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co-existence of overtly incompatible norms that may breed conflict, either due to circumstances in a particular situation or inherently due to their incongruous content. This lack of rule classification and failure to eradicate internal inconsistencies between potentially conflicting norms allows for much flexibility in dispute settlement and is also viewed as a 'strategic resource' for disputants who seek to advance their own success in a case. The latter incongruities (especially inconsistencies of norm content) are typically solved by elevating one of the norms (tacitly) from 'the literal to the symbolic. This allows for the accommodation of both as they now theoretically exist in different realms of reality. This is highly contextual, which further illustrates that norms cannot be viewed in isolation and are open to negotiation. Thus, although there are a small number of so-called non-negotiable norms, the vast majority are viewed and given substance contextually, which is seen as fundamental to the Tswana.
769:
is created. In their explanation, the complainant (who always speaks first) thus establishes a paradigm the defendant can either accept and therefore argue within that specific paradigm or reject and therefore introduce his or her own paradigm (usually, the facts are not contested here). If the defendant means to change the paradigm, they will refer to norms as such, where actually norms are not ordinarily explicitly referenced in Tswana dispute resolution as the audience would typically already know them and just the way one presents one's case and constructs the facts will establish one's paradigm. The headman or chief adjudicating may also do same: accept the normative basis implied by the parties (or one of them), and thus not refer to norms using explicit language but rather isolate a factual issue in the dispute and then make a decision on it without expressly referring to any norms, or impose a new or different paradigm onto the parties.
802:, i.e. they are not created through legal/moral reasoning only but are instead driven by the personal/political motives of those who create them. The scope for such influence is created by the loose and undefined nature of customary law, which, Hund argues, grants customary-lawmakers (often through traditional 'judicial processes') a wide discretion in its application. Yet, Hund contends that the fact that rules might sometimes be arrived at in the more ad hoc way, does not mean that this defines the system. If one requires a perfect system, where laws are created only deductively, then one is left with a system with no rules. For Hund, this cannot be so and an explanation for these kinds of law-making processes is found in Hart's conception of "secondary rules" (rules in terms of which the main body of norms are recognised). Hund therefore says that for some cultures, for instance in some sections of
765:
to de facto observations of transformation . Furthermore, the legitimacy of a chief is a direct determinant of the legitimacy of his decisions. In the formulation of legislative pronouncements, as opposed to decisions made in dispute resolution, the chief first speaks of the proposed norm with his advisors, then council of headmen, then the public assembly debate the proposed law and may accept or reject it. A chief can proclaim the law even if the public assembly rejects it, but this is not often done; and, if the chief proclaims the legislation against the will of the public assembly, the legislation will become melao, however, it is unlikely that it will be executed because its effectiveness depends on the chief's legitimacy and the norm's consistency with the practices (and changes in social relations) and will of the people under that chief.
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over two hundred years by the fishing fleet of local inhabitants of a coastal community will not simply transfer so as to benefit present day recreational boat owners who may hail from much further afield. Whereas a group of houseboats on a mooring that has been in continuous use for the last 25 years with a mixture of owner occupiers and rented houseboats, may clearly continue to be used by houseboats, where the owners live in the same town or city. Both the purpose of the moorings and the class of persons benefited by the custom must have been clear and consistent.
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behaviour that is rule bound and behaviour that is notâi.e., which behaviour is motivated by adherence to law (or at least done in recognition of the law) and is merely a response to other factors. Hund sees this as problematic because it makes quantifying the law almost impossible, since behaviour is obviously inconsistent. Hund argues that this is a misconception based on a failure to acknowledge the importance of the
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to the habit, and it is welcomed. And, third, when members of a group behave in a common way not only out of habit or because everyone else is doing it, but because it is seen to be a common standard that should be followed, at least by some members. Hund, however, acknowledges the difficulty of an outsider knowing the dimensions of these criteria that depend on an internal point of view.
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Internal aspects are the reflective attitude on the part of adherents toward certain behaviours perceived to be obligatory, according to a common standard. External aspects manifest in regular, observable behaviour, but is not obligatory. In Hart's analysis, then, social rules amount to custom that has legal force.
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or aggression. Essentially, legal obligations are believed to arise between states to carry out their affairs consistently with past accepted conduct. These customs can also change based on the acceptance or rejection by states of particular acts. Some principles of customary law have achieved the
709:
A central issue regarding the recognition of custom is determining the appropriate methodology to know what practices and norms actually constitute customary law. It is not immediately clear that classic
Western theories of jurisprudence can be reconciled in any useful way with conceptual analyses of
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Hart identifies three further differences between habits and binding social rules. First, a social rule exists where society frowns on deviation from the habit and attempts to prevent departures by criticising such behaviour. Second, when this criticism is seen socially as a good reason for adhering
768:
Regarding the invocation of norms in disputes, Comaroff and
Roberts used the term, "paradigm of argument", to refer to the linguistic and conceptual frame used by a disputant, whereby 'a coherent picture of relevant events and actions in terms of one or more implicit or explicit normative referents'
764:
Comaroff and
Roberts describe how outcomes of specific cases have the ability to change the normative repertoire, as the repertoire of norms is seen to be both in a state of formation and transformation at all times. These changes are justified on the grounds that they are merely giving recognition
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as norms that become customary law through traditional usage. Importantly, however, they noted that the Tswana seldom attempt to classify the vast array of existing norms into categories and they thus termed this the 'undifferentiated nature of the normative repertoire'. Moreover, they observe the
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The mooring must have been in continuous use for "time immemorial" which is defined by legal precedent as 12 years (or 20 years for Crown land) for the same purpose by people using them for that purpose. To give two examples: a custom of mooring which might have been established in past times for
806:
society, the secondary rules have developed only to the point where laws are determined with reference to politics and personal preference. This does not mean that they are not "rules". Hund argues that if we acknowledge a developmental pattern in societies' constructions of these secondary rules
1005:
It is known in case law as "customary rights". Something which has been practised since time immemorial by reference to a particular locality may acquire the legal status of a custom, which is a form of local law. The legal criteria defining a custom are precise. The most common claim in recent
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For Hund, the first form of rule scepticism concerns the widely held opinion that, because the content of customary law derives from practice, there are actually no objective rules, since it is only behaviour that informs their construction. On this view, it is impossible to distinguish between
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there are more than 60 systems of customary law currently in force, "some of them operating quite independently of the formal state legal system". They offer two reasons for the relative autonomy of these customary law systems: one is that the
Ethiopian government lacks sufficient resources to
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on their part. He notes that the concept of custom generally denotes convergent behaviour, but not all customs have the force of law. Hund therefore draws from Hart's analysis distinguishing social rules, which have internal and external aspects, from habits, which have only external aspects.
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customary law, and thus some scholars (like John
Comaroff and Simon Roberts) have characterized customary law norms in their own terms. Yet, there clearly remains some disagreement, which is seen in John Hund's critique of Comaroff and Roberts' theory, and preference for the contributions of
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It is a broad principle of property law that, if something has gone on for a long time without objection, whether it be using a right of way or occupying land to which one has no title, the law will eventually recognise the fact and give the person doing it the legal right to continue.
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notes that, though the attention it is given in scholarly works is great, its importance is "slight and decreasing". On the other hand, in many countries around the world, one or more types of customary law continue to exist side by side with official law, a condition referred to as
697:). In many, though not all instances, customary laws will have supportive court rulings and case law that have evolved over time to give additional weight to their rule as law and also to demonstrate the trajectory of evolution (if any) in the interpretation of such law by relevant
1072:. Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country's nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self-governance. Similar
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Hund finds
Comaroff and Roberts' flexibility thesis of a 'repertoire of norms' from which litigants and adjudicator choose in the process of negotiating solutions between them uncompelling. He is therefore concerned with disproving what he calls
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solves the conceptual problem with which scholars who have attempted to articulate how customary law principles may be identified, defined, and how they operate in regulating social behavior and resolving disputes.
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said "These customary laws are not written down. They are handed down by tradition from one generation to another. Yet beyond doubt they are well established and have the force of law within the community."
917:, which cannot be violated or altered except by a norm of comparable strength. These norms are said to gain their strength from universal acceptance, such as the prohibitions against
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enforce its legal system to every corner of
Ethiopia; the other is that the Ethiopian government has made a commitment to preserve these customary systems within its boundaries.
264:
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law in a way that was less legalistic (or rule-oriented) than had Isaac
Schapera. They defined "mekgwa le melao ya Setswana" in terms of Casalis and Ellenberger's definition:
1322:. Following or disregarding a custom is not determinative of negligence, but instead is an indication of possible best practices or alternatives to a particular action.
623:
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is the established pattern of behavior within a particular social setting. A claim can be carried out in defense of "what has always been done and accepted by law".
281:
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then we can understand how this society constructs its laws and how it differs from societies that have come to rely on an objective, stand-alone body of rules.
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law, which consists of explicit agreements between nations to assume obligations. However, many treaties are attempts to codify pre-existing customary law.
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551:
988:, however, differs from civil law jurisprudence in requiring the express or implied consent of the legislator for a custom to obtain the force of law.
1943:
836:, collections of local customary law that developed in a specific manorial or borough jurisdiction, and which were slowly pieced together mainly from
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795:. In his view, by using the criteria described above, there is not this problem in deciphering what constitutes "law" in a particular community.
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According to Hund, the second form of rule scepticism says that, though a community may have rules, those rules are not arrived at
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1109:. The Dutch attorney Michael van Notten also draws upon his experience as a legal expert in his comprehensive study on Xeer,
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Customary law is the set of customs, practices and beliefs that are accepted as obligatory rules of conduct by a community.
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courts were eventually included under
Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000
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laws of the country's various indigenous ethnicities are recognized, and customary dispute resolution is recognized in
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In Canada, customary aboriginal law has a constitutional foundation and for this reason has increasing influence.
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Druzin, Bryan H. (2014, April). "Planting Seeds of Order: How the State Can Create, Shape, and Use
Customary Law"
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Comaroff and Roberts' famous work, "Rules and Processes", attempted to detail the body of norms that constitute
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J Comaroff and S Roberts Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context (1981).
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Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 (2006)
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courts of village elders. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. The
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2000:
The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic and Social Development in the Horn of Africa
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1097:. It survives to a significant degree everywhere in Somalia and in the Somali communities in the
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administration to the security in life, liberty and property provided by Xeer in large parts of
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that have been long-established in a given locale. However, the term can also apply to areas of
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1101:. Economist Peter Leeson attributes the increase in economic activity since the fall of the
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844:. Custumals acquired the force of law when they became the undisputed rule by which certain
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The Law of the Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa
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1797:. Vol. 18 No. 7 (July, 2008). Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 574â578. Archived from
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Let Right Be Done: Aboriginal title, the Calder Case, and the Future of Indigenous Rights
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The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America
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in their acceptance as correct bases of action – for example, laws against
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2016:
Hund, John. 'Customary law is what people say it is', ARSP Vol 84 1998, 420â433.
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or the legal norms that have developed through the customary exchanges between
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courts exist, with varying levels of legal formality, in other countries of
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949:. In addressing custom as a source of law within the civil law tradition,
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Customary law is a recognized source of law within jurisdictions of the
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1875:"Homicide in Ethiopia: Human Rights, Federalism, and Legal Pluralism,"
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the relevant actors consider it to be an opinion of law or necessity (
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were regulated between members of a community. Some examples include
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countries customary law continues to exist and has great influence.
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1135:. Indonesian adat law are mainly divided into 19 circles, namely
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1944:"Grassroots Conflict Assessment Of the Somali Region, Ethiopia"
1918:
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1791:
Foster, Hamar; Heather Raven and Jeremy Webber (eds.) (2007).
1471:
1254:
1027:, usually used alongside common or civil law. For example, in
1656:
R. v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1116:
In India many customs are accepted by law. For example,
925:. Customary international law can be distinguished from
2050:
4430:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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736:A court presided over by a customary chief in the
1006:times, is for customary rights to moor a vessel.
1949:. CHF International. August 2006. Archived from
756:therefore being rules pronounced by a chief and
1031:, despite the adoption of legal codes based on
941:tradition, where it may be subordinate to both
1035:in the 1950s according to Dolores Donovan and
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1091:follow a customary law system referred to as
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8:
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1282:. There might be a discussion about this on
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1120:marriage ceremonies are recognized by the
624:
610:
552:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
18:
1901:Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer,
1302:Learn how and when to remove this message
679:where certain standards have been nearly
3218:History of the American legal profession
1888:
1886:
658:a certain legal practice is observed and
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572:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
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1773:Generic and Specific Aboriginal Rights
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228:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1050:announced a decree to revitalize the
858:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
7:
1551:
1549:
998:, "long usage" must be established.
728:As an indefinite repertoire of norms
1919:"The Rule of Law without the State"
1877:American Journal of Comparative Law
1373:Australian Aboriginal customary law
1023:Customary law is also used in some
872:for northern Germany, and the many
1742:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 35(1)"
14:
2202:Restitution and unjust enrichment
933:Within contemporary legal systems
546:Political economy in anthropology
4500:The Closing of the American Mind
4420:Civilization and Its Discontents
4400:A Vindication of Natural Society
3249:
3248:
3234:
1259:
840:and later written down by local
829:developed from the tradition of
773:Law as necessarily rule-governed
3213:History of the legal profession
1332:List of national legal systems
1068:, including in the capital of
967:List of national legal systems
705:Nature, definition and sources
671:Most customary laws deal with
408:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
1:
4390:Oration on the Dignity of Man
1672:Merryman, John Henry (2007).
741:
579:Journal of Legal Anthropology
247:The Art of Not Being Governed
4460:The Society of the Spectacle
2002:, Trenton NJ: Red Sea Press.
1447:of Pakistan and Afghanistan)
908:over time, whether based on
1998:Van Notten, Michael. 2005.
1422:Laws of the Brets and Scots
1391:Custom (Catholic canon law)
888:Customary international law
866:for the city of Paris, the
4715:
2880:International legal theory
2359:International slavery laws
2354:International human rights
2349:International criminal law
1923:Ludwig von Mises Institute
1712:"Customary Mooring Rights"
1645:Comaroff & Roberts, 85
1633:Comaroff & Roberts, 82
1621:Comaroff & Roberts, 81
1612:Comaroff & Roberts, 79
1603:Comaroff & Roberts, 75
1594:Comaroff & Roberts, 73
1585:Comaroff & Roberts, 70
1428:Medieval Scandinavian laws
1329:
1231:monarchies, including the
885:
814:
714:. Hund argues that Hart's
673:standards of the community
585:Journal of Law and Society
305:Colonialism and resistance
4638:
4530:Intellectuals and Society
4480:The Culture of Narcissism
3228:
2933:Administration of justice
2041:BYU Journal of Public Law
1680:Stanford University Press
259:Non-western state systems
235:African Political Systems
4520:The Malaise of Modernity
4470:The History of Sexuality
3569:Catholic social teaching
2710:Basic structure doctrine
2560:Natural and legal rights
2441:Public international law
1716:Associated Yacht Brokers
1219:including the island of
1127:In Indonesia, customary
4664:Customary legal systems
4600:Philosophy of education
2890:Principle of typicality
2364:International trade law
1915:Spencer Heath MacCallum
1869:Dolores A. Donovan and
1555:Comaroff & Roberts.
1412:Kanun of Leke Dukagjini
1407:Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit
1378:Basque and Pyrenean law
1326:Customary legal systems
1045:President of Kyrgyzstan
986:Canonical jurisprudence
284:and the State in Africa
4699:Management cybernetics
4694:Political anthropology
3539:
3493:
3479:
2031:Customary IHL Database
1976:"Better off stateless"
1318:law to help determine
745:
526:Circumscription theory
313:Europe and the People
282:Technology, Tradition,
4605:Philosophy of history
4595:Philosophy of culture
4490:A Conflict of Visions
2885:Principle of legality
2644:Delegated legislation
2344:Intellectual property
1917:(12 September 2007).
1903:Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts
735:
694:hostis humani generis
600:cultural anthropology
388:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
241:Papuan Big man system
4610:Political philosophy
4410:Democracy in America
3103:Barristers' chambers
3045:Legal representation
2983:Justice of the peace
2329:Financial regulation
1851:on 24 September 2008
1845:University of Ottawa
1529:Territories, Canada)
1515:(various regions of
1272:confusing or unclear
1233:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1025:developing countries
984:is a source of law.
848:, entitlements, and
393:Wolfgang Fikentscher
368:Henri J. M. Claessen
123:Pantribal sodalities
4450:One-Dimensional Man
3138:Election commission
2850:Expressive function
2379:Landlordâtenant law
2278:Consumer protection
1880:, 51 (2003), p. 505
1658:, 2 All E.R. 118,
1280:clarify the section
1215:, Central and East
951:John Henry Merryman
536:Leftâright paradigm
4570:Cultural pessimism
4565:Cultural criticism
3464:National character
3096:Legal institutions
2963:Lawsuit/Litigation
2953:Dispute resolution
2758:Catholic canon law
2466:State of emergency
2429:Will and testament
2153:Law of obligations
2106:Constitutional law
2096:Administrative law
1825:has generic name (
1396:Early Germanic law
1314:Custom is used in
1237:Surakarta Sunanate
1122:Hindu Marriage Act
1064:courts throughout
817:Codification (law)
746:
717:The Concept of Law
654:) exists where:
531:Legal anthropology
433:Thomas Blom Hansen
363:Robert L. Carneiro
152:Segmentary lineage
89:Leveling mechanism
39:legal anthropology
4669:International law
4651:
4650:
4367:
4366:
3512:Spontaneous order
3502:Social alienation
3351:Cultural heritage
3312:Social philosophy
3278:
3277:
2938:Constitutionalism
2860:Law and economics
2698:Act of parliament
2436:Product liability
2389:Legal archaeology
2314:Environmental law
2308:Entertainment law
2148:International law
1801:on 30 August 2008
1689:978-0-8047-5569-6
1512:Usos y costumbres
1312:
1311:
1304:
1247:princely states.
894:international law
882:International law
860:for England, the
780:"rule scepticism"
677:international law
634:
633:
358:Jeremy Boissevain
343:Georges Balandier
338:E. Adamson Hoebel
4706:
4684:Social agreement
4615:Social criticism
4535:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4475:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4385:
3621:
3603:Frankfurt School
3581:Communitarianism
3544:
3498:
3484:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3239:
3238:
3062:Question of fact
2943:Criminal justice
2273:Construction law
2268:Conflict of laws
2233:Agricultural law
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1847:. Archived from
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1748:on 20 March 2007
1744:. Archived from
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1722:on 13 April 2015
1718:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1701:
1678:(3rd ed.).
1669:
1663:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1556:
1553:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1263:
1262:
1255:
959:
915:peremptory norms
863:Coutume de Paris
793:internal element
743:
626:
619:
612:
520:Related articles
503:Douglas R. White
493:Jonathan Spencer
473:Marshall Sahlins
463:Sally Falk Moore
19:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4634:
4560:Critical theory
4538:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4363:
4041:
4035:
3833:
3827:
3776:
3705:
3612:
3564:Budapest School
3552:
3341:Cosmopolitanism
3314:
3309:
3279:
3274:
3247:
3233:
3224:
3201:
3192:Political party
3165:Legal education
3153:Law enforcement
3133:Court of equity
3091:
3067:Question of law
3020:Practice of law
3000:Judicial review
2914:
2865:Legal formalism
2845:Comparative law
2840:Contract theory
2823:
2743:Legal pluralism
2714:
2703:Act of Congress
2627:Executive order
2593:
2495:
2414:Nationality law
2339:Immigration law
2263:Competition law
2216:
2084:
2079:
2027:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:on 26 July 2011
1953:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1871:Getachew Assefa
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1768:Slattery, Brian
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
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1649:
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1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1401:Early Irish law
1355:Anglo-Saxon law
1334:
1328:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:Custom in torts
1037:Getachew Assefa
978:Catholic Church
963:legal pluralism
953:
935:
890:
884:
819:
813:
775:
730:
707:
630:
590:
589:
566:
558:
557:
541:State formation
521:
513:
512:
498:Bjorn Thomassen
453:Elizabeth Mertz
438:Ted C. Lewellen
383:Pierre Clastres
333:
332:Major theorists
325:
324:
315:Without History
314:
283:
219:
211:
210:
133:Paramount chief
65:Achieved status
60:Ascribed status
52:Status and rank
48:
37:
17:
16:Legal principle
12:
11:
5:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4674:Sources of law
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:Social science
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4510:Gender Trouble
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4440:The Second Sex
4436:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4386:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
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4346:
4341:
4336:
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4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
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4101:
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4066:
4061:
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4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Invisible hand
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3244:
3241:Law portal
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Trial advocacy
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2991:
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2897:
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2882:
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2806:
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2800:
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2705:
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2695:
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2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2609:
2607:Ballot measure
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:Legal treatise
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2550:Letters patent
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2501:Sources of law
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:Unenforced law
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
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2361:
2356:
2351:
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2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Commercial law
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
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2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
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2170:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
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2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2033:
2026:
2025:External links
2023:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1991:
1967:
1935:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1862:
1832:
1823:|author2=
1759:
1733:
1703:
1688:
1682:. p. 24.
1664:
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1575:
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1544:
1543:
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1536:
1533:
1531:
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1520:
1508:
1496:
1488:Cyfraith Hywel
1484:
1468:
1467:(South Africa)
1462:
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1430:
1425:
1419:
1409:
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1398:
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1335:
1327:
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1310:
1309:
1267:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1189:South Sulawesi
1089:Horn of Africa
934:
931:
902:Law of Nations
900:refers to the
886:Main article:
883:
880:
869:Sachsenspiegel
815:Main article:
812:
809:
774:
771:
729:
726:
706:
703:
669:
668:
659:
652:unofficial law
648:consuetudinary
632:
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614:
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518:
515:
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511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
488:Aidan Southall
485:
480:
478:James C. Scott
475:
470:
468:Rodney Needham
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Ernest Gellner
410:
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47:Basic concepts
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4625:Social theory
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4407:
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4401:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Radhakrishnan
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:20th and 21st
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:18th and 19th
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Civil society
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Trier of fact
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Legal opinion
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Court-martial
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2920:Jurisprudence
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Statutory law
2807:
2805:
2804:Socialist law
2802:
2798:
2797:Byzantine law
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2748:Religious law
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2720:Legal systems
2717:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:Statutory law
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Statutory law
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Transport law
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Legal fiction
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Financial law
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Corporate law
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Statutory law
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:Core subjects
2087:
2083:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1816:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:Latin America
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:Customary law
1463:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1292:November 2008
1285:
1284:the talk page
1281:
1275:
1273:
1268:This section
1266:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1245:Mangkunegaran
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:South Sumatra
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:Somali people
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:customary law
895:
889:
881:
879:
877:
876:
871:
870:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
818:
810:
808:
805:
801:
800:'deductively'
796:
794:
788:
784:
781:
772:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
751:
739:
738:Belgian Congo
734:
727:
725:
722:
719:
718:
713:
712:H. L. A. Hart
704:
702:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
665:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
645:
644:Customary law
641:
639:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
607:
605:
604:
601:
597:
594:
593:
586:
583:
581:
580:
576:
574:
573:
569:
568:
562:
561:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
483:Elman Service
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:David Graeber
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:John Comaroff
376:
374:
373:Jean Comaroff
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Fredrik Barth
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
291:Legal systems
290:
289:
286:
285:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
201:Legal culture
199:
197:
196:Customary law
194:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:Theatre state
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:House society
170:
168:
167:Petty kingdom
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Social status
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
35:
31:
28:
26:
21:
20:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4378:
3798:Guicciardini
3781:Early modern
3617:Philosophers
3591:Conservatism
3586:Confucianism
3574:Distributism
3507:Social norms
3495:Sittlichkeit
3481:Ressentiment
3427:Institutions
3405:Human nature
3345:
3267:
3260:
3246:
3232:
3005:Jurisdiction
2973:Legal remedy
2928:Adjudication
2828:Legal theory
2666:Ratification
2661:Promulgation
2632:Proclamation
2612:Codification
2545:Human rights
2533:Divine right
2527:
2523:Constitution
2491:Women in law
2409:Military law
2404:Marriage law
2399:Maritime law
2298:Election law
2238:Aviation law
2228:Abortion law
2180:Property law
2116:Criminal law
2044:
2039:
1999:
1994:
1984:11 September
1982:. Retrieved
1970:
1960:11 September
1958:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1938:
1928:11 September
1926:. Retrieved
1909:
1902:
1897:
1876:
1865:
1855:11 September
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1835:
1805:11 September
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1772:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1706:
1674:
1667:
1660:Lord Denning
1655:
1650:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1382:
1367:Central Asia
1360:
1338:
1313:
1298:
1289:
1278:Please help
1269:
1126:
1115:
1110:
1092:
1082:
1078:Central Asia
1073:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1022:
1018:Scandinavian
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
971:
936:
901:
897:
891:
873:
867:
861:
857:
823:codification
820:
811:Codification
797:
792:
789:
785:
776:
767:
763:
757:
753:
747:
723:
716:
708:
692:
672:
670:
664:opinio juris
662:
651:
647:
643:
642:
638:legal custom
637:
635:
584:
577:
570:
550:
458:Sidney Mintz
448:Ralph Linton
443:Edmund Leach
403:Morton Fried
398:Meyer Fortes
348:F. G. Bailey
280:
245:
233:
218:Case studies
195:
177:Ethnic group
147:Band society
22:
4585:Historicism
4414:(1835â1840)
4380:De Officiis
4104:de Beauvoir
4074:Baudrillard
4026:Vivekananda
4016:Tocqueville
3931:Kierkegaard
3747:Ibn Khaldun
3717:Alpharabius
3608:Personalism
3517:Stewardship
3474:Reification
3469:Natural law
3390:Familialism
3356:Culturalism
3177:Legislature
3108:Bureaucracy
2905:Rule of man
2900:Rule of law
2875:Libertarian
2738:Chinese law
2639:Legislation
2589:Regulations
2577:Law reports
2555:Natural law
2451:Reparations
2446:Refugee law
2369:Jurimetrics
2310:(Media law)
2248:Banking law
2243:Amnesty law
2221:Disciplines
2158:Private law
1841:"JuryGlobe"
1779:. p. 6
1523:Wahkohtowin
1481:Islamic law
1434:Pashtunwali
1153:Minangkabau
1048:Askar Akaev
954: [
947:regulations
850:obligations
821:The modern
428:Ulf Hannerz
423:Lesley Gill
4658:Categories
4590:Humanities
4550:Agnotology
4209:KoĆakowski
3772:Ibn Tufayl
3752:Maimonides
3696:Thucydides
3691:Tertullian
3646:Lactantius
3541:Volksgeist
3522:Traditions
3336:Convention
3170:Law school
3050:Prosecutor
2988:Magistrate
2775:Jewish law
2733:Common law
2654:Rulemaking
2649:Regulation
2599:Law making
2538:Divine law
2514:Legal code
2461:Sports law
2384:Law of war
2334:Health law
2319:Family law
2303:Energy law
2253:Bankruptcy
2190:Punishment
2185:Public law
2047:: 373â412.
1698:2007003956
1535:References
1477:Arab world
1424:(Scotland)
1330:See also:
1320:negligence
1274:to readers
1241:Pakualaman
1239:, and the
1227:, and the
1173:Kalimantan
1103:Siad Barre
1066:Kyrgyzstan
996:common law
965:(see also
878:of Spain.
320:Cargo cult
223:Acephelous
113:Matriarchy
108:Patriarchy
95:Leadership
4630:Sociology
4580:Historism
4289:Santayana
4259:Oakeshott
4229:MacIntyre
4214:Kropotkin
4189:Heidegger
4042:centuries
3956:Nietzsche
3921:Jefferson
3906:Helvétius
3871:Condorcet
3834:centuries
3818:Montaigne
3641:Confucius
3631:Augustine
3548:Worldview
3442:Modernity
3415:Formation
3148:Judiciary
3143:Executive
3118:The bench
3055:Solicitor
3030:Barrister
2910:Sociology
2895:Pseudolaw
2835:Anarchist
2792:Roman law
2780:Parsi law
2765:Hindu law
2753:Canon law
2728:Civil law
2681:Concordat
2572:Precedent
2481:Trust law
2456:Space law
2293:Drugs law
2163:Procedure
2101:Civil law
1815:cite book
1783:21 August
1540:Citations
1403:(Ireland)
1357:(England)
1349:Nusantara
1197:Molluccas
1181:Gorontalo
1163:regions,
1043:In 1995,
1033:civil law
974:canon law
939:civil law
913:force of
910:diplomacy
834:custumals
827:civil law
681:universal
508:Eric Wolf
80:Age grade
34:Political
4679:Tort law
4643:Category
4555:Axiology
4543:See also
4334:Voegelin
4324:Spengler
4299:Shariati
4254:Nussbaum
4239:Maritain
4199:Irigaray
4179:Habermas
4144:Foucault
4129:Durkheim
4031:Voltaire
3996:de Staël
3971:Rousseau
3896:Franklin
3757:Muhammad
3742:Gelasius
3727:Avempace
3710:Medieval
3686:Polybius
3681:Plutarch
3447:Morality
3422:Ideology
3410:Identity
3319:Concepts
3255:Category
3197:Tribunal
3182:Military
3025:Attorney
2995:Judgment
2855:Feminist
2770:Jain law
2567:Case law
2288:Cyberlaw
2195:Corporal
2173:Criminal
2143:Evidence
2133:Doctrine
2111:Contract
1726:19 April
1445:Pashtuns
1387:(France)
1229:Javanese
1177:Minahasa
1169:Belitung
1113:(2005).
1029:Ethiopia
943:statutes
919:genocide
838:case law
831:medieval
565:Journals
162:Chiefdom
139:Polities
25:a series
23:Part of
4384:(44 BC)
4314:Sombart
4309:Skinner
4294:Scruton
4274:Polanyi
4249:Niebuhr
4234:Marcuse
4169:Gramsci
4164:Gentile
4124:Du Bois
4114:Deleuze
4084:Benoist
4054:Agamben
4011:Thoreau
4001:Stirner
3991:Spencer
3941:Le Play
3891:Fourier
3876:Emerson
3861:Carlyle
3846:Bentham
3823:MĂŒntzer
3793:Erasmus
3767:Plethon
3762:Photios
3722:Aquinas
3656:Mencius
3624:Ancient
3557:Schools
3437:Loyalty
3395:History
3383:Counter
3378:Culture
3346:Customs
3269:Outline
3206:History
3113:The bar
3087:Verdict
3035:Counsel
3015:Justice
2870:History
2693:Statute
2509:Charter
2471:Tax law
2419:Probate
2010:Sources
1752:29 July
1505:Somalia
1461:(India)
1416:Albania
1384:Coutume
1362:Aqsaqal
1270:may be
1193:Ternate
1107:Somalia
1087:in the
1074:aqsaqal
1070:Bishkek
1062:aqsaqal
1058:aqsaqal
1053:aqsaqal
1016:In the
993:English
991:In the
976:of the
972:In the
923:slavery
854:Bracton
842:jurists
689:slavery
646:(also,
270:Mandala
103:Big man
84:Age set
4689:Custom
4575:Ethics
4534:(2010)
4524:(1991)
4514:(1990)
4504:(1987)
4494:(1987)
4484:(1979)
4474:(1976)
4464:(1967)
4454:(1964)
4444:(1949)
4434:(1935)
4424:(1930)
4404:(1756)
4394:(1486)
4339:Walzer
4329:Taylor
4319:Sowell
4304:Simmel
4269:Pareto
4264:Ortega
4174:Guénon
4159:Gehlen
4154:Gandhi
4109:Debord
4094:Butler
4089:Berlin
4079:Bauman
4069:Badiou
4059:Arendt
4049:Adorno
3981:Ruskin
3936:Le Bon
3911:Herder
3886:Fichte
3881:Engels
3851:Bonald
3841:Arnold
3813:Milton
3808:Luther
3788:Calvin
3666:Origen
3636:Cicero
3596:Social
3532:Family
3527:Values
3488:Rights
3452:Public
3400:Honour
3331:Anomie
3326:Agency
3187:Police
3158:Agency
3040:Lawyer
2785:Sharia
2676:Treaty
2671:Repeal
2617:Decree
2528:Custom
2424:Estate
2374:Labour
2138:Equity
1696:
1686:
1452:Smriti
1345:Malays
1221:Madura
1213:Lombok
1195:, the
1185:Toraja
1165:Bangka
1159:, the
1147:, and
1099:Ogaden
982:custom
927:treaty
906:states
875:fueros
846:rights
804:Tswana
758:mekgwa
750:Tswana
699:courts
685:piracy
596:Social
265:Negara
4372:Works
4359:ĆœiĆŸek
4344:Weber
4284:Röpke
4244:Negri
4224:Lasch
4194:Hoppe
4149:Fromm
4139:Evola
4119:Dewey
4099:Camus
4006:Taine
3986:Smith
3976:Royce
3966:Renan
3901:Hegel
3866:Comte
3856:Burke
3803:Locke
3737:Dante
3732:Bruni
3701:Xunzi
3676:Plato
3671:Philo
3651:Laozi
3459:Mores
3371:Multi
3361:Inter
3262:Index
3128:Court
3072:Trial
2978:Judge
2819:Yassa
2622:Edict
2168:Civil
2121:Crime
1979:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1573:Hund.
1493:Wales
1458:ÄcÄra
1440:Jirga
1225:Sunda
1205:Timor
1201:Papua
1161:Malay
1149:Batak
1133:Papua
1118:Hindu
958:]
754:melao
691:(see
254:State
157:Tribe
128:Chief
118:Elder
75:Caste
4354:Zinn
4349:Weil
4219:Land
4204:Kirk
4064:Aron
4021:Vico
3961:Owen
3951:Mill
3946:Marx
3926:Kant
3916:Hume
3661:Mozi
3366:Mono
3010:Jury
2958:Fiqh
2814:Xeer
2212:Tort
2128:Deed
1986:2010
1962:2010
1930:2010
1857:2010
1827:help
1807:2010
1789:and
1785:2008
1754:2008
1728:2015
1694:LCCN
1684:ISBN
1527:Cree
1500:Xeer
1455:and
1437:and
1340:Adat
1316:tort
1243:and
1217:Java
1211:and
1209:Bali
1167:and
1145:Alas
1141:Gayo
1137:Aceh
1129:adat
1094:xeer
1083:The
945:and
921:and
744:1942
598:and
299:Kapu
4184:Han
4134:Eco
2082:Law
1654:In
1472:Urf
1347:of
969:).
892:In
856:'s
825:of
687:or
650:or
36:and
4660::
2516:/
2045:28
2038:,
1921:.
1885:^
1873:,
1843:.
1819::
1817:}}
1813:{{
1770:.
1714:.
1692:.
1638:^
1626:^
1578:^
1560:^
1548:^
1235:,
1223:,
1207:,
1203:,
1199:,
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
1171:,
1155:,
1151:,
1143:,
1139:,
1124:.
1080:.
980:,
956:de
896:,
742:c.
740:,
701:.
667:).
636:A
27:on
3304:e
3297:t
3290:v
2074:e
2067:t
2060:v
1988:.
1964:.
1932:.
1859:.
1829:)
1809:.
1787:.
1756:.
1730:.
1700:.
1525:(
1519:)
1507:)
1503:(
1495:)
1491:(
1483:)
1479:/
1475:(
1443:(
1418:)
1414:(
1369:)
1365:(
1351:)
1343:(
1305:)
1299:(
1294:)
1290:(
1286:.
1276:.
625:e
618:t
611:v
82:/
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