452:. SINEs however should not be mistaken as RNA pseudogenes. In general, pseudogenes are generated when processed mRNAs of protein-coding genes are reverse-transcribed and incorporated back into the genome (RNA pseudogenes are reverse transcribed RNA genes). Pseudogenes are generally functionless as they descend from processed RNAs independent of their evolutionary-context which includes introns and different regulatory elements which enable transcription and processing. These pseudogenes, though non-functional may in some cases still possess promoters, CpG islands, and other features which enable transcription; they thus can still be transcribed and may possess a role in the regulation of gene expression (like SINEs and other non-coding elements). Pseudogenes thus differ from SINEs in that they are derived from transcribed- functional RNA whereas SINEs are DNA elements which retrotranspose by co-opting RNA genes transcriptional machinery. However, there are studies which suggest that retro-transposable elements such as short-interspersed nuclear elements are not only capable of copying themselves in alternate regions in the genome but are also able to do so for random genes too. Thus SINEs can be playing a vital role in the generation of pseudogenes, which themselves are known to be involved in regulatory networks. This is perhaps another means by which SINEs have been able to influence and contribute to gene-regulation.
316:
element silencing in fact occurred before L1 long-interspersed nuclear element extinction; this is due to the fact that B1 SINEs are silenced in the genus most-closely related to the genus which does not contain active L1 LINEs (though the genus with B1 SINE silencing still contains active L1 LINEs). Another genus was also found which similarly contained active L1 long-interspersed nuclear elements but did not contain B1 short-interspersed nuclear elements; the opposite scenario, in which active B1 SINEs were present in a genus which did not possess active L1 LINEs was not found. This result was expected and strongly supports the theory that SINEs have evolved to co-opt the RNA-binding proteins, endonucleases, and reverse-transcriptases coded by LINEs. In taxa which do not actively transcribe and translate long-interspersed nuclear elements protein-products, SINEs do not have the theoretical foundation by which to retrotranspose within the genome. The results obtained in
Rinehart et al. are thus very supportive of the current model of SINE retrotransposition.
416:
that had high hybridization E-values were genes particularly involved in metabolic and signaling pathways. Almost all miRNAs identified to have a strong ability to hybridize to putative V-SINE sequence motifs in genes have been identified (in mammals) to have regulatory roles. These results which establish a correlation between short-interspersed nuclear elements and different regulatory microRNAs strongly suggest that V-SINEs have a significant role in attenuating responses to different signals and stimuli related to metabolism, proliferation and differentiation. Many other studies must be undertaken to establish the validity and extent of short-interspersed nuclear element retrotransposons' role in regulatory gene-expression networks. In conclusion, though not much is known about the role and mechanism by which SINEs generate miRNA gene loci it is generally understood that SINEs have played a significant evolutionary role in the creation of "RNA-genes", this is also touched upon above in SINEs and pseudogenes.
251:
regulation can occur in different ways: the RNA transcript can directly bind to the transcription factor as a co-regulator; also, the RNA can regulate and modify the ability of co-regulators to associate with the transcription factor. For example, Evf-2, a certain long non-coding RNA, has been known to function as a co-activator for certain homeobox transcription factors which are critical to nervous system development and organization. Furthermore, RNA transcripts can interfere with the functionality of the transcriptional complex by interacting or associating with RNA polymerases during the transcription or loading processes. Moreover, non-coding RNAs like SINEs can bind or interact directly with the DNA duplex coding the gene and thus prevent its transcription.
440:, a tumor suppressor implicated in multiple forms of cancer, namely breast cancer. Furthermore, studies have established a strong correlation between transcriptional mobilization of SINEs and certain cancers and conditions such as hypoxia; this can be due to the genomic instability caused by SINE activity as well as more direct-downstream effects. SINEs have also been implicated in countless other diseases. In essence, short-interspersed nuclear elements have become deeply integrated in countless regulatory, metabolic and signaling pathways and thus play an inevitable role in causing disease. Much is still to be known about these genomic parasites but it is clear they play a significant role within eukaryotic organisms.
420:
gene expression. A microRNA is a non-coding RNA generally 22 nucleotides in length. This non-protein coding oligonucleotide is itself coded by longer nuclear DNA sequence usually transcribed by RNA polymerase II which is also responsible for the transcription of most mRNAs and snRNAs in eukaryotes. However, some research suggests that some microRNAs that possess upstream short-interspersed nuclear elements are transcribed by RNA polymerase III which is widely implicated in ribosomal RNA and tRNA, two transcripts vital to mRNA translation. This provides an alternate mechanism by which short-interspersed nuclear elements could be interacting with or mediating gene-regulatory networks involving microRNAs.
351:, short-interspersed nuclear element of about 300 nucleotides, are the most common SINE in humans, with >1,000,000 copies throughout the genome, which is over 10 percent of the total genome; this is not uncommon among other species. Alu element copy number differences can be used to distinguish between and construct phylogenies of primate species. Canines differ primarily in their abundance of SINEC_Cf repeats throughout the genome, rather than other gene or allele level mutations. These dog-specific SINEs may code for a splice acceptor site, altering the sequences that appear as exons or introns in each species.
218:, and other associated proteins to different degrees. Furthermore, the shape and density of certain areas of a chromosome can affect the shape and density of neighboring (or even distant regions) on the chromosome through interaction facilitated by different proteins and elements. Non-coding RNAs such as short-interspersed nuclear elements, which have been known to associate with and contribute to chromatin structure, can thus play huge role in regulating gene expression. Short-interspersed-nuclear-elements similarly can be involved in gene regulation by modifying genomic architecture.
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and primates show very strong homology at the insertion-site motif. Such evidence is a basis for the proposed mechanism in which integration of the SINE transcript can be co-opted with LINE-coded protein products. This is specifically demonstrated by a detailed analysis of over 20 rodent species profiled LINEs and SINEs, mainly L1s and B1s respectively; these are families of LINEs and SINEs found at high frequencies in rodents along with other mammals. The study sought to provide phylogenetic clarity within the context of LINE and SINE activity.
93:
remarkably successful at persisting and amplifying (through retrotransposition) within the genomes of eukaryotes. These "parasites" which have become ubiquitous in genomes can be very deleterious to organisms as discussed below. However, eukaryotes have been able to integrate short-interspersed nuclear elements into different signaling, metabolic and regulatory pathways and SINEs have become a great source of genetic variability. They seem to play a particularly important role in the regulation of
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double-stranded DNA breaks (rather than the endonuclease coded by related long-interspersed nuclear elements creating an insertion-site). These DNA breaks are utilized to prime reverse transcriptase, ultimately integrating the SINE transcript back into the genome. SINEs nonetheless depend on enzymes coded by other DNA elements and are thus known as non-autonomous retrotransposons as they depend on the machinery of LINEs, which are known as autonomous retrotransposons.<
189:. SINEs, like tRNAs and many small-nuclear RNAs possess an internal promoter and thus are transcribed differently than most protein-coding genes. In other words, short-interspersed nuclear elements have their key promoter elements within the transcribed region itself. Though transcribed by RNA polymerase III, SINEs and other genes possessing internal promoters, recruit different transcriptional machinery and factors than genes possessing upstream promoters.
424:
gene-expression. Furthermore, Scarpato et al. reveals (as discussed above) that genes predicted to possess short-interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) through sequence analysis were targeted and hybridized by microRNAs significantly greater than other genes. This provides an evolutionarily path by which the parasitic SINEs were co-opted and utilized to form RNA-genes (such as microRNAs) which have evolved to play a role in complex gene-regulatory networks.
436:
networks (as discussed in SINEs as long non-coding RNAs) is crucial to beginning to understand the relationship between SINEs and certain diseases. Multiple studies have suggested that increased SINE activity is correlated with certain gene-expression profiles and post-transcription regulation of certain genes. In fact, Peterson et al. 2013 demonstrated that high SINE RNA expression correlates with post-transcriptional downregulation of
230:. The distribution of SINEs to genes was significantly more similar than that of other non-coding genetic elements and even differed significantly from the distribution of long-interspersed nuclear elements. This suggested that the SINE distribution was not a mere accident caused by LINE-mediated retrotransposition but rather that SINEs possessed a role in gene-regulation. Furthermore, SINEs frequently contain motifs for
17:
428:(DGCR8) which recruits and associates with the Drosha protein. This complex is responsible for cleaving some of the hair-pin structures from the pre-microRNA which is transported to the cytoplasm. The pre-miRNA is processed by the protein DICER into a double stranded 22 nucleotide. Thereafter, one of the strands is incorporated into a multi-protein
411:). The specific family of SINEs being examined was the Anamnia V-SINEs; this family of short interspersed nuclear elements is often found in the untranslated region of the 3' end of many genes and is present in vertebrate genomes. The study involved a computational analysis in which the genomic distribution and activity of the Anamnia V-SINEs in
239:(gene-silencing state). Thus, the analysis suggests that short-interspersed nuclear elements can function as a ‘signal-booster' in the polycomb-dependent silencing of gene-sets through chromatin re-organization. In essence, it is the cumulative effect of many types of interactions that leads to the difference between
254:
Also, many non-coding RNAs are distributed near protein-coding genes, often in the reverse direction. This is especially true for short-interspersed nuclear elements as seen in
Usmanova et al. These non-coding RNAs, which lie adjacent to or overlap gene-sets provide a mechanism by which transcription
419:
With such evidence suggesting that short-interspersed nuclear elements have been evolutionary sources for microRNA loci generation it is important to further discuss the potential relationships between the two as well as the mechanism by which the microRNA regulates RNA degradation and more broadly,
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The theory that short-interspersed nuclear elements have evolved to utilize the retrotransposon machinery of long-interspersed nuclear elements is supported by studies which examine the presence and distribution of LINEs and SINEs in taxa of different species. For example, LINEs and SINEs in rodents
307:
SINEs are known to share sequence homology with LINES which gives a basis by which the LINE machinery can reverse transcribe and integrate SINE transcripts. Alternately, some SINEs are believed to use a much more complex system of integrating back into the genome; this system involves the use random
263:
In conclusion, non-coding RNAs such as SINEs are capable of affecting gene expression on a multitude of different levels and in different ways. Short-interspersed nuclear elements are believed to be deeply integrated into a complex regulatory network capable of fine-tuning gene expression across the
415:
zebrafish was examined; furthermore, these V-SINEs potential to generate novel microRNA loci was analyzed. It was found that genes which were predicted to possess V-SINEs were targeted by microRNAs with significantly higher hybridization E-values (relative to other areas in the genome). The genes
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transcriptional repressor is discussed above. Alternatively, it also provides a mechanism by which local gene expression can be curtailed and regulated because the transcriptional complexes can hinder or prevent nearby genes from being transcribed. There is research to suggest that this phenomenon
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Understanding the different ways in which microRNA regulates gene-expression, including mRNA-translation and degradation is key to understanding the potential evolutionary role of SINEs in gene-regulation and in the generation of microRNA loci. This, in addition to SINEs' direct role in regulatory
139:
of short-interspersed nuclear elements and is evolutionarily derived from an RNA synthesized by RNA Polymerase III such as ribosomal RNAs and tRNAs; the 5' head is indicative of which endogenous element that SINE was derived from and was able to parasitically utilize its transcriptional machinery.
92:
In essence, short interspersed nuclear elements are genetic parasites which have evolved very early in the history of eukaryotes to utilize protein machinery within the organism as well as to co-opt the machinery from similarly parasitic genomic elements. The simplicity of these elements make them
315:
The study arrived at a candidate taxa believed to be the first instance of L1 LINE extinction; it expectedly discovered that there was no evidence to suggest that B1 SINE activity occurred in species which did not have L1 LINE activity. Also, the study suggested that B1 short-interspersed nuclear
250:
In addition to directly affecting chromatin structure, there are a number of ways in which SINEs can potentially regulate gene expression. For example, long non-coding RNA can directly interact with transcriptional repressors and activators, attenuating or modifying their function. This type of
427:
The microRNAs are transcribed as part of longer RNA strands of generally about 80 nucleotides which through complementary base-pairing are able to form hairpin loop structures These structures are recognized and processed in the nucleus by the nuclear protein DiGeorge
Syndrome Critical Region 8
354:
Apart from mammals, SINEs can reach high copy numbers in a range of species, including nonbony vertebrates (elephant shark) and some fish species (coelacanths). In plants, SINEs are often restricted to closely related species and have emerged, decayed, and vanished frequently during evolution.
234:
polycomb proteins. YY1 is a zinc-finger protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor for a wide-variety of genes essential for development and signaling. Polycomb protein YY1 is believed to mediate the activity of histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases to facilitate chromatin
423:
The regions coding miRNA can be independent RNA-genes often being anti-sense to neighboring protein-coding genes, or can be found within the introns of protein-coding genes. The co-localization of microRNA and protein-coding genes provides a mechanistic foundation by which microRNA regulates
160:
of SINEs is composed of short simple repeats of varying lengths; these simple repeats are sites where two (or more) short-interspersed nuclear elements can combine to form a dimeric SINE. Short-interspersed nuclear elements which only possess a head and tail are called simple SINEs whereas
284:
1 (ORF 1) encodes a protein which binds to RNA and acts as a chaperone to facilitate and maintain the LINE protein-RNA complex structure. Open reading frame 2 (ORF 2) codes a protein which possesses both endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities. This enables the LINE mRNA to be
344:
origins in eukaryotic genomes. These SINEs have mutated and replicated themselves a large number of times on an evolutionary time-scale and thus form many different lineages. Their early evolutionary origin has caused them to be ubiquitous in many eukaryotic lineages.
122:. There are three types of SINEs common to vertebrates and invertebrates: CORE-SINEs, V-SINEs, and AmnSINEs. SINEs have 50-500 base pair internal regions which contain a tRNA-derived segment with A and B boxes that serve as an internal promoter for
280:(LINEs), as LINEs do in fact encode protein products which enable them to be reverse- transcribed and integrated back into the genome. SINEs are believed to have co-opted the proteins coded by LINEs which are contained in 2 reading frames.
72:
and remain highly conserved, suggesting positive pressure to preserve structure and function of SINEs. While SINEs are present in many species of vertebrates and invertebrates, SINEs are often lineage specific, making them useful markers of
148:, a sequence transcribed by RNA Polymerase III which codes for the RNA element of SRP, an abundant ribonucleoprotein. The body of SINEs possess an unknown origin but often share much homology with a corresponding
201:
primarily by affecting the accessibility of genes to transcriptional machinery. The chromosome has a very complex and hierarchical system of organizing the genome. This system of organization, which includes
105:
re-organization and the regulation of genomic architecture. The different lineages, mutations, and activities among eukaryotes make short-interspersed nuclear elements a useful tool in phylogenetic analysis.
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rearrangement and structure. The paper examined the global distribution of SINEs in mouse and human chromosomes and determined that this distribution was very similar to genomic distributions of genes and
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SINEs are characterized by their different modules, which are essentially a sectioning of their sequence. SINEs can, but do not necessarily have to possess a head, a body, and a tail. The head is at the
403:
The role of short-interspersed nuclear elements in gene regulation within cells has been supported by multiple studies. One such study examined the correlation between a certain family of SINEs with
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Scarpato M, Angelini C, Cocca E, Pallotta MM, Morescalchi MA, Capriglione T (September 2015). "Short interspersed DNA elements and miRNAs: a novel hidden gene regulation layer in zebrafish?".
332:. The transposition and recombination of SINEs and other active nuclear elements is thought to be one of the major contributions of genetic diversity between lineages during speciation.
432:(RISC). Among these proteins are proteins from the Argonaute family which are critical to the complex's ability to interact with and repress the translation of the target mRNA.
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Shi Y, Seto E, Chang LS, Shenk T (October 1991). "Transcriptional repression by YY1, a human GLI-Krüppel-related protein, and relief of repression by adenovirus E1A protein".
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Rinehart TA, Grahn RA, Wichman HA (2005). "SINE extinction preceded LINE extinction in sigmodontine rodents: implications for retrotranspositional dynamics and mechanisms".
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or changes to the regulatory region of the gene. Insertion of a SINE into the coding sequence of a gene can have deleterious effects and unregulated transposition can cause
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Seibt KM, Schmidt T, Heitkam T (February 2020). "The conserved 3' Angio-domain defines a superfamily of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) in higher plants".
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There are >50 human diseases associated with SINEs. When inserted near or within the exon, SINEs can cause improper splicing, become coding regions, or change the
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Wicker T, Sabot F, Hua-Van A, Bennetzen JL, Capy P, Chalhoub B, et al. (December 2007). "A unified classification system for eukaryotic transposable elements".
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and during early development; as a result SINEs move around the genome most during these periods. SINE transcription is down-regulated by transcription factors in
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The activity of SINEs however has genetic vestiges which do not seem to play a significant role, positive or negative, and manifest themselves in the genome as
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factors and machinery can be recruited to increase or repress the transcription of local genes. The particular example of SINEs potentially recruiting the YY1
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Böhne A, Brunet F, Galiana-Arnoux D, Schultheis C, Volff JN (2008). "Transposable elements as drivers of genomic and biological diversity in vertebrates".
2342:"High cortisol in 5-year-old children causes loss of DNA methylation in SINE retrotransposons: a possible role for ZNF263 in stress-related diseases"
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after early development, though stress can cause up-regulation of normally silent SINEs. SINEs can be transferred between individuals or species via
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and inserted back into an alternate region in the genome. For this reason, short interspersed nuclear elements are believed to have co-evolved with
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Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP (October 2001). "An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in
Caenorhabditis elegans".
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Sun FJ, Fleurdépine S, Bousquet-Antonelli C, Caetano-Anollés G, Deragon JM (January 2007). "Common evolutionary trends for SINE RNA structures".
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Fawcett JA, Kawahara T, Watanabe H, Yasui Y (June 2006). "A SINE family widely distributed in the plant kingdom and its evolutionary history".
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Nevertheless, some SINE families such as the Au-SINEs and the Angio-SINEs are unusually widespread across many often unrelated plant species.
247:, which is tightly packed and generally not accessible to transcriptional machinery; SINEs seem to play an evolutionary role in this process.
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reverse-transcribed into DNA and integrated into the genome based on the sequence-motifs recognized by the protein's endonuclease domain.
2156:
Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H, Kim J, Yim J, et al. (September 2003). "The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing".
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Kriegs JO, Churakov G, Jurka J, Brosius J, Schmitz J (April 2007). "Evolutionary history of 7SL RNA-derived SINEs in
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1125:"The Evf-2 noncoding RNA is transcribed from the Dlx-5/6 ultraconserved region and functions as a Dlx-2 transcriptional coactivator"
367:, often leading to disease phenotypes in humans and other animals. Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated with
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149:
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based on differences in SINEs between species. SINEs are also implicated in certain types of genetic disease in humans and other
2396:"Aberrant methylation and associated transcriptional mobilization of Alu elements contributes to genomic instability in hypoxia"
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short-interspersed nuclear elements which also possess a body or are a combination of two or more SINEs are complex SINEs.
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groups, and a variety of proteins and RNAs allows different domains within a chromosome to be accessible to polymerases,
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Singer MF (March 1982). "SINEs and LINEs: highly repeated short and long interspersed sequences in mammalian genomes".
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The RNA coded by the short-interspersed nuclear element does not code for any protein product but is nonetheless
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Okada N, Hamada M, Ogiwara I, Ohshima K (December 1997). "SINEs and LINEs share common 3' sequences: a review".
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In fact
Usmanova et al. 2008 suggested that short-interspersed nuclear elements can serve as direct signals in
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243:, which is not tightly packed and generally more accessible to transcriptional machinery, and
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Feng J, Bi C, Clark BS, Mady R, Shah P, Kohtz JD (June 2006).
324:
Insertion of a SINE upstream of a coding region may result in
235:
re-organization; this is often to facilitate the formation of
231:
58:
2209:"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function"
1576:"The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution"
340:
Short-interspersed nuclear elements are believed to have
169:
Short-interspersed nuclear elements are transcribed by
851:
Kiefer JC (April 2007). "Epigenetics in development".
607:"Active human retrotransposons: variation and disease"
1960:"MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II"
1726:"Origin and evolution of SINEs in eukaryotic genomes"
3060:
3013:
2881:
2849:
2826:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2760:
2720:
2677:
2668:
81:in the SINE sequence make it possible to construct
527:Ishak, Charles A.; De Carvalho, Daniel D. (2020).
50:, DNA elements that amplify themselves throughout
1313:
1311:
480:"SINEBase: a database and tool for SINE analysis"
2441:
2439:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
954:Usmanova NM, Kazakov VI, Tomilin NV (2008). "".
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
152:which thus allows SINEs to parasitically co-opt
2446:Peterson M, Chandler VL, Bosco G (April 2013).
2107:Cai X, Hagedorn CH, Cullen BR (December 2004).
1415:
1413:
1411:
886:Rodríguez-Campos A, Azorín F (November 2007).
61:intermediates. SINEs compose about 13% of the
2625:
2580:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2495:
2493:
1367:
1365:
1363:
611:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
600:
598:
596:
68:The internal regions of SINEs originate from
8:
1621:
1619:
2389:
2387:
1724:Kramerov DA, Vassetzky NS (December 2011).
1318:Beauregard A, Curcio MJ, Belfort M (2008).
77:between species. Copy number variation and
2800:
2791:
2674:
2632:
2618:
2610:
2400:Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
1270:Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology
1024:Yao YL, Yang WM, Seto E (September 2001).
560:
558:
556:
478:Vassetzky NS, Kramerov DA (January 2013).
197:Changes in chromosome structure influence
2473:
2463:
2419:
2367:
2357:
2316:
2306:
2265:
2224:
2132:
2032:
1983:
1749:
1700:
1651:
1599:
1488:
1343:
1291:
1281:
1240:
1230:
1189:
1148:
1049:
921:
911:
784:
630:
544:
503:
767:Deininger PL, Batzer MA (October 2002).
546:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033525
461:
1463:Gogvadze E, Buzdin A (December 2009).
1336:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091549
1082:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1626:Wang W, Kirkness EF (December 2005).
1574:Cordaux R, Batzer MA (October 2009).
7:
1469:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
605:Hancks DC, Kazazian HH (June 2012).
2514:10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.001345
2295:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1264:Mätlik K, Redik K, Speek M (2006).
29:Short interspersed nuclear elements
2701:Short tandem repeat/Microsatellite
2250:"Why do miRNAs live in the miRNP?"
2248:Schwarz DS, Zamore PD (May 2002).
14:
2289:Pratt AJ, MacRae IJ (July 2009).
2007:Faller M, Guo F (November 2008).
278:long interspersed nuclear element
2412:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00792.x
1042:10.1128/mcb.21.17.5979-5991.2001
114:SINEs are classified as non-LTR
1533:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
533:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
46:in length. They are a class of
20:Genetic structure of human and
2705:Trinucleotide repeat disorders
1030:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1:
2692:Variable number tandem repeat
2226:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00045-5
746:10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00409-5
430:RNA-induced silencing complex
320:Effects of SINE transposition
173:which is known to transcribe
101:. This regulation extends to
2025:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.08.005
1681:Genome Biology and Evolution
1434:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90194-5
995:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90189-6
913:10.1371/journal.pone.0001182
181:, two types of RNA vital to
120:long terminal repeats (LTRs)
118:because they do not contain
110:Classification and structure
140:For example, the 5' of the
40:transposable elements (TEs)
3157:
2207:Bartel DP (January 2004).
1191:10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.024
268:Propagation and regulation
193:Effects on gene expression
42:that are about 100 to 700
2659:
2592:10.1016/j.gde.2004.08.008
2502:Annual Review of Genetics
2359:10.1186/s13148-015-0123-z
1878:10.1007/s10577-015-9484-6
1787:10.1007/s11103-006-0026-7
1481:10.1007/s00018-009-0107-2
1386:10.1007/s10577-007-1202-6
1324:Annual Review of Genetics
769:"Mammalian retroelements"
711:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.002
623:10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.006
579:10.1016/j.tig.2006.11.005
490:(Database issue): D83-9.
3126:Repetitive DNA sequences
1976:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600385
1580:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1232:10.1186/gb-2013-14-3-r22
810:Nature Reviews. Genetics
656:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3131:Mobile genetic elements
2254:Genes & Development
2078:10.1126/science.1065062
1775:Plant Molecular Biology
1129:Genes & Development
3100:Protein tandem repeats
3028:Tandemly arrayed genes
2308:10.1074/jbc.R900012200
1283:10.1155/JBB/2006/71753
853:Developmental Dynamics
484:Nucleic Acids Research
35:) are non-autonomous,
25:
444:SINEs and pseudogenes
216:transcription factors
19:
3073:Pathogenicity island
2465:10.3390/genes4020226
2346:Clinical Epigenetics
97:and the creation of
2178:10.1038/nature01957
2170:2003Natur.425..415L
2125:10.1261/rna.7135204
2070:2001Sci...294..858L
1929:10.1038/nature02871
1921:2004Natur.431..350A
1866:Chromosome Research
1742:10.1038/hdy.2011.43
1374:Chromosome Research
1141:10.1101/gad.1416106
904:2007PLoSO...2.1182R
496:10.1093/nar/gks1263
395:, and many others.
298:horizontal transfer
274:reverse-transcribed
264:eukaryotic genome.
75:divergent evolution
3023:Gene amplification
2267:10.1101/gad.992502
1693:10.1093/gbe/evv005
1644:10.1101/gr.3765505
865:10.1002/dvdy.21094
699:Trends in Genetics
567:Trends in Genetics
282:Open reading frame
171:RNA polymerase III
130:Internal structure
124:RNA polymerase III
26:
3121:Molecular biology
3108:
3107:
3009:
3008:
2877:
2876:
2781:
2780:
2670:Repeated sequence
2645:repeated sequence
2301:(27): 17897–901.
1830:10.1111/tpj.14567
1818:The Plant Journal
1545:10.1159/000084974
786:10.1101/gr.282402
393:neurofibromatosis
3148:
3085:Low copy repeats
3078:Symbiosis island
3015:Gene duplication
2801:
2792:
2675:
2653:gene duplication
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2064:(5543): 858–62.
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1964:The EMBO Journal
1955:
1949:
1948:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1638:(12): 1798–808.
1623:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1021:
1015:
1014:
978:
972:
971:
951:
936:
935:
925:
915:
883:
877:
876:
848:
842:
841:
805:
799:
798:
788:
764:
758:
757:
729:
723:
722:
694:
688:
687:
651:
645:
644:
634:
602:
591:
590:
562:
551:
550:
548:
524:
518:
517:
507:
475:
187:mRNA translation
144:is derived from
116:retrotransposons
57:, often through
48:retrotransposons
24:LINE1 and SINEs.
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3141:Eukaryote genes
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3056:
3005:
2873:
2845:
2822:
2796:Retrotransposon
2777:
2768:Inverted repeat
2756:
2741:DNA transposon
2737:Retrotransposon
2732:Gene conversion
2723:
2716:
2713:
2664:
2655:
2638:
2608:
2607:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2537:Nature Genetics
2534:
2533:
2529:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2406:(11): 2646–54.
2393:
2392:
2385:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2164:(6956): 415–9.
2155:
2154:
2150:
2119:(12): 1957–66.
2106:
2105:
2101:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1970:(20): 4051–60.
1957:
1956:
1952:
1915:(7006): 350–5.
1906:
1905:
1901:
1863:
1862:
1845:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1632:Genome Research
1625:
1624:
1617:
1592:10.1038/nrg2640
1586:(10): 691–703.
1573:
1572:
1568:
1539:(1–4): 416–25.
1530:
1529:
1514:
1475:(23): 3727–42.
1462:
1461:
1457:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1135:(11): 1470–84.
1122:
1121:
1117:
1094:10.1038/nrm1946
1079:
1078:
1067:
1036:(17): 5979–91.
1023:
1022:
1018:
980:
979:
975:
953:
952:
939:
885:
884:
880:
850:
849:
845:
822:10.1038/nrg3001
807:
806:
802:
779:(10): 1455–65.
773:Genome Research
766:
765:
761:
740:(1–2): 229–43.
731:
730:
726:
696:
695:
691:
668:10.1038/nrg2165
653:
652:
648:
604:
603:
594:
564:
563:
554:
526:
525:
521:
477:
476:
463:
458:
446:
401:
389:cystic fibrosis
361:
338:
330:genetic disease
322:
270:
245:heterochromatin
237:heterochromatin
199:gene expression
195:
167:
132:
112:
95:gene expression
12:
11:
5:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3136:Non-coding DNA
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:Genomic island
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2883:DNA transposon
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2711:Macrosatellite
2708:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2679:Tandem repeats
2672:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2570:
2549:10.1038/ng1223
2527:
2489:
2435:
2383:
2332:
2281:
2260:(9): 1025–31.
2240:
2199:
2148:
2099:
2048:
1999:
1950:
1899:
1843:
1824:(3): 681–699.
1808:
1765:
1716:
1667:
1615:
1566:
1512:
1455:
1407:
1359:
1307:
1256:
1219:Genome Biology
1205:
1178:Cell Stem Cell
1164:
1115:
1065:
1016:
973:
958:(in Russian).
937:
878:
859:(4): 1144–56.
843:
800:
759:
724:
689:
662:(12): 973–82.
646:
617:(3): 191–203.
592:
552:
519:
460:
459:
457:
454:
445:
442:
400:
397:
385:Dent's disease
360:
357:
337:
334:
326:exon shuffling
321:
318:
269:
266:
194:
191:
166:
163:
131:
128:
111:
108:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3153:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3033:Ribosomal DNA
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2773:Direct repeat
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Minisatellite
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Satellite DNA
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2458:(2): 226–43.
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2219:(2): 281–97.
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:(11): 663–7.
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:(3): 533–44.
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:(3): 505–14.
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:(6): 487–95.
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:(2): 567–80.
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:(1): 203–15.
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1184:(5): 637–52.
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:(2): 377–88.
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
962:(3): 256–60.
961:
957:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
898:(11): e1182.
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:(7): 459–63.
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
792:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
705:(4): 158–61.
704:
700:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
642:
638:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
553:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
520:
515:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
462:
455:
453:
451:
443:
441:
439:
433:
431:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:breast cancer
366:
365:reading frame
358:
356:
352:
350:
346:
343:
335:
333:
331:
327:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:somatic cells
291:
286:
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
261:
258:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
192:
190:
188:
185:assembly and
184:
180:
176:
175:ribosomal RNA
172:
165:Transcription
164:
162:
159:
155:
154:endonucleases
151:
147:
143:
138:
129:
127:
125:
121:
117:
109:
107:
104:
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
3045:Gene cluster
2813:Alu sequence
2804:
2722:Interspersed
2586:(6): 603–8.
2583:
2579:
2573:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2455:
2451:
2403:
2399:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1869:
1865:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1635:
1631:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1428:(3): 433–4.
1425:
1421:
1377:
1373:
1327:
1323:
1276:(1): 71753.
1273:
1269:
1259:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1088:(8): 612–6.
1085:
1081:
1033:
1029:
1019:
986:
982:
976:
959:
955:
895:
891:
881:
856:
852:
846:
813:
809:
803:
776:
772:
762:
737:
733:
727:
702:
698:
692:
659:
655:
649:
614:
610:
573:(1): 26–33.
570:
566:
536:
532:
522:
487:
483:
447:
434:
426:
422:
418:
412:
402:
373:colon cancer
362:
353:
349:Alu elements
347:
339:
336:Common SINEs
323:
314:
310:
306:
302:viral vector
287:
271:
262:
253:
249:
220:
196:
168:
133:
113:
91:
67:
32:
28:
27:
3040:Gene family
2951:Tc1/mariner
2906:EnSpm/CACTA
2543:(1): 41–8.
1330:: 587–617.
956:Tsitologiia
539:: 159–176.
450:pseudogenes
413:Danio rerio
241:euchromatin
83:phylogenies
3115:Categories
3052:Pseudogene
2869:retroposon
2787:Transposon
2649:transposon
2508:: 253–72.
1225:(3): R22.
456:References
381:hemophilia
300:through a
228:CpG motifs
87:eukaryotes
52:eukaryotic
44:base pairs
37:non-coding
2971:P element
2921:Harbinger
2662:Repeatome
2352:(1): 91.
1945:205210153
409:zebrafish
405:microRNAs
399:microRNAs
342:parasitic
290:germ-line
223:chromatin
183:ribosomal
103:chromatin
99:RNA genes
79:mutations
63:mammalian
3095:Telomere
3061:See also
3001:Zisupton
2981:Polinton
2976:PiggyBac
2931:Helitron
2750:Helitron
2745:Polinton
2641:Genetics
2600:15531153
2565:32151696
2557:12897783
2484:24705161
2430:19508390
2378:26339299
2327:19342379
2276:12000786
2235:14744438
2186:14508493
2143:15525708
2094:43262684
2086:11679671
2043:18778799
1994:15372072
1937:15372042
1894:16759020
1886:26363800
1838:31610059
1795:16830182
1760:21673742
1730:Heredity
1711:25577199
1662:16339378
1610:19763152
1561:36518754
1553:16093694
1507:23872541
1499:19649766
1490:11115525
1450:22129236
1402:10510149
1394:18293113
1354:18680436
1302:16877819
1251:23497673
1200:26996597
1159:16705037
1110:22274894
1102:16723972
1060:11486036
1011:19399858
968:18664128
932:18000552
892:PLOS ONE
873:17304537
838:21123216
830:21540878
795:12368238
719:17307271
684:32132898
676:17984973
641:22406018
587:17126948
514:23203982
377:leukemia
359:Diseases
257:polycomb
210:groups,
204:histones
142:Alu sine
65:genome.
2991:Transib
2966:Novosib
2946:Kolobok
2916:Ginger2
2911:Ginger1
2896:Crypton
2522:3909943
2475:3899967
2421:4373486
2369:4559301
2318:2709356
2194:4421030
2166:Bibcode
2134:1370684
2066:Bibcode
2058:Science
2034:2633599
1917:Bibcode
1803:7840648
1751:3242629
1702:4350176
1653:1356118
1601:2884099
1442:6280868
1345:2665727
1293:1559930
1242:3663115
1150:1475760
1003:1655281
923:2063516
900:Bibcode
754:9461397
632:3376660
505:3531059
158:3′ tail
146:7SL RNA
55:genomes
3090:CRISPR
2956:Merlin
2941:ISL2EU
2891:Academ
2724:repeat
2598:
2563:
2555:
2520:
2482:
2472:
2428:
2418:
2376:
2366:
2325:
2315:
2274:
2233:
2192:
2184:
2158:Nature
2141:
2131:
2092:
2084:
2041:
2031:
1992:
1985:524334
1982:
1943:
1935:
1909:Nature
1892:
1884:
1836:
1801:
1793:
1758:
1748:
1709:
1699:
1660:
1650:
1608:
1598:
1559:
1551:
1505:
1497:
1487:
1448:
1440:
1400:
1392:
1352:
1342:
1300:
1290:
1249:
1239:
1198:
1157:
1147:
1108:
1100:
1058:
1048:
1009:
1001:
966:
930:
920:
871:
836:
828:
793:
752:
717:
682:
674:
639:
629:
585:
512:
502:
212:acetyl
208:methyl
137:5' end
22:murine
2996:Zator
2936:IS3EU
2841:LINE2
2836:LINE1
2828:LINEs
2805:SINEs
2761:Other
2561:S2CID
2452:Genes
2190:S2CID
2090:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1890:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1557:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1446:S2CID
1398:S2CID
1106:S2CID
1051:87316
1007:S2CID
834:S2CID
680:S2CID
438:BRCA1
33:SINEs
2986:Sola
2961:MuDR
2901:Dada
2864:MER4
2859:HERV
2851:LTRs
2596:PMID
2553:PMID
2518:PMID
2480:PMID
2426:PMID
2374:PMID
2323:PMID
2272:PMID
2231:PMID
2213:Cell
2182:PMID
2139:PMID
2082:PMID
2039:PMID
2017:1779
1990:PMID
1933:PMID
1882:PMID
1834:PMID
1791:PMID
1756:PMID
1707:PMID
1658:PMID
1606:PMID
1549:PMID
1495:PMID
1438:PMID
1422:Cell
1390:PMID
1350:PMID
1298:PMID
1274:2006
1247:PMID
1196:PMID
1155:PMID
1098:PMID
1056:PMID
999:PMID
983:Cell
964:PMID
928:PMID
869:PMID
826:PMID
791:PMID
750:PMID
734:Gene
715:PMID
672:PMID
637:PMID
583:PMID
510:PMID
407:(in
179:tRNA
177:and
150:LINE
70:tRNA
2926:hAT
2818:MIR
2588:doi
2545:doi
2510:doi
2470:PMC
2460:doi
2416:PMC
2408:doi
2364:PMC
2354:doi
2313:PMC
2303:doi
2299:284
2262:doi
2221:doi
2217:116
2174:doi
2162:425
2129:PMC
2121:doi
2113:RNA
2074:doi
2062:294
2029:PMC
2021:doi
1980:PMC
1972:doi
1925:doi
1913:431
1874:doi
1826:doi
1822:101
1783:doi
1746:PMC
1738:doi
1734:107
1697:PMC
1689:doi
1648:PMC
1640:doi
1596:PMC
1588:doi
1541:doi
1537:110
1485:PMC
1477:doi
1430:doi
1382:doi
1340:PMC
1332:doi
1288:PMC
1278:doi
1237:PMC
1227:doi
1186:doi
1145:PMC
1137:doi
1090:doi
1046:PMC
1038:doi
991:doi
918:PMC
908:doi
861:doi
857:236
818:doi
781:doi
742:doi
738:205
707:doi
664:doi
627:PMC
619:doi
575:doi
541:doi
500:PMC
492:doi
232:YY1
59:RNA
3117::
2651:,
2647:,
2643::
2594:.
2584:14
2582:.
2559:.
2551:.
2541:35
2539:.
2516:.
2506:19
2504:.
2492:^
2478:.
2468:.
2454:.
2450:.
2438:^
2424:.
2414:.
2404:14
2402:.
2398:.
2386:^
2372:.
2362:.
2348:.
2344:.
2321:.
2311:.
2297:.
2293:.
2270:.
2258:16
2256:.
2252:.
2229:.
2215:.
2211:.
2188:.
2180:.
2172:.
2160:.
2137:.
2127:.
2117:10
2115:.
2111:.
2088:.
2080:.
2072:.
2060:.
2037:.
2027:.
2015:.
2011:.
1988:.
1978:.
1968:23
1966:.
1962:.
1939:.
1931:.
1923:.
1911:.
1888:.
1880:.
1870:23
1868:.
1846:^
1832:.
1820:.
1797:.
1789:.
1779:61
1777:.
1754:.
1744:.
1732:.
1728:.
1705:.
1695:.
1683:.
1679:.
1656:.
1646:.
1636:15
1634:.
1630:.
1618:^
1604:.
1594:.
1584:10
1582:.
1578:.
1555:.
1547:.
1535:.
1515:^
1501:.
1493:.
1483:.
1473:66
1471:.
1467:.
1444:.
1436:.
1426:28
1424:.
1410:^
1396:.
1388:.
1378:16
1376:.
1362:^
1348:.
1338:.
1328:42
1326:.
1322:.
1310:^
1296:.
1286:.
1272:.
1268:.
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1235:.
1223:14
1221:.
1217:.
1194:.
1182:18
1180:.
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1143:.
1133:20
1131:.
1127:.
1104:.
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1054:.
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1034:21
1032:.
1028:.
1005:.
997:.
987:67
985:.
960:50
940:^
926:.
916:.
906:.
894:.
890:.
867:.
855:.
832:.
824:.
814:12
812:.
789:.
777:12
775:.
771:.
748:.
736:.
713:.
703:23
701:.
678:.
670:.
658:.
635:.
625:.
615:22
613:.
609:.
595:^
581:.
571:23
569:.
555:^
535:.
531:.
508:.
498:.
488:41
486:.
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464:^
391:,
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383:,
379:,
375:,
371:,
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206:,
126:.
89:.
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2626:t
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2602:.
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2512::
2486:.
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2432:.
2410::
2380:.
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2350:7
2329:.
2305::
2278:.
2264::
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2223::
2196:.
2176::
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2145:.
2123::
2096:.
2076::
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2023::
1996:.
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1947:.
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1840:.
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1612:.
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1356:.
1334::
1304:.
1280::
1253:.
1229::
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1161:.
1139::
1112:.
1092::
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1062:.
1040::
1013:.
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910::
902::
896:2
875:.
863::
840:.
820::
797:.
783::
756:.
744::
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709::
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666::
660:8
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537:4
516:.
494::
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