543:
down by night, without being discovered by those that could have prevented them, and overran a certain small city called
Engaddi:—in which expedition they prevented those citizens that could have stopped them, before they could arm themselves, and fight them. They also dispersed them, and cast them out of the city. As for such as could not run away, being women and children, they slew of them above seven hundred.”; “The first man who was slain by them was Jonathan the high priest, after whose death many were slain every day, while the fear men were in of being so served was more afflicting than the calamity itself; and while every body expected death every hour, as men do in war, so men were obliged to look before them, and to take notice of their enemies at a great distance; nor, if their friends were coming to them, durst they trust them any longer; but, in the midst of their suspicions and guarding of themselves, they were slain.”
1222:
576:
Masada were the hard-core supporters of a national resistance movement led by the
Zealots, the movement which fought in Jerusalem. He interpreted scrolls found at Masada as showing that the defenders came from different sects and groups, though the scrolls may have been looted from nearby villages. What Josephus actually said was that the defenders of Masada were Sicarii, an extreme Jewish group who specialised in assassination and had killed the High Priest in Jerusalem.
1766:
1776:
777:
against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the
Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.
511:
against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the
Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.
776:
Often associated with the
Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially
510:
Often associated with the
Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially
542:
Josephus, Jewish War, “…It was called Masada. Those that were called
Sicarii had taken possession of it formerly, but at this time they overran the neighboring countries, aiming only to procure to themselves necessaries; … when they were sent back into the country of their forefathers, they came
310:
to remove the rebel factions. The rebels eventually silenced the uprising and
Jerusalem stayed in their hands for the duration of the war. The Romans returned to take back the city, and making counter-attacks and laying siege to starve the rebels inside. The rebels held out for some time, but the
575:
says that the defenders of Masada took no part in the war against Rome during the siege of
Jerusalem, but instead plundered local villages including En Gedi on the Dead Sea, where "women and children, more than 700 in number, were butchered"… Professor Yadin wanted to prove that the defenders of
275:, the Sicarii, and (possibly) Zealot helpers (Josephus differentiated between the two but did not explain the main differences in depth), gained access to Jerusalem and committed a series of atrocities in an attempt to incite the population into war against Rome. In one account, given in the
305:
The
Zealots, Sicarii and other prominent rebels finally joined forces to attack and temporarily take Jerusalem from Rome in 66 AD, where they took control of the Temple in Jerusalem, executing anyone who tried to oppose their power. The local populace resisted their control and launched a
248:. Some murders were met with severe retaliation by the Romans on the broader Jewish population of the region. However, on some occasions, the Sicarii would release their intended victim if their terms were met. Much of what is known about the Sicarii comes from the
314:
Eleazar and his followers returned to Masada and continued their rebellion against the Romans until 73 AD. The Romans eventually took the fortress and, according to Josephus, found that most of its defenders had died by suicide rather than surrender. In Josephus'
311:
constant bickering and lack of leadership caused the groups to disintegrate. The leader of the Sicarii, Menahem, was killed by rival factions during an altercation. Finally, the Romans regained control and destroyed the whole city in 70 AD.
1221:
287:, were notable figures in the war, and the group fought in many battles against the Romans as soldiers. Together with a small group of followers, Menahem made his way to the fortress of
329:
in AD 73 and to the subsequent refusal "to submit to the taxation census when Cyrenius was sent to Judea to make one," as part of their rebellion's religious and political scheme.
1161:
279:, they destroyed the city's food supply, using starvation to force the people to fight against the Roman siege, instead of negotiating peace. Their leaders, including
264:, who wrote that the Sicarii agreed to release the kidnapped secretary of Eleazar, governor of the Temple precincts, in exchange for the release of ten captured
1817:
339:
of Jesus according to the New Testament, was believed by some to be a sicarius. Modern historians typically reject this contention, mainly because Josephus in
946:
295:
and overpowered the troops of Agrippa II. He also trained them to conduct various guerrilla operations on Roman convoys and legions stationed around Judea.
68:), concealed in their cloaks; at public gatherings, they pulled out these daggers to attack, blending into the crowd after the deed to escape detection.
1154:
347:
of Felix (52–60 AD), having no apparent relation with the group called Sicarii by Romans at times of Quirinius. The 2nd century compendium of Jewish
1419:
1608:
847:
560:
1084:
763:
497:
46:, conducted a campaign of "terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder" against other Jews and Romans, and became known for a reported
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1769:
1147:
804:
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621:
596:
1121:
871:
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1779:
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644:
848:
Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels; Was the siege really so heroic, asks Patrick Cockburn in Jerusalem
1454:
898:
894:
890:
886:
835:
162:
173:), and to this day "sicario" is a salaried assassin in Spanish and a commissioned murderer in Italian and Portuguese.
1689:
1196:
1170:
1354:
1328:
325:
became the dominant revolutionary Hebrew faction, scattered abroad. Josephus particularly associates them with the
224:
43:
950:
1812:
1714:
1280:
416:
371:), perhaps related to Sicarii, and which is explained by the early rabbinic commentators as being related to the
291:, took over a Roman garrison and slaughtered all 700 soldiers there. They also took over another fortress called
193:
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17:
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238:
76:
678:"Definition of sicarius (noun, LNS, sīcārius) - Numen - The Latin Lexicon - An Online Latin Dictionary"
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1249:
284:
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307:
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912:
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1375:
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344:
105:
936:
Bastiaan van Iersel, Mark: A Reader-Response Commentary, Continuum International (1998), p. 167.
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1080:
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1008:
979:
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280:
166:
155:
169:. In later Latin usage, "sicarius" was also the standard term for a murderer (see, e.g., the
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1482:
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1201:
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1076:
The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations
1065:
1043:
614:
Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present
435:
364:
336:
326:
51:
821:. Oxford Archaeological Guides (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 378–381.
1751:
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1323:
1275:
1033:
372:
332:
317:
256:
151:
1796:
1684:
1629:
1624:
1113:
The Sicarii in Josephus's Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations
208:
177:
97:
677:
1406:
410:
47:
1116:. Early Judaism and Its Literature, 27. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
1111:
634:
1674:
445:
379:(= robbers), and to government personnel involved with implementing the laws of
343:(2:254–7) mentions the appearance of the Sicarii as a new phenomenon during the
121:
734:
384:
348:
1131:
716:
298:
Josephus also wrote that the Sicarii raided nearby Hebrew villages including
1639:
1596:
1586:
1424:
380:
93:
and the Sicarii is often stated, but is unclear from the original sources.
1487:
1139:
1059:
1051:
1037:
1029:
973:
404:
299:
265:
261:
245:
83:
72:
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90:
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as meaning "people who harass and who are disposed to being violent."
1079:. Biblical Studies and Religious Studies. Brill Academic Publishers.
988:
The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon
288:
276:
212:
141:
65:
61:
35:
523:
75:. Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the
1429:
129:
109:
237:
Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the
698:
453:
146:
96:
The Sicarii are regarded as one of the earliest known organized
56:
31:
30:(“Knife-wielder”, “dagger-wielder”, “dagger-bearer”; from Latin
1143:
39:
800:
1061:
The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian
1039:
The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian
176:
The term Σικαρίων (Sikariōn) is used in Acts 21:38 of the
561:"Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels"
23:
Jewish Zealots who militantly resisted Roman occupation
882:
831:
302:, where they massacred 700 Jewish women and children.
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1512:
1496:
1453:
1405:
1398:
1363:
1342:
1294:
1258:
1237:
1229:
1189:
911:
616:, Routledge (January 15, 2011), Chapter: Sicarii.
321:(vii), after the fall of the Temple in AD 70, the
71:The only source for the history of the Sicarii is
752:Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011).
486:Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011).
1155:
858:
856:
8:
439:
481:
479:
477:
1614:
1402:
1234:
1162:
1148:
1140:
817:Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome; Cunliffe, Barry.
589:Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response
551:
549:
538:
536:
184:. It is translated as "terrorists" in the
788:
739:Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa
407:, a modern group inspired by the Sicarii
1609:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
473:
428:
244:, and 700 Jewish women and children at
82:, and 700 Jewish women and children at
755:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
608:
606:
604:
489:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
171:Lex Cornelia de Sicariis et Veneficiis
7:
1818:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
1775:
591:, CRC Press (April 25, 2011) p.3-4.
1005:Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary
440:
368:
866:. London: Routledge, pp. 116–119.
165:*ḱey- ("to sharpen") possibly via
14:
801:Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
1774:
1765:
1764:
1220:
850:, The Independent, 30 March 1997
636:Albanian etymological dictionary
44:Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE
1110:Brighton, Mark Andrew (2009).
976:'s Commentary on Seder Taharot
124:of Josephus the term σικάριοι
42:who, in the decades preceding
1:
1570:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism
391:1:6), explains the same word
387:, in his Mishnah commentary (
990:, vol. 2, Berlin 1924, s.v.
1690:First Jewish Revolt coinage
1197:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)
758:. Zondervan. p. 1549.
639:. Brill. pp. 477–478.
492:. Zondervan. p. 1549.
89:A relationship between the
1851:
883:Josephus, Wars of the Jews
832:Josephus, Wars of the Jews
413:, tactic used by the group
308:series of sieges and raids
225:Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)
222:
15:
1828:Israelite civil conflicts
1760:
1715:Siege of Jerusalem (poem)
1343:Judea coast and highlands
1218:
1177:
417:List of Jewish civil wars
376:
194:American Standard Version
186:New International Version
180:as an accusation against
1399:Belligerents and leaders
1212:Jacob and Simon uprising
1073:Smallwood, E.M. (2001).
982:(Niddah Tractate), s.v.
862:Levick, Barbara (1999).
660:Havers, Wilhelm (1984).
359:1:6), mentions the word
271:At the beginning of the
207:is used in contemporary
1808:Military assassinations
1056:Antiquities of the Jews
1011:: Jerusalem 1967, s.v.
918:Encyclopædia Britannica
633:Orel, Vladimir (1998).
251:Antiquities of the Jews
192:and "assassins" in the
1823:First Jewish–Roman War
1635:Arch at Circus Maximus
1455:Provisional government
1207:Alexandrian riots (38)
1171:First Jewish–Roman War
703:Real Academia Española
666:. A. Sexl. p. 84.
341:The War of the Hebrews
327:mass suicide at Masada
273:First Roman-Jewish War
136:is the plural form of
54:. The Sicarii carried
38:) were a group of the
1708:Legend of Destruction
1650:Temple of Peace, Rome
1202:Judas uprising (6 CE)
947:"Zealots and Sicarii"
524:Who were the Sicarii?
188:, "murderers" in the
1645:Judaea Capta coinage
1230:Military engagements
913:"Judas Iscariot web"
16:For other uses, see
1478:Eleazar ben Hanania
612:Ross, Jeffrey Ian,
233:Pillage of Ein Gedi
229:Zealot Temple Siege
163:Proto-Indo-European
1575:Yohanan ben Zakkai
1545:Menahem ben Yehuda
1003:Yosef Qafih (ed.)
984:Mishnah Makhshirin
281:Menahem ben Yehuda
106:Order of Assassins
1790:
1789:
1658:
1657:
1604:Bar Kokhba revolt
1558:
1557:
1550:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
1527:Eleazar ben Simon
1497:Peasantry faction
1468:Joseph ben Gurion
1463:Ananus ben Ananus
1394:
1393:
1238:Early engagements
1182:Jewish–Roman wars
1086:978-0-391-04155-4
1009:Mossad Harav Kook
980:Babylonian Talmud
765:978-0-310-49235-1
557:Cockburn, Patrick
528:Meridian Magazine
499:978-0-310-49235-1
285:Eleazar ben Ya'ir
161:, "knife"), from
108:and the Japanese
102:cloak and daggers
1840:
1813:Secret societies
1778:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1747:Josephus problem
1680:Herodian Quarter
1615:
1522:John of Gischala
1483:Niger the Perean
1473:Joshua ben Gamla
1445:Herod Agrippa II
1403:
1364:Last strongholds
1296:Galilee campaign
1259:Gallus' campaign
1250:Alexandria riots
1235:
1224:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1069:
1064:. translated by
1047:
1042:. translated by
1034:Wars of the Jews
1016:
1001:
995:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
949:. Archived from
943:
937:
934:
928:
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791:, pp. 281f.
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190:King James Bible
182:Paul the Apostle
150:, possibly from
104:, predating the
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1742:Flight to Pella
1722:The Dovekeepers
1695:Flavian dynasty
1654:
1613:
1592:Diaspora revolt
1582:Fiscus Judaicus
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1531:
1508:
1504:Simon bar Giora
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1435:Lucilius Bassus
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1103:Further reading
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345:procuratorships
337:Twelve Apostles
235:
221:
154:*tsikā (whence
140:"dagger-man", "
118:
52:Siege of Masada
24:
21:
12:
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1015:1:6 (p. 393) .
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793:
789:Smallwood 2001
781:
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708:
699:"sicario, ria"
690:
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652:
645:
625:
622:978-0765620484
600:
597:978-1439851753
580:
559:(1997-03-30).
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530:, June 7, 2004
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333:Judas Iscariot
318:The Jewish War
257:The Jewish War
220:
217:
211:to describe a
152:Proto-Albanian
117:
114:
112:by centuries.
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1350:Zealot Temple
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178:New Testament
174:
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153:
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148:
143:
139:
135:
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98:assassination
94:
92:
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1180:Part of the
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957:30 September
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899:Book II 14-5
895:Book II 14-4
891:Book II 13-7
887:Book II 8-11
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488:
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411:Knife attack
392:
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360:
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316:
313:
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199:The derived
198:
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48:mass suicide
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1675:Burnt House
1329:Mount Tabor
978:, cited in
836:Book IV 7-2
721:Treccani.it
663:Die Sprache
448:: σικάριοι
446:Koine Greek
441:סִיקָרִיִים
239:High Priest
122:Koine Greek
77:High Priest
60:, or small
1797:Categories
1625:Tisha B'Av
1281:Beth–Horon
1092:9 February
1054:(1737) . "
1032:(1737) . "
1013:Makhshirin
1007:(vol. 3),
771:2024-07-13
646:9004110240
570:2024-07-13
505:2024-07-13
464:References
389:Makhshirin
385:Maimonides
357:Makhshirin
223:See also:
1640:Colosseum
1597:Kitos War
1587:Sicaricon
1563:Aftermath
1425:Vespasian
1376:Machaerus
1355:Jerusalem
1319:Tarichaea
1271:1st Jaffa
1132:758719597
1068:. London.
1046:. London.
864:Vespasian
805:Book XX 9
735:"sicário"
717:"sicàrio"
469:Citations
381:Sicaricon
266:assassins
116:Etymology
100:units of
1770:Category
1488:Josephus
1371:Herodium
1334:Gischala
1286:Ein Gedi
1052:Josephus
1030:Josephus
992:סיקריקין
974:Hai Gaon
450:sikarioi
405:Sikrikim
399:See also
349:oral law
300:Ein Gedi
262:Josephus
246:Ein Gedi
242:Jonathan
167:Illyrian
156:Albanian
144:-man".
138:Sicarius
126:sikarioi
84:Ein Gedi
80:Jonathan
73:Josephus
18:Sicarius
1833:Zealots
1781:Commons
1537:Sicarii
1514:Zealots
1190:Origins
1022:Sources
353:Mishnah
323:sicarii
293:Antonia
219:History
205:sicario
201:Spanish
134:Sicarii
120:In the
91:Zealots
66:sickles
62:daggers
50:at the
28:Sicarii
1803:Masada
1736:Masada
1670:Judaea
1386:Masada
1381:Jardes
1314:Yodfat
1309:Gabara
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377:ληστής
369:סיקרין
365:Hebrew
361:sikrin
351:, the
289:Masada
277:Talmud
231:, and
213:hitman
142:sickle
36:dagger
1430:Titus
1324:Gamla
423:Notes
373:Greek
203:term
159:thika
130:Latin
110:ninja
57:sicae
1276:Geva
1128:OCLC
1118:ISBN
1094:2018
1081:ISBN
959:2014
925:2014
868:ISBN
760:ISBN
685:2014
641:ISBN
618:ISBN
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494:ISBN
454:sica
283:and
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147:Sica
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