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477:. In the city a royal palace was built and a temple acropolis to which a straight paved street led from the city gate. There was also a planned residential area and the entire city was enclosed by a wall. The city size was about 90 hectares (220 acres). Shubat-Enlil may have had a population of 20,000 people at its peak. After the death of Shamshi-Adad, the city became the capital of
38:
701:, M. Staubwasser and H. Weiss, Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia," in M. Staubwasser and H. Weiss, eds., Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia. Quaternary Research (special issue) Volume 66, Issue 3 (November 2006), pp. 372-387.
730:
L. Ristvet, "Resettling Apum: Tribalism and Tribal States in the Tell Leilan Region, Syria.", In N. Laneri, P. Philzner and S. Valentini (eds.), Looking North: the
Socioeconomic Dynamics of Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC. Wiesbaden:
860:
Weiss, Harvey, Sturt
Manning, Lauren Ristvet, Lucia Mori, Mark Besonen, Andrew McCarthy, Philippe Quenet, Alexia Smith, Zainab Bahrani, "Tell Leilan Akkadian Imperialization, Collapse, and Short-Lived Reoccupation Defined by High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating", in H. Weiss, ed., Seven Generations
914:
Weiss, Harvey, Francesca deLillis, Dominique deMoulins, Jesper Eidem, Thomas
Guilderson, Ulla Kasten, Torben Larsen, Lucia Mori, Lauren Ristvet, Elena Rova, and Wilma Wetterstrom, 2002, Revising the contours of history at Tell Leilan. Annales Archeologiques Arabes Syriennes, vol. 45,
590:
Eidem, J., "Old
Assyrian Trade in Northern Syria. The Evidence from Tell Leilan. In J. G. Dercksen (ed.), Anatolia and the Jazira during the Old Assyrian Period", pp. 31-41, Publications de l’Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 111. Leiden.,
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revived the abandoned site of Tell Leilan. Shamshi-Adad saw the great potential in the rich agricultural production of the region and made it the capital city of his empire. He renamed it from Shehna to Shubat-Enlil, or Šubat-Enlil, meaning "the residence of the god
617:
Risvet, L., "The Third
Millennium City Wall at Tell Leilan, Syria: Identity, Authority and Urbanism", in J. Bretschneider, J. Driessen and K. Vanlerberghe, eds., Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean. Leuven: Peters, pp. 183-212,
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maintained by the rulers of the city. These tablets date to the eighteenth century BC and record the dealings with other
Mesopotamian states and how the city administration worked. Finds from the excavations at Tell Leilan are on display in the
652:
van Gijn, Annelou, The
Ninevite 5 Chipped Stone Assemblage from Tell Leilan: Preliminary Results", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
664:
Wetterstrom, Wilma, "Ninevite 5 Period
Agriculture at Tell Leilan: Preliminary Results", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
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Parayre, Dominique, "The
Ninevite 5 Sequence of Glyptic at Tell Leilan", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors.,
960:
712:
Ristvet, L. and H. Weiss 2005 "The Hābūr Region in the Late Third and Early Second
Millennium B.C.," in Winfried Orthmann, ed., The History and Archaeology of Syria. Vol. 1. Saabrucken: Saarbrucken Verlag.
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Eidem, Jesper. 2008. The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan: Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from The Lower Town Palace. Yale Tell Leilan Research, Vol. 2. London and New Haven: Yale University Press.
955:
858:
629:
Weiss, Harvey, "Ninevite 5 Periods and Processes.", In The origins of North Mesopotamian civilization: Ninevite 5 chronology, economy, society. Brussels: Brepols. E. Rova and H. Weiss, editors. 2003
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at Tell Leilan containing no evidence of human habitation offered clues as to the cause of the demise of the Akkadian imperial city; analysis indicated that at around 2200 BC, a three-century
784:
Weiss, Harvey, "Tell Leilan 1989: New Data for Mid-Third Millennium Urbanization and State Formation.", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin, vol. 122, pp. 193-218, 1990
570:
Ristvet, Lauren, Thomas Guilderson and Harvey Weiss, "The Dynamics of State Development and Imperialization at Third Millennium Tell Leilan, Syria", In Orient Express, vol. 21, no. 2, 2004
804:
995:
749:
Pulhan, Gül. 2000. On the Eve of the Dark Age: Qarni-Lim’s Palace at Tell Leilan. Ph.D. Dissertation, Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Yale University, New Haven, CT
204:. The site has been occupied since the 5th millennium BC. During the late third millennium, the site was known as Shekhna. During that time it was under control of the
760:
Harvey Weiss, Excavations at Tell Leilan and the Origins of North Mesopotamian cities in the Third Millennium B.C., Paléorient, vol 9, iss. 2, pp. 39-52, 1983
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965:
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Harvey Weiss, "Rediscovering: Tell Leilan on the Habur Plains of Syria", The Biblical Archaeologist, ASOR, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 5–34 (Mar 1985)
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F. de Lillis Forest, L. Milano and L. Mori, "The Akkadian Occupation in the Northwest Area of the Tell Leilan Acropolis", KASKAL, vol. 4, 2007
1010:
677:, Harvey Weiss et al., The genesis and collapse of Third Millennium north Mesopotamian Civilization, Science, vol. 291, pp. 995-1088, 1993
689:, H. M. Cullen, Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire: Evidence from the deep sea, Geology, vol. 28, pp. 379-382, 2000
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Van De Mieroop, Marc, "The Leilan Tablets 1991 a Preliminary Report", Orientalia, NOVA SERIES, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 305-344, 1994
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sacked it in 1726 BC. During this period various minor kings ruled there, including Turum-natki, Zuzu, and Haja-Abum.
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782:
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Claudine Adrienne Vincente, "The 1987 Tell Leilan Tablets Dated by the Limmu of Habil-kinu: Volume 1 and 2", AMI, 1992
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Harvey Weiss, Tell Leilan and Shubat Enlil, Mari, Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires, vol. 4, pp. 269-92, 1985
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Rivers and steppes. Cultural heritage and environment of the Syrian Jezireh. Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez-Zor
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Vincente, C.-A., "Tell Leilan Recension of the Sumerian King List.", NABU 1990, no. 11, pp. 8–9, 1990
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and was used as an administrative center. Around 1800 BC, the site was renamed "Šubat-Enlil" by the king
817:
The Royal Archives from Tell Leilan. Old Babylonian Letters and Treaties from the Lower Town Palace East
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The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)
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513:. The dig ended in 2008. Among many important discoveries at Tell Leilan is an archive of 1100
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Weiss, Harvey, ed., 2012, Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
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Beginning in 1979 the mound of Tell Leilan was excavated by a team of archaeologists from
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The city originated around 5000 BC as a small farming village and grew to be a large city
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212:, and it became his residential capital. Shubat-Enlil was abandoned around 1700 BC.
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Leilan, Brak and Urkesh were particularly prominent during the Akkadian period.
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is about 50 km away to the southwest, and also in the Khabur River basin.
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since the Fall of Akkad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz., pp. 163–192, 2012
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819:(PIHANS 117). The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden, 2011.
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The site is located close to some other flourishing cities of the time.
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Jesper Eidem, with a contribution by Lauren Ristvet and Harvey Weiss:
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The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: C. 8000-332 BCE.
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Harvey Weiss et al., 1985 Excavations at Tell Leilan, Syria,
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Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
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Bonatz, Dominik; Kühne, Hartmut; Mahmoud, As'ad (1998).
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was severe enough to affect agriculture and settlement.
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Akkermans, Peter M. M. G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2004).
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Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC
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265:period were found at the site. A 3-foot layer of
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996:Archaeological sites in al-Hasakah Governorate
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224:is about 50 km away to the southeast.
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192:situated near the Wadi Jarrah in the
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497:, maintained a large palace there.
250:BC, three hundred years before the
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976:18th-century BC disestablishments
833:. Damascus: Ministry of Culture.
971:Former populated places in Syria
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966:1979 archaeological discoveries
771:American Journal of Archaeology
535:Cities of the ancient Near East
261:BC. A number of finds from the
254:. The city had a large wall by
898:. Cambridge University Press.
545:List of Mesopotamian dynasties
1:
875:van de Mieroop, Marc (1999).
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1011:2nd millennium BC in Assyria
288:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
285:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
27:Archaeological site in Syria
879:. Oxford University Press.
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540:Short chronology timeline
481:and prospered until king
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1001:Neolithic sites in Syria
981:Ancient Assyrian cities
464:(1813–1781 BC) of
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198:Al-Hasakah Governorate
81:Al-Hasakah Governorate
877:The Mesopotamian City
867:. Elizabeth Kolbert.
606:OUP Oxford, 2014 p398
112:36.95722°N 41.50528°E
1006:Tells (archaeology)
941:Tell Leilan project
379:• Established
190:archaeological site
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42:View of Tell Leilan
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68:Shown within Syria
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18:Shubat-Enlil
550:Tell Khoshi
501:Archaeology
483:Samsu-iluna
259: 2600
248: 2600
186:Tell Leilan
115: /
91:Coordinates
31:Tell Leilan
950:Categories
368:Bronze Age
316:Government
263:Ninevite 5
230:Tell Mozan
171:Site notes
131:Settlement
103:41°30′19″E
100:36°57′26″N
839:638775287
515:cuneiform
509:, led by
491:Qarni-Lim
473:" in the
466:Ekallatum
297:1809 BCE–
226:Tell Brak
216:Geography
196:basin in
176:Condition
149:Abandoned
529:See also
399:1776 BCE
386:1809 BCE
320:Monarchy
301:1776 BCE
267:sediment
222:Hamoukar
179:In ruins
165:Assyrian
161:Akkadian
157:Cultures
152:1726 BCE
144:5000 BCE
77:Location
495:Andarig
487:Babylon
341:•
306:Capital
271:drought
239:History
141:Founded
136:History
922:
902:
883:
837:
331:
188:is an
556:Notes
471:Enlil
453:Syria
397:circa
384:circa
347:circa
343:circa
299:circa
295:circa
202:Syria
85:Syria
920:ISBN
900:ISBN
881:ISBN
835:OCLC
665:2003
653:2003
641:2003
618:2007
591:2008
479:Apum
428:Apum
349:BCE
327:King
128:Type
485:of
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525:.
256:c.
245:c.
163:,
83:,
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889:.
841:.
20:)
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