33:
482:
57:
506:
518:
530:
49:
41:
494:
670:
Trying to gain back compression ratio by using popup pistons may improve airflow provided proper attention is paid to the transfer area and overall piston-to-combustion chamber interface. The best balance has been the subject of debate for over 60 years. Currently the most popular approach is running
239:
In a sidevalve engine, intake and exhaust gases follow a circuitous route, with low volumetric efficiency, or "poor breathing", not least because the exhaust gases interfere with the incoming charge. Because the exhaust follows a lengthy path to leave the engine, there is a tendency for the engine to
216:
The main disadvantages of a sidevalve engine are poor gas flow, poor combustion chamber shape, and low compression ratio, all of which result in a low-revving engine with low power output and low efficiency. Because sidevalve engines do not burn the fuel efficiently, they suffer from high hydrocarbon
172:
The advantages of a sidevalve engine include: simplicity, reliability, low part count, low cost, low weight, compactness, responsive low-speed power, low mechanical engine noise, and insensitivity to low-octane fuel. The absence of a complicated valvetrain allows a compact engine that is cheap to
248:
swiftly deteriorates, so that high power outputs are not feasible at speed. High volumetric efficiency was less important for early cars because their engines rarely sustained extended high speeds, but designers seeking higher power outputs had to abandon the sidevalve. A compromise used by the
207:
produces excellent fuel/air mixing. A feature of the sidevalve design (particularly beneficial for an aero-engine) is that if a valve should seize in its guide and remain partially open, the piston would not be damaged, and the engine would continue operating safely on its other cylinders.
671:
a big popup piston, but with a scallop on the side adjacent to the valves to keep the transfer area clear between the valves and the cylinder bore. Recommended bottom-line street-gas-friendly compression ratios are between 7.5–8:1 on naturally aspirated engines and 6.5–7.0:1 with a blower.
148:
The sidevalve engine's combustion chamber is not above the piston (as in an OHV (overhead valve) engine) but to the side, above the valves. The spark plug may be sited over the piston (as in an OHV engine) or above the valves; but aircraft designs with
244:. (Note: this is true for V-type flathead engines but less of an issue for inline engines which typically have the intake and exhaust ports on the same side of the engine block.) Although a sidevalve engine can safely operate at high speed, its
800:
With plasma-enhanced combustion, a large flame kernel formed and the flame propagation speed increased. In the single-cylinder engine, the combustion stability improved and the microwave-enhanced ignition increased the lean limit from 19.3 to
952:
Mechanically, the Series 90 cars shared the advances of the Series 75. The V-8 car's three-speed manual transmission was deemed up to the task of handing the torque of the V-16, in part because the larger engine delivered its impulses so
831:
In
November 2002 Singh actually received one such permission from a manufacturer to test his modification on its engines. The manufacturer was Briggs and Stratton, and the engines were two 149cc side valves.
302:
The sidevalve arrangement was especially common in the United States and used for motor vehicle engines, even for engines with high specific power output. Sidevalve designs are still common for many
844:
783:. 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 1. Archived from
1081:
284:
inside the combustion chamber, thus increasing torque, especially at low rpm. Better mixing of the fuel/air charge improves combustion and helps to prevent knocking.
99:
Flatheads were widely used internationally by automobile manufacturers from the late 1890s until the mid-1960s but were replaced by more efficient overhead valve and
2153:
481:
707:
H. Kremser (author): Der Aufbau schnellaufender
Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, in Hans List (ed): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine, volume 11, Springer, Wien 1942,
294:
The difficulty in designing a high-compression-ratio flathead means that most tend to be spark-ignition designs, and flathead diesels are virtually unknown.
744:
Anton
Pischinger (author): Die Steuerung der Verbrennungskraftmaschinen, in Hans List (ed): Die Verbrennungskraftmaschine, volume 9, Springer, Wien 1948,
1976:
472:
2163:
907:
1997:
173:
manufacture, since the cylinder head may be little more than a simple metal casting. These advantages explain why side valve engines were used for
1831:
505:
1969:
1074:
630:
461:
853:
32:
2011:
1990:
1983:
749:
729:
712:
2025:
2004:
683:
2032:
2018:
156:"Pop-up pistons" may be used with compatible heads to increase compression ratio and improve the combustion chamber's shape to prevent
1067:
590:
427:
flat four of 1931, which became one of the most popular light aircraft engines of the 1930s. Two modern flatheads are the
Belgian
2168:
415:, but because of their low efficiency, early flathead engines were deemed unsuitable. Two notable exceptions were the American
56:
986:
814:
2132:
775:
138:. The sidevalves are typically adjacent, sited on one side of the cylinder(s), though some flatheads employ the less common
604:
1785:
1261:
1791:
653:
529:
580:(As the cylinder cross-section has the shape of an inverted L, other names such as "L-block" or "L-head" are also used)
2173:
342:
861:
The test report reveals that fuel consumption and temperatures decreased at low engine speed while torque increased.
2158:
2049:
1851:
465:
77:
1825:
200:
At top dead centre, the piston gets very close to the flat portion of the cylinder head above, and the resultant
145:
variant. In a T-head engine, the exhaust gases leave on the opposite side of the cylinder from the intake valve.
1780:
1736:
1238:
100:
384:, flathead designs began to be superseded by OHV (overhead valve) designs. Flatheads were no longer common in
130:
and short pushrods (or sometimes with no pushrods at all). The flathead system obviates the need for further
2178:
1861:
1836:
1640:
1455:
346:
326:
139:
456:
Flathead designs have been used on a number of early pre-war motorcycles, in particular US V-twins such as
2084:
1856:
1766:
1693:
1266:
517:
306:
201:
1585:
1450:
1205:
724:
Richard van
Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer: Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor. 8. Auflage, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017,
350:
245:
178:
93:
903:
2079:
2043:
633:
which employs both rocker arms and pushrods to transmit motion from the cam lobes to the valve stems.
493:
451:
310:
1937:
1658:
1470:
1215:
935:
546:
358:
338:
262:
291:, who improved their efficiency after studying the gas-flow characteristics of sidevalve engines.
2069:
1947:
1919:
1663:
1595:
1099:
880:
281:
269:(or "intake-over-exhaust" valving), which has one sidevalve and one overhead valve per cylinder.
1020:
2094:
1957:
1942:
1929:
1909:
1889:
1884:
1728:
1016:
745:
725:
708:
389:
322:
288:
229:
135:
1899:
1846:
1776:
1673:
1550:
1500:
1380:
1031:
For example, some Dnepr and Ural used flathead designs that BMW had licensed to the
Soviets.
280:
or microwave enhanced ignition might help prevent knocking. Turbulence grooves may increase
194:
2089:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1525:
457:
424:
412:
273:
161:
157:
104:
1840:
1630:
1605:
1590:
1495:
1442:
1124:
872:
277:
119:
The valve gear comprises a camshaft sited low in the cylinder block which operates the
2147:
2127:
2109:
1821:
1771:
1668:
1620:
1610:
1575:
1360:
1314:
1210:
1149:
416:
362:
266:
254:
241:
225:
150:
142:
89:
48:
40:
1570:
1565:
1475:
1319:
1294:
1144:
990:
374:
370:
303:
120:
85:
81:
784:
777:
Microwave
Enhanced Ignition Process for Fuel Mixture at Elevated Pressure of 1MPa
2122:
2064:
2059:
1876:
1816:
1801:
1756:
1688:
1625:
1580:
1485:
1370:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1233:
1139:
1049:
976:
Although very small and compact, the D-Motor flat-six displaces nearly 4 litres.
420:
287:
An advance in flathead technology resulted from experimentation in the 1920s by
411:
The simplicity, lightness, compactness and reliability might seem ideal for an
1718:
1703:
1698:
1465:
1304:
1286:
1197:
1159:
1134:
439:
396:
385:
318:
258:
233:
221:
204:
190:
186:
131:
276:(or "knocking") if compression ratio is increased, but improvements such as
1866:
1806:
1746:
1713:
1615:
1600:
1560:
1555:
1535:
1515:
1460:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1299:
1276:
1172:
1129:
608:
468:
431:
369:
produced flathead inline 8-cylinder engines until 1954. Also in the
British
314:
250:
181:
designs came to be specified only for high-performance applications such as
17:
2104:
2099:
2074:
1811:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1505:
1480:
1324:
1309:
1271:
1243:
1187:
1177:
1114:
435:
354:
182:
642:
The D-motor flathead aero-engines have both spark pugs above the valves.
475:
produced a T-head four-cylinder in-line motorcycle engine in the 1920s.
1751:
1741:
1708:
1683:
1678:
1545:
1510:
1329:
1225:
1182:
1167:
1119:
428:
400:
366:
108:
403:
circles, restored examples of early Ford flathead V8s are still seen.
1761:
912:
Somender Singh: "Design to improve turbulence in combustion chambers"
774:
Ikeda, Yuji; Nishiyama, Atsushi; Kaneko, Masashi (5–8 January 2009).
134:
components such as lengthy pushrods, rocker arms, overhead valves or
127:
123:
1044:
1635:
1490:
591:"What Was the Final Year for a New Flathead-Powered American Car?"
55:
47:
39:
31:
392:
381:
220:
Sidevalve engines can only be used for engines operating on the
1063:
852:(Technical report). ARAI. PUS/2407/Garuda/52(d). Archived from
1795:
1365:
1253:
1090:
1054:
337:
Multicylinder flathead engines were used for cars such as the
174:
1059:
442:
and compact aero-engines with direct drive to a propeller.
103:. They are currently experiencing a revival in low-revving
388:, but they continued in more rudimentary vehicles such as
272:
The flathead's elongated combustion chamber is prone to
52:
Pop-up pistons may be used to increase compression ratio
740:
738:
164:, they protrude above the top of the cylinder block.
987:"Kapelstraat 198 8540 Deerlijk – Recent information"
564:
562:
2042:
1956:
1928:
1875:
1727:
1649:
1441:
1379:
1338:
1285:
1252:
1224:
1196:
1158:
1107:
1098:
815:"Obsession: Mr. Singh's Search for the Holy Grail"
1015:, pages 256-257. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015.
843:Pirangute, V. G.; N.V.Marathe (14 January 2002).
703:
701:
684:"A critique of the flathead or side valve engine"
224:. The combustion chamber shape is unsuitable for
924:by Harry Ralph Ricardo, Blackie and Son Limited.
654:"Ford Flathead V8 – The Flathead Guide of Death"
1050:Images of each style of Harley-Davidson engine
1075:
160:. "Pop-up" pistons are so called because, at
8:
1104:
1082:
1068:
1060:
473:Cleveland Motorcycle Manufacturing Company
1013:World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16
936:"Reignmaker – 1939 Cadillac Series 39-90"
1486:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
1832:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
558:
477:
2154:Cam-in-block valvetrain configurations
813:Graeber, Charles (23 September 2004).
660:. Hot Rod Magazine. Combustion Chamber
60:Flathead with Ricardo's turbulent head
883:from the original on 12 December 2021
7:
1055:Harley-Davidson K-model motorcycles
1011:Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al:
652:Davis, Marlan (29 September 2006).
487:1915 Cadillac flathead engine block
36:A crossflow T-head sidevalve engine
153:may use either or both positions.
25:
1496:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
942:. American City Business Journals
934:LaChance, David (February 2007).
879:. Grooved flathead at 1:31–1:38.
873:"Engine modify by Somender Singh"
871:amrelweekil (14 September 2009).
2164:Engine valvetrain configurations
528:
516:
504:
492:
480:
471:and Russian copies thereof. The
2133:Template:EC car classification
922:The internal-combustion engine
1:
989:. D-motor.eu. Archived from
44:The usual L-head arrangement
27:A type of four-stroke engine
2195:
1822:Gasoline / petrol
1586:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
449:
78:internal combustion engine
2118:
1962:(engine / drive)
846:Full throttle performance
101:overhead camshaft engines
1601:Sedan delivery/Panel van
764:, some time in the 1960s
499:Harley-Davidson flathead
464:, some British singles,
298:History and applications
2169:Harley-Davidson engines
1862:Liquified petroleum gas
1674:Driverless (autonomous)
571:, 6/94, pp.45 & 93.
511:Indian Chief Black Hawk
347:Ford flathead V8 engine
228:, which require a high
1767:Compressed natural gas
1694:Personal rapid transit
438:. These are extremely
177:for many years, while
151:two plugs per cylinder
61:
53:
45:
37:
2033:Dual motor-four-wheel
1631:Town (Coupé de Ville)
407:Flathead aero-engines
363:Series 90 luxury cars
359:V-16 flathead engines
351:Ford Sidevalve engine
265:in the 1950s was the
246:volumetric efficiency
115:The side-valve design
94:overhead valve engine
84:contained within the
74:valve-in-block engine
59:
51:
43:
35:
2044:Engine configuration
1045:Ford Flathead Engine
732:, Chapter 10, p. 534
629:An exception is the
535:Cleveland Model 4-45
452:Flathead motorcycles
446:Flathead motorcycles
327:basic farm machinery
88:, instead of in the
2050:internal combustion
1852:Internal combustion
1659:All-terrain vehicle
1581:Retractable hardtop
940:Hemmings Motor News
611:on 25 February 2018
593:. 20 December 2018.
2174:Motorcycle engines
859:on 7 October 2016.
323:two-wheel tractors
136:overhead camshafts
68:, also known as a
62:
54:
46:
38:
2159:Engine technology
2141:
2140:
1437:
1436:
1206:Compact executive
993:on March 28, 2012
750:978-3-211-80075-1
730:978-3-658-10901-1
713:978-3-7091-9755-4
313:engines, such as
289:Sir Harry Ricardo
230:compression ratio
16:(Redirected from
2186:
2053:
2012:Front-four-wheel
1963:
1826:direct injection
1737:Alternative fuel
1551:Multi-stop truck
1105:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
983:
977:
974:
968:
962:
956:
955:
949:
947:
931:
925:
919:
913:
911:
910:
906:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
868:
862:
860:
858:
851:
840:
834:
833:
828:
826:
810:
804:
803:
797:
795:
789:
782:
771:
765:
759:
753:
742:
733:
722:
716:
705:
696:
695:
693:
691:
680:
674:
673:
667:
665:
649:
643:
640:
634:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
607:. Archived from
601:
595:
594:
587:
581:
578:
572:
566:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
423:of 1930 and the
365:from 1938–1940.
70:sidevalve engine
21:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2114:
2085:Single-cylinder
2047:
2046:
2038:
2026:Rear-four-wheel
1977:Front mid-front
1961:
1960:
1952:
1930:Engine position
1924:
1871:
1857:Liquid nitrogen
1723:
1651:
1645:
1433:
1375:
1334:
1281:
1267:Crossover (CUV)
1248:
1220:
1192:
1154:
1094:
1088:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
984:
980:
975:
971:
963:
959:
945:
943:
933:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
902:
900:
896:
886:
884:
870:
869:
865:
856:
849:
842:
841:
837:
824:
822:
819:Popular Science
812:
811:
807:
793:
791:
790:on 25 July 2014
787:
780:
773:
772:
768:
760:
756:
743:
736:
723:
719:
706:
699:
689:
687:
682:
681:
677:
663:
661:
651:
650:
646:
641:
637:
628:
624:
614:
612:
605:"D-Motor image"
603:
602:
598:
589:
588:
584:
579:
575:
569:American Rodder
567:
560:
555:
543:
536:
533:
524:
521:
512:
509:
500:
497:
488:
485:
458:Harley-Davidson
454:
448:
425:Continental A40
409:
335:
307:single-cylinder
300:
214:
170:
162:top dead centre
117:
66:flathead engine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2179:Piston engines
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2019:Mid-four-wheel
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:Shooting brake
1603:
1598:
1596:Saloon / Sedan
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1100:Classification
1096:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1039:External links
1037:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1004:
978:
969:
957:
926:
914:
894:
863:
835:
805:
766:
762:Road and Track
754:
734:
717:
697:
686:. 13 July 2012
675:
644:
635:
622:
596:
582:
573:
557:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
527:
525:
522:
515:
513:
510:
503:
501:
498:
491:
489:
486:
479:
450:Main article:
447:
444:
408:
405:
393:military Jeeps
334:
331:
299:
296:
278:laser ignition
226:Diesel engines
222:Otto principle
213:
210:
175:passenger cars
169:
166:
116:
113:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:Reciprocating
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:Rear mid-rear
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Station wagon
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Coupé utility
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Sport compact
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1226:Minivan / MPV
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
992:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
967:, 1/85, p.72.
966:
965:Street Rodder
961:
958:
954:
941:
937:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
905:
898:
895:
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
855:
848:
847:
839:
836:
832:
820:
816:
809:
806:
802:
786:
779:
778:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
721:
718:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
685:
679:
676:
672:
659:
655:
648:
645:
639:
636:
632:
626:
623:
610:
606:
600:
597:
592:
586:
583:
577:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
552:
548:
545:
544:
540:
531:
526:
519:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
483:
478:
476:
474:
470:
467:
463:
459:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:opposed twin
418:
417:Aeronca E-107
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:Flathead cars
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:twin-cylinder
308:
305:
297:
295:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
212:Disadvantages
211:
209:
206:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
167:
165:
163:
159:
154:
152:
146:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
90:cylinder head
87:
83:
82:poppet valves
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
50:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1920:Twelve-wheel
1877:Drive wheels
1650:Specialized
1571:Pickup truck
1476:Cabrio coach
1320:Sports sedan
1295:Grand tourer
1027:
1012:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
981:
972:
964:
960:
951:
944:. Retrieved
939:
929:
921:
917:
897:
885:. Retrieved
876:
866:
854:the original
845:
838:
830:
823:. Retrieved
818:
808:
799:
792:. Retrieved
785:the original
776:
769:
761:
757:
720:
688:. Retrieved
678:
669:
662:. Retrieved
657:
647:
638:
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:the original
599:
585:
576:
568:
455:
410:
379:
375:Morris Minor
371:Morris Eight
343:Ford Model A
339:Ford Model T
336:
301:
293:
286:
271:
238:
219:
217:emissions.
215:
199:
171:
155:
147:
118:
107:such as the
105:aero-engines
98:
86:engine block
73:
69:
65:
63:
29:
2070:Four-stroke
1970:Front-front
1910:Eight-wheel
1885:Front-wheel
1817:Natural gas
1802:Fossil fuel
1757:Biogasoline
1443:Body styles
1371:Vintage car
997:December 6,
946:17 November
421:aero engine
413:aero-engine
274:preignition
263:Rolls-Royce
251:Willys Jeep
195:motorcycles
193:, and some
191:sports cars
187:luxury cars
140:"crossflow"
92:, as in an
2148:Categories
2095:Two-stroke
1991:Front-rear
1984:Rear-front
1900:Four-wheel
1890:Rear-wheel
1729:Propulsion
1719:Voiturette
1704:Flying car
1699:Police car
1664:Amphibious
1576:Quad coupé
1466:Berlinetta
1183:Street rod
1125:Subcompact
904:US 6237579
658:Hotrod.com
547:Heron Head
469:flat twins
440:oversquare
436:flat-sixes
432:flat-fours
397:custom car
377:series I.
361:for their
325:and other
319:rotavators
315:lawnmowers
259:Land Rover
236:to occur.
205:turbulence
168:Advantages
132:valvetrain
18:Side valve
2005:Rear-rear
1915:Ten-wheel
1905:Six-wheel
1895:Two-wheel
1807:Fuel cell
1747:Biodiesel
1714:Tow truck
1689:Pedal car
1669:Connected
1641:Vis-Ă -vis
1616:Targa top
1561:Panel van
1556:Notchback
1536:Limousine
1526:Landaulet
1516:Hatchback
1461:Barchetta
1429:S-segment
1424:M-segment
1419:J-segment
1414:F-segment
1409:E-segment
1404:D-segment
1399:C-segment
1394:B-segment
1389:A-segment
1300:Hot hatch
1277:Coupe SUV
1211:Executive
1173:Lead sled
1150:Full-size
1130:Supermini
1021:1368-485X
953:smoothly.
821:. Bonnier
690:22 August
357:produced
80:with its
2128:Category
2105:W engine
2090:Straight
1847:Hydrogen
1812:Fuel gas
1777:Electric
1652:vehicles
1591:Runabout
1541:Microvan
1531:Liftback
1521:Kammback
1506:Fastback
1481:Cab over
1471:Brougham
1216:Personal
1188:T-bucket
1178:Lowrider
1145:Mid-size
881:Archived
615:29 April
541:See also
395:. In US
390:off-road
355:Cadillac
349:and the
267:"F-head"
242:overheat
234:ignition
183:aircraft
158:knocking
143:"T-head"
76:, is an
2100:V (Vee)
2075:H-block
1841:plug-in
1839: (
1824: (
1794: (
1792:Ethanol
1781:battery
1779: (
1752:Biofuel
1742:Autogas
1709:Taxicab
1684:Gyrocar
1679:Go-kart
1626:Touring
1621:Torpedo
1566:Phaeton
1546:Minibus
1511:Hardtop
1356:Economy
1351:Classic
1346:Antique
1330:Go-kart
1262:Compact
1239:Leisure
1234:Compact
1168:Hot rod
1140:Compact
1108:By size
901:Patent
887:9 April
877:YouTube
752:, p. 14
715:, p. 50
664:8 April
523:BMW R12
429:D-Motor
401:hot rod
367:Packard
128:tappets
109:D-Motor
2123:Portal
2110:Wankel
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1958:Layout
1837:Hybrid
1772:Diesel
1762:Biogas
1456:Baquet
1305:Muscle
1287:Sports
1198:Luxury
1160:Custom
1135:Family
1093:design
1019:
909:
825:3 July
794:3 July
748:
728:
711:
631:Indian
462:Indian
380:After
373:, and
345:, the
261:, and
202:squish
124:valves
121:poppet
2060:Boxer
1938:Front
1867:Steam
1636:T-top
1491:Coupe
1339:Other
1325:Super
1115:Micro
857:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
801:24.1.
788:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
553:Notes
304:small
282:swirl
255:Rover
2065:Flat
1948:Rear
1310:Pony
1272:Mini
1244:Mini
1017:ISSN
999:2011
948:2015
889:2014
827:2014
796:2014
746:ISBN
726:ISBN
709:ISBN
692:2015
666:2014
617:2018
460:and
434:and
399:and
386:cars
382:WWII
341:and
232:for
126:via
1943:Mid
1796:E85
1786:NEV
1451:2+2
1366:Van
1361:Ute
1254:SUV
1120:Kei
1091:Car
466:BMW
309:or
179:OHV
72:or
2150::
1381:EU
950:.
938:.
875:.
829:.
817:.
798:.
737:^
700:^
668:.
656:.
561:^
353:.
329:.
321:,
317:,
257:,
253:,
197:.
189:,
185:,
111:.
96:.
64:A
2052:)
2048:(
1843:)
1828:)
1798:)
1788:)
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
1001:.
891:.
694:.
619:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
