554:
down by night, without being discovered by those that could have prevented them, and overran a certain small city called
Engaddi:—in which expedition they prevented those citizens that could have stopped them, before they could arm themselves, and fight them. They also dispersed them, and cast them out of the city. As for such as could not run away, being women and children, they slew of them above seven hundred.”; “The first man who was slain by them was Jonathan the high priest, after whose death many were slain every day, while the fear men were in of being so served was more afflicting than the calamity itself; and while every body expected death every hour, as men do in war, so men were obliged to look before them, and to take notice of their enemies at a great distance; nor, if their friends were coming to them, durst they trust them any longer; but, in the midst of their suspicions and guarding of themselves, they were slain.”
1233:
587:
Masada were the hard-core supporters of a national resistance movement led by the
Zealots, the movement which fought in Jerusalem. He interpreted scrolls found at Masada as showing that the defenders came from different sects and groups, though the scrolls may have been looted from nearby villages. What Josephus actually said was that the defenders of Masada were Sicarii, an extreme Jewish group who specialised in assassination and had killed the High Priest in Jerusalem.
1777:
1787:
788:
against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the
Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.
522:
against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the
Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.
787:
Often associated with the
Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially
521:
Often associated with the
Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially
553:
Josephus, Jewish War, “…It was called Masada. Those that were called
Sicarii had taken possession of it formerly, but at this time they overran the neighboring countries, aiming only to procure to themselves necessaries; … when they were sent back into the country of their forefathers, they came
321:
to remove the rebel factions. The rebels eventually silenced the uprising and
Jerusalem stayed in their hands for the duration of the war. The Romans returned to take back the city, and making counter-attacks and laying siege to starve the rebels inside. The rebels held out for some time, but the
586:
says that the defenders of Masada took no part in the war against Rome during the siege of
Jerusalem, but instead plundered local villages including En Gedi on the Dead Sea, where "women and children, more than 700 in number, were butchered"… Professor Yadin wanted to prove that the defenders of
286:, the Sicarii, and (possibly) Zealot helpers (Josephus differentiated between the two but did not explain the main differences in depth), gained access to Jerusalem and committed a series of atrocities in an attempt to incite the population into war against Rome. In one account, given in the
316:
The
Zealots, Sicarii and other prominent rebels finally joined forces to attack and temporarily take Jerusalem from Rome in 66 AD, where they took control of the Temple in Jerusalem, executing anyone who tried to oppose their power. The local populace resisted their control and launched a
259:. Some murders were met with severe retaliation by the Romans on the broader Jewish population of the region. However, on some occasions, the Sicarii would release their intended victim if their terms were met. Much of what is known about the Sicarii comes from the
325:
Eleazar and his followers returned to Masada and continued their rebellion against the Romans until 73 AD. The Romans eventually took the fortress and, according to Josephus, found that most of its defenders had died by suicide rather than surrender. In Josephus'
322:
constant bickering and lack of leadership caused the groups to disintegrate. The leader of the Sicarii, Menahem, was killed by rival factions during an altercation. Finally, the Romans regained control and destroyed the whole city in 70 AD.
1232:
298:, were notable figures in the war, and the group fought in many battles against the Romans as soldiers. Together with a small group of followers, Menahem made his way to the fortress of
340:
in AD 73 and to the subsequent refusal "to submit to the taxation census when Cyrenius was sent to Judea to make one," as part of their rebellion's religious and political scheme.
1172:
290:, they destroyed the city's food supply, using starvation to force the people to fight against the Roman siege, instead of negotiating peace. Their leaders, including
275:, who wrote that the Sicarii agreed to release the kidnapped secretary of Eleazar, governor of the Temple precincts, in exchange for the release of ten captured
1828:
350:
of Jesus according to the New Testament, was believed by some to be a sicarius. Modern historians typically reject this contention, mainly because Josephus in
957:
306:
and overpowered the troops of Agrippa II. He also trained them to conduct various guerrilla operations on Roman convoys and legions stationed around Judea.
79:), concealed in their cloaks; at public gatherings, they pulled out these daggers to attack, blending into the crowd after the deed to escape detection.
1165:
358:
of Felix (52–60 AD), having no apparent relation with the group called Sicarii by Romans at times of Quirinius. The 2nd century compendium of Jewish
1430:
1619:
858:
571:
1095:
774:
508:
57:, conducted a campaign of "terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder" against other Jews and Romans, and became known for a reported
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1158:
815:
1838:
632:
607:
1132:
882:
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655:
859:
Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels; Was the siege really so heroic, asks Patrick Cockburn in Jerusalem
1465:
909:
905:
901:
897:
846:
173:
184:), and to this day "sicario" is a salaried assassin in Spanish and a commissioned murderer in Italian and Portuguese.
1700:
1207:
1181:
1365:
1339:
336:
became the dominant revolutionary Hebrew faction, scattered abroad. Josephus particularly associates them with the
235:
54:
961:
1823:
1725:
1291:
427:
382:), perhaps related to Sicarii, and which is explained by the early rabbinic commentators as being related to the
302:, took over a Roman garrison and slaughtered all 700 soldiers there. They also took over another fortress called
204:
196:
28:
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1445:
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90:
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1718:
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1306:
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249:
87:
689:"Definition of sicarius (noun, LNS, sīcārius) - Numen - The Latin Lexicon - An Online Latin Dictionary"
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318:
243:
239:
923:
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355:
116:
947:
Bastiaan van Iersel, Mark: A Reader-Response Commentary, Continuum International (1998), p. 167.
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1091:
1085:
1019:
990:
878:
770:
651:
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291:
177:
166:
180:. In later Latin usage, "sicarius" was also the standard term for a murderer (see, e.g., the
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1493:
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1455:
1212:
672:
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1087:
The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations
1076:
1054:
625:
Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present
446:
375:
347:
337:
62:
832:. Oxford Archaeological Guides (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 378–381.
1762:
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1334:
1286:
1044:
383:
343:
328:
267:
162:
1807:
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1635:
1124:
The Sicarii in Josephus's Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations
219:
188:
108:
688:
1417:
421:
58:
1127:. Early Judaism and Its Literature, 27. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
1122:
645:
1685:
456:
390:(= robbers), and to government personnel involved with implementing the laws of
354:(2:254–7) mentions the appearance of the Sicarii as a new phenomenon during the
132:
745:
17:
395:
359:
1142:
727:
309:
Josephus also wrote that the Sicarii raided nearby Hebrew villages including
1650:
1607:
1597:
1435:
391:
104:
and the Sicarii is often stated, but is unclear from the original sources.
1498:
1150:
1070:
1062:
1048:
1040:
984:
415:
310:
276:
272:
256:
94:
83:
363:
101:
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as meaning "people who harass and who are disposed to being violent."
1090:. Biblical Studies and Religious Studies. Brill Academic Publishers.
999:
The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon
299:
287:
223:
152:
76:
72:
46:
534:
86:. Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the
1440:
140:
120:
248:
Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the
709:
464:
157:
107:
The Sicarii are regarded as one of the earliest known organized
67:
42:
41:(“Knife-wielder”, “dagger-wielder”, “dagger-bearer”; from Latin
1154:
50:
811:
1072:
The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian
1050:
The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian
187:
The term Σικαρίων (Sikariōn) is used in Acts 21:38 of the
572:"Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels"
34:
Jewish Zealots who militantly resisted Roman occupation
893:
842:
313:, where they massacred 700 Jewish women and children.
1673:
1628:
1573:
1546:
1523:
1507:
1464:
1416:
1409:
1374:
1353:
1305:
1269:
1248:
1240:
1200:
922:
627:, Routledge (January 15, 2011), Chapter: Sicarii.
332:(vii), after the fall of the Temple in AD 70, the
82:The only source for the history of the Sicarii is
763:Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011).
497:Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011).
1166:
869:
867:
8:
450:
492:
490:
488:
1625:
1413:
1245:
1173:
1159:
1151:
828:Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome; Cunliffe, Barry.
600:Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response
562:
560:
549:
547:
195:. It is translated as "terrorists" in the
799:
750:Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa
418:, a modern group inspired by the Sicarii
1620:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
484:
439:
255:, and 700 Jewish women and children at
93:, and 700 Jewish women and children at
766:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
619:
617:
615:
500:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
182:Lex Cornelia de Sicariis et Veneficiis
7:
1829:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
1786:
602:, CRC Press (April 25, 2011) p.3-4.
1016:Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary
451:
379:
877:. London: Routledge, pp. 116–119.
176:*ḱey- ("to sharpen") possibly via
25:
812:Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
1785:
1776:
1775:
1231:
861:, The Independent, 30 March 1997
647:Albanian etymological dictionary
55:Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE
1121:Brighton, Mark Andrew (2009).
987:'s Commentary on Seder Taharot
135:of Josephus the term σικάριοι
53:who, in the decades preceding
1:
1581:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
402:1:6), explains the same word
398:, in his Mishnah commentary (
1001:, vol. 2, Berlin 1924, s.v.
1701:First Jewish Revolt coinage
1208:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)
769:. Zondervan. p. 1549.
650:. Brill. pp. 477–478.
503:. Zondervan. p. 1549.
100:A relationship between the
1860:
894:Josephus, Wars of the Jews
843:Josephus, Wars of the Jews
424:, tactic used by the group
319:series of sieges and raids
236:Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)
233:
26:
1839:Israelite civil conflicts
1771:
1726:Siege of Jerusalem (poem)
1354:Judea coast and highlands
1229:
1188:
428:List of Jewish civil wars
387:
205:American Standard Version
197:New International Version
191:as an accusation against
1410:Belligerents and leaders
1223:Jacob and Simon uprising
1084:Smallwood, E.M. (2001).
993:(Niddah Tractate), s.v.
873:Levick, Barbara (1999).
671:Havers, Wilhelm (1984).
370:1:6), mentions the word
282:At the beginning of the
218:is used in contemporary
1819:Military assassinations
1067:Antiquities of the Jews
1022:: Jerusalem 1967, s.v.
929:Encyclopædia Britannica
644:Orel, Vladimir (1998).
262:Antiquities of the Jews
203:and "assassins" in the
1834:First Jewish–Roman War
1646:Arch at Circus Maximus
1466:Provisional government
1218:Alexandrian riots (38)
1182:First Jewish–Roman War
714:Real Academia Española
677:. A. Sexl. p. 84.
352:The War of the Hebrews
338:mass suicide at Masada
284:First Roman-Jewish War
147:is the plural form of
65:. The Sicarii carried
49:) were a group of the
1719:Legend of Destruction
1661:Temple of Peace, Rome
1213:Judas uprising (6 CE)
958:"Zealots and Sicarii"
535:Who were the Sicarii?
199:, "murderers" in the
1656:Judaea Capta coinage
1241:Military engagements
924:"Judas Iscariot web"
27:For other uses, see
1489:Eleazar ben Hanania
623:Ross, Jeffrey Ian,
244:Pillage of Ein Gedi
240:Zealot Temple Siege
174:Proto-Indo-European
1586:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1556:Menahem ben Yehuda
1014:Yosef Qafih (ed.)
995:Mishnah Makhshirin
292:Menahem ben Yehuda
117:Order of Assassins
1801:
1800:
1669:
1668:
1615:Bar Kokhba revolt
1569:
1568:
1561:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
1538:Eleazar ben Simon
1508:Peasantry faction
1479:Joseph ben Gurion
1474:Ananus ben Ananus
1405:
1404:
1249:Early engagements
1193:Jewish–Roman wars
1097:978-0-391-04155-4
1020:Mossad Harav Kook
991:Babylonian Talmud
776:978-0-310-49235-1
568:Cockburn, Patrick
539:Meridian Magazine
510:978-0-310-49235-1
296:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
172:, "knife"), from
119:and the Japanese
113:cloak and daggers
16:(Redirected from
1851:
1824:Secret societies
1789:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1758:Josephus problem
1691:Herodian Quarter
1626:
1533:John of Gischala
1494:Niger the Perean
1484:Joshua ben Gamla
1456:Herod Agrippa II
1414:
1375:Last strongholds
1307:Galilee campaign
1270:Gallus' campaign
1261:Alexandria riots
1246:
1235:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1080:
1075:. translated by
1058:
1053:. translated by
1045:Wars of the Jews
1027:
1012:
1006:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
960:. Archived from
954:
948:
945:
939:
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891:
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802:, pp. 281f.
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201:King James Bible
193:Paul the Apostle
161:, possibly from
115:, predating the
21:
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1797:
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1753:Flight to Pella
1733:The Dovekeepers
1706:Flavian dynasty
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1624:
1603:Diaspora revolt
1593:Fiscus Judaicus
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1542:
1519:
1515:Simon bar Giora
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1446:Lucilius Bassus
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1256:Jerusalem riots
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356:procuratorships
348:Twelve Apostles
246:
232:
165:*tsikā (whence
151:"dagger-man", "
129:
63:Siege of Masada
35:
32:
23:
22:
18:Sicarii Zealots
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1712:The Jewish War
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1026:1:6 (p. 393) .
1007:
975:
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886:
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851:
835:
820:
804:
800:Smallwood 2001
792:
775:
755:
737:
719:
710:"sicario, ria"
701:
680:
663:
656:
636:
633:978-0765620484
611:
608:978-1439851753
591:
570:(1997-03-30).
556:
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541:, June 7, 2004
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344:Judas Iscariot
329:The Jewish War
268:The Jewish War
231:
228:
222:to describe a
163:Proto-Albanian
128:
125:
123:by centuries.
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1629:Commemoration
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1361:Zealot Temple
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1315:2nd Sepphoris
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220:Latin America
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189:New Testament
185:
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159:
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139:was used. In
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902:Book II 13-7
898:Book II 8-11
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499:
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59:mass suicide
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1686:Burnt House
1340:Mount Tabor
989:, cited in
847:Book IV 7-2
732:Treccani.it
674:Die Sprache
459:: σικάριοι
457:Koine Greek
452:סִיקָרִיִים
250:High Priest
133:Koine Greek
88:High Priest
71:, or small
1808:Categories
1636:Tisha B'Av
1292:Beth–Horon
1103:9 February
1065:(1737) . "
1043:(1737) . "
1024:Makhshirin
1018:(vol. 3),
782:2024-07-13
657:9004110240
581:2024-07-13
516:2024-07-13
475:References
400:Makhshirin
396:Maimonides
368:Makhshirin
234:See also:
1651:Colosseum
1608:Kitos War
1598:Sicaricon
1574:Aftermath
1436:Vespasian
1387:Machaerus
1366:Jerusalem
1330:Tarichaea
1282:1st Jaffa
1143:758719597
1079:. London.
1057:. London.
875:Vespasian
816:Book XX 9
746:"sicário"
728:"sicàrio"
480:Citations
392:Sicaricon
277:assassins
127:Etymology
111:units of
1781:Category
1499:Josephus
1382:Herodium
1345:Gischala
1297:Ein Gedi
1063:Josephus
1041:Josephus
1003:סיקריקין
985:Hai Gaon
461:sikarioi
416:Sikrikim
410:See also
360:oral law
311:Ein Gedi
273:Josephus
257:Ein Gedi
253:Jonathan
178:Illyrian
167:Albanian
155:-man".
149:Sicarius
137:sikarioi
95:Ein Gedi
91:Jonathan
84:Josephus
29:Sicarius
1844:Zealots
1792:Commons
1548:Sicarii
1525:Zealots
1201:Origins
1033:Sources
364:Mishnah
334:sicarii
304:Antonia
230:History
216:sicario
212:Spanish
145:Sicarii
131:In the
102:Zealots
77:sickles
73:daggers
61:at the
39:Sicarii
1814:Masada
1747:Masada
1681:Judaea
1397:Masada
1392:Jardes
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388:ληστής
380:סיקרין
376:Hebrew
372:sikrin
362:, the
300:Masada
288:Talmud
242:, and
224:hitman
153:sickle
47:dagger
1441:Titus
1335:Gamla
434:Notes
384:Greek
214:term
170:thika
141:Latin
121:ninja
68:sicae
1287:Geva
1139:OCLC
1129:ISBN
1105:2018
1092:ISBN
970:2014
936:2014
879:ISBN
771:ISBN
696:2014
652:ISBN
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604:ISBN
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465:sica
294:and
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