24:
52:
131:
The water tiger is described as similar (in size) to a 3 or 4-year old human child, with tiger-like attributes in the lower limb and perhaps the head, though interpretations have varied. The modern interpretation is that the tiger-like (head), claws, etc., are always submerged and hidden, but the
781:
The accompanying text reads: "Suiko is shaped like a child. Its carapace resembles that of a pangolin, and its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws. It dwells in China's Sushui River, where it is often seen on the sand, drying its shell". The carapace/shell (甲) is described as like those of a
1628:
library edition): 本草綱目 (四庫全書本)「巻42 蟲之四 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉水虎」:"時珍曰襄沔記云中廬縣有涑水注沔中有物如三四嵗小兒甲如鱗鯉射不能入秋曝沙上膝頭似虎掌爪常没水出膝示人小兒弄之便咬人人生得者摘其鼻可小小使之名曰水虎". The (misprinted) word for pangolin "鱗鯉" in this edition occurs as "鯪鯉" in the 1596 edition, and the latter is the form given by
526:, where it is sung that the male's "small avenue" achieves sexual maturity at age 16, and the female's at age 14. In an English translation of this poem, the male's "small avenue" is rendered as "semen", and the female's as "her fluids".
2227:
500:) which has been literally rendered as "used for some trifles" in translation actually refers to some aspect of sexuality or reproduction (bodily fluid), according to sources. More specifically, this term
2237:
214:. Their knees, which are also tiger-like may be visible above water, but their claws always remain submerged, despite their habit of lying on sand and basking in the sun in autumn.
534:
There are alternative interpretations, where instead of pharmacological use, the live specimen becomes a tamed or trained beast with the removal or manipulation of the body part.
2196:
239:(1712) interpreted the text to read "its knee-cap resembles that of a tiger's forepaw claws". The accompanying woodcut illustration (figure top right) depicts this. The artist
537:
One interpretation of the statement is that when the genitals are removed the beast, it becomes tame or docile, much like the spaying or neutering of dogs and cats. The
210:; "water tiger") is described as being "about the size of a three- or four-year old (human) child", with a head like a tiger's, and a shell like that of the
243:
who consulted
Terajima's encyclopedia also drew the creature with the claws on the knees, with the caption: "..its kneecaps are sharp like tiger claws".
859:, which literally can be translated to mean "hill carp". This explains why it is stated as "carp" rather than "pangolin" in one translated paper. The
1413:
638:
as separate (though adjacent) entries. The artist Sekien, who followed after this encyclopedia, also illustrated the two creatures separately.
386:
is caught alive, then the harvested nose can be "used for some trifles". The part of the anatomy in question is not referred to as the nose (
2361:
2206:
468:", namely, the removal of its genitals, as one newspaper has more bluntly put it. It is also stated that the part can be applied as an
2289:
2009:
1967:
1759:
1533:
1506:
1479:
1422:
Legend: A Comparative
Ethnological Study on the Japanese Water-Spirit "Kappa" and Its Habit of Trying to Lure Horses into the Water"
1342:
1301:
1271:
1151:
2095:, p. 324 n1. Annotation attributed to Yano. probably entomologist Yano Munemoto 矢野宗幹, since this is the "Bugs" section of the work.
1417:
2309:
1723:
1472:
Chinese
Traditional Healing (3 vols): The Berlin Collections of Manuscript Volumes from the 16th through the Early 20th Century
933:
280:
1263:
967:
453:
433:
409:
201:
89:
885:, which is the common modern term. The Japanese translation of this pangolin entry can be consulted for verification, where
353:
959:
445:
425:
401:
359:
348:
2282:
Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume VIII: Clothes, Utensils, Worms, Insects, Amphibians, Animals with Scales, Animals with Shells
145:
possessed kneecaps like tiger-claws. This odd feature was replicated in its woodcut illustration, and propagated in
141:, an influential encyclopedia of the early 18th-century, gave a considerably divergent reading and stated that the
2366:
109:
64:
2001:
23:
2254:
1206:
2371:
1959:
2080:"Although is often treated as a variation of the kappa, Sekien breaks it out into its own entry here".
743:
701:) found from his fieldwork or information gathering conducted in Japan. An illustrated work entitled
1060:
600:
223:
124:'water tiger'), is a legendary creature said to have inhabited river systems in what is now
37:
1899:
1702:
1648:
2043:
1988:
1707:
1558:
1444:
1348:
1067:
991:) could imply or denote the genitalia, and it is one of the dictionary definitions, but the term
832:, but the extrapolation has been made that this concerns the size or "being shaped like a child".
760:
605:
228:
42:
1955:
Han Shih Wai Chuan: Han Ying's
Illustrations of the Didactic Application of the Classic of Songs
1409:
2226:
1903:
2285:
2273:
2005:
1963:
1926:
1755:
1749:
1679:
1529:
1502:
1496:
1475:
1463:
1338:
1318:
1297:
1291:
1267:
1257:
1147:
722:
367:
1953:
1604:"Suiko, Water-Tiger.. His illustration is new but the description paraphrases the one in the
1523:
1396:
Book 42, "Bugs 4". The
Chinese text is also printed side by side in the Unschuld translation.
1141:
2180:
2167:
2117:
2047:
1498:
Weaving Flesh and Blood Into Sacred
Architecture: Ornamental Stories of Candi Loro Jonggrang
1436:
1330:
1182:
755:
612:
522:
285:
235:
172:
137:
32:
1992:
1169:
1137:
875:
642:
240:
146:
59:
1751:
Dictionary of the Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume 2: Geographical and
Administrative Designations
97:
1868:
1525:
The Monkey and the Inkpot: natural history and its transformations in early modern China
828:
Literally it only actually states "resembling children aged three to four years" in the
1805:
1801:
1778:
1774:
1644:
931:
The identity of the River Shu here is uncertain. There is a river Shu mentioned in the
262:
132:
kneecap is exposed to view, although if a human tries to tamper with he may be killed.
2267:(in Japanese). Vol. 10. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō. pp. 323–324.
520:
dictionary, etc., and one instance of usage of "small avenue" occurs in a poem in the
2355:
267:
222:
A dissident reading exists, particularly among
Japanese sources. The Osaka physician
135:
Japanese books during the
Tokugawa Period read the Chinese text rather differently.
1625:
938:
17:
2171:
2149:[Charting the Changing Image of the Kappa through Visual Representations]
1933:
1782:
1690:
1562:
2143:
622:
516:
469:
261:; "Records of Xiang mian", 8th century) preserved in the well-known Ming Period
1146:, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 91,
2245:
2222:
2214:
2191:
1675:
1373:
is employed by a
Japanologist and a sinologist, though the latter concerns a
1016:. The same gloss (indication of synonym), and poem example also occurs in the
1009:
674:
465:
2195:
1949:
748:
292:
2144:"Kappa no imēji no hensen ni tsuite: zushō shiryō no bunseki wo chūshin ni"
1088:. Cf. local historian Prof. Mataji Miyamoto who states that what was called
1334:
1319:"The Book of the Yellow Court: A Lost Song Commentary of the 12th Century"
167:
2284:. Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. p. 499.
1293:
The Knowledge of Nature and the Nature of Knowledge in Early Modern Japan
996:
211:
155:
1352:
51:
1448:
1186:
541:
interpreted this passage of Chinese text to mean that if a person pinch
1850:
1847:
1838:
988:
893:
in Japanese. As noted above, illustrator Sekien mingled the script of
2184:
1143:
Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien
942:
794:
673:
of Japan share a common origin. The synonymous usage can be found in
284:, 6th century) as quoted in the 17th century Ming Period dictionary,
1440:
1173:
1046:
Terajima Ryōan was a physician based in Osaka, and he uses the term
2335:
1077:
738:
593:
363:
125:
50:
22:
2055:. Osaka no kenkyū 5 (in Japanese). Seibundō shuppan. p. 230.
819:
adheres to the Wade-Giles system, used by Strassberg for example.
341:
inhabits the confluence between two rivers, where the river Shu (
2322:. International Research Center for Japanese Studies. 2019-11-13
686:
16:
This article is about a legendary creature. For the novel, see
1687:(in Japanese), vol. 28, Hishiya Kichibē, pp. 18b–20a
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1020:, though in another book not specifically connected with the
1874:[Records of the Nine Provinces' monsters: shuihu].
725:, the kappa have been deified and enshrined by the name of
1790:(in Chinese), vol. 47, Kuwana, Japan, p. 19b–20a
1606:
Illustrated Sino-Japanese Encyclopedia of the Three Realms
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
630:) but was to be distinguished from it; thus he placed the
2064:
2062:
2026:
2024:
1377:
that dwells in the human body and "like to eat mercury".
1259:
Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writing from Imperial China
2179:, vol. 49, Koji ruien kankōkai, pp. 480–490,
2118:"Kappa densetsu: shinkakuka no rūtsu wo tadoru Aomori"
1528:. Harvard University Press. pp. 35, 174 n9, 209.
645:
scholars, etc., during Japan's Edo Period equated the
464:, the harvest of this body part has been glossed as "
1905:
A dictionary of the Chinese language, in three parts
1198:
1196:
873:, where it is noted that the beast is also known as
1748:Zhang, Zhibin; Unschuld, Paul Ulrich, eds. (2015),
1385:
1383:
802:, the modern-day common term for pangolin in Japan.
712:, "A Study of Water Tigers", 1820; copy made 1836)
693:; he also included various collected lore on the
798:manner, but Toriyama here forces the reading of
184:had distinguished these as two separate beings.
2228:"Book 42. Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4"
1600:
1598:
1329:(In Memoriam Isabelle Robinet 1932-2000): 216.
566:
550:
2049:Fūzokushi no kenkyū & Kōnoike-ke no kenkyū
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1098:
1052:
783:
707:
560:
544:
504:(lit. "small use") is glossed as a synonym of
2016:水虎は河童の呼び方の一つとするのが一般的だが、石燕は、河童とは違う妖怪と考えていたようだ
1845:
1836:
1084:in the east, and this is a truncated form of
983:It is not an obscure reference that the term
685:), but also discussed the creature's love of
677:'s commentary, which was on the topic of the
509:
495:
477:
391:
342:
256:
8:
1811:
1296:. University of Chicago Press. p. 195.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1238:
2274:"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix.
1464:"Section Worms/Bugs. Chapter 42. Appendix.
1462:Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng (2021).
251:The description occurs in a quote from the
162:Past Japanese writers also sometimes used "
119:
2092:
1930:
1863:
1861:
1735:
1617:
1393:
1389:
1202:
1164:
1162:
1754:, Univ of California Press, p. 218,
1639:
1637:
1635:
1404:
1402:
1962:. Harvard University Press. p. 28.
1285:
1283:
1190:, Kyushu University Library Collections.
1076:, or so the creature is known in either
788:(pangolin) which would normally be read
557:the nose, the beast turns into a servant
274:A similar description can be found the
2088:
2086:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1392:"Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4";
1365:The Unshculd translation uses the form
1122:
918:For the passage in the Chinese source,
774:
102:
2197:"Bugs (Worms, Insects, Amphibians) 4"
1681:Jūshū honzō kōmoku keimō (in 35 vols.)
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1501:. University of Michigan. p. 65.
366:Province) flows into the river Mian (=
2104:
2068:
2030:
1589:
689:usually associated with the Japanese
321:may only be uniquely attested in the
7:
597:, but this was not always the case.
460:) of the beast. In reference to the
2255:"Mushi-bu dai-42-kan furoku suiko"
514:, lit. "small avenue/path") in the
1317:Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004).
811:Unschuld translates in two words,
420:text, further explained to be the
180:) in native folklore, even though
14:
1080:(≈Kansai) or Kyūshū, is known as
1037:コツカヒ"; the modern form is "コヅカイ".
1563:"40. Gūrui & kairui: Suiko"
999:) carries a variety of meanings.
333:According to the quote from the
1256:Strassberg, Richard E. (1994).
1035:kana" given in the original is
934:Commentary on the Water Classic
849:refers to the pangolin as the
378:The original text found in the
281:Commentary on the Water Classic
2336:"Wakan sansai zue kan dai 40"
1716:
1264:University of California Press
971:
963:
881:
874:
869:
864:
855:
850:
657:became a synonym or alias for
457:
449:
437:
429:
413:
405:
314:
306:
297:, where it is stated that the
205:
93:
74:
1:
2146:「河童」のイメージの変遷について―図像資料の分析を中心に―
1678:(1844), Ono, Mototaka (ed.),
665:. But it is not clear if the
1869:"Jiuzhou yaoguai lu:shuihu"
1495:Totton, Mary-Louise (2002).
626:(the western local name for
166:(water-tiger)" as a stilted
2362:Chinese legendary creatures
2262:Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku
1266:. p. 445, endnote 10.
922:, further elaborated below.
714:was in fact a catalogue of
591:) has become a synonym for
567:
551:
2388:
2142:Ozawa, Hana (March 2011),
2127:(in Japanese). 2016-04-02.
1656:(in Chinese), vol. 47
974:) in the unrectified text.
901:) with the reading of the
15:
2157:(in Japanese) (34): 23–46
1925:. ¶46; Fang Yizhi (1800)
1846:
1837:
1812:
1575:, vol. 27, Book 40 (
1290:Marcon, Federico (2015).
1099:
1053:
863:has its own entry on the
784:
718:legends and testimonies.
708:
561:
545:
510:
496:
478:
392:
343:
257:
2337:
2319:
2311:
2264:
2256:
2241:
2229:
2210:
2198:
2175:
2163:
2145:
2119:
2051:
1996:
1878:
1870:
1818:
1786:
1683:
1652:
1572:
1564:
1177:
1175:Konjaku gazu zoku hyakki
937:but that is situated in
620:was a type/kindred of a
65:Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki
30:, from the encyclopedia
1960:Hightower, James Robert
1821:, Hakwonsa, p. 528
382:states that the if the
62:'s illustrated series,
2334:yabtyan (2010-03-02).
2230:巻42 蟲之四, 溪鬼蟲〈拾遺〉 水虎鬼彈附
1474:. BRILL. p. 333.
1335:10.3406/asie.2004.1207
1323:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie
815:. The hyphenated form
110:Japanese pronunciation
69:
48:
1810:Gosa seongeo sajeon (
1522:Nappi, Carla (2010).
1072:(1775) explains that
1012:'s commentary on the
579:Classification issues
317:); however, the form
54:
26:
2238:Bencao Gangmu (SKQS)
2002:Kawade Shobō Shinsha
1991:, ed. (April 2000).
1835:which is castration
610:in his 18th century
2272:Li Shizhen (2021).
2253:Li Shizhen (1930).
2120:河童伝説: 神格化のルーツたどる 青森
1720:Dobutsu-bu/kemono 7
1239:Unschuld tr. (2021)
968:traditional Chinese
643:herbal medicinalist
583:In Japan, the word
454:traditional Chinese
434:traditional Chinese
410:traditional Chinese
374:Pharmacological use
218:Alternative reading
188:General description
128:Province in China.
36:(1712) compiled by
2317:Kojiruien database
2310:"Dōbutsu-bu/jū 7"
1092:in Edo was called
1008:As pointed out in
960:simplified Chinese
446:simplified Chinese
440:) or the "force" (
426:simplified Chinese
402:simplified Chinese
360:Xiangzhou District
149:'s drawing of the
70:
49:
2093:Suzuki tr. (1930)
2071:, pp. 31–32.
2033:, pp. 27–28.
1931:Fang Yizhi (1805)
1876:Tencent Newspaper
1736:Suzuki tr. (1930)
1618:Li Shizhen (1782)
1414:Yoshida, Ken'ichi
1394:Li Shizhen (1782)
1390:Li Shizhen (1596)
1203:Suzuki tr. (1930)
845:in its entry for
769:Explanatory notes
723:Aomori Prefecture
669:of China and the
301:is also known as
122:
2379:
2367:Kappa (folklore)
2348:
2346:
2345:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2295:
2268:
2249:
2234:
2218:
2203:
2187:
2185:10.11501/1874269
2158:
2152:
2129:
2128:
2125:Mainichi Shimbun
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2044:Miyamoto, Mataji
2040:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2018:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1958:. Translated by
1946:
1940:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1717:Kojiruien (1930)
1711:
1700:
1694:
1691:copy held at NDL
1688:
1672:
1659:
1657:
1641:
1630:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1592:, pp. 31–32
1587:
1581:
1580:
1570:Wakan Sansai zue
1555:
1540:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1429:Folklore Studies
1426:
1410:Ishida, Eiichirô
1406:
1397:
1387:
1378:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1170:Toriyama, Sekien
1166:
1157:
1156:
1138:Toriyama, Sekien
1134:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1071:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1006:
1000:
981:
975:
973:
965:
954:Also written as
952:
946:
929:
923:
916:
910:
883:
878:
871:
866:
857:
852:
839:
833:
826:
820:
809:
803:
787:
786:
779:
764:
752:
713:
711:
710:
616:stated that the
613:Wakan Sansai Zue
609:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
556:
554:
548:
547:
539:Wakan Sansai Zue
523:Han shi waizhuan
513:
512:
499:
498:
481:
480:
459:
451:
439:
431:
415:
407:
395:
394:
357:
346:
345:
316:
308:
296:
260:
259:
236:Wakan Sansai Zue
232:
209:
182:Wakan Sansai Zue
138:Wakan Sansai Zue
123:
120:
106:
95:
86:
46:
33:Wakan Sansai Zue
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
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2376:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2341:
2339:
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2321:
2313:
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2305:
2300:
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2271:
2266:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2231:
2221:
2212:
2200:
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2161:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2132:
2121:
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2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2012:
1998:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1808:, eds. (1982),
1806:Gwon Sangro 權相老
1800:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
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1705:
1701:
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1685:
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1673:
1662:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1579:), fol. 17b–18a
1574:
1566:
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1543:
1536:
1521:
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1516:
1509:
1494:
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1456:
1441:10.2307/1177401
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1345:
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1304:
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1245:
1237:
1212:
1201:
1194:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1096:
1065:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1033:The historical
1032:
1028:
1007:
1003:
982:
978:
953:
949:
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349:Zhong lu county
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241:Toriyama Sekien
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2303:External links
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2162:神宮司庁 (1930),
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2004:. p. 14.
1975:
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1941:
1911:
1908:, p. 1029
1891:
1857:
1824:
1802:Jang Dobin 張道斌
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1713:Zenan zuihitsu
1695:
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224:Terajima Ryōan
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38:Terajima Ryōan
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2257:蟲部第四十二卷 附録 水虎
2251:
2247:
2242:本草綱目 (四庫全書本)』
2240:
2239:
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2011:9784309613826
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2236:
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2172:
2168:Jingū shichō
2154:
2135:Bibliography
2124:
2112:
2105:Ozawa (2011)
2100:
2076:
2069:Ozawa (2011)
2048:
2038:
2031:Ozawa (2011)
2015:
1993:
1989:Iwai, Hiromi
1954:
1944:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1918:Fang Yizhi.
1914:
1904:
1900:Thoms, P. P.
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1881:. 2020-11-25
1875:
1832:
1827:
1809:
1796:
1783:
1769:
1750:
1743:
1738:, p. 324 n2.
1731:
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1712:
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1626:Siku Quanshu
1621:
1613:
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1590:Ozawa (2011)
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1565:四十 寓類・怪類：水虎
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2356:Categories
2344:2021-06-02
2338:和漢三才圖會卷第四十
2326:2021-06-02
2320:故事類苑データベース
2246:Wikisource
2223:Li Shizhen
2215:Wikisource
2199:蟲之四 溪鬼蟲 水虎
2192:Li Shizhen
2173:Koji ruien
2164:動物部/獸七: 河童
1885:2021-07-03
1831:"Removing
1779:Yao Wenxie
1775:Fang Yizhi
1715:善庵随筆, via
1645:Fang Yizhi
1113:References
1086:kawa-wappa
1054:川太郎; かハたらう
1010:Ono Ranzan
727:suiko-sama
675:Ono Ranzan
486:trifle use
466:castration
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2225:(1782) .
1871:九州妖怪录│ 水虎
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1100:河太郎; がたろう
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