67:, or anyone the group perceives as a threat or source of conflict. Social rejection has been established to cause psychological damage and has been categorized as torture or a low-cost punishment for failed cooperation. Mental rejection is a more individual action, where a person subconsciously or willfully ignores an idea, or a set of information related to a particular viewpoint. Some groups are made up of people who shun the same ideas.
2501:
2530:
305:
ceases. Failure to disconnect from a suppressive person is itself labelled a suppressive act. In the United States, the Church has tried to argue in court that disconnection is a constitutionally protected religious practice. However, this argument was rejected because the pressure put on individual
Scientologists to disconnect means it is not voluntary.
301:. Members can disconnect from any person they already know, including existing family members. Many examples of this policy's application have been established in court. It used to be customary to write a "disconnection letter" to the person being disconnected from, and to write a public disconnection notice, but these practices have not continued.
304:
The Church states that typically only people with "false data" about
Scientology are antagonistic, so it encourages members to first attempt to provide "true data" to these people. According to official Church statements, disconnection is only used as a last resort and only lasts until the antagonism
194:
practice a form of shunning, which was for many years referred to as "disfellowshipping". A tribunal of elders determines whether an individual has committed a serious sin and is unrepentant. Elders may meet with the individual a number of times to encourage repentance before deciding to remove the
46:
Social rejection occurs when a person or group deliberately avoids association with, and habitually keeps away from an individual or group. This can be a formal decision by a group, or a less formal group action which will spread to all members of the group as a form of solidarity. It is a sanction
198:
For many years, members were instructed to not even greet shunned individuals. As of March 2024, members are permitted to invite shunned individuals to congregation meetings or offer brief greetings at meetings, unless the individual is deemed to be an apostate.
202:
Sociologist Andrew Holden's research indicates that many
Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings retain affiliation out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members.
39:, or emotional distance. In a religious context, shunning is a formal decision by a denomination or a congregation to cease interaction with an individual or a group, and follows a particular set of rules. It differs from, but may be associated with,
275:, as well as those who follow or refuse to shun them. Unity is considered the highest value in the Baháʼà Faith, and any attempt at schism by a Baháʼà is considered a spiritual sickness, and a negation of that for which the religion stands.
232:
community. In the 21st century, sexual abuse victims and their families who have reported abuse to civil authorities have experienced shunning in the
Orthodox communities of New York and Australia. Orthodox Jewish men who
931:
1242:
528:
661:
A simple 'Hello' to someone can be the first step that develops into a conversation and maybe even a friendship. Would we want to take that first step with a disfellowshiped person?
241:
to leave the marriage. This pressure can take the form of refusing to allow the husband to perform certain religious rituals in the synagogue, refusing his business in commerce,
180:
724:
2105:
2115:
989:
1735:
2042:
1999:
764:
2344:
2219:
430:
968:
Hubbard
Scientology Organisation in New Zealand and any associated Scientology organisation or bodies in New Zealand; report of the Commission of Inquiry
712:
2110:
2180:
2200:
2185:
134:
practiced a form of shunning that they called "avoidance," a refusal to eat with even a family member whom the church had placed in "avoidance."
2130:
1039:
California appellate court, 2nd district, 7th division, Wollersheim v. Church of
Scientology of California, Civ. No. B023193 Cal. Super. (1986)
1111:
1024:
941:
834:
798:
2561:
2037:
1723:
1274:
532:
2264:
456:
1247:
1992:
1084:
1065:
849:
Judgement of Mr
Justice Latey, Re: B & G (Minors) (Custody) Delivered in the High Court (Family Division), London, 23 July 1984
2566:
186:
2254:
2027:
1618:
51:
groups and other tightly knit organizations and communities. Targets of shunning can include persons who have been labeled as
2244:
2090:
1718:
268:
1977:
1623:
515:
2259:
2239:
1985:
383:
237:
are sometimes subject to shunning or shaming, as a form of social pressure intended to compel the husband to allow his
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2100:
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143:
272:
2516:
1795:
1267:
1154:, Cast Out: Religious Shunning Provides an Unusual Background in the Longo and Bryant Slayings, March 2, 2003.
314:
297:(those whom the Church deems antagonistic to Scientology). The practice of shunning in Scientology is termed
2384:
2249:
1916:
1755:
1457:
2534:
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2394:
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191:
673:
2444:
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2145:
2072:
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2057:
2014:
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591:
373:
369:
290:
1215:
260:
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2140:
1894:
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1648:
1638:
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1613:
1558:
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471:
131:
484:
224:
community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is still used in the
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2327:
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2135:
1899:
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353:
113:
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2062:
2052:
2022:
1874:
1831:
1770:
1672:
1548:
1402:
1238:
Stress and
Conflict in an International Religious Movement: The Case of the Bruderhof (Hutterite)
983:
505:
294:
826:
820:
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2419:
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1909:
1854:
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36:
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40:
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1563:
1543:
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1344:
907:
874:
330:
225:
964:
Hubbard, L. Ron (23 December 1965) HCO Policy Letter "Suppressive Acts" reproduced in
725:
Rabbis' absolute power: how sex abuse tore apart
Australia's Orthodox Jewish community
2550:
2494:
2414:
2290:
2175:
2032:
1936:
1775:
1730:
1677:
1593:
1498:
1354:
1096:
364:
317:– Islamic concept of friendship toward fellow Muslims, and distance from non-Muslims.
71:
64:
56:
1220:
1946:
1931:
1800:
1608:
1478:
1409:
1392:
1339:
1298:
1205:
1192:
Deviance, Agency, and the Social
Control of Women's Bodies in a Mennonite Community
509:
271:. Covenant-breakers are defined as leaders of schismatic groups that resulted from
1221:
Article on "Avoidance"/Shunning in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
2170:
1966:
1921:
1435:
1371:
1248:
Rituals, Communication, and Social Systems: The Case of the Old Order Mennonites
637:
378:
2480:
2337:
2332:
2317:
1603:
1588:
1523:
1349:
1328:
1283:
859:"Judge brands Scientology 'sinister' as mother is given custody of children".
123:
80:
951:
898:
2372:
2305:
2160:
1951:
1377:
1334:
1317:
1313:
1103:
765:"Rabbis, others demonstrate against 'get refuser' while he is sitting shiva"
493:
359:
75:
60:
52:
48:
890:
501:
975:
916:
1956:
1243:
Ritual and the Social Meaning and Meaninglessness of Religion (Mennonite)
1159:
320:
148:
2008:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
1237:
1168:
The Courts and the Colonies: The Litigation of Hutterite Church Disputes
1002:
2439:
2409:
1904:
1687:
1568:
1226:
The Amish: Technology Practice and Technological Change, (see shunning)
1186:
Children Held Hostage: Dealing with Programmed and Brainwashed Children
17:
1157:
D'anna, Lynnette, "Post-Mennonite Women Congregate to Discuss Abuse",
584:
2434:
1961:
1926:
1528:
1366:
238:
1503:
1322:
1098:
Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement
570:
Brethren Society: The Cultural Transformation of a Peculiar People
119:
933:
The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology
1194:, Linda B. Arthur, NWSA Journal, v10.n2 (Summer 1998): pp75(25).
85:
1981:
1256:
1017:
Introduction to Scientology Ethics (Latin American Spanish ed.)
638:"Display Christian Loyalty When a Relative Is Disfellowshipped"
345:– practice of destroying evidence for the existence of a person
171:) was abolished, and thus the expectation is not made anymore.
1135:
An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups
713:
Ultra-Orthodox Shun Their Own for Reporting Child Sexual Abuse
221:
1252:
966:
Powles, Sir Guy Richardson; E. V. Dumbleton (June 30, 1969).
678:. WatchTower Bible and Tract Society. Event occurs at 13:12
936:. London: Heinemann Educational Books. pp. 144–145.
791:
The origins of the Bahá'à community of Canada, 1898-1948
659:. Watch Tower Society. September 15, 1981. p. 25.
1125:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
739:"A prying shame: The public scrutiny of get refusers"
1182:(Mennonite), Robert L. Bear, 1974, (ASIN B0006CKXQI)
644:. Watch Tower Society. August 1, 2002. pp. 3–4.
2363:
2278:
2230:
2081:
2013:
1845:
1814:
1748:
1706:
1466:
1423:
1297:
1290:
626:. Watch Tower Society. August 2024. pp. 20–25.
263:are expected to shun those that have been declared
1095:
763:Lefkowitz Brooks, Jacob Joseph (August 29, 2019).
1188:, Stanley S. Clawar, Brynne Valerie Rivlin, 2003.
1174:Crossing Over: One Woman's Escape from Amish Life
595:. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
181:Jehovah's Witnesses and congregational discipline
70:Social rejection was and is a punishment in many
572:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 90-91.
293:asks its members to quit all communication with
245:such as restraining orders, and public shaming.
187:Jehovah's Witnesses practices § Discipline
825:. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. pp.
27:Act of social rejection, or emotional distance
1993:
1268:
1206:Disfellowshipping amongst Jehovah's Witnesses
273:challenges to legitimacy of Baháʼà leadership
220:is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the
8:
2345:Residential segregation in the United States
793:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 107.
114:Anabaptist theology § Church discipline
47:against association, often associated with
2000:
1986:
1978:
1294:
1275:
1261:
1253:
988:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
875:"News and Notes: Scientology Libel Action"
822:A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'à Faith
146:, in rare cases (known as excommunication
1736:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
906:
814:
812:
810:
622:"Responding to Sin With Love and Mercy".
483:
267:, and expelled from the religion, by the
1234:about the practice in an Amish community
1137:. Intercourse, Pennsylvania: Good Books.
1170:, Univ of British Columbia Press, 2004.
457:"The New Synthesis in Moral Psychology"
422:Ojeda, Almerindo (September 30, 2006).
414:
981:
696:
605:
1166:Esua, Alvin J., and Esau Alvin A.J.,
789:Van den Hoonaard, Willy Carl (1996).
555:"Why do the Amish practice shunning?"
235:refuse to grant their wives a divorce
78:of ancient Athens and the still-used
7:
2529:
1724:Right-wing authoritarian personality
1019:. Bridge Publications. p. 209.
436:from the original on October 9, 2022
2350:Segregation academy (United States)
2265:Sex segregation in public restrooms
885:(5743): 297–298. January 30, 1971.
863:. London. July 24, 1984. p. 3.
655:"Disfellowshiping—How to View It".
1230:TV Movie "The Shunning" (US 2011)
1058:Encyclopedia of American Religions
25:
1176:, Ruth Irene Garret, Rick Farrant
163:In 1983, the distinction between
2528:
2500:
2499:
589:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
424:"What is Psychological Torture?"
356:also known as simmering or icing
1211:What Shall We Tell the Children
126:community—practice shunning or
1719:Authoritarian leadership style
970:. Wellington. pp. 53–54.
727:The Guardian, 18 February 2015
715:The New York Times, 9 May 2012
195:person from the congregation.
156:expected adherents to shun an
1:
1624:Social construction of gender
675:2024 Governing Body update #2
74:. Such sanctions include the
1619:Rally 'round the flag effect
384:Passive-aggressive behaviour
160:member in secular matters.
2562:Disengagement from religion
2207:Brown v. Board of Education
1822:Asch conformity experiments
1539:Identification (psychology)
583:Boudinhon, Auguste (1909).
429:. humanrights.ucdavis.edu.
285:Disconnection (Scientology)
2593:
2116:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
1837:Stanford prison experiment
1579:Normative social influence
518:) Retrieved June 15, 2015.
282:
252:
210:
184:
178:
111:
100:
2489:
2161:Apartheid in South Africa
1786:Normalization of deviance
1714:Authoritarian personality
1152:The Oregon Register-Guard
1123:On the Backroad to Heaven
1121:Kraybill, Donald (2001).
1075:Friesen, Patrick (1980).
174:
144:Code of Canon Law of 1983
1796:Preference falsification
1015:Hubbard, L. Ron (2007).
2567:Punishments in religion
2385:Anti-miscegenation laws
2220:Anti-miscegenation laws
1458:Tyranny of the majority
1094:Holden, Andrew (2002).
879:British Medical Journal
769:Shalhevet Boiling Point
586:"Excommunication"
494:10.1126/science.1137651
72:customary legal systems
2476:White Australia policy
2395:Corporative federalism
1761:Communal reinforcement
1514:False consensus effect
1003:What is Disconnection?
891:10.1136/bmj.1.5743.297
568:Carl F Bowman (1995).
2445:Religious intolerance
1865:Anti-social behaviour
1860:Anti-authoritarianism
1599:Pluralistic ignorance
1446:National conservatism
1441:Left-wing nationalism
1424:Governmental pressure
1079:. Mennonite fiction.
592:Catholic Encyclopedia
374:The Way International
291:Church of Scientology
283:Further information:
279:Church of Scientology
118:Certain sects of the
2455:Second-class citizen
2450:Reservation in India
2176:United Arab Emirates
2106:Bulgaria and Romania
1827:Breaching experiment
1614:Operant conditioning
1559:Mere exposure effect
1180:Delivered Unto Satan
1056:(1993). "Shunning".
930:Wallis, Roy (1976).
642:Our Kingdom Ministry
535:on November 13, 2009
529:"Flat Earth Society"
132:Schwarzenau Brethren
130:. Historically, the
2323:Exclusionary zoning
2270:Separatist feminism
2048:Partition of Bengal
1707:Individual pressure
1584:Passing (sociology)
1519:Fear of missing out
1484:Closure (sociology)
1398:Enemy of the people
743:The Times of Israel
476:2007Sci...316..998H
354:Ghosting (behavior)
295:suppressive persons
269:head of their faith
192:Jehovah's Witnesses
175:Jehovah's Witnesses
2213:Massive resistance
2201:School segregation
2196:Separate but equal
2121:Dominican Republic
2023:Partition of India
1875:Civil disobedience
1832:Milgram experiment
1771:Creeping normality
1673:Social integration
1609:Psychosocial issue
1549:Invented tradition
1403:Enemy of the state
1216:Spiritual Shunning
1005:(Accessed 5/29/11)
819:Smith, P. (1999).
470:(5827): 998–1002.
455:Haidt, J. (2007).
315:Al Wala' Wal Bara'
35:can be the act of
2577:Church discipline
2544:
2543:
2420:Majority minority
2301:Ethnic federalism
2083:Ethnic and racial
2043:Greece and Turkey
1975:
1974:
1855:Alternative media
1744:
1743:
1683:Spiral of silence
1554:Memory conformity
1494:Consensus reality
1387:Persona non grata
1308:Damnatio memoriae
1113:978-0-415-26610-9
1054:Melton, J. Gordon
1026:978-1-4031-4684-7
943:978-0-435-82916-2
836:978-1-85168-184-6
800:978-0-88920-272-6
389:Persona non grata
349:Dima Yakovlev Law
342:Damnatio memoriae
326:Apostasy in Islam
265:Covenant-breakers
16:(Redirected from
2584:
2532:
2531:
2503:
2502:
2471:Social apartheid
2355:Social exclusion
2328:Forced migration
2296:Ethnic cleansing
2286:Auto-segregation
2028:Northern Ireland
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1900:Devil's advocate
1870:Auto-segregation
1766:Countersignaling
1693:Toxic positivity
1668:Social influence
1629:Social contagion
1474:Bandwagon effect
1431:Authoritarianism
1295:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1163:, March 1, 1993.
1150:McCowan, Karen,
1138:
1126:
1117:
1101:
1090:
1071:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1012:
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786:
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754:
753:
751:
749:
737:Stomel, Rachel.
734:
728:
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710:
704:
694:
688:
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685:
683:
670:
664:
663:
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634:
628:
627:
619:
613:
603:
597:
596:
588:
580:
574:
573:
565:
559:
558:
557:. Amish America.
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
531:. Archived from
525:
519:
513:
487:
461:
452:
446:
445:
443:
441:
435:
428:
419:
399:Social exclusion
394:Silent treatment
372:– a practice of
255:Covenant breaker
37:social rejection
21:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2485:
2460:Separate school
2365:
2359:
2274:
2226:
2077:
2009:
2006:
1976:
1971:
1942:Insubordination
1890:Culture jamming
1880:Cosmopolitanism
1841:
1810:
1781:Internalization
1740:
1702:
1462:
1453:Totalitarianism
1419:
1286:
1281:
1202:
1197:
1146:
1144:Further reading
1141:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1093:
1087:
1074:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
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485:10.1.1.398.8944
459:
454:
453:
449:
439:
437:
433:
426:
421:
420:
416:
412:
407:
336:Criminalization
311:
287:
281:
259:Members of the
257:
251:
243:legal solutions
215:
213:Herem (censure)
209:
189:
183:
177:
154:Catholic Church
140:
116:
110:
105:
103:Excommunication
99:
94:
41:excommunication
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2473:
2468:
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2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Nuremberg Laws
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Ghetto benches
2402:
2400:Discrimination
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2369:
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2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
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2341:
2340:
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2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Ethnopluralism
2310:
2309:
2308:
2298:
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2198:
2193:
2183:
2181:United Kingdom
2178:
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2019:
2017:
2011:
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2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1972:
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1969:
1964:
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1885:Counterculture
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1847:Anticonformity
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1534:Herd mentality
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1574:Normalization
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19:
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2255:Saudi Arabia
2205:
2171:Saudi Arabia
2058:Saudi Arabia
1947:Pueblo clown
1932:Idiosyncrasy
1917:Eccentricity
1801:Social proof
1509:Echo chamber
1489:Collectivism
1479:Brainwashing
1414:
1410:Scapegoating
1393:Public enemy
1385:
1376:
1340:Blacklisting
1327:
1306:
1299:Proscription
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
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1151:
1134:
1122:
1097:
1077:The Shunning
1076:
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1035:
1016:
1010:
998:
967:
960:
932:
925:
882:
878:
869:
860:
854:
845:
821:
790:
784:
772:. Retrieved
768:
758:
746:. Retrieved
742:
732:
720:
708:
692:
680:. Retrieved
674:
668:
660:
656:
650:
641:
632:
623:
617:
601:
590:
578:
569:
563:
549:
537:. Retrieved
533:the original
523:
467:
463:
450:
438:. Retrieved
417:
340:
303:
288:
261:Baháʼà Faith
258:
249:Baháʼà faith
216:
201:
197:
190:
168:
167:and others (
164:
162:
147:
141:
127:
117:
97:Christianity
79:
69:
45:
32:
31:
29:
2390:Black Codes
2338:labor camps
2245:Afghanistan
1967:Shock value
1922:Eclecticism
1815:Experiments
1436:Nationalism
1372:Civil death
1291:Enforcement
774:January 11,
748:January 11,
699:, pp.
697:Holden 2002
608:, pp.
606:Holden 2002
516:read online
379:No platform
138:Catholicism
92:In religion
2551:Categories
2493:See also:
2481:Xenophobia
2333:Internment
2318:Ethnocracy
1756:Compliance
1749:Conformity
1649:Hysterical
1639:Behavioral
1604:Propaganda
1589:Patriotism
1524:Groupthink
1350:Censorship
1329:Homo sacer
1284:Conformity
440:August 31,
405:References
185:See also:
124:Anabaptist
108:Anabaptism
81:kasepekang
61:dissidents
2373:Apartheid
2306:Bantustan
2191:Civil War
2015:Religious
1952:Rebellion
1910:Political
1791:Obedience
1661:Emotional
1634:Addiction
1378:Vogelfrei
1335:Ostracism
1318:Dissenter
1314:Dissident
1104:Routledge
984:cite book
952:310565311
899:0007-1447
861:The Times
682:April 11,
610:32, 78-79
539:April 16,
480:CiteSeerX
410:Citations
360:Interdict
169:tolerandi
88:society.
76:ostracism
53:apostates
49:religious
2557:Shunning
2506:Category
2466:Shunning
2462:(Canada)
2425:Nativism
2279:Dynamics
2156:Rhodesia
2151:Portugal
2146:Malaysia
2111:Bulgaria
2053:Portugal
1957:Red team
1895:Deviance
1415:Shunning
1160:Herizons
1133:(1996).
502:17510357
431:Archived
321:Anathema
309:See also
86:Balinese
33:Shunning
2535:Commons
2440:Rankism
2410:Hafrada
2364:Related
2260:Judaism
2136:Germany
2096:Bahrain
2073:Myanmar
2068:Bahrain
1905:Dissent
1688:Teasing
1654:Suicide
1569:Mobbing
1362:Outcast
1232:at imdb
1046:Sources
917:5294085
908:1794922
827:114–116
701:250–270
510:6161377
472:Bibcode
464:Science
230:Hasidic
207:Judaism
165:vitandi
149:vitandi
128:meidung
18:Shunned
2522:racial
2517:gender
2435:Racism
2366:topics
2232:Gender
2141:Israel
2131:France
2101:Brazil
2091:Canada
2038:Serbia
2033:Israel
1962:Satire
1927:Hermit
1529:Hazing
1367:Outlaw
1110:
1083:
1064:
1023:
976:147661
974:
950:
940:
915:
905:
897:
833:
797:
508:
500:
482:
222:Jewish
218:Cherem
152:) the
2512:caste
2240:Islam
2166:Spain
2063:Spain
1644:Crime
1504:Dogma
1323:Exile
506:S2CID
460:(PDF)
434:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
120:Amish
2378:laws
2250:Iran
2126:Fiji
1108:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1021:ISBN
990:link
972:OCLC
948:OCLC
938:ISBN
913:PMID
895:ISSN
831:ISBN
795:ISBN
776:2023
750:2023
684:2024
541:2014
498:PMID
442:2011
289:The
239:wife
228:and
122:—an
903:PMC
887:doi
490:doi
468:316
84:in
2553::
1316:/
1106:.
1102:.
986:}}
982:{{
946:.
911:.
901:.
893:.
881:.
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829:.
809:^
767:.
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640:.
504:.
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488:.
478:.
466:.
462:.
63:,
59:,
55:,
43:.
2001:e
1994:t
1987:v
1276:e
1269:t
1262:v
1116:.
1089:.
1070:.
1029:.
992:)
978:.
954:.
919:.
889::
883:1
839:.
803:.
778:.
752:.
703:.
686:.
612:.
543:.
514:(
512:.
492::
474::
444:.
20:)
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