1789:
442:
1158:
664:
1072:
853:, to avoid an Austro-Russian alliance. She was also the sister of his first wife, Elizabeth, who had died within a year of her marriage to him, before his accession. Catherine, unlike previous queens, was considered dull and obese. Sigismund Augustus found her immensely unattractive despite accepting the marriage and organizing a pompous wedding ceremony on 30 July 1553. On the other hand, Catherine showed resentment towards Sigismund because of how he treated her sister, Queen Elizabeth. She accused him of negligence and indifference during her sudden illness, which caused premature death. The correspondence between the two remained purely formal and political for the remainder of their lives.
49:
1900:
1520:
736:
1637:
834:
591:
906:
303:
787:
monarch also granted
Barbara several provinces to administer and provide income. Although ambitious and bright, she showed lack of interest in political life, but had some influence over decisions made by Sigismund. This also caused an uproar among the nobility. To avoid an armed rebellion, Sigismund was forced to form an alliance with his former father-in-law, Emperor Ferdinand I. This allowed for Barbara's coronation as Queen of Poland on 7 December 1550 by Primate
986:
1308:
2922:
751:(parliament) sitting on 31 October 1548 where the deputies threatened to renounce their allegiance unless the new king repudiated Barbara. The nobles portrayed Barbara as an opportunistic prostitute that charmed the king for her own benefit. That perception was shared with Bona Sforza, who decisively eliminated all her rivals by any means to stay in power. The young monarch even considered
779:
809:, where she was finally buried on 23 June next to Elizabeth of Austria. Her death was a major blow to Sigismund; he often attended her coffin on foot while being transported to Vilnius in hot weather. Sigismund also became more serious and reserved; he avoided balls, temporarily renounced his mistresses and dressed in black until his death.
512:. However, this decision was met with Sigismund the Old's strong disapproval, who hoped for a lineage of Sigismunds on the Polish throne. Consequently, it was established that the child would bear two names to settle the conflict. The tradition of adopting Augustus as a second or middle name was also observed during the
1231:
As
Prussia was a tributary state of the Polish Crown, Sigismund Augustus, a Catholic, was forced to intervene in favour of Protestant Albert and his brother Wilhelm. In July 1557 the Polish forces left for Livonia. The armed intervention proved to be successful; the Catholic Livonians surrendered and
688:
and subsequent seizures. Only
Sigismund the Old and some nobles showed compassion towards the new Queen, who was disregarded by her husband and scorned by Bona. Sigismund Augustus was indifferent to her health condition; when the seizures continued to intensify he abandoned Elizabeth and returned to
1498:
As another war with Russia loomed, Sigismund
Augustus pressed the members of parliament (Sejm) for the union, gradually gaining more followers due to his persuasive abilities and auspicious diplomacy. The potential union agreement would lead to the eviction of Lithuanian landowners who opposed the
1126:
and national assembly. Both the
Austrian ambassadors and the papal legates testify to the care with which he controlled his nation. According to diplomats, everything went as Sigismund wished and he seemed to know everything in advance. He managed to obtain more funds from the Sejm than his father
896:
and
Catholics alike. The Polish Protestants hoped that he would divorce and remarry and thus bring about a breach with Rome at the very crisis of the religious struggle in Poland. He was not free to remarry until Catherine's death on 28 February 1572, but he followed her to the grave less than six
799:
and lack of appetite. After careful observation by hired medics, a lump was discovered on her stomach filled with pus. Sigismund
Augustus gravely despaired and sent for doctors and even folk healers from the entire country. He personally tended to his sick wife despite her foul smell and dedicated
786:
Due to her unpopularity in Poland, Barbara often expressed her wish to reside permanently in the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania. To ease the situation, Sigismund Augustus provided a luxurious lifestyle and expensive gifts for his wife at Wawel Castle since her arrival in Kraków on 13 February 1549. The
503:
Throughout his youth, Sigismund
Augustus was under the careful watch of his mother, Bona. Being the only legitimate male heir to the Polish throne throughout his father's reign, he was well educated and taught by the most renowned scholars in the country. It was also his mother's wish to name her
1995:
Sigismundus
Augustus, Dei gratia rex Poloniae, magnus dux Lithuaniae, nec non terrarum Cracoviae, Sandomiriae, Siradiae, Lanciciae, Cuiaviae, Kiioviae, dominus hereditarius Russiae, Woliniae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Podlachiae, Culmensis, Elbingensis, Pomeraniae, Samogitiae, Livoniae etc. dominus et
770:
Unlike her predecessor, Barbara was disliked by the royal court and led a more secluded life with Sigismund Augustus, who was deeply in love with her. On the other hand, she was ambitious, intelligent, perceptive and had an exemplar taste in fashion. She always wore precious pearl necklaces when
1609:
and continue negotiations. The Polish nobility once again pressed for the full incorporation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into Poland, however, the Lithuanians disapproved. The parties eventually agreed on a federal state on 28 June 1569 and on 1 July 1569 the Union of Lublin was signed at
1929:
joined the royal court in 1563. It is uncertain whether Sigismund and Kochanowski were friends, however, Kochanowski's correspondence clearly highlights that the two had close contact and he assisted the monarch at most important occasions, including military maneuvers in Lithuania in 1567.
816:
due to a number of affairs she had before marrying Sigismund. There were also persistent rumors that she was poisoned by Queen Bona Sforza, who had a long history of eliminating her rivals or enemies quickly and efficiently. However, contemporary historians and experts agree on
1363:. Gdańsk, which was privileged with its own army and government, resisted against Sigismund's order of sending privateers and creating the first Polish Admiralty in their city. Most of the deputies in the city council were merchants and tradesmen of German descent or
771:
sitting for portraits. The mutual admiration between Sigismund and Barbara made the relationship "one of the greatest love affairs in Polish history". While still married to Elizabeth, Sigismund Augustus ordered the construction of a secret passage connecting the
873:(Sigismund's sister) to Hungary. She would conspire with the Habsburg envoys prior to an audience with the king. She would also dictate what and how the envoys should express their views. When Sigismund Augustus found out of Catherine's intrigues, he sent her to
679:
Despite the initial euphoria demonstrated by royal subjects, the marriage was unsuccessful from the very beginning. Sigismund Augustus did not find Elizabeth attractive and continued to have extramarital affairs with several mistresses, the most famous being
804:
and ordered to demolish the small city gate so her carriage could pass freely. However, Barbara died on 8 May 1551 in Kraków after continuous pain and agony. It was her dying wish that she'd be buried in Lithuania, her homeland. The body was transported to
1647:
In comparison to his staunchly Catholic father, Sigismund Augustus paid little attention to the matters of faith and religion. Having a large number of mistresses before, during and after being married, he was viewed by the clergy as an adulterer and
880:
As Sigismund lost all hope of children by his third bride, he was the last male Jagiellon in the direct line so the dynasty was threatened with extinction. He sought to remedy this by adultery with two of the most beautiful of his countrywomen,
651:
and was greeted with enthusiasm by both the nobles and the townsfolk. The same day 16-year-old Elizabeth married 22-year-old Sigismund Augustus, whom she met for the first time shortly before marriage vows. The ceremony was performed at the
1652:. Sigismund was also reasonably tolerant towards minorities and supported nobles of different faith and nationality to be part of the national assembly, the Sejm. He continued his father's policies, but was more accepting of the Protestant
1511:
in 1385 was not entirely constitutional. Being the last male member of the Jagiellons, childless Sigismund sought to preserve his dynasty's legacy. The newly proposed constitutional union would create one large Commonwealth state, with one
1542:, were futile. The right of Poles to settle and own land in the Grand Duchy was questioned by Lithuanian envoys. Following Mikołaj Radziwiłł's departure from Lublin on 1 March 1569, Sigismund announced the incorporation of then-Lithuanian
1711:
in 1534. Sigismund Augustus was lenient towards the idea, particularly due to the sudden spread of Protestantism among courtiers, advisors, nobles and peasants. Calvinism became especially popular among the upper classes as it promoted
1953:. When Sigismund's mother Bona died in 1557, Sigismund had to collect his inheritance from the Italian estates. On 18 October 1558, the king granted the right to arrange the first regular Polish postal service operating from Kraków to
1961:(Polish Post). All maintenance costs were borne by the Crown and the post was mostly managed by Italians or Germans. Additional couriers travelled between Kraków, Warsaw and Vilnius. Since 1562, the postal route also encompassed
1499:
transition of territory from multi-ethnic Lithuania to Poland. Such terms were causing an outrage among the most renowned members of Lithuanian upper classes, but Sigismund was decisive and ruthless in this matter. Moreover, the
922:
Unlike his father, Sigismund Augustus was frail and sickly. Shortly before turning 50, his health rapidly declined. Being involved in many affairs and holding a large number of mistresses, historians agree that the king had
1788:
709:, who had already begun curtailing the power of the great families. The ostensible cause of the nobility's animosity to the King was his second marriage, secretly contracted before his accession to the throne, with the
860:
and obtaining important information for the benefit of the Habsburgs. Sigismund Augustus was aware of the scheme, but, by marrying Catherine, he obtained a promise from Austria to stay neutral and abandon plans with
794:
Since the day Sigismund and Barbara met, she complained of poor health, particularly stomach and abdominal pain. After the coronation her condition deteriorated rapidly. She was tormented by strong fever, diarrhea,
441:
1570:, were disputed between Lithuania and Russia. However, the Ruthenian nobles were eager to capitalise on the political or economic potential offered by the Polish sphere and agreed to the terms. Previously, the
663:
889:
but was unable to impregnate either of them. The Sejm was willing to legitimize, and acknowledge as Sigismund's successor, any male heir who might be born to him; however, the King remained childless.
1831:
and rebuilt it in Renaissance style. During the reign of Sigismund Augustus the structure served as a royal residence with an impressive treasury and library as well as the main arsenal of the crown.
1578:. Now, under the Union of Lublin, all Ukrainian and Ruthenian territories which were alien in culture, customs, religion and language to the Polish people would be annexed by Catholic Poland. Strong
845:
The death of Queen Barbara Radziwiłł, five months after her coronation and under distressing circumstances, compelled Sigismund to contract a third, purely political union with his first cousin, the
1157:
1001:
Sigismund died in Knyszyn on 7 July 1572 at 6 in the afternoon, surrounded by a group of senators and envoys. The official cause of death given by the medics was consumption. His body placed on a
363:
while his father was still alive. Sigismund Augustus continued a tolerance policy towards minorities and maintained peaceful relations with neighbouring countries, with the exception of the
1437:
rather than wealthier Polish aristocracy. On the other hand, the unification would provide a strong alliance against Russian (Muscovite) attack from the east. Lithuania was ravaged by the
1111:
power in the southeast. A less imposing figure than his father, the elegant and refined Sigismund II Augustus was nevertheless an even more effective statesman than the stern and majestic
1937:
Sigismund was fond of foreign craft-makers and employed Italian goldsmiths, jewellers and medalists, very much like his father. One of the more renowned figures brought to Poland was
1071:
414:, who became Sigismund's second wife and Queen of Poland in spite of his mother's disapproval. The marriage was deemed scandalous and was fiercely opposed by the royal court and the
4736:
684:. Elizabeth was also known to be timid, meek and apprehensive due to strict upbringing. The young and garrulous king was also repulsed by Elizabeth's newly diagnosed
1371:'. 11 Polish privateers sent by Sigismund were eventually executed, which greatly angered the king. Poland then joined Denmark against Sweden for Baltic domination.
3686:
697:
knowing that Elizabeth was ailing and deteriorating fast. She eventually died unattended and exhausted from the epileptic attacks on 15 June 1545 at the age of 18.
2764:
2746:
747:
The young and beautiful Barbara was despised by Queen Bona, who attempted to annul the marriage at any cost. The agitation was also abundant at Sigismund's first
966:
During spring 1572, Sigismund Augustus became feverish. Untreated tuberculosis made him feeble and impotent, but he was able to travel to his private retreat in
2696:
1736:
will be in favour. Instead, Paul IV was enraged that such a proposition emerged for him to accept; he declined and refused to grant consent. Facing potential
1693:
4131:
3536:
2946:
1122:, and he added to these qualities a dexterity and diplomatic finesse. No other Polish king seems to have so thoroughly understood the nature of the Polish
418:. Barbara died five months after her coronation, presumably due to ill health, however, rumours circulated that she was poisoned. Sigismund finally wedded
4332:
1464:
1389:
2733:"Barbara Radziwiłłówna – wielka miłość Zygmunta Augusta | HISTORIA.org.pl – historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne"
1876:
was also made for him. The Polish king treated those crowns as a family keepsake, and kept them in a private vault in the Tykocin Castle. He had also a
1037:, was the last spectacle of its kind in the Kingdom of Poland. No other Polish monarch was buried with such pomp and splendour. His death introduced an
559:'s position in Poland. The move was crucial to silence the members of nobility who were against the Jagiellons and viewed the action as a step towards
3003:
380:
3024:
2937:
1426:
and Prussian cities. This achievement might well have been impossible without the monarch's personal approach to politics and ability to mediate.
1087:
Sigismund's reign was marked by a period of temporary stability and external expansion. He witnessed the bloodless introduction of the Protestant
791:. Queen Bona eventually succumbed to her son's demand and accepted the marriage sending a messenger in 1551 who informed Barbara of her decision.
1127:
ever could, and at one of the parliament sittings he won the hearts of the assembled envoys by unexpectedly appearing in a simple grey coat of a
2964:
772:
536:
1131:
lord. Like his father, a pro-Austrian by conviction, he contrived even in this respect to carry with him the nation, often distrustful of the
375:
and collected military memorabilia as well as swords, armours and jewellery. Sigismund Augustus' rule is widely considered as the apex of the
4701:
3544:
2812:
970:. While at Knyszyn, he corresponded with his diplomats and nobles, highlighting that he was feeling well and hoped to recover. Great Marshal
850:
656:
and the wedding continued for two weeks. Bona began to plot against the new queen. As a result, the newly wedded couple decided to reside in
419:
31:
1253:
The incorporation of Courland into the Polish sphere of influence created an alliance which threatened Russia's plans of expanding into the
609:
594:
477:
407:
232:
182:
4467:
4462:
637:
485:
759:, who accused them of attempting to unduly diminish the legislative prerogatives of the Polish Crown. Furthermore, Bona was removed from
4741:
3679:
302:
3973:
3969:
1419:
1029:
which should have served as his family's mausoleum, however it was still uncompleted in 1572. Consequently, he was laid to rest at the
343:
4756:
3286:
1899:
1519:
2590:
2585:
4711:
3235:
3183:
3127:
2647:
4631:
4372:
4021:
1728:. Some Catholic bishops were supportive of the concepts and acknowledged the need for uniting Poland, Lithuania, Prussia and their
1703:'s authority and establishing a separate and independent Polish Church. His initiative was chiefly inspired by the creation of the
4553:
3882:
3042:
2110:
4726:
4124:
3067:
1250:. Wilhelm was restored to his former position as archbishop on Sigismund's demand, with the Lutheran church order being enacted.
1247:
1225:
755:. By 1550, when Sigismund summoned his second Sejm, the nobles had begun to be in his favor; the nobility was rebuked by Marshal
1388:
on behalf of Sigismund Augustus. However, the ineffective conflict did have its input in establishing Poland's first registered
4731:
4656:
4046:
672:
613:
517:
2671:
1740:, the assembly were forced to abandon their plans. Nevertheless, Protestantism continued to flourish and spread. In 1565, the
1618:
the unification act on 4 July, and henceforth governed one of the largest and multicultural countries of 16th-century Europe.
4746:
3705:
3672:
3384:
2256:
1193:
150:
130:
3276:
2732:
1724:, the nobles intensively discussed the rights of priests in the newly proposed Polish Church and demanded the abolition of
4716:
4558:
1843:
1763:
1606:
1123:
960:
748:
4507:
546:
357:
and Sigismund the Old. From the beginning he was groomed and extensively educated as a successor. In 1529 he was crowned
4721:
1842:
Bernardo Bongiovanni's relation, his collection was cached in 16 chests. Among the precious items in his possession was
813:
735:
364:
4347:
579:
4117:
4079:
4060:
3805:
3762:
3730:
3710:
2136:
1770:, who ruled for nearly 45 years. For instance, the Polish Brethren were banned, hunted down and its leaders executed.
1513:
528:
410:, died in 1545 at just eighteen. He was then involved in several relationships with mistresses, the most famous being
4646:
4036:
1433:
were afraid of losing their powers, since the proposed union would lower their rank and status to an equivalent with
865:. This neutrality was undermined by Catherine's actions, who followed her father's policy and objected the return of
4457:
3450:
3325:
1343:
was disbanded in 1523 due to Swedish resentment of Danish tyranny, Baltic trade became threatened. The port city of
1275:, which lasted 25 years until 1583. Russia's eventual defeat in the war legally partitioned Livonia between Poland (
1060:
4442:
2982:
2965:"Geneza, upadek i dziedzictwo reformacji w Polsce – wywiad z prof. Januszem T. Maciuszką – Muzeum Historii Polski"
1575:
4593:
4489:
4402:
4296:
3982:
3307:
1969:
1949:, medallions, coins and jewellery. Numerous medals and roundels from this period feature the last members of the
1922:
1861:
1812:
1442:
1438:
866:
838:
740:
605:
598:
54:
1574:
or "Ukraine" was abolished in 1349, after Poland and Lithuania split modern-day Ukraine in the aftermath of the
1445:, Lithuania lost 210,000 square miles (540,000 km) of its territory to Russia, and the final defeat in the
48:
4706:
4484:
3753:
3455:
1685:
1636:
1381:
1080:
833:
590:
575:
396:
4407:
4352:
4322:
4312:
4157:
3921:
756:
4621:
4522:
4437:
4307:
4280:
4239:
4148:
4140:
4011:
3644:
2595:
2288:
1889:
1721:
1583:
1401:
1209:
1201:
1173:
1162:
1014:
905:
788:
729:
718:
681:
493:
411:
335:
207:
67:
4751:
4651:
4641:
4302:
4041:
4031:
3819:
2765:"Był dla niej najgorszym łajdakiem i świnią. Jak NAPRAWDĘ Zygmunt August traktował Barbarę Radziwiłłównę?"
1376:
1197:
1118:
Sigismund II possessed to a high degree the tenacity and patience that seem to have characterized all the
1026:
956:
4377:
4512:
4382:
4357:
4229:
2894:
2858:
2530:
2352:
1631:
1217:
1205:
3899:
2615:
1816:
1673:
1172:
During Sigismund Augustus' reign, Livonia was in political turmoil. His father, Sigismund I, permitted
886:
725:
2828:
2805:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385-1569
4696:
4691:
4626:
4563:
4545:
4477:
4016:
3940:
3721:
3567:
2472:
2378:
2230:
1950:
1820:
1755:
1595:
1591:
1181:
1100:
1049:
1042:
940:
775:
in Vilnius with the nearby Radziwiłł Palace so that the couple could meet frequently and discreetly.
556:
489:
481:
473:
450:
426:
347:
371:
trade. Under his patronage, culture flourished in Poland; he was a collector of tapestries from the
4601:
4578:
4573:
4412:
4387:
4362:
3991:
3950:
3945:
3858:
3653:
3635:
3619:
3596:
2194:
1571:
1468:
1112:
856:
Since her coronation, Catherine acted as Austria's puppet at the Polish court; she was tasked with
705:
From the outset of his reign, Sigismund Augustus came into collision with the country's privileged
568:
461:
339:
323:
271:
105:
95:
2876:
4616:
4530:
4397:
4341:
4317:
4290:
4006:
3931:
3875:
2933:
2498:
2168:
1965:
and cities in the Holy Roman Empire, which enabled continuous correspondence with the Habsburgs.
1856:
1767:
1759:
1627:
1367:
who were either politically leaning towards Sweden or fighting for the status of an independent '
1236:
on 14 September 1557. The agreement placed most Livonian territories under Polish protection and
870:
629:
564:
4611:
4001:
1732:
under a common religion. Sigismund agreed to the postulates, however, under the condition that
4636:
4535:
4392:
4026:
3887:
3540:
3380:
3372:
3282:
3231:
3179:
3123:
2808:
1911:
1779:
1717:
1704:
1504:
1450:
1347:(Danzig), Poland's wealthiest city, faced difficulties due to ongoing conflict on the sea and
1268:
1258:
1119:
1038:
862:
846:
806:
560:
543:
524:
400:
376:
291:
261:
109:
3503:
3413:
935:
which further contributed to his inability of producing any offspring. By 1558 Sigismund had
4417:
4367:
2927:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2070:
1689:
1288:
1243:
1233:
1221:
1189:
1185:
1166:
1148:
1104:
990:
924:
3025:"The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland's First Banned Religion"
1307:
985:
555:
law. Sigismund the Old hoped to secure his son's succession to the throne and maintain the
4447:
4432:
1980:
and also the longest wooden bridge in Europe at the time was named in Sigismund's honour.
1946:
1938:
1926:
1903:
1866:
1807:
Sigismund Augustus carried on with the development of several royal residencies including
1741:
1737:
1641:
1523:
1488:
1415:
1405:
1324:
1030:
994:
951:
from Italy. By the end of his life, the king was losing teeth and vigour, possibly due to
818:
653:
392:
315:
163:
3502:
Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt, eds. (1911).
3412:
Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt, eds. (1911).
959:
recalls that Sigismund was unable to keep standing without a cane when greeting Cardinal
1355:, was also affected as the trade route from the Baltic ran through Gdańsk and along the
4606:
4422:
4185:
4069:
3996:
3916:
3786:
3610:
1828:
1745:
1681:
1599:
1579:
1567:
1500:
1492:
1434:
1108:
1034:
1006:
822:
801:
497:
430:
331:
63:
17:
4452:
1582:
and polonisation would follow, including the clandestine suppression of the Ukrainian
1196:
in the northernmost part of the region was met with fierce resistance and divided the
812:
The cause of Barbara's death is debatable. Her opponents and family members suggested
4685:
4568:
4499:
4267:
4095:
3776:
2941:
2928:
2642:
2410:
1958:
1872:
1847:
1783:
1665:
1611:
1587:
1454:
1429:
At first, the treaty was perceived as a threat to Lithuanian sovereignty. Lithuanian
1423:
1385:
1360:
388:
372:
2022:
3476:, Budapest, Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2005, p. 279
3200:
3144:
1931:
1808:
1733:
1677:
1615:
1480:
1459:
1446:
1409:
1336:
1320:
1296:
1272:
1254:
1152:
975:
952:
882:
760:
551:
505:
359:
4257:
4224:
1052:. The death of his childless sister, Anna, in 1596 marked the end of the dynasty.
3061:
1720:, which the privileged Polish nobility favoured. During the 1555 Sejm session in
3894:
2697:"Intriguojanti vieno šedevro istorija – Žygimanto Augusto vaikiškų šarvų paroda"
2436:
2054:
1669:
1653:
1538:
The initial Sejm negotiations on unity in January 1569, near the Polish city of
1484:
1263:
1177:
1144:
1135:. He also avoided serious complications and skirmishes with the powerful Turks.
1088:
916:
893:
800:
himself when necessary; the king hoped to take Barbara to the hunting castle at
710:
621:
567:, or the new constitution adopted between the nobles and the newly elected King
465:
354:
281:
3254:
1083:, to Sigismund Augustus, complimenting him on his accession to the throne, 1549
1055:
In addition to his family connections, Sigismund II Augustus was allied to the
778:
4206:
3838:
3829:
3119:
3081:
2014:
1942:
1762:. Despite this, Protestantism in Poland ultimately declined during the fierce
1708:
1559:
1476:
1368:
1364:
1002:
971:
752:
625:
513:
368:
82:
3535:(in Lithuanian). Translated by Birutė Mikalonienė; Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius:
943:, which triggered immense pain. He employed numerous medics, healers or even
4275:
4199:
4171:
3906:
3853:
3814:
3739:
3149:
3004:"Król niczym papież, czyli co by było gdyby powstał Polski Kościół Narodowy"
2066:
2062:
2050:
2006:
1851:
1835:
1713:
1661:
1649:
1543:
1328:
1316:
974:
denied these claims and reported that the king was bleeding severely due to
928:
857:
714:
641:
633:
3278:
Giammaria Mosca Called Padovano: A Renaissance Sculptor in Italy and Poland
2010:
1614:, thus establishing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Sigismund Augustus
1352:
1344:
1295:; it was settled with colonists from Poland proper resulting in systematic
1287:(central-northern Estonia). The Polish sector became subsequently known as
1018:
675:
for his daughter's Elizabeth of Austria marriage with Sigismund II Augustus
648:
617:
457:
126:
1033:
on 10 February 1574. The stately funeral ceremony, attended by his sister
4247:
4213:
4192:
3911:
3870:
3865:
3843:
3771:
3459:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 154–155
2038:
2034:
1893:
1797:
1725:
1657:
1547:
1527:
1430:
1238:
1096:
1076:
1056:
948:
944:
706:
685:
509:
415:
3664:
1605:
The Lithuanians were compelled to return to the Sejm negotiations under
1261:
to protect lucrative trade routes in Livonia, thus creating a new valid
693:. He also sent for Ferdinand's doctors to travel the long distance from
624:, who detested the new bride. The treaty was renewed on 16 June 1538 in
4285:
4178:
3848:
2950:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
2046:
2042:
2026:
2018:
2001:
English translation: "Sigismund Augustus, by the Grace of God, King of
1973:
1729:
1699:
Throughout the 16th century, Frycz Modrzewski advocated for renouncing
1551:
1508:
1463:. The most vocal opponent of the union was Sigismund's brother-in-law,
1356:
1340:
1280:
1213:
1132:
1128:
1022:
1009:
until 10 September 1573 when it was transported back to Kraków through
967:
932:
911:
764:
728:. The marriage was announced by the king himself on 2 February 1548 in
657:
532:
256:
146:
4252:
4219:
4164:
4109:
3795:
2058:
2002:
1977:
1962:
1954:
1918:
1885:
1877:
1839:
1824:
1700:
1563:
1539:
1531:
1348:
1312:
1284:
1276:
1271:. On 22 January 1558, Ivan invaded the Baltic states and started the
1010:
979:
796:
722:
694:
668:
342:, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler of the
2672:"SIGISMUND II AUGUSTUS: A RENAISSANCE PORTRAIT OF A MELANCHOLIC MAN"
636:. Bona continued to lobby against the marriage and instead proposed
399:, which formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and introduced an
30:"Sigismund II" redirects here. For the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, see
3488:
Antonio Menniti Ippolito, "Francesco I Sforza, duca di Milano", in
608:
organized a preliminary marriage treaty between the young king and
3043:"Religijność Zygmunta III Wazy a polska historiografia – Strona 2"
1990:
1898:
1884:' worth, 30 precious horse trappings and 20 different private-use
1881:
1793:
1787:
1635:
1518:
1306:
1246:, the last Master of the Order, was granted the newly established
1156:
1070:
984:
904:
874:
832:
777:
734:
690:
662:
589:
469:
446:
440:
1184:. Albert then established Europe's first Protestant state in the
2030:
1748:
1555:
936:
384:
4113:
3668:
1656:
in Poland (only to the status of a minority religion). Several
1917:
The king enjoyed reading, especially short stories, poems and
1095:
upheaval that placed most political power in the hands of the
892:
The King's marriage was a matter of great political import to
1103:
in the north, which led to the Commonwealth's acquisition of
2895:"Šv. Onos ir Šv. Barboros bažnyčių pamatai – Vilniaus pilys"
1834:
Sigismund Augustus was a passionate collector of jewels and
640:
to potentially form an alliance with the French against the
574:
Sigismund Augustus began his reign as the Grand Duke of the
542:
In 1530, the ten-year-old Sigismund Augustus was crowned by
3347:
1558:
provinces into Poland, with strong approval from the local
27:
First ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-72)
3176:
Polskie koronacje i korony (Polish coronations and crowns)
1860:
on the other side. In 1571, after the death of his nephew
3255:"Jan Kochanowski | Życie i twórczość | Artysta"
1945:. In Poland, Sigismund tasked him with the production of
1192:. However, his efforts to introduce Protestantism to the
632:
and the betrothal ceremony took place on 17 July 1538 in
549:
as co-ruler alongside his father, in accordance with the
1418:, which united Poland and Lithuania into one state, the
406:
Sigismund Augustus married three times; his first wife,
1941:. In Italy, Caraglio was one of the first reproductive
1803:(Sigismundus Augustus), woven in Brussels in about 1555
767:
where she established her own small courtly entourage.
3375:. In Balázs Nagy; János M. Bak; Marcell Sebők (eds.).
3407:
3405:
3403:
1850:' worth, as well as the Emperor's diamond medal with
1566:. Those historic regions, which once belonged to the
1503:
between the two countries created by the marriage of
1449:
would result in the country's incorporation into the
445:
A 1568 Lithuanian coin of Sigismund II Augustus with
3377:
The Man of Many Devices, who Wandered Full Many Ways
3308:"458 lat temu Zygmunt August stworzył polską pocztę"
671:
of Sigismund II Augustus, which was commissioned by
616:. The marriage was signed on 10–11 November 1530 in
4592:
4544:
4521:
4497:
4476:
4331:
4266:
4238:
4147:
4068:
4059:
3981:
3968:
3930:
3828:
3804:
3785:
3761:
3752:
3729:
3720:
3474:
Itineraria Regum et Reginarum Hungariae (1382–1438)
1930:Kochanowski was also present during the signing of
1414:Sigismund's most striking legacy may have been the
1220:estates rebelled and arrested both Wilhelm and his
1048:Sigismund Augustus was the last male member of the
647:On 5 May 1543, Elizabeth's escorted convoy entered
604:When Sigismund Augustus was co-crowned, Chancellor
425:Sigismund Augustus was the last male member of the
297:
287:
277:
267:
255:
171:
156:
136:
120:
116:
101:
91:
81:
73:
62:
41:
3379:. Central European University Press. p. 190.
1516:who would simultaneously reign over both domains.
1664:or Lutheranism during the Reformation started by
433:in 1596 the Jagiellonian dynasty came to an end.
1590:. Ruthenia remained under Polish rule until the
620:, however, the arrangement was delayed by Queen
582:, thus hoping to leave his throne to his heirs.
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
1758:was adopted as the first European act granting
782:Portrait of Sigismund Augustus in armour, 1550s
520:who became King Stanisław II Augustus in 1764.
1854:Eagle on one side and two columns with a sign
1766:measures under the despotic and arch-Catholic
422:, but remained childless throughout his life.
4125:
3680:
3063:Rocznik białostocki (The Annual of Białystok)
1487:to change their names and native language to
1441:which endured for over 150 years. During the
1161:Medal obverse featuring Sigismund from 1562,
1107:as a Lutheran duchy and the consolidation of
8:
4672:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
3484:
3482:
2983:"10 najwybitniejszych polskich kalwinistów"
2137:Casimir IV the Jagiellonian, King of Poland
1592:Cossack uprisings against Polish domination
1526:; Sigismund stands in the center holding a
353:Sigismund was the only son of Italian-born
4132:
4118:
4110:
4065:
3978:
3758:
3726:
3687:
3673:
3665:
3558:
2091:
2082:
1716:freedoms and called for rebellion against
1479:of Lithuania" by Poland. He also resisted
1457:were reluctant to aid Lithuania without a
1257:. Sigismund directed the alliance against
978:and was troubled by pain in the chest and
563:. The law was officially abolished by the
47:
38:
3341:
3339:
3060:Museum in Białystok (1991). "Volume 16".
1925:, Poland's then greatest writer and poet
1475:), who viewed the agreement as "peaceful
1025:, Sigismund was building a church in the
500:until Sforza's suspicious death in 1494.
391:. In 1569, he oversaw the signing of the
77:1 April 1548 – 7 July 1572
3537:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
3302:
3300:
3298:
3275:Schulz, Anne Markham (5 November 2010).
3270:
3268:
3249:
3247:
3169:
3167:
3019:
3017:
2998:
2996:
2959:
2957:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2807:. Oxford University Press. p. 437.
2641:Lukšaitė, Ingė; Matulevičius, Algirdas.
1888:. The king's possession included a rich
1180:and secularize the southern part of the
4737:People of the Northern Seven Years' War
3508:. Vol. XIII. Macmillan. p. 67
3436:
3418:. Vol. XIII. Macmillan. p. 71
2790:
2607:
1041:in Poland which lasted until the final
247: 1553; died 1572)
222: 1547; died 1551)
197: 1543; died 1545)
2829:"Elizabeth & Catherine of Austria"
2701:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania
2620:Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania
2452:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2210:
2100:
2096:
1910:to Sigismund, an 1884 illustration by
3373:"Female Control of Dynastic Politics"
3230:. Interpress Publishers. p. 98.
2859:"Przypadłości króla Zygmunta Augusta"
2670:Wojciech Stanisławski (7 July 2023).
2528:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2496:
2486:
2470:
2460:
2456:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2350:
2340:
2336:
2312:
2302:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2228:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2108:
2104:
1892:(360 pieces), commissioned by him in
1754:One year after Sigismund's death the
1640:Sigismund Augustus in armour, 1550s,
939:and since 1568 he also suffered from
480:. Sigismund's maternal grandparents,
32:Sigismund II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau
7:
3490:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1315:of King Sigismund Augustus, made in
1013:. After transporting the remains of
837:Portrait of Catherine of Austria by
429:. Following the death of his sister
3228:A Polish American's guide to Poland
3116:Zygmunt August (Sigismund Augustus)
1870:used by some Hungarian monarchs. A
1091:into Poland and Lithuania, and the
504:only son Augustus, after the first
379:; he established the first regular
346:and the last male monarch from the
330:; 1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was
3472:Engel, Pál & Norbert C. Tóth:
2086:Ancestors of Sigismund II Augustus
1598:, when Ukraine was annexed by the
1359:river to the southern province of
989:Tomb of Sigismund Augustus in the
910:Death of Sigismund II Augustus at
877:and excluded from political life.
578:in 1544 and initially opposed the
25:
3326:"Jak to z pocztą w Polsce bywało"
2648:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia
739:Portrait of Barbara Radziwiłł by
531:and the ceremony was held in the
472:. His paternal grandparents were
3068:Polish Scientific Publishers PWN
2920:
2009:, Lord and heir of the Lands of
1921:. Under the influence of bishop
1248:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
1226:Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg
1045:at the end of the 18th century.
614:Ferdinand of Bohemia and Hungary
523:In 1529, Sigismund Augustus was
301:
2877:"Śmierć króla Zygmunta Augusta"
1827:. In the 1560s he acquired the
1422:, jointly with German-speaking
456:Sigismund Augustus was born in
244:
219:
194:
3706:List of early Lithuanian dukes
3492:, L, Roma 1998, pp. 1–15.
3207:(in Polish). zwoje-scrolls.com
1420:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1194:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
344:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3143:Margaret Odrowaz-Sypniewska.
3120:National Ossoliński Institute
2731:pisze, Milena (30 May 2016).
2591:History of Poland (1569–1795)
2586:History of Poland (1385–1569)
1792:Tapestry with Shield-Bearing
1694:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł
1530:among nobles, envoys and the
1483:policies which forced ethnic
1384:, which was signed by Bishop
1099:; he saw the collapse of the
961:Giovanni Francesco Commendone
814:sexually transmitted diseases
4702:16th-century Polish monarchs
4657:Stanisław August Poniatowski
4047:Stanisław August Poniatowski
3531:Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012).
3505:The Cambridge Modern History
3415:The Cambridge Modern History
2111:Ladislaus II, King of Poland
1392:(Naval Commission) in 1568.
1176:to introduce the Protestant
931:. At 16, he also contracted
660:, far from the royal court.
518:Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski
4632:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
4373:Władysław III Spindleshanks
4022:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
3711:List of Lithuanian monarchs
3114:Stanisław Cynarski (1988).
1465:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł
1005:and remained at the nearby
4773:
4742:Burials at Wawel Cathedral
3226:Tadeusz Wojnowski (1988).
3088:(in Polish). tykocin.hg.pl
2446:
2330:
2204:
2098:
1777:
1625:
1399:
1142:
1061:Order of the Golden Fleece
387:in Poland, known today as
29:
4757:Sons of duchesses regnant
4665:
4463:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
4342:Senior or Supreme Princes
4093:
3700:
3642:
3627:
3608:
3593:
3588:
3561:
3371:Brzezińska, Anna (1999).
3291:– via Google Books.
3205:Polish mementos in Sweden
3178:(in Polish). p. 80.
2769:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl
2516:
2508:
2480:
2458:
2454:
2418:
2396:
2388:
2360:
2338:
2334:
2296:
2274:
2266:
2238:
2216:
2212:
2176:
2154:
2146:
2118:
2102:
1744:came into existence as a
1439:Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars
1303:Northern Seven Years' War
1208:attempted to implement a
839:Lucas Cranach the Younger
741:Lucas Cranach the Younger
599:Lucas Cranach the Younger
365:Northern Seven Years' War
55:Lucas Cranach the Younger
46:
4712:Grand dukes of Lithuania
4458:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
3754:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
3456:Neue Deutsche Biographie
3346:Jurzak, Ryszard (2006),
2602:Citations and references
1939:Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio
1896:in the years 1550–1560.
1890:collection of tapestries
1686:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
1607:Jan Hieronim Chodkiewicz
1200:. When Albert's brother
1081:Suleiman the Magnificent
576:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
397:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
4438:Dukes of Greater Poland
3645:Grand Duke of Lithuania
3348:"Władysław II Jagiełło"
2947:Encyclopædia Britannica
2596:List of Polish monarchs
2289:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
1584:Eastern Orthodox Church
1402:Polish-Lithuanian union
1242:became part of Poland.
1163:National Gallery of Art
947:and imported expensive
927:which caused him to be
580:Polish–Lithuanian union
529:Grand Duke of Lithuania
395:between Poland and the
336:Grand Duke of Lithuania
68:Grand Duke of Lithuania
18:Sigismund II Augustus I
4732:Polish Roman Catholics
4642:Augustus II the Strong
4559:Władysław III of Varna
4443:Dukes of Little Poland
4348:Władysław II the Exile
4303:Casimir I the Restorer
4297:Bolesław the Forgotten
4032:Augustus II the Strong
3563:Sigismund II Augustus
3449:Quirin, Heinz (1953),
2803:Frost, Robert (2015).
2721:Duczmal (2012), p. 119
1970:first permanent bridge
1914:
1862:John Sigismund Zápolya
1804:
1644:
1535:
1472:
1377:status quo ante bellum
1332:
1198:Livonian Confederation
1169:
1084:
1027:Vilnius Castle Complex
998:
957:Antonio Maria Graziani
919:
901:Health and final years
867:John Sigismund Zápolya
842:
783:
744:
689:Kraków to collect her
676:
606:Krzysztof Szydłowiecki
601:
476:, King of Poland, and
453:
383:and the first regular
367:which aimed to secure
327:
319:
4747:Sigismund II Augustus
4584:Sigismund II Augustus
4554:Władysław II Jagiełło
4531:Louis I the Hungarian
4513:Casimir III the Great
4408:Bolesław V the Chaste
4383:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
4353:Bolesław IV the Curly
4323:Bolesław III Wrymouth
4230:Piast the Wheelwright
4037:Stanisław Leszczyński
3997:Anna the Jagiellonian
3956:Sigismund II Augustus
3922:Sigismund Kęstutaitis
3695:Monarchs of Lithuania
3174:Michał Rożek (1987).
2643:"Žygimantas Augustas"
2531:Ippolita Maria Sforza
2353:Galeazzo Maria Sforza
2315:Sigismund II Augustus
2033:, Hereditary Lord of
1902:
1791:
1639:
1632:Reformation in Poland
1576:Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1522:
1310:
1210:Lutheran church order
1160:
1074:
988:
908:
836:
781:
757:Piotr Kmita Sobieński
738:
717:and former mistress,
666:
593:
444:
312:Sigismund II Augustus
42:Sigismund II Augustus
4727:Nobility from Kraków
4717:Jagiellonian dynasty
4627:John II Casimir Vasa
4546:Jagiellonian dynasty
4508:Władysław I Łokietek
4308:Bolesław II the Bold
4281:Bolesław I the Brave
4061:Kingdom of Lithuania
4042:August III the Saxon
4017:John II Casimir Vasa
3722:Kingdom of Lithuania
3281:. Penn State Press.
3201:"Polonica w Szwecji"
3122:. pp. 198–199.
2473:Alfonso II of Naples
2379:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
2257:Elizabeth of Austria
2231:Albert II of Germany
1957:, thus establishing
1951:Jagiellonian dynasty
1756:Warsaw Confederation
1596:Partitions of Poland
1182:Teutonic Order State
1101:Knights of the Sword
1050:Jagiellonian dynasty
789:Mikołaj Dzierzgowski
730:Piotrków Trybunalski
610:Elizabeth of Austria
557:Jagiellonian dynasty
490:Alfonso II of Naples
482:Gian Galeazzo Sforza
478:Elizabeth of Austria
474:Casimir IV Jagiellon
460:on 1 August 1520 to
451:Columns of Gediminas
427:Jagiellonian dynasty
420:Catherine of Austria
408:Elizabeth of Austria
348:Jagiellonian dynasty
233:Catherine of Austria
183:Elizabeth of Austria
4722:People from Knyszyn
4579:Sigismund I the Old
4523:Capet-Anjou dynasty
4413:Leszek II the Black
4403:Bolesław the Horned
4363:Casimir II the Just
4358:Mieszko III the Old
3992:Henry III of Valois
3951:Sigismund I the Old
3830:House of Gediminids
3654:Sigismund I the Old
3620:Sigismund I the Old
3597:Sigismund I the Old
3086:Ruins of the castle
2934:Bain, Robert Nisbet
2833:marryingcultures.eu
2195:Sigismund I the Old
2073:etc. Lord and heir"
1880:'s sword of 16,000
1864:, he inherited the
1764:Counter-Reformation
1572:Kingdom of Ruthenia
1453:. Furthermore, the
1339:between Sweden and
1188:in 1525, but under
1113:Sigismund I the Old
673:Emperor Ferdinand I
612:, daughter of King
488:, daughter of King
462:Sigismund I the Old
340:Sigismund I the Old
328:Žygimantas Augustas
272:Sigismund I the Old
96:Sigismund I the Old
4617:Sigismund III Vasa
4468:Dukes of Pomerania
4398:Henry II the Pious
4313:Władysław I Herman
4291:Mieszko II Lambert
4141:Monarchs of Poland
4007:Sigismund III Vasa
3932:House of Jagiellon
3806:House of Mindaugas
3763:House of Mindaugas
3731:House of Mindaugas
3632:Title next held by
3568:House of Jagiellon
3352:Dynastic Genealogy
3314:. 18 October 2016.
3008:Kurier Historyczny
2989:. 27 January 2003.
2987:ekumenizm.wiara.pl
2499:Isabella of Naples
2169:Sophia of Halshany
1915:
1906:presents his work
1846:'s ruby of 80,000
1805:
1768:Sigismund III Vasa
1760:religious freedoms
1674:Stanisław Zamoyski
1645:
1628:Religion in Poland
1536:
1333:
1302:
1206:Archbishop of Riga
1170:
1085:
999:
920:
871:Isabella Jagiellon
843:
784:
745:
721:, the daughter of
677:
638:Margaret of France
630:Johannes Dantiscus
602:
565:Henrician Articles
486:Isabella of Aragon
454:
4679:
4678:
4637:John III Sobieski
4622:Władysław IV Vasa
4594:Elective monarchy
4478:Přemyslid dynasty
4393:Henry the Bearded
4107:
4106:
4089:
4088:
4055:
4054:
4027:John III Sobieski
4012:Ladislaus IV Vasa
3970:Polish–Lithuanian
3964:
3963:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3862:
3787:House of Monomakh
3748:
3747:
3663:
3662:
3606:
3546:978-5-420-01703-6
3199:Michał Lisiński.
3145:"Poland's Crowns"
2814:978-0-19-820869-3
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
1989:Royal titles, in
1912:Feliks Sypniewski
1780:Polish Golden Age
1382:Treaty of Stettin
1380:in 1570 with the
1374:The war ended as
1259:Ivan the Terrible
1190:Polish suzerainty
1174:Albert of Prussia
1059:as member of the
1039:elective monarchy
1015:Barbara Radziwiłł
997:in Kraków, Poland
887:Anna Zajączkowska
807:Vilnius Cathedral
719:Barbara Radziwiłł
682:Barbara Radziwiłł
412:Barbara Radziwiłł
401:elective monarchy
377:Polish Golden Age
320:Zygmunt II August
309:
308:
292:Roman Catholicism
208:Barbara Radziwiłł
16:(Redirected from
4764:
4453:Dukes of Kuyavia
4448:Dukes of Masovia
4433:Dukes of Silesia
4418:Henryk IV Probus
4378:Władysław Odonic
4368:Leszek the White
4134:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4066:
3979:
3941:Casimir Jagellon
3897:
3885:
3873:
3856:
3759:
3727:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3600:
3594:Preceded by
3584:
3577:
3559:
3550:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2899:Vilniauspilys.lt
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:wilanow-palac.pl
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:wilanow-palac.pl
2855:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2676:polishhistory.pl
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2616:"Istorinė raida"
2612:
2092:
2083:
2005:, Grand Duke of
1923:Piotr Myszkowski
1692:(Jan Łaski) and
1690:Johannes a Lasco
1299:of these lands.
1244:Gotthard Kettler
1234:Treaty of Pozvol
1222:bishop coadjutor
1186:Duchy of Prussia
1167:Washington, D.C.
1149:Duchy of Livonia
991:Sigismund Chapel
925:venereal disease
305:
248:
246:
223:
221:
198:
196:
166:, Kraków, Poland
160:10 February 1574
151:Poland-Lithuania
143:
87:20 February 1530
51:
39:
21:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4707:Kings of Poland
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4661:
4612:Stephen Báthory
4602:Henry of Valois
4588:
4540:
4517:
4493:
4472:
4334:
4327:
4262:
4234:
4143:
4138:
4108:
4103:
4085:
4051:
4002:Stephen Báthory
3972:
3960:
3926:
3824:
3800:
3781:
3744:
3716:
3715:
3696:
3693:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3547:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3049:. 23 June 2014.
3047:infolotnicze.pl
3041:
3040:
3036:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2932:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2901:(in Lithuanian)
2893:
2892:
2888:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:. 3 March 2019.
2763:
2762:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2703:(in Lithuanian)
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2651:(in Lithuanian)
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2622:(in Lithuanian)
2614:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2582:
2577:
2080:
1986:
1927:Jan Kochanowski
1904:Jan Kochanowski
1867:Hungarian Crown
1838:. According to
1796:with the royal
1786:
1778:Main articles:
1776:
1742:Polish Brethren
1738:excommunication
1705:Anglican Church
1672:, most notably
1642:Alte Pinakothek
1634:
1626:Main articles:
1624:
1586:by future King
1524:Union of Lublin
1514:elected monarch
1473:Radvila Rudasis
1451:Russian Tsardom
1416:Union of Lublin
1412:
1406:Union of Lublin
1400:Main articles:
1398:
1396:Union of Lublin
1351:. The capital,
1325:Livrustkammaren
1305:
1269:Russian Tsardom
1155:
1143:Main articles:
1141:
1097:Polish nobility
1069:
1031:Wawel Cathedral
995:Wawel Cathedral
903:
831:
726:Jerzy Radziwiłł
703:
701:Second marriage
654:Wawel Cathedral
595:Queen Elizabeth
588:
569:Henry of Valois
439:
393:Union of Lublin
251:
250:
242:
238:
235:
225:
217:
213:
210:
200:
192:
188:
185:
167:
164:Wawel Cathedral
161:
145:
141:
125:
106:Henry of Valois
66:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4770:
4768:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Anna Jagiellon
4604:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:Wenceslaus III
4487:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4339:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4240:Proto-historic
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4105:
4104:
4096:Titular rulers
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4075:
4073:
4070:House of Urach
4063:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3863:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3611:King of Poland
3607:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3589:Regnal titles
3586:
3585:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3555:External links
3553:
3552:
3551:
3545:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3494:
3478:
3470:(in Hungarian)
3462:
3441:
3439:, p. 422.
3429:
3399:
3385:
3363:
3335:
3317:
3294:
3288:978-0271044514
3287:
3264:
3243:
3236:
3218:
3191:
3184:
3163:
3135:
3128:
3099:
3073:
3052:
3034:
3013:
2992:
2974:
2953:
2942:Chisholm, Hugh
2912:
2886:
2868:
2845:
2820:
2813:
2795:
2783:
2781:Duczmal (2012)
2774:
2756:
2738:
2723:
2714:
2688:
2662:
2633:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
1999:
1985:
1982:
1829:Tykocin Castle
1813:Vilnius Castle
1775:
1772:
1751:of Calvinism.
1746:Nontrinitarian
1623:
1620:
1600:Russian Empire
1580:westernisation
1501:personal union
1435:petty nobility
1397:
1394:
1304:
1301:
1289:Polish Livonia
1140:
1137:
1068:
1065:
1035:Anna Jagiellon
1007:Tykocin Castle
902:
899:
897:months later.
830:
829:Third marriage
827:
823:ovarian cancer
702:
699:
587:
586:First marriage
584:
498:Duchy of Milan
464:and his wife,
438:
435:
385:postal service
332:King of Poland
307:
306:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
240:
236:
231:
230:
229:
228:
215:
211:
206:
205:
204:
203:
190:
186:
181:
180:
179:
178:
175:
173:
169:
168:
162:
158:
154:
153:
144:(aged 51)
138:
134:
133:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
64:King of Poland
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4769:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4752:Sons of kings
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:John I Albert
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4500:Piast dynasty
4496:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Wenceslaus II
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4333:Fragmentation
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4268:Piast dynasty
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3603:as sole ruler
3598:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:1 August 1520
3575:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:Cited sources
3524:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:"Albrecht II"
3445:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3312:NIEZALEZNA.PL
3309:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3237:83-223-1978-9
3233:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3185:83-03-01914-7
3181:
3177:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3129:83-04-02670-8
3125:
3121:
3118:(in Polish).
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3087:
3083:
3082:"Ruiny zamku"
3077:
3074:
3070:. p. 75.
3069:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2938:Sigismund II.
2935:
2930:
2929:public domain
2916:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2747:"Wyborcza.pl"
2742:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:Bona of Savoy
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:In 1573, the
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:Poczta Polska
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:Swedish Crown
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1784:Poczta Polska
1781:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:Martin Luther
1663:
1660:converted to
1659:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:Lublin Castle
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Sigismund III
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:Royal Prussia
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:Martin Kromer
1383:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Lesser Poland
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1077:Hürrem Sultan
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:quack doctors
942:
941:kidney stones
938:
934:
930:
926:
918:
914:
913:
907:
900:
898:
895:
890:
888:
884:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
854:
852:
848:
840:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
815:
810:
808:
803:
798:
792:
790:
780:
776:
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
737:
733:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
674:
670:
665:
661:
659:
655:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
596:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Poczta Polska
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:Low Countries
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
338:, the son of
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
258:
254:
234:
227:
226:
209:
202:
201:
184:
177:
176:
174:
170:
165:
159:
155:
152:
148:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:1 August 1520
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4669:
4652:Augustus III
4583:
4429:
4340:
4295:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4099:
4080:Mindaugas II
4078:
3974:Commonwealth
3955:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3602:
3601:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3533:Jogailaičiai
3532:
3510:. Retrieved
3504:
3497:
3489:
3473:
3465:
3454:
3444:
3437:Duczmal 2012
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3414:
3390:. Retrieved
3376:
3366:
3357:27 September
3355:, retrieved
3351:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3277:
3258:
3227:
3221:
3211:12 September
3209:. Retrieved
3204:
3194:
3175:
3154:. Retrieved
3148:
3138:
3115:
3092:12 September
3090:. Retrieved
3085:
3076:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3007:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2945:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2804:
2798:
2791:Duczmal 2012
2786:
2777:
2768:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2726:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2646:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2314:
1994:
1984:Royal titles
1967:
1936:
1932:Lublin Union
1916:
1907:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1833:
1821:Royal Castle
1806:
1800:
1753:
1734:Pope Paul IV
1698:
1678:Jan Zamoyski
1646:
1604:
1562:(Ukrainian)
1537:
1497:
1481:polonisation
1460:quid pro quo
1458:
1447:Livonian War
1428:
1413:
1410:Polonisation
1375:
1373:
1337:Kalmar Union
1334:
1321:Kunz Lochner
1297:polonisation
1292:
1273:Livonian War
1267:against the
1262:
1255:Baltic coast
1252:
1237:
1230:
1171:
1153:Livonian War
1117:
1093:peero-cratic
1092:
1086:
1075:Letter from
1054:
1047:
1000:
965:
953:tuberculosis
921:
909:
891:
883:Barbara Giza
879:
855:
849:archduchess
844:
811:
793:
785:
773:Royal Castle
769:
763:and sent to
746:
704:
678:
646:
603:
573:
552:vivente rege
550:
541:
535:grand ducal
522:
502:
455:
424:
405:
360:vivente rege
358:
352:
311:
310:
142:(1572-07-07)
53:Portrait by
36:
4697:1572 deaths
4692:1520 births
4647:Stanisław I
4423:Przemysł II
3985:(1569–1795)
3934:(1440–1569)
3917:Švitrigaila
3832:(1285–1440)
3808:(1269–1285)
3789:(1267–1269)
3765:(1263–1267)
3733:(1236–1263)
3658:(1529–1548)
3624:(1530–1548)
3583:7 July 1572
3156:16 February
2751:wyborcza.pl
2437:Bona Sforza
2055:Culmer Land
1943:printmakers
1817:Niepołomice
1682:Mikołaj Rej
1670:John Calvin
1654:Reformation
1568:Kievan Rus'
1485:Lithuanians
1390:naval fleet
1365:Protestants
1279:, southern
1264:casus belli
1232:signed the
1178:Reformation
1145:Old Livonia
1089:Reformation
976:consumption
917:Jan Matejko
894:Protestants
802:Niepołomice
622:Bona Sforza
525:inaugurated
466:Bona Sforza
381:Polish navy
355:Bona Sforza
282:Bona Sforza
140:7 July 1572
92:Predecessor
4686:Categories
4564:Casimir IV
4207:Leszko III
3839:Butigeidis
3777:Vaišvilkas
3392:25 October
3386:963911667X
3259:Culture.pl
3029:Culture.pl
2905:20 October
2838:20 January
2681:19 January
2015:Sandomierz
1857:Plus Ultra
1718:absolutism
1714:democratic
1709:Henry VIII
1477:annexation
1469:Lithuanian
1443:Second War
1369:city state
1120:Jagiellons
1079:, wife of
1003:catafalque
972:Jan Firlej
753:abdicating
743:, ca. 1553
711:Lithuanian
561:absolutism
514:coronation
437:Early life
324:Lithuanian
83:Coronation
4574:Alexander
4498:Restored
4430:See also:
4276:Mieszko I
4258:Siemomysł
4225:Chościsko
4220:Popiel II
4200:Leszko II
4172:Krakus II
4149:Legendary
3946:Alexander
3907:Skirgaila
3854:Gediminas
3820:Daumantas
3815:Traidenis
3740:Mindaugas
3649:1529–1572
3615:1530–1572
3150:Angelfire
2936:(1911). "
2067:Samogitia
2063:Pomerania
2051:Podlaskie
2007:Lithuania
1976:river in
1972:over the
1934:in 1569.
1852:Habsburgs
1844:Charles V
1836:gemstones
1774:Patronage
1662:Calvinism
1650:libertine
1560:Ruthenian
1544:Podlachia
1335:When the
1329:Stockholm
1323:, 1550s.
1317:Nuremberg
1057:Habsburgs
1043:partition
949:ointments
929:infertile
858:espionage
851:Catherine
715:Calvinist
642:Habsburgs
634:Innsbruck
571:in 1573.
547:Jan Łaski
298:Signature
262:Jagiellon
102:Successor
4388:Konrad I
4318:Zbigniew
4248:Siemowit
4214:Popiel I
4193:Leszko I
4165:Krakus I
3912:Vytautas
3895:Kęstutis
3871:Algirdas
3866:Jaunutis
3844:Butvydas
3772:Treniota
3512:29 April
3422:29 April
2969:muzhp.pl
2707:23 April
2626:23 April
2580:See also
2078:Ancestry
2039:Volhynia
2035:Ruthenia
1894:Brussels
1819:and the
1798:monogram
1726:celibacy
1722:Piotrków
1658:magnates
1622:Religion
1616:ratified
1594:and the
1548:Volhynia
1528:crucifix
1431:magnates
1293:Inflanty
1239:de facto
1218:Catholic
1129:Mazovian
847:Austrian
819:cervical
707:nobility
686:epilepsy
510:Augustus
508:Emperor
449:and the
416:nobility
288:Religion
4670:Italics
4536:Jadwiga
4286:Bezprym
4179:Lech II
4100:italics
4098:are in
3983:Elected
3883:Jogaila
3849:Vytenis
2944:(ed.).
2931::
2655:27 July
2071:Livonia
2047:Masovia
2043:Prussia
2027:Kuyavia
2023:Łęczyca
2019:Sieradz
1974:Vistula
1919:satires
1886:armours
1730:vassals
1552:Podolia
1509:Jogaila
1505:Jadwiga
1357:Vistula
1341:Denmark
1311:Parade
1281:Estonia
1214:diocese
1212:in his
1202:Wilhelm
1139:Livonia
1133:Germans
1109:Ottoman
1105:Livonia
1023:Vilnius
968:Knyszyn
933:malaria
912:Knyszyn
765:Mazovia
658:Vilnius
626:Wrocław
544:Primate
533:Vilnius
492:, both
257:Dynasty
249:
241:
237:
224:
216:
212:
199:
191:
187:
172:Spouses
147:Knyszyn
110:in 1573
4335:period
4253:Lestek
4158:Lech I
4072:(1918)
3900:family
3888:family
3876:family
3859:family
3796:Shvarn
3629:Vacant
3579:
3543:
3383:
3285:
3234:
3182:
3126:
2940:". In
2925:
2811:
2059:Elbing
2011:Kraków
2003:Poland
1978:Warsaw
1963:Vienna
1955:Venice
1947:cameos
1882:ducats
1878:sultan
1848:scudos
1840:nuncio
1825:Warsaw
1794:Satyrs
1564:gentry
1540:Lublin
1532:clergy
1489:Polish
1408:, and
1353:Kraków
1349:piracy
1345:Gdańsk
1313:armour
1285:Sweden
1283:) and
1277:Latvia
1216:, the
1151:, and
1019:Kraków
1011:Warsaw
980:lumbar
863:Russia
797:nausea
723:Hetman
695:Vienna
669:armour
667:Child
649:Kraków
618:Poznań
537:palace
458:Kraków
369:Baltic
316:Polish
278:Mother
268:Father
157:Burial
131:Poland
127:Kraków
57:, 1553
4186:Wanda
3652:with
3636:Henry
3618:with
3581:Died:
3574:Born:
3330:rp.pl
1996:heres
1991:Latin
1908:Satyr
1809:Wawel
1507:with
1493:Latin
1455:Poles
1067:Reign
1017:from
915:, by
875:Radom
761:Wawel
691:dowry
597:, by
506:Roman
494:ruled
470:Milan
447:Vytis
243:(
239:
218:(
214:
193:(
189:
74:Reign
3541:ISBN
3514:2018
3424:2018
3394:2012
3381:ISBN
3359:2006
3283:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3213:2010
3180:ISBN
3158:2009
3124:ISBN
3094:2010
2907:2021
2840:2024
2809:ISBN
2709:2023
2683:2024
2657:2021
2628:2023
2529:15.
2471:14.
2409:13.
2351:12.
2287:11.
2229:10.
2031:Kiev
1801:S.A.
1782:and
1749:sect
1701:Rome
1668:and
1630:and
1556:Kiev
1554:and
1204:and
1124:Sejm
937:gout
885:and
869:and
749:Sejm
496:the
484:and
431:Anna
334:and
137:Died
121:Born
2497:7.
2435:3.
2377:6.
2313:1.
2255:5.
2193:2.
2167:9.
2135:4.
2109:8.
1993:: "
1823:in
1707:by
1491:or
1327:in
1319:by
1291:or
1165:in
1021:to
993:at
821:or
628:by
527:as
516:of
468:of
4688::
3539:.
3481:^
3453:,
3402:^
3350:,
3338:^
3328:.
3310:.
3297:^
3267:^
3257:.
3246:^
3203:.
3166:^
3147:.
3102:^
3084:.
3066:.
3045:.
3027:.
3016:^
3006:.
2995:^
2985:.
2967:.
2956:^
2897:.
2879:.
2861:.
2848:^
2831:.
2767:.
2749:.
2699:.
2674:.
2645:.
2618:.
2069:,
2065:,
2061:,
2057:,
2053:,
2049:,
2045:,
2041:,
2037:,
2029:,
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
2013:,
1998:."
1815:,
1811:,
1696:.
1688:,
1684:,
1680:,
1676:,
1602:.
1550:,
1546:,
1495:.
1471::
1404:,
1228:.
1224:,
1147:,
1115:.
1063:.
982:.
963:.
955:.
825:.
732:.
713:,
644:.
539:.
403:.
350:.
326::
322:,
318::
245:m.
220:m.
195:m.
149:,
129:,
4133:e
4126:t
4119:v
4102:.
3902:)
3898:(
3890:)
3886:(
3878:)
3874:(
3861:)
3857:(
3688:e
3681:t
3674:v
3549:.
3516:.
3426:.
3396:.
3332:.
3261:.
3240:.
3215:.
3188:.
3160:.
3132:.
3096:.
3031:.
3010:.
2971:.
2909:.
2883:.
2865:.
2842:.
2817:.
2793:.
2753:.
2735:.
2711:.
2685:.
2659:.
2630:.
1534:.
1467:(
1331:.
841:.
314:(
112:)
108:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
