2003). 4655:. UNESCO. p. 171. 2963:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2782:Second Battle of Tarain 2701:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2593:According to Juzjani's 2445:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 2414:Muhammad II of Khwarezm 2280:Battle of Jhelum (1206) 1906:Siege of Gwalior (1196) 1765:Second Battle of Tarain 1615:Second Battle of Tarain 1602:Second Battle of Tarain 1596:Second Battle of Tarain 1520:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 1497:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1391:where they were routed 1371:along with sacking the 613:Accession to the throne 416:along with most of the 412:, conquering the upper 354:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 319:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 309:, was a ruler from the 176:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 162:Bhungar II bin Chanesar 100:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 5791:Thomas, David (2018). 5605:. Three Essays Press. 5535:. Rupa & Company. 5532:A History of Rajasthan 2857: 2692: 2680: 2410: 2370: 2107:and reached as far as 1854: 1757:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani 1618: 1544:First Battle of Tarain 1538:First Battle of Tarain 1442:Siege of Lahore (1186) 220:(present-day Pakistan) 6019:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5958:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5735:Roy, Kaushik (2004). 5599:Kumar, Sunil (2002). 4874:The History of Bengal 3794:Singh, R. B. (1964). 2957:calligraphy with the 2843: 2690: 2589:Relations with slaves 2504:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 2497:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 2474:in the south and the 2368: 1992:in alliance with the 1841:"August, year 1262". 1810: 1609: 1355:. Before entering in 525:, where he brutually 410:uprooted them by 1186 280:معز الدین محمد بن سام 114:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 76:, for circulation in 5943:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 5903:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 5741:. Orient Blackswan. 5650:. Aditya Prakashan. 5529:Hooja, Rima (2006). 5480:Habibullah, A. B. M. 3360:, pp. 106, 289. 2953:world, carried only 2736:rise of Genghis Khan 2659:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha 2524:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha 1276:started against the 1223:class=notpageimage| 628:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 150:Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha 6191:History of Khorasan 6024:Baha al-Din Sam III 6014:Ala al-Din Muhammad 5963:Baha al-Din Sam III 5642:Lal, Kishori Sharan 5626:. Scarecrow Press. 3784:, p. 109, 141. 3071:This Yildiz is not 2760:Indian Subcontinent 2752:Turkish adversaries 2738:who carved out the 2478:in the north-east. 2246:in the present-day 2177:Kara-Khanid Khanate 1882:Battle of Chandawar 1787:in east, Ajmer and 1781:Indian Subcontinent 1479:along with sacking 558:Indian Subcontinent 112:Ghor and Firuzkuh: 18:Shihab-ud-Din Ghori 6071:Baha al-Din Sam II 6066:Abbas ibn Muhammad 6056:Fakhr al-Din Masud 5913:Muhammad ibn Abbas 5768:Sharma, Dasharatha 5419:. Orient Longman. 5207:, p. 115-116. 5150:on 30 October 2006 4944:A History of India 4939:Dietmar Rothermund 4912:, p. 116-117. 4741:, p. 198-199. 4597:, p. 145-146. 4546:, p. 209-210. 4449:, p. 212-213. 4329:, p. 133,153. 4288:, p. 132-133. 4117:, p. 117-118. 3813:, p. 199-202. 3742:, p. 145-146. 3718:, p. 110-111. 3622:, p. 141-142. 3531:, p. 157-158. 3372:, p. 106-107. 3324:, p. 168-169. 3256:, p. 135-136. 3122:, p. 155-156. 2973:to the mainstream 2858: 2806:Sultanate of Delhi 2693: 2493:Baha al-Din Sam II 2371: 2260:Baha al-Din Sam II 2197:Uthman ibn Ibrahim 2181:Uthman ibn Ibrahim 2145:Khwarezmian Empire 2137:Khwarezmian forces 2066:Trans-Caspian belt 2007:Indian expeditions 1900:Conquest of Bayana 1855: 1749:Khwarezmian Empire 1741:north Indian plain 1654:Prithviraj Chauhan 1619: 1562:Prithviraj Chauhan 1471:, subjugating the 1454:in 1181, although 1436:Conquest of Punjab 1415:by Muhammad), the 658:Fakhr al-Din Masud 445:Prithviraj Chauhan 437:Rajput Confederacy 156:Husain ibn Kharmil 118:Lahore and Delhi: 6123: 6122: 6115: 6101: 6049: 6004:Ala al-Din Husayn 5997: 5938:Ala al-Din Husayn 5933:Baha al-Din Sam I 5923:Izz al-Din Husayn 5918:Qutb al-din Hasan 5898:Muhammad ibn Suri 5886: 5885:(before 879–1215) 5804:978-1-74332-542-1 5748:978-81-7824-109-8 5727:978-1-000-00729-9 5681:978-92-3-103467-1 5657:978-81-85689-03-6 5633:978-0-8108-5503-8 5612:978-81-88394-00-5 5591:978-0-253-11671-0 5566:978-90-04-49199-1 5542:978-81-291-1501-0 5471:978-0-691-12594-7 5450:978-0-19-565114-0 5426:978-81-250-3226-7 5402:978-81-241-1064-5 5378:978-0-521-84226-6 5313:978-81-317-3202-1 4992:978-0-415-30786-4 4954:978-0-415-32919-4 4851:978-1-118-44064-3 4812:978-0-521-54329-3 4662:978-92-3-103467-1 4029:978-1-60606-616-4 3998:978-1-60606-616-4 3936:, p. 17,105. 3073:Taj al-Din Yildiz 3039:Samrat Prithviraj 3036:In the 2022 film 2996: deity 2863:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2848:in 1994-1995, in 2846:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2798:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2765:Jawami ul-Hikayat 2732:Šansabānī dynasty 2655:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2651:Taj al-Din Yildiz 2627:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2520:Bahauddin Tughril 2516:Taj al-Din Yildiz 2512:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2472:Zamindawar Valley 2463:to Ghazni by his 2437:Tarikh-i-Firishta 2294:Battle of Andkhud 2225:Battle of Andkhud 2179:under Taniku and 2169:Battle of Andkhud 2086:Battle of Andkhud 2046:A.B.M. Habibullah 1990:Ala al-Din Tekish 1943:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1920:Bahauddin Tughril 1896:was also sacked. 1845:: Nagari legend: 1803:Further campaigns 1769:Bahauddin Tughril 1722:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1405:Naddula Chahamana 1330:Battle of Andkhud 1245:from his capital 1085: 1070: 776:Invasion of India 639:Tarik-i-Firishtah 619:Ala al-Din Husayn 587:Baha al-Din Sam I 288: 269: 268: 254:Baha al-Din Sam I 215:(aged 61–62) 138:Bahauddin Tughril 126:Taj ad-Din Yildiz 120:Qutbu l-Din Aibak 50:al-Sultan al-Azam 44:Champion of Islam 16:(Redirected from 6208: 6113: 6106:Taj al-Din Zangi 6099: 6076:Jalal al-Din Ali 6047: 6029:Ala al-Din Atsiz 6009:Muhammad of Ghor 5995: 5985: 5968:Ala al-Din Atsiz 5953:Muhammad of Ghor 5928:Sayf al-Din Suri 5884: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5843: 5832: 5808: 5787: 5763: 5752: 5731: 5707: 5685: 5661: 5637: 5616: 5595: 5570: 5546: 5525: 5511: 5489: 5475: 5454: 5430: 5406: 5382: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5341: 5317: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5231:, p. 29-30. 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5195:, p. 49-50. 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5146:. Archived from 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5091:Dawn (newspaper) 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5013: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4870:Sarkar, Jadunath 4866: 4860: 4859: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4777:, p. 90-91. 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4753:, p. 83-84. 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4264:, p. 53-54. 4259: 4253: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4225:, p. 43-44. 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105:, p. 41-42. 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3861:, p. 26-27. 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3298: 3297:, p. 21-22. 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3228: 3227:, p. 47-48. 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3189: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3098:, p. 38-39. 3093: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3060: 2938: 2918: 2902: 2678: 2623:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 2595:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 2567:Jalal al-Din Ali 2561:) or retired to 2549:Afterwards, the 2408: 2405:Tabakāt-i-Nāsirī 2312:they captured". 2028:on the banks of 2013:and Tajuddin of 1827:: Horseman with 1816:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1773:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1753:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 1613:, depicting the 1573:, 14 miles from 1524:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 1314:Kāmil fit-Tārīkh 1292:who installed a 1290:Mahmud of Ghazni 1217: 1215: 1201: 1186: 1171: 1158: 1145: 1133: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1099: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1012: 1002: 1000: 991: 989: 982: 980: 973: 971: 964: 962: 953: 951: 942: 940: 929: 927: 918: 916: 905: 903: 894: 892: 880: 867: 851: 840: 838: 827: 825: 813: 812: 804: 803: 797: 770:Lashkar-i Kuffar 647:Fakhruddin Masud 643:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 592:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 550:Shah Muhammad II 303:Muhammad of Ghor 300: 297: 293: 283: 281: 214: 144:Bakhtiyar Khalji 132:Jalal al-Din Ali 70: 35:Muhammad of Ghor 32: 21: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6166:Muslim monarchs 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6080: 6038: 5986: 5977: 5908:Abbas ibn Shith 5875: 5870: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5790: 5784: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5734: 5728: 5710: 5688: 5682: 5664: 5658: 5640: 5634: 5619: 5613: 5598: 5592: 5573: 5567: 5549: 5543: 5528: 5516:Habib, Mohammad 5514: 5494:Habib, Mohammad 5492: 5478: 5472: 5457: 5451: 5433: 5427: 5411:Chandra, Satish 5409: 5403: 5387:Chandra, Satish 5385: 5379: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5322:Bosworth, C. E. 5320: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4998:Muslim sultante 4993: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4955: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4872:, ed. (1973) . 4868: 4867: 4863: 4852: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4435:Habibullah 1957 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4348: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4211:Habibullah 1957 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4178: 4172:Habibullah 1957 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4145:Habibullah 1957 4143: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3334:Habibullah 1957 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3301: 3295:Habibullah 1957 3293: 3289: 3283:Habibullah 1957 3281: 3277: 3269: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3034: 3032:Popular culture 3008:. Similarly in 2945: 2939: 2930: 2919: 2910: 2909:and Afghanistan 2903: 2894: 2838: 2794:Delhi Sultanate 2790:Prithviraja III 2716:in present-day 2685: 2679: 2676: 2591: 2571:Šansabānī house 2536:Delhi Sultanate 2484: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2363: 2282: 2276: 2217: 2088: 2082: 2064:along with the 1974: 1908: 1902: 1831:legend around: 1823: 1805: 1604: 1598: 1577:in present-day 1556:in present-day 1546: 1540: 1532:Delhi Sultanate 1444: 1438: 1425:Arbuda Paramara 1417:Jalor Chahamana 1324:. Nonetheless, 1257:temples in the 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1003: 996: 994: 992: 987: 985: 983: 978: 976: 974: 969: 967: 965: 960: 958: 956: 954: 947: 945: 943: 937: 934: 932: 930: 923: 921: 919: 913: 910: 908: 906: 899: 897: 895: 888: 886: 884: 883: 882: 876: 871: 870: 869: 864: 861: 856: 855: 854: 852: 847: 841: 835: 832: 830: 828: 822: 819: 817: 815: 814: 806: 805: 789: 787:Early invasions 784: 778: 766:Lashkar-i Islam 751: 632:Oghuzs of Balkh 615: 579: 574: 566:Qutbuddin Aibak 562:Delhi Sultanate 298: 233: 216: 212: 199: 166: 84: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6161:Ghurid dynasty 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6103: 6092:Ala al-Din Ali 6088: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6034:Ala al-Din Ali 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5973:Ala al-Din Ali 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5873:Ghurid dynasty 5871: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5838:External links 5836: 5834: 5833: 5827: 5809: 5803: 5788: 5782: 5764: 5753: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5712:Ray, Aniruddha 5708: 5686: 5680: 5662: 5656: 5638: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5596: 5590: 5571: 5565: 5551:Jackson, Peter 5547: 5541: 5526: 5512: 5490: 5476: 5470: 5455: 5449: 5435:Eaton, Richard 5431: 5425: 5407: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5362: 5342: 5336: 5318: 5312: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5257: 5245: 5243:, p. 116. 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5183:, p. 104. 5173: 5171:, p. 103. 5161: 5130: 5103: 5077: 5065: 5063:, p. 164. 5053: 5041: 5029: 5014: 5002: 4991: 4964: 4953: 4926: 4924:, p. 132. 4914: 4902: 4900:, p. 144. 4890: 4861: 4850: 4830: 4828:, p. 207. 4818: 4811: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4701:978-1788312851 4700: 4680: 4668: 4661: 4647:C. E. Bosworth 4638: 4626: 4624:, p. 188. 4611: 4609:, p. 201. 4599: 4587: 4572: 4570:, p. 200. 4560: 4558:, p. 145. 4548: 4536: 4534:, p. 125. 4521: 4519:, p. 153. 4509: 4507:, p. 142. 4497: 4480: 4468: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4425:, p. 124. 4415: 4413:, p. 179. 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 134. 4346: 4344:, p. 178. 4331: 4319: 4307: 4305:, p. 184. 4290: 4278: 4266: 4254: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4191: 4189:, p. 185. 4176: 4161: 4159:, p. 119. 4149: 4134: 4132:, p. 118. 4119: 4107: 4095: 4093:, p. 121. 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4028: 4008: 3997: 3974: 3972:, p. 119. 3962: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3924:, p. 117. 3914: 3902: 3890: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3849:, p. 100. 3839: 3827: 3815: 3803: 3786: 3771: 3759: 3757:, p. 145. 3744: 3732: 3730:, p. 162. 3720: 3708: 3706:, p. 110. 3696: 3684: 3682:, p. 113. 3672: 3660: 3648: 3646:, p. 111. 3636: 3634:, p. 102. 3624: 3612: 3610:, p. 144. 3600: 3598:, p. 165. 3588: 3586:, p. 112. 3576: 3564: 3552: 3550:, p. 158. 3533: 3521: 3519:, p. 109. 3509: 3497: 3495:, p. 262. 3485: 3483:, p. 142. 3473: 3471:, p. 156. 3461: 3459:, p. 261. 3449: 3447:, p. 245. 3437: 3435:, p. 116. 3425: 3423:, p. 210. 3413: 3401: 3394: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3312:, p. 143. 3299: 3287: 3275: 3273:, p. 182. 3258: 3246: 3244:, p. 163. 3229: 3217: 3215:, p. 135. 3205: 3203:, p. 109. 3190: 3188:, p. 138. 3175: 3173:, p. 181. 3163: 3151: 3149:, p. 108. 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3064: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3033: 3030: 3026:northern India 2947: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2870: 2837: 2834: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2590: 2587: 2555:Zia al-Din Ali 2483: 2480: 2457:Heretic devote 2422:Mohammad Habib 2401: 2362: 2359: 2351:robe of honour 2278:Main article: 2275: 2272: 2256:Bamiyan Valley 2221:Husain Kharmil 2216: 2213: 2084:Main article: 2081: 2078: 2070:C. E. Bosworth 2068:. Conversely, 1973: 1970: 1916:Jadaun Rajputs 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1804: 1801: 1716:garrison from 1698:Govindaraja IV 1639:Husain Kharmil 1600:Main article: 1597: 1594: 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1528:Ghurid dynasty 1440:Main article: 1437: 1434: 1430:northern India 1345:Northern India 1259:Gangetic Plain 1226: 1221: 1220: 1206: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1113: 1104: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1076: 1061: 1050: 1037: 1028: 1017: 1006: 1005: 1004: 993: 984: 975: 966: 955: 944: 931: 920: 907: 896: 885: 874: 873: 872: 859: 858: 857: 846: 844: 843: 842: 829: 816: 807: 798: 792: 791: 790: 788: 785: 780:Main article: 777: 774: 750: 747: 723:Nasrid dynasty 614: 611: 596:dark skin tone 578: 575: 573: 570: 433:Gangetic Plain 426:northern India 311:Ghurid dynasty 307:Muhammad Ghori 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 244:Ghurid dynasty 241: 235: 234: 228: 226: 222: 221: 209: 205: 204: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 158: 152: 146: 140: 134: 128: 122: 116: 109: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 86: 85: 71: 63: 62: 59: 58: 51: 48: 47:Sultan-i-Ghazi 45: 41: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6213: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Slave traders 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085:Minor domains 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5783:9780842606189 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720:. Routledge. 5719: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5690:Nizami, K. A. 5687: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5666:Nizami, K. A. 5663: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576:Richard Eaton 5572: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5337:0-521-06936-X 5333: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5222: 5219:, p. 30. 5218: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5131: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5104: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5061:Bosworth 1968 5057: 5054: 5051:, p. 22. 5050: 5045: 5042: 5039:, p. 84. 5038: 5033: 5030: 5027:, p. 48. 5026: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4935:Hermann Kulke 4930: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4792: 4789:, p. 92. 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4768: 4765:, p. 86. 4764: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4729:, p. 77. 4728: 4723: 4720: 4717:, p. 47. 4716: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4681: 4678:, p. 65. 4677: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4636:, p. 17. 4635: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4585:, p. 64. 4584: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4481: 4478:, p. 73. 4477: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4437:, p. 63. 4436: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4404: 4401:, p. 70. 4400: 4395: 4392: 4389:, p. 29. 4388: 4383: 4380: 4377:, p. 69. 4376: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4317:, p. 46. 4316: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4276:, p. 68. 4275: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4252:, p. 45. 4251: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4216: 4213:, p. 25. 4212: 4207: 4204: 4201:, p. 43. 4200: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4174:, p. 24. 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4147:, p. 23. 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4081:, p. 33. 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3960:, p. 71. 3959: 3954: 3951: 3948:, p. 36. 3947: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3912:, p. 20. 3911: 3906: 3903: 3900:, p. 63. 3899: 3894: 3891: 3888:, p. 27. 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3837:, p. 87. 3836: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3769:, p. 25. 3768: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3670:, p. 42. 3669: 3664: 3661: 3658:, p. 41. 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596:Bosworth 1968 3592: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3574:, p. 90. 3573: 3568: 3565: 3562:, p. 24. 3561: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3507:, p. 68. 3506: 3501: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3414: 3411:, p. 89. 3410: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3348:, p. 94. 3347: 3342: 3339: 3336:, p. 22. 3335: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322:Bosworth 1968 3318: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3285:, p. 21. 3284: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242:Bosworth 1968 3238: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3161:, p. 59. 3160: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3134:, p. 95. 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3110:, p. 27. 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002:Nāgarī script 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2854:Sohawa Tehsil 2851: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2786:Rajput forces 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:Muhammad Aufi 2767: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2367: 2361:Assassination 2360: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151:, instead of 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:river Murgabh 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:Ganges Valley 1860: 1852: 1851:Mohammed Sam 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1590:siege engines 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467:Sea coast of 1466: 1462: 1457: 1456:Khusrau Malik 1453: 1449: 1443: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269:) of jewels. 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1229:Ghurid Empire 1224: 1216: 1214: 1202: 1200: 1187: 1185: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1157: 1146: 1144: 1132: 1130: 1121: 1119: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1073: 1071: 1058: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1001: 999: 990: 981: 972: 963: 952: 950: 941: 939: 928: 926: 917: 915: 904: 902: 893: 891: 881: 879: 868: 866: 853: 850: 839: 837: 826: 824: 796: 786: 783: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 620: 612: 610: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 588: 584: 576: 571: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:Ghurid Empire 485: 481: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368:and captured 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:Ghurid Empire 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 313:based in the 312: 308: 304: 292: 286: 277: 273: 265: 262: 258: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242: 240: 236: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211:15 March 1206 210: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 163: 159: 157: 153: 151: 147: 145: 141: 139: 135: 133: 129: 127: 123: 121: 117: 115: 111: 110: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 69: 64: 61: 56: 52: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6201:Slave owners 6008: 5952: 5817: 5793: 5772: 5758: 5737: 5716: 5694: 5670: 5646: 5622: 5601: 5580: 5555: 5531: 5520: 5498: 5484: 5460: 5439: 5415: 5391: 5367: 5354:. Retrieved 5350: 5326: 5302: 5293:Bibliography 5278:. Retrieved 5269: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5148:the original 5143: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5116: 5106: 5094:. Retrieved 5090: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5049:Chandra 2006 5044: 5037:Chandra 2007 5032: 5010:Chandra 2007 5005: 4996: 4981: 4977:Ayesha Jalal 4967: 4958: 4943: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4885: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4840: 4833: 4826:Jackson 2000 4821: 4801: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4690: 4683: 4671: 4651: 4641: 4629: 4602: 4590: 4563: 4551: 4544:Jackson 2000 4539: 4512: 4500: 4490: 4483: 4476:Chandra 2007 4471: 4460: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4387:Chandra 2006 4382: 4370: 4322: 4310: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4194: 4152: 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4018: 4011: 4002: 3987: 3965: 3958:Chandra 2007 3953: 3946:Chandra 2006 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3886:Chandra 2006 3873:, p. 9. 3866: 3859:Chandra 2006 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3796: 3789: 3767:Chandra 2006 3762: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3560:Chandra 2006 3555: 3524: 3512: 3505:Chandra 2007 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3421:Jackson 2000 3416: 3404: 3384: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3290: 3278: 3249: 3220: 3208: 3166: 3154: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3067: 3058: 3037: 3035: 3018: 2983: 2948: 2943:Hindu Shahis 2907:Central Asia 2830: 2814: 2784:against the 2763: 2726: 2724:(Pakistan). 2694: 2671: 2667: 2644: 2592: 2551:Khwarazmians 2548: 2543: 2508:Ganga Valley 2501: 2485: 2476:Yasin Valley 2469: 2449:Hasan Nizami 2434: 2411: 2392: 2389:emissaries. 2372: 2345: 2314: 2283: 2232:Central Asia 2229: 2218: 2209:Khwarezmians 2161:Qara Khitais 2157:Khwarezmians 2129: 2113:Qara Khitais 2089: 2023: 2019:Khwarezmians 1978:Khwarezmians 1975: 1940: 1909: 1867:Jamuna river 1856: 1846: 1842: 1832: 1824: 1822:1262 (1204). 1747:against the 1738: 1702:puppet ruler 1679: 1667: 1663:Hasan Nizami 1652: 1620: 1610: 1587: 1583: 1558:Punjab state 1547: 1509: 1485:dislodge the 1445: 1334: 1299: 1271: 1243:Khwarazmians 1236: 1210: 1196: 1181: 1168: 1155: 1140: 1128: 1117: 1096: 1079: 1065: 1054: 1041: 1021: 1009: 997: 948: 935: 924: 911: 900: 889: 877: 862: 848: 833: 820: 769: 765: 759: 752: 708: 655: 636: 616: 604: 580: 548:and enabled 531: 500:Qara Khitais 496:Khwarazmians 477: 465:Ganges delta 430: 388:through the 339: 331:Islamic rule 306: 302: 271: 270: 213:(1206-03-15) 78:Central Asia 40: 29: 6141:1206 deaths 6136:1144 births 6048:(1152–1215) 5813:Wink, Andre 5270:News Nation 5073:Nizami 1970 4973:Sugata Bose 4739:Nizami 1970 4676:Thomas 2018 4607:Nizami 1970 4583:Thomas 2018 4568:Nizami 1970 4447:Nizami 1970 4411:Nizami 1970 4342:Nizami 1970 4303:Nizami 1998 4187:Nizami 1998 4067:Nizami 1970 3898:Thomas 2018 3847:Sharma 1959 3835:Sharma 1959 3728:Nizami 1970 3548:Nizami 1970 3529:Nizami 1970 3469:Nizami 1970 3271:Nizami 1998 3225:Thomas 2018 3171:Nizami 1998 3159:Thomas 2018 3120:Nizami 1970 2826:Qara Khitai 2756:Transoxiana 2695:During the 2640:North India 2532:manumission 2418:Transoxiana 2268:Transoxiana 2252:Qara Khitai 2185:Qara Khitai 2173:Qara Khitai 2123:along with 2026:Sultan Shah 1994:Qara Khitai 1986:Sultan Shah 1878:Jayachandra 1849:"Lord Emir 1814:coinage of 1789:Ranthambore 1761:North India 1745:Transoxiana 1512:Indus Basin 1493:Gharchistan 1409:Kelhanadeva 1401:Mularaja II 1381:Thar Desert 1369:Kelhanadeva 1272:Muhammad's 1251:Afghanistan 1084:(RATNAPURA) 1022:GAHADAVALAS 849:QARA KHITAI 704:of Sanquran 697:Indus Delta 693:Transoxania 678:subdue the 554:Indus River 512:Transoxiana 439:led by the 422:Khyber Pass 414:Indus Plain 390:Thar Desert 378:Carmathians 358:Indus Delta 346:Oghuz Turks 321:ruled in a 315:Ghor region 299: 1144 264:Sunni Islam 96:Predecessor 82:Afghanistan 6130:Categories 5828:9004102361 5674:. UNESCO. 5280:3 December 5253:Kumar 2002 5241:Flood 2009 5229:Kumar 2002 5217:Kumar 2002 5205:Flood 2009 5193:Eaton 2000 5181:Flood 2009 5169:Flood 2009 5144:Asia Times 5119:. Pakistan 4922:Habib 1981 4898:Habib 1981 4787:Kumar 2006 4775:Kumar 2006 4763:Kumar 2006 4751:Kumar 2006 4715:Habib 1992 4595:Habib 1981 4556:Habib 1981 4532:Saran 2001 4517:Habib 1981 4505:Habib 1981 4423:Saran 2001 4399:Biran 2005 4375:Biran 2005 4363:Habib 1981 4327:Habib 1981 4315:Habib 1992 4286:Habib 1981 4274:Biran 2005 4250:Habib 1992 4235:Habib 1992 4223:Habib 1992 4199:Habib 1992 4157:Habib 1981 4130:Habib 1981 4115:Habib 1981 4103:Habib 1992 4091:Saran 2001 4055:Hooja 2006 3970:Saran 2001 3922:Habib 1981 3910:Kumar 2002 3871:Kumar 2002 3823:Eaton 2000 3811:Singh 1964 3680:Habib 1981 3584:Habib 1981 3493:Hooja 2006 3457:Hooja 2006 3409:Flood 2009 3395:0226742210 3370:Flood 2009 3358:Flood 2009 3346:Flood 2009 3254:Habib 1981 3213:Habib 1981 3201:Habib 1981 3147:Habib 1981 3132:Flood 2009 3083:References 3014:Nandi Bull 2971:Karramiyya 2927:Gahadavala 2885:Ghauri-III 2802:Illtutmish 2718:Bangladesh 2663:Illtutmish 2482:Succession 2407:, 1260 CE. 2355:manumitted 2248:Uzbekistan 2215:Final days 1874:Gahadavala 1859:Delhi doab 1838:bhadrapada 1799:in south. 1763:after the 1423:, and the 1375:temple in 1278:Qarmatians 1081:KALACHURIS 1066:KALACHURIS 1042:KACHCHAPA- 914:GHAZNAVIDS 901:CHAHAMANAS 890:CHAULUKYAS 834:KARAKHANID 821:South Asia 755:Qutb Minar 624:Gharjistan 572:Early life 523:Salt Range 508:Oxus River 492:at Andkhud 406:Ghaznavids 366:Gomal Pass 335:South Asia 6114:1200-1204 6100:1200-1204 5893:Amir Suri 5821:. BRILL. 5559:. Brill. 5356:5 January 5347:"GHURIDS" 4910:Khan 2008 4844:. Wiley. 4727:Khan 2008 4634:Khan 2008 4622:Wink 1991 4079:Khan 2008 3934:Khan 2008 3782:Wink 1991 3755:Wink 1991 3740:Wink 1991 3632:Khan 2008 3620:Khan 2008 3608:Wink 1991 3572:Khan 2008 3481:Wink 1991 3445:Wink 1991 3433:Khan 2008 3310:Wink 1991 3186:Wink 1991 3096:Khan 2008 3044:Manav Vij 2967:Caliphate 2923:Chahamana 2881:Ghauri-II 2836:Memorials 2714:Lakhnauti 2579:Iltutmish 2347:Iltutmish 2333:Iltutmish 2242:besieged 2201:Samarkand 2189:elephants 2139:captured 1962:Anhilwara 1941:In 1197, 1912:Rajasthan 1793:Rajasthan 1421:Kirtipala 1395:, by the 1389:Mount Abu 1383:south of 1357:Anhilwara 1353:Anhilwara 1213:SULTANATE 1129:KAMARUPAS 1118:NAGVANSIS 1069:(TRIPURI) 1055:CHANDELAS 949:KAKATIYAS 938:CHALUKYAS 925:PARAMARAS 448:at Tarain 441:Chahamana 398:Chaulukya 376:from the 285:romanized 130:Bamiyan: 106:Successor 55:Alexander 6096:Nishapur 5815:(1991). 5770:(1959). 5714:(2019). 5704:31870180 5644:(1992). 5578:(eds.). 5553:(2000). 5518:(1981). 5508:31870180 5482:(1957). 5437:(2000). 5413:(2007). 5389:(2006). 5274:Archived 5025:Ray 2019 4979:(2004). 4941:(2004). 4262:Ray 2019 4043:Ray 2019 3716:Lal 1992 3704:Lal 1992 3692:Roy 2004 3668:Ray 2019 3656:Roy 2004 3644:Lal 1992 3517:Lal 1992 3108:Lal 1992 3006:Sanskrit 2990:Sanskrit 2877:Ghauri-I 2828:forces. 2817:Khurasan 2675:— 2647:endogamy 2636:Khurasan 2613:for his 2489:Fīrūzkūh 2402:— 2387:Ismāʿīlī 2341:Khokhars 2321:Khokhars 2317:Khokhars 2310:Musalman 2306:Khokhars 2236:Khurasan 2165:Firuzkuh 2117:Nishapur 2097:Nishapur 2052:outside 2050:Khurasan 1999:Khurasan 1982:Khurasan 1954:Bhima II 1951:defeated 1945:invaded 1886:Varanasi 1706:Hariraja 1635:Ferishta 1575:Thanesar 1554:Bathinda 1530:and the 1501:Firuzkuh 1448:Peshawar 1363:(around 1326:Firishta 1247:Firuzkuh 1108:KARNATAS 1010:HOYSALAS 998:KADAMBAS 743:Khurasan 689:Firuzkuh 600:Khurasan 519:Khokhars 504:Khurasan 480:Firozkoh 452:Khurasan 402:Mularaja 327:Firozkoh 260:Religion 148:Multan: 142:Bengal: 136:Bayana: 124:Ghazni: 6110:Sarakhs 6045:Bamiyan 5154:28 July 5123:28 July 5096:28 July 3022:Rajputs 2998:Lakshmi 2979:Shafi'i 2951:Islamic 2867:Dhamiak 2850:Dhamiak 2774:khuṭbah 2754:in the 2705:Islamic 2697:dyarchy 2603:Qabacha 2544:khuṭbah 2461:Dhamiak 2375:Dhamiak 2286:Khokhar 2244:Tirmidh 2193:Juzjani 2149:Gurganj 2011:Bamiyan 1947:Gujarat 1928:Parihar 1924:Gwalior 1894:Sarnath 1880:in the 1843:Reverse 1825:Obverse 1700:as his 1659:Rajputs 1643:Ghurids 1617:in 1192 1579:Haryana 1505:Ghurids 1477:Sialkot 1473:Soomras 1465:Arabian 1463:on the 1397:Solanki 1349:Gujarat 1263:Juzjani 1239:dyarchy 1199:EMIRATE 1141:EASTERN 1032:GUHILAS 988:PANDYAS 936:WESTERN 836:KHANATE 823:1175 CE 719:Seljuks 715:Pushang 684:Qandhar 656:Later, 651:Bamiyan 607:Juzjani 546:Ghurids 542:Ismāīlī 486:of the 386:Gujarat 323:dyarchy 287:: 276:Persian 160:Sindh: 154:Herat: 5993:Ghazni 5825: 5801: 5780: 5745: 5724: 5702: 5678: 5654: 5630: 5609: 5588: 5563: 5539: 5506: 5468: 5447: 5423: 5399: 5375: 5334: 5310: 4989: 4951: 4882:924890 4880: 4848: 4809: 4698: 4659: 4026: 3995: 3392: 2986:Bengal 2975:Hanafi 2955:Arabic 2744:Persia 2710:Gorgan 2683:Legacy 2619:Ghurid 2611:Sanjar 2607:Kerman 2599:slaves 2583:Tarain 2465:Vizier 2441:dagger 2430:castle 2428:whose 2426:Alamut 2383:Punjab 2379:Sohawa 2337:Jhelum 2329:Jhelum 2325:Chenab 2319:. The 2302:Lahore 2298:Lahore 2109:Gorgan 2062:Persia 2058:Tekesh 1958:Sirohi 1936:Bayana 1932:Sultan 1926:whose 1890:Kanauj 1871:Rajput 1834:samvat 1829:Nagari 1820:Samvat 1812:Bengal 1797:Ujjain 1783:up to 1777:Yildiz 1734:Tarain 1714:Ghurid 1694:Kohram 1690:Samana 1631:Afghan 1627:Khalji 1623:Ghurid 1571:Tarain 1489:Lahore 1481:Lahore 1452:Lahore 1419:ruler 1407:ruler 1399:ruler 1385:Marwar 1377:Kiradu 1365:Marwar 1337:Punjab 1310:Jhelum 1306:Chenab 1286:Multan 1211:MAKRAN 1197:SOOMRA 1169:MARYUL 1143:GANGAS 1044:GHATAS 979:CHERAS 970:CHOLAS 959:SHILA- 878:KUMAON 865:EMPIRE 863:GHURID 727:Sistan 701:Ghuzzs 675:Sistan 671:maliks 538:Damyak 484:Sultan 469:Bengal 443:ruler 418:Punjab 370:Multan 350:Ghazni 250:Father 230:Ghazni 225:Burial 218:Damyak 74:Ghazni 4462:Minor 3050:Notes 3010:Delhi 2994:Hindu 2959:qalma 2929:model 2892:Coins 2778:Assam 2768:, by 2722:Sindh 2615:Iqṭāʿ 2575:Delhi 2563:Delhi 2377:near 2290:Indus 2240:Balkh 2205:Balkh 2153:Herat 2133:Herat 2125:Herat 2080:Later 2054:Herat 2042:Herat 2034:Herat 2015:Herat 1876:king 1836:1262 1730:Ajmer 1726:Delhi 1718:Ajmer 1686:Hansi 1682:Sirsa 1675:Ajmer 1671:Sirsa 1647:Isami 1566:Tulak 1550:Sindh 1469:Sindh 1461:Debal 1428:into 1413:Nadol 1373:Shiva 1361:Nadol 1341:Indus 1294:Sunni 1255:Hindu 1182:LOHA- 1097:SENAS 961:HARAS 762:Islam 749:Title 739:Herat 735:Balkh 711:Herat 680:Oghuz 667:Herat 663:Balkh 577:Birth 534:Indus 516:Hindu 473:Bihar 400:king 382:Sindh 362:Indus 239:House 183:Reign 171:Reign 5882:Ghur 5823:ISBN 5799:ISBN 5778:ISBN 5743:ISBN 5722:ISBN 5700:OCLC 5676:ISBN 5652:ISBN 5628:ISBN 5607:ISBN 5586:ISBN 5561:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5504:OCLC 5466:ISBN 5445:ISBN 5421:ISBN 5397:ISBN 5373:ISBN 5358:2014 5332:ISBN 5308:ISBN 5282:2020 5156:2021 5125:2021 5117:Dawn 5098:2021 4987:ISBN 4960:army 4949:ISBN 4878:OCLC 4857:Sind 4846:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4696:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4024:ISBN 3993:ISBN 3390:ISBN 2977:and 2883:and 2657:and 2609:and 2559:Iran 2526:and 2451:and 2327:and 2284:The 2264:Oxus 2175:and 2141:Merv 2103:and 2101:Merv 2074:Merv 2038:Merv 2003:Ghor 1966:1178 1949:and 1775:and 1755:and 1692:and 1629:and 1516:Qāḍi 1308:and 1267:mann 1156:GUGE 912:LATE 713:and 665:and 583:Ghur 408:and 372:and 208:Died 201:Ghor 198:1144 195:Born 6043:In 5991:In 5880:In 2821:Tus 2796:by 2788:of 2653:to 2581:in 2199:of 2121:Tus 2105:Tus 1956:in 1934:in 1499:in 1351:in 1318:Uch 1302:Uch 1184:RAS 772:). 741:in 725:of 536:at 467:in 374:Uch 333:in 305:or 6132:: 6112:, 6098:, 5349:. 5272:. 5268:. 5142:. 5115:. 5089:. 5017:^ 4995:. 4975:; 4957:. 4937:; 4884:. 4854:. 4614:^ 4575:^ 4524:^ 4349:^ 4334:^ 4293:^ 4242:^ 4179:^ 4164:^ 4137:^ 4122:^ 4001:. 3977:^ 3878:^ 3774:^ 3747:^ 3536:^ 3302:^ 3261:^ 3232:^ 3193:^ 3178:^ 3139:^ 3042:, 3028:. 2879:, 2852:, 2665:. 2585:. 2522:, 2518:, 2514:, 2447:, 2258:, 2211:. 2099:, 2076:. 2021:. 1984:, 1968:. 1938:. 1853:". 1771:, 1688:, 1684:, 1625:, 1534:. 1507:. 1432:. 745:. 634:. 568:. 475:. 428:. 296:c. 294:; 282:, 278:: 6116:) 6108:( 6102:) 6094:( 5865:e 5858:t 5851:v 5831:. 5807:. 5786:. 5751:. 5730:. 5706:. 5684:. 5660:. 5636:. 5615:. 5594:. 5569:. 5545:. 5510:. 5488:. 5474:. 5453:. 5429:. 5405:. 5381:. 5360:. 5340:. 5316:. 5284:. 5158:. 5127:. 5100:. 4815:. 4704:. 4665:. 4032:. 3398:. 2925:/ 1791:( 1280:( 274:( 178:) 57:) 20:)

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