2865:
strength which is accepted by modern scholars as Ladero
Quesada. Nevertheless, according to GarcĂa de Gabiola, to keep, pay and feed armies of such strength was beyond the resources of the recently created modern states. For the campaigns in Italy (1494â1503) the Spanish armies were of 5,000, 9,000 or 15,000 men maximum, so it is rather surprising the numbers recorded 5â10 years before for Granada. Taking into account the revenues of Castile during the period (130 to some 200 million maravedies per year) it is hardly plausible that Castile could have organized more than 8,000 to 20,000 soldiers. In fact, Ladero Quesada register the number of grain loads contracted by Castile in several years and GarcĂa de Gabiola has calculated the number of soldiers that could have been fed through these grain loads, and his conclusions are 12,000 men for 1482 (siege of Loja); 8,000 men for 1483 and 1484 (Granada fields sacking); 10,000 men in 1485 (Ronda siege); 10â12,000 soldiers in 1486 (second Loja siege); 12,000 for 1487 (Malaga siege); 10â12,000 in 1488 (firstst Baza siege); 20,000 soldiers in 1489 (second Baza siege, the greatest grain loads contracted, that also coincides with the largest revenue of Castile during the campaign, some 200 million); and 10â12,000 men for 1490â91 (final siege of Granada). A 20% of them should be cavalry.
2702:, capitulated on 27 April 1487, with local supporters of Boabdil directly aiding the Christian besiegers. MĂĄlaga held out during an extended siege that lasted from 7 May 1487 until 18 August 1487; its commander preferred death to surrender, and the African garrison and Christian renegades (converts to Islam) fought tenaciously, fearing the consequences of defeat. Near the end, the notables of MĂĄlaga finally offered a surrender, but Ferdinand refused, as generous terms had already been offered twice. When the city finally fell, Ferdinand punished almost all the inhabitants for their stubborn resistance with slavery, while renegades were burned alive or pierced by reeds. The Jews of Malaga, however, were spared, as Castilian Jews ransomed them from slavery.
2891:
146:
163:
1443:
2789:
2741:
the
Castilians. Occasional threats of deprivation of office were necessary to keep the army in the field, and Isabella came personally to the siege to help maintain the morale of both the nobles and the soldiers. After six months, al-Zagal surrendered, despite his garrison still being largely unharmed; he had become convinced that the Christians were serious about maintaining the siege as long as it would take, and further resistance was useless without the hope of relief, of which there was no sign. Baza was granted generous surrender terms, unlike MĂĄlaga.
2571:
55:
2805:, was signed on November 25, 1491, which granted two months to the city. The reason for the long delay was not so much intransigence on either side, but rather the inability of the Granadan government to coordinate amongst itself in the midst of the disorder and tumult that gripped the city. After the terms, which proved rather generous to the local Muslim population, were negotiated, the city capitulated on January 2, 1492. The besieging Christians sneaked troops into the
2587:
2750:
2840:
artillery, generally only using the occasional captured
Christian piece. The historian Weston F. Cook Jr. wrote "Gunpowder firepower and artillery siege operations won the Granadan war, and other factors in the Spanish victory were actually secondary and derivative." By 1495, Castile and Aragon controlled 179 pieces of artillery total, a vast increase from the paltry numbers seen in the War of the Castilian Succession.
218:
2618:
2413:. The bulk of the troops and funds for the war came from Castile, and Granada was annexed into Castile's territory. The Crown of Aragon was less important: apart from the presence of King Ferdinand himself, Aragon provided naval collaboration, guns, and some financial loans. Aristocrats were offered the allure of new lands, while Ferdinand and Isabella centralized and consolidated their power.
2276:
2869:
1491). Concerning the infantry, De Miguel Mora states that a Muslim soldier captured by the
Castilians during the siege of Baza confessed that the real infantry strength of the garrison was 4,000 men and not 15,000. So, the Muslim armies could not exceed some 4,000 infantry. At the end of the war, the ratio was 2-to-1 or 3-to-1 in favor of the Castilian armies.
2290:
2907:
freely. They were allowed to keep weapons, though not firearms, a provision that however was to be annulled a month later. No one would be forced to change religion, not even former
Christians who had converted to Islam. Boabdil was offered money and the rulership of a small principality in the mountainous
2851:
took on a more prominent role instead. The open-field battles in which cavalry were the most important were rare; the
Granadans, badly outnumbered, generally avoided such battles. The Castilians also employed a large number of supporting men; a huge force of workers were mustered in 1483 to destroy
2663:
the
Christians were able to defeat and capture King Boabdil. Ferdinand and Isabella had previously not been intent on conquering all of Granada. With the capture of King Boabdil, however, Ferdinand decided to use him to conquer Granada entirely. In a letter written in August 1483, Ferdinand wrote "To
2629:
in
December 1481, as part of a reprisal for a Christian raid. The town fell, and the population was enslaved. This attack proved to be a great provocation, and factions in favor of war in Andalusia used it to rally support for a counterstrike, quickly moving to take credit for it, and backed a wider
2906:
The treaty's terms for
Granada's surrender were quite generous to the Muslims, considering how little they had left to bargain with. They were similar to the terms offered to towns which surrendered earlier, when the outcome of the war was in doubt. For three years, Muslims could emigrate and return
2868:
In relation to Muslim armies, according to
Gabiola, the strengths mentioned by the sources (15,000 to 50,000 infantry, or 4,500â7,000 cavalry) should also be discarded. More plausible strengths mentioned are the 3,000 horses (1482), 1,000 to 1,500 (1483, 1485 and 1487) or even 3â400 riders (1489 and
2856:
army was almost completely Castilian; Aragonese and foreign mercenary participation was minimal. Of the Castilian army, Andalusia contributed far more troops than the other territories, with much of its population conscripted into the war. The nobility provided the majority of the expensive cavalry.
2800:
An eight-month siege of Granada was to begin in April 1491. The situation for the defenders grew progressively dire, as their forces for interfering with the siege dwindled and advisers schemed against each other. Bribery of important officials was rampant, and at least one of the chief advisers to
2760:
With the fall of Baza and the capture of al-Zagal in 1490, it seemed as if the war was over; Ferdinand and Isabella believed this was the case. However, Boabdil was unhappy with the rewards for his alliance with Ferdinand and Isabella, possibly because lands that had been promised to him were being
2634:
and its subsequent royal endorsement is usually said to be the formal beginning of the Granada War. Abu Hasan attempted to retake Alhama by siege in March but was unsuccessful. Reinforcements from the rest of Castile and Aragon averted the possibility of retaking Alhama in April 1482; King Ferdinand
2898:
The surrender of Granada was seen as a great blow to Islam and a triumph of Christianity. Other Christian states offered their sincere congratulations to Ferdinand and Isabella, while Islamic writers reacted with despair. In Castile and Aragon, celebrations and bullfights were held. People rejoiced
2864:
Concerning the real strength of the armies involved, according to original sources the Castilian armies reached between 50,000 and 70,000 soldiers the years of the greatest military effort (1482, 1483, 1486, 1487, 1489 and 1491), or 10,000 to 29,000 in the quieter ones (1484, 1485, 1488, and 1490),
2855:
Politically, many nobles insisted on controlling their own forces, but Ferdinand and Isabella were still able to exercise a large degree of control in directing the army as a whole. The Granadans, meanwhile, were beset with civil war, preventing the establishment of a unified command. The Christian
2949:
Castile was the main beneficiary of the war, as it had also spent by far the majority of the money and manpower to prosecute it, and completely annexed Granada. The conquest of Granada meant little for Aragon's strategic position, but it did help secure Castilian support in Italy and France, where
2740:
In 1489, the Christian forces began a painfully long siege of Baza, the most important stronghold remaining to al-Zagal. Baza was highly defensible as it required the Christians to split their armies, and artillery was of little use against it. Supplying the army caused a huge budget shortfall for
2679:
Boabdil was soon released from Christian protection to resume his bid for control of Granada. For the next three years, he acted as one of Ferdinand and Isabella's vassals. He offered the promise of limited independence for Granada and peace with the Christians to the citizenry; from the Catholic
2522:
The frontier between Granada and the Castilian lands of Andalusia was in a constant state of flux, "neither in peace nor in war." Raids across the border were common, as were intermixing alliances between local nobles on both sides of the frontier. Relations were governed by occasional truces and
2664:
put Granada in division and destroy it We have decided to free him.... He has to make war on his father." With Boabdil's release as a pseudo-Christian ally, the Granadan civil war continued. A Granadan chronicler commented that Boabdil's capture was "the cause of the fatherland's destruction."
2839:
of the war. The Castilians and Aragonese started the war with only a few artillery pieces, but Ferdinand had access to French and Burgundian experts from his recent wars, and the Christians aggressively increased their artillery forces. The Muslims, however, lagged far behind in their use of
2694:
MĂĄlaga, the chief seaport of Granada, was the main objective of the Castilian forces in 1487. Emir al-Zagal was slow to march to attempt to relieve the siege and was unable to harass the Christian armies safely because of the ongoing civil war; even after he left the city to come to the aid of
2667:
In 1485, the fortunes of the Granadan internal conflict shifted yet again. Boabdil was expelled from the AlbayzĂn, his base of power, by Hasan's brother al-Zagal. Al-Zagal also took command of the nation, dethroning his aging brother, who died shortly thereafter. Boabdil was obliged to flee to
2553:. During this time, the frontier with Granada was practically ignored; the Castilians did not even bother to ask for or obtain reparation for a raid in 1477. Truces were agreed upon in 1475, 1476, and 1478. In 1479, the Succession War concluded with Isabella victorious. As Isabella had married
2785:, but no reply is recorded by history. North Africa continued to sell Castile wheat throughout the war and valued maintaining good trade relations. In any case, the Granadans no longer controlled any coastline from where to receive overseas aid. No help would be forthcoming for Granada.
2438:. Spain would go on to model its national aspirations as the guardian of Christianity and Catholicism. The fall of the Alhambra is still celebrated every year by the City Council of Granada, and the Granada War is considered in traditional Spanish historiography as the final war of the
2852:
crops and pillage the countryside rather than engage directly in battle. Coordination and logistics were difficult given the mountainous terrain, but the Christians diligently built a series of roads through the mountains to deliver food and supplies to their troops.
2482:
not enclosed between a violent sea and an enemy terrible in arms, both of which press on its people day and night?" Still, Granada was wealthy and powerful, and the Christian kingdoms were divided and fought amongst themselves. Granada's problems began to worsen after
2941:
that ended in many Muslims being forced to choose between baptism, exile, or execution. Tensions from then onward would remain high, and Castile was obliged to maintain a large military force in Granada to deter future revolts. Isabella also strengthened the
3044:
is a civic and religious festival held each year in Granada on the anniversary of the city's conquest, January 2. In the 21st century, parties of the left have criticised and boycotted the date, instead proposing that Granada's festival be that of
2518:
imposed contributed greatly to his unpopularity. These taxes did at least support a respected army; Hasan was successful in putting down Christian revolts in his lands, and some observers estimated he could muster as many as 7,000 horsemen.
2514:. Despite the weakening economy, taxes were still imposed at their earlier high rates to support Granada's extensive defenses and large army. Ordinary Granadans paid triple the taxes of (non-tax-exempt) Castilians. The heavy taxes that Emir
2929:
soon found his position intolerable. He left for Morocco in October 1493, where he would die some forty years later. Eventually, Castile started to revoke some of the more tolerant attributes of the treaty. This initiative was led by
2642:
but failed to take the town. This setback was balanced by a twist that would prove to aid them greatly: on the same day that Loja was relieved, Abu Hasan's son, Abu Abdallah (also known as Boabdil), rebelled and styled himself
3065:
marches with its music band; it has become a rallying point for far-right and nationalist groups that have sparked incidents in late years. The Spanish Socialists shifted their position from removing the celebration to adding
2390:) they had to pay Castile to avoid being attacked and conquered. The war saw the effective use of artillery by the Christians to rapidly conquer towns that would otherwise have required long sieges. On January 2, 1492,
2989:, a romantic account of the war that emphasized chivalry and heroism on both sides. A number of stories and songs appear to have been sponsored by the royal government to help steel morale for the long struggle;
2668:
Ferdinand and Isabella's protection. The continuing division within the Muslim ranks and the cunning of the Marquis of CĂĄdiz allowed the western reaches of Granada to be seized with unusual speed in 1485.
2911:, an area that would have been difficult to control in any case. At first, most of conquered Granada was treated respectfully and was therefore predominantly stable for seven years, though the
2705:
Historian William Prescott considered the fall of MĂĄlaga the most important part of the war; Granada could not reasonably continue on as an independent state without MĂĄlaga, its chief port.
3079:
2557:
in 1469, this meant that the two powerful kingdoms of Castile and Aragon would stand united, free from the inter-Christian strife which had allowed the Emirate of Granada to survive.
1479:
3021:
2378:
The ten-year war was not a continuous effort but a series of seasonal campaigns launched in spring and broken off in winter. The Granadans were crippled by internal conflict and
2027:
2506:
This internal fighting greatly weakened the state. The economy declined, with Granada's once preeminent porcelain manufacture disrupted and challenged by the Christian town of
3037:, published in 1672, which focuses on a romantic love triangle and clashing loyalties in two feuding Granadan factions, leaving the besieging Castilians in the background.
898:
2847:
also saw use in the war, though only to a small degree. Heavy cavalry knights were a much smaller factor in the Granada War than seen in earlier warfare. Light cavalry
260:
4043:
2713:
Al-Zagal lost prestige from the fall of MĂĄlaga, and Boabdil took over all of the city of Granada in 1487; he additionally controlled the northeast of the country with
2523:
demands for tribute should those on one side have been seen to overstep their bounds. Neither country's central government intervened or controlled the warfare much.
4083:
2781:. As Castile and Aragon were fellow enemies of the Turks, the Sultan had no desire to break their alliance against the Turks. Boabdil also requested aid from the
4088:
3845:
2487:'s death in 1417. Succession struggles ensured that Granada was in an almost constant low-level civil war. Clan loyalties were stronger than allegiance to the
2938:
1340:
1335:
4093:
1837:
1821:
2322:
2962:
708:
4000:
2083:
2965:. After the defeat of the Moors, which was not easy, almost all the Moriscos of the former Kingdom of Granada were exiled to other parts of Spain.
3810:
1507:
2761:
administered by Castile. He broke off his vassalage and rebelled against the Catholic Monarchs, despite holding only the city of Granada and the
2190:
1898:
3516:
Amounts calculated by GarcĂa de Gabiola, p. 63, from revenues registered by Ladero, Granada, pp. 121â127, and Ladero, Hermandad, pp. 52â58, 67.
2421:
2177:
2114:
3057:
and the group Hogar Social, distributing Spanish flags, with attendees chanting in praise of Spanish identity, while other groups such as the
3225:
1953:
429:
253:
1652:
424:
3191:
2890:
2154:
4048:
2200:
2043:
1229:
1102:
4078:
3632:
2765:
Mountains. It was clear that such a position was untenable in the long term, so Boabdil sent out desperate requests for external aid.
2001:
868:
2934:, who ordered mass conversions, the burning of valuable Arabic manuscripts and other measures detrimental to the Muslims (and Jews).
596:
4068:
4019:
3984:
3963:
3942:
3914:
3889:
3864:
3058:
1779:
1684:
1112:
958:
738:
3739:
3712:
3658:
2977:, developed around stories of the war and the battles on the Granadan frontier which reached their culmination in Granada's fall.
4073:
2931:
246:
1442:
4053:
2530:
2161:
1993:
1127:
668:
2737:. Boabdil took no action as the Christian forces took some of his land, perhaps assuming it would shortly be returned to him.
1082:
347:
2315:
1405:
1062:
357:
2596:
during the 15th century. In light green are territories conquered by the Christian kings during the 13th century, including
2474:
had long since been conquered by the Christians. Pessimism for Granada's future existed before its ultimate fall; in 1400,
434:
3054:
2576:
The five kingdoms of Iberia in 1360. The territory of the Emirate of Granada was reduced by 1482, as it lost its grasp on
2515:
2059:
1814:
1692:
1179:
990:
703:
402:
188:
2801:
Boabdil seems to have been working for Castile the entire time. After the Battle of Granada a provisional surrender, the
444:
2484:
1747:
1731:
1587:
1259:
1184:
591:
2788:
2460:
had been the last Muslim state in Iberia for more than two centuries by the time of the Granada War. The other remnant
1010:
3782:
2261:
1873:
723:
673:
3685:
3080:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula § Castile-AragĂłn conquers the kingdom of Granada (1481â1491)
933:
893:
3832:
2950:
Aragon's interests lay. The task of funding the war was formidable; the total cost was estimated to be 450,000,000
3046:
2208:
2182:
1636:
1291:
1169:
1142:
1132:
1047:
995:
863:
823:
748:
713:
638:
419:
397:
320:
300:
903:
3050:
2689:
2308:
2244:
2229:
2122:
2067:
1422:
1380:
1321:
1301:
1296:
1254:
1199:
1174:
1164:
1137:
1117:
793:
753:
733:
653:
392:
3061:
turned out to oppose the celebration altogether, labelling the conquest a genocide. During the celebration, the
2978:
2899:
in the streets. For Christendom, the wresting of Granada from Islamic rule was seen as a counterbalance to the
2621:
Queen Isabella's marriage with Ferdinand of Aragon ensured a united front of Castile and Aragon against Granada.
1969:
3041:
2802:
2774:
2648:
2234:
1977:
1613:
1580:
1541:
1523:
1390:
1306:
1281:
1234:
1204:
1194:
1159:
808:
773:
763:
352:
342:
295:
200:
65:
60:
1057:
973:
928:
601:
561:
491:
54:
4063:
4058:
3033:
2926:
2644:
2550:
2471:
2391:
2020:
1286:
1224:
1214:
1072:
1067:
1027:
1000:
985:
883:
853:
833:
813:
718:
688:
678:
626:
621:
546:
516:
506:
474:
439:
377:
367:
212:
69:
2900:
2554:
2360:
2195:
1922:
1890:
1723:
1368:
1363:
1276:
963:
948:
943:
858:
803:
663:
586:
556:
464:
382:
305:
179:
73:
2672:
fell to him after fifteen days, thanks to his negotiations with the city's leaders. Ronda's fall allowed
2382:, while the Christians were generally unified. The Granadans were also bled economically by the tribute (
828:
2538:
2491:, making consolidation of power difficult. Often, the only territory the emir really controlled was the
2356:
2239:
2169:
1961:
1385:
1107:
1097:
1005:
798:
778:
372:
183:
77:
3816:
2809:
that day in case resistance materialized, which it did not. Granada's resistance had come to its end.
2424:, become slaves, or be exiled; by 1526 this prohibition spread to the rest of Spain. "New Christians" (
1755:
1037:
4038:
3009:
2822:
2534:
2383:
1945:
1700:
1548:
1358:
1271:
1092:
1020:
888:
878:
848:
838:
693:
648:
643:
576:
521:
387:
330:
315:
3974:
2625:
The truce of 1478 was still theoretically in effect when Granada launched a surprise attack against
2495:. At times, the emir did not even control all the city, but rather one rival emir would control the
2416:
The aftermath of war brought to an end coexistence between religions in the Iberian peninsula: Jews
3902:
2943:
2695:
MĂĄlaga, he was forced to leave troops in the Alhambra to defend against Boabdil and his followers.
2626:
2546:
2526:
1938:
1528:
1484:
1400:
1077:
1015:
913:
698:
616:
611:
536:
459:
290:
31:
3525:
Amounts calculated by GarcĂa de Gabiola, pp. 63â69, from grain loads registered by Ladero Quesada.
3994:
3067:
2982:
2457:
2368:
2051:
1864:
1855:
1668:
1556:
1459:
1395:
1219:
1147:
1052:
908:
818:
566:
531:
454:
449:
167:
104:
2699:
2660:
2475:
2371:. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of
1846:
1739:
2586:
4015:
3980:
3959:
3938:
3910:
3885:
3860:
3628:
3392:
3221:
3094:
2631:
2352:
2249:
2075:
1914:
1906:
1829:
1375:
1353:
1249:
1239:
1209:
1042:
968:
923:
918:
873:
783:
743:
728:
683:
658:
606:
551:
526:
496:
486:
362:
325:
3659:"La Toma de Granada se celebra entre acusaciones de fomentar el racismo y de "intolerancia""
2828:
2818:
2782:
2406:
2340:
1629:
1472:
1452:
1431:
1316:
1244:
1122:
1087:
758:
501:
217:
204:
192:
151:
3898:
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ăngel. La Hermandad de Castilla. Real Academia de la Historia. 2005.
3002:
2946:, and Ferdinand brought the Inquisition to Aragon where previously it had not held power.
2912:
2770:
2542:
2511:
2417:
2410:
2138:
2099:
1789:
1032:
843:
768:
571:
541:
511:
469:
310:
155:
2718:
2997:", written in 1484, hoped that Ferdinand would conquer "as far as Jerusalem." The song "
2749:
3089:
3084:
3062:
2778:
2714:
2593:
2435:
2364:
2294:
2106:
2035:
1798:
1716:
1660:
1189:
953:
938:
788:
581:
4032:
3214:
2726:
2639:
2130:
1771:
1676:
414:
3740:"La Toma de Granada: entre gritos de "yo soy español" y "no hay nada que celebrar""
3029:
2873:
2617:
2431:
2351:, was a series of military campaigns between 1481 and 1492 during the reign of the
2280:
4009:
3953:
3932:
3923:
3622:
3572:
3170:
3025:
2993:
was a poem written in 1479 encouraging persistence in the long siege. The song "
2951:
2722:
2570:
2500:
2451:
2439:
1603:
272:
125:
46:
17:
3112:
Kamen, Henry. "Spain 1469â1714 A Society of Conflict." Third edition. pp. 37â38
2680:
Monarchs, he extracted the title of Duke for whatever cities he could control.
3879:
3839:. Medievalia nÂș 45. 2015. Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico (47): 34â42.
2908:
2762:
2734:
2461:
2372:
1595:
238:
2577:
2426:
2379:
3791:
3020:
in 1853 by Denis Florence McCarthy, and again by Roy Campbell in 1959 (see
2656:
3857:
The Spanish Kingdoms: 1250â1516. Volume II: 1410â1516, Castilian Hegemony
2958:
2916:
2844:
2806:
2793:
2754:
2673:
2652:
2496:
2399:
1515:
1500:
2919:
2766:
2507:
2492:
2479:
2395:
1985:
3895:
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ăngel. La Guerra de Granada. Granada Dip. 2001.
3859:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press. pp. 367â393.
2541:. The war raged from 1475â1479, pitting Isabella's supporters and the
3713:"Una trifulca marca la Toma de Granada mĂĄs tensa de los Ășltimos años"
2878:
2848:
2832:
2730:
1564:
3005:
puts the depiction of the war in the lips of King Boabdil himself.
2563:
Maps of the Iberian peninsula and Granada in the 14thâ15th centuries
2676:, a base of the Granadan fleet, to come into Christian hands next.
30:
For the U.S. invasion of the similarly named Caribbean island, see
2889:
2836:
2748:
2669:
2616:
2597:
2466:
3766:
Benito Ruano, Eloy. "Un cruzado inglés en la Guerra de Granada",
3624:
The Last Crusade in the West: Castile and the Conquest of Granada
3391:
Prescott, William Hickling (1904). Munro, Wilford Harold (ed.).
2488:
3876:
Conquest of Granada From the Manuscript of Fray Antonio Agapida
2651:, defeated a large Christian raiding force in the hills of the
2394:(King Boabdil) surrendered the Emirate of Granada, the city of
242:
3192:"Je, dini ni upendo au ni chuki? Vita na mauaji yaliyokithiri"
3815:. Revista Medieval nÂș 55. 2015. Ed. Gram Nexo. Archived from
3574:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic
3394:
History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic
3924:
History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic
3907:
The Art of War in Spain: The Conquest of Granada, 1481â1492
2827:
The most notable facet of the Granada War was the power of
3012:
wrote a play concerning the Conquest of Granada entitled
2901:
loss of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks
2872:
The Granada War proved to be valuable training for the
3049:, a 19th-century heroine. In 2019 and 2020, the party
2894:
The Surrender of Granada, by Vicente Barneto y Vazquez
2777:
that ruled Egypt were in a near constant war with the
2773:
mildly rebuked Ferdinand for the Granada War, but the
3397:. Vol. II. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 242
2876:, where the Castilian armies and tactics such as the
3812:
La Guerra que puso fin al Medievo: Granada (1482â92)
2647:. The war continued into 1483. Abu Hasan's brother,
2420:
in 1492, and by 1501, all of Granada's Muslims were
2418:
were forced to convert to Christianity or be exiled
3833:"La Genesis del estado moderno: Granada (1482â92)"
3213:
3927:, updated with modern scholarship and commentary.
3627:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224.
2635:formally took command at Alhama on May 14, 1482.
2957:Increasing oppression of the Moorsânow known as
2792:Painting depicting Muhammad XII's family in the
3686:"La Toma de Granada: año nuevo, polémica vieja"
3022:List of CalderĂłn's plays in English translation
2405:The war was a joint project between Isabella's
39:
2446:Iberia and Al-Andalus in the late 15th century
233:100,000 dead or enslaved (including civilians)
2316:
254:
8:
3884:(Republished in 2002 by Simon Publications,
3507:Ladero, Granada, p. 100 and 108, and Irving.
2503:, the most important district of Granada.
2323:
2309:
1416:
261:
247:
239:
36:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3494:
3492:
3464:
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3377:
3375:
3373:
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3324:
3322:
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3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3246:
2349:Spanish ChristianâMuslim War of 1481â1492
2915:of 1492 expelled the Jews that were not
2787:
4044:Sieges involving the Emirate of Granada
3145:
3133:
3105:
3053:celebrated the event, also attended by
2529:died in December 1474, setting off the
1430:
1419:
4084:15th-century military history of Spain
3992:
3921:(An extract from Prescott's 1838 book
2052:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike
4089:Wars involving the Kingdom of Castile
3999:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
3171:"War - 67 Bloody Christian Conflicts"
3157:
2963:Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568â71)
2638:The Christians next tried to besiege
2373:Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula
7:
3121:
2698:The first main city to be attacked,
3979:(in Chinese and English). ćœéČć·„äžćșç瀟.
3850:. Historia de Iberia Vieja. nÂș 116.
3775:El Reino Nazari de Granada, 1482â92
3070:as a sign of "cultural encounter".
2201:Catalan declaration of independence
4094:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon
3831:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier (2015).
2422:obliged to convert to Christianity
25:
3905:(1995). Albert D. McJoynt (ed.).
3059:Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left
2796:moments after the fall of Granada
92:December 1481 or February 1482 â
3738:LĂłpez, Ălvaro (2 January 2019).
3711:LĂłpez, Ălvaro (2 January 2020).
3684:Cano, José A. (2 January 2015).
3657:GĂłmez, Miguel (2 January 2014).
2860:Strengths of the armies involved
2585:
2569:
2402:palace to the Castilian forces.
2288:
2274:
1441:
216:
161:
144:
53:
3621:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2014).
3220:. University Of Chicago Press.
2961:or "New Christians"âled to the
2531:War of the Castilian Succession
1994:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
3768:Anuario de estudios medievales
3216:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614
2882:would acquit themselves well.
2580:and other western territories.
1:
3571:Prescott, William H. (1868).
3534:GarcĂa de Gabiola, pp. 63â64.
3090:Morisco Rebellions in Granada
2545:against Joanna's supporters,
1693:War of the Spanish Succession
2835:to greatly shorten the many
2725:. Al-Zagal still controlled
1653:Colonisation of the Americas
27:Final war of the Reconquista
3909:. London: Greenhill Books.
3874:Irving, Washington (1829).
3844:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier.
3809:GarcĂa de Gabiola, Javier.
3543:De Miguel Mora, pp. 12, 16.
3008:Spanish Baroque playwright
1330:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
4110:
4049:15th century in al-Andalus
3952:Charles, Phillips (2004).
3773:Cristobal Torrez Delgado.
3014:Amar despues de la Muerte.
2987:Guerras civiles de Granada
2981:wrote an early example of
2816:
2783:Sultanate of Fes in crisis
2687:
2613:Provocations and responses
2449:
2191:2008â2014 financial crisis
29:
4079:Sieges of the Reconquista
3855:Hillgarth, J. N. (1978).
3770:, 9 (1974/1979), 585â593.
3042:DĂa de la Toma de Granada
2533:between Henry's daughter
2123:Spain during World War II
1954:Regency of MarĂa Cristina
1822:Regency of MarĂa Cristina
435:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
430:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
281:
224:
173:
137:
84:
52:
44:
4069:Sieges involving Castile
3931:Kohn, George C. (2006).
3781:De Miguel Mora, Carlos.
2537:and Henry's half-sister
2527:King Henry IV of Castile
2430:) came to be accused of
2178:1981 coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1978:Spain during World War I
1557:Kingdom of the Visigoths
72:(Boabdil) surrenders to
66:Francisco Pradilla Ortiz
61:The Surrender of Granada
4074:Sieges involving Aragon
3328:Hillgarth, pp. 383â384.
3034:The Conquest of Granada
2470:) of the once powerful
2392:Muhammad XII of Granada
2387:
2162:Transition to democracy
4054:15th-century conflicts
4008:Cliff, Andrew (2004).
3847:Todo empezĂł en Granada
3212:Harvey, L. P. (2005).
3024:). English playwright
2895:
2813:Tactics and technology
2797:
2757:
2690:Siege of MĂĄlaga (1487)
2622:
2510:near Valencia, in the
2361:Ferdinand II of Aragon
2344:
2196:2017 Barcelona attacks
2028:Provisional Government
1899:Provisional Government
1772:Absolutist restoration
1724:Abdications of Bayonne
180:Ferdinand II of Aragon
174:Commanders and leaders
3973:Changqi, Cui (1999).
3016:It was translated as
2893:
2791:
2752:
2745:Last stand at Granada
2630:war. The seizure of
2620:
2600:on the African coast.
2357:Isabella I of Castile
2183:Madrid train bombings
2060:1936 general election
1962:Reign of Alfonso XIII
1748:Constitution of CĂĄdiz
425:Pallars and Ribagorza
225:Casualties and losses
184:Isabella I of Castile
3955:Encyclopedia of Wars
3903:Prescott, William H.
3136:, p. 1072-1073.
3010:Calderon de la Barca
2975:romances fronterizos
2823:Early Modern warfare
2535:Joanna la Beltraneja
2472:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
2209:Coronavirus pandemic
2170:Current constitution
2155:Contemporary history
1970:SpanishâAmerican War
1946:Reign of Alfonso XII
1838:Regency of Espartero
1815:Reign of Isabella II
1701:Nueva Planta Decrees
1549:Kingdom of the Suebi
1312:2nd Granada campaign
709:2nd Balearic Islands
684:1st Balearic Islands
2995:Setenil, ay Setenil
2979:Ginés Pérez de Hita
2944:Spanish Inquisition
2932:Archbishop Cisneros
2903:forty years prior.
2555:Ferdinand of Aragon
2084:Nationalist victory
2005:of DĂĄmaso Berenguer
1891:Sexenio DemocrĂĄtico
1874:Glorious Revolution
1780:Sexenio Absolutista
1630:Early modern period
1529:Diocese of Hispania
991:Las Navas de Tolosa
105:Southeastern Iberia
32:Invasion of Grenada
3934:Dictionary of Wars
3647:Hillgarth, p. 371.
3611:Hillgarth, p. 393.
3602:Hillgarth, p. 390.
3590:Hillgarth, p. 387.
3561:Hillgarth, p. 388.
3498:Hillgarth, p. 378.
3486:Hillgarth, p. 374.
3468:Hillgarth, p. 377.
3427:Hillgarth, p. 376.
3415:Hillgarth, p. 373.
3381:Hillgarth, p. 386.
3367:Hillgarth, p. 385.
3308:Hillgarth, p. 382.
3294:Hillgarth, p. 381.
3280:Hillgarth, p. 370.
3266:Hillgarth, p. 369.
3252:Hillgarth, p. 368.
3240:Hillgarth, p. 367.
3148:, p. 497-498.
3068:also Moor parading
2983:historical fiction
2969:Cultural influence
2896:
2798:
2758:
2623:
2499:, and another the
2458:Emirate of Granada
2369:Emirate of Granada
2295:History portal
1865:Bienio progresista
1856:Second Carlist War
1756:Treaty of Valençay
1614:Christian kingdoms
1485:Carthaginian Spain
1460:Prehistoric Iberia
1185:Shepherds' Crusade
996:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
959:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
869:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
358:2nd Roncevaux Pass
296:1st Roncevaux Pass
168:Emirate of Granada
3958:. Facts On File.
3355:Prescott, p. 224.
3346:Prescott, p. 211.
3337:Prescott, p. 207.
3227:978-0-226-31963-6
3095:Border of Granada
2999:Una sañosa porfĂa
2973:An entire genre,
2803:Treaty of Granada
2645:Emir Muhammad XII
2592:Territory of the
2353:Catholic Monarchs
2345:Guerra de Granada
2333:
2332:
2250:Religious history
1939:Restoration Spain
1915:Third Carlist War
1907:Reign of Amadeo I
1830:First Carlist War
1637:Catholic Monarchs
1542:Early Middle Ages
1480:Pre-Roman peoples
1414:
1413:
592:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
237:
236:
133:
132:
118:Christian Victory
16:(Redirected from
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4025:
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3990:
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3920:
3883:
3870:
3851:
3840:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3790:. Archived from
3789:
3755:
3754:
3752:
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3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
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3708:
3702:
3701:
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3609:
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3600:
3591:
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3579:
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3562:
3559:
3553:
3552:Prescott, p. 16.
3550:
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3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3477:Prescott, p. 18.
3475:
3469:
3466:
3455:
3454:Prescott, p. 27.
3452:
3446:
3445:Prescott, p. 29.
3443:
3437:
3436:Prescott, p. 30.
3434:
3428:
3425:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3388:
3382:
3379:
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3209:
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3200:
3199:
3188:
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3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3018:Love After Death
2819:Medieval warfare
2589:
2573:
2409:and Ferdinand's
2407:Crown of Castile
2325:
2318:
2311:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2281:Spain portal
2279:
2278:
2277:
2245:Military history
2230:Economic history
2213:
2205:
2187:
2174:
2166:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2115:Republican exile
2111:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2068:1936 coup d'Ă©tat
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2009:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1878:
1870:
1860:
1852:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1803:
1795:
1785:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1732:Napoleonic Spain
1728:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1618:
1610:
1600:
1592:
1569:
1565:Byzantine Spania
1561:
1553:
1520:
1519:(218 BCEâ472 CE)
1512:
1489:
1445:
1435:
1417:
276:
263:
256:
249:
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220:
209:
197:
166:
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152:Crown of Castile
149:
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21:
18:Siege of Granada
4109:
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3873:
3867:
3854:
3843:
3830:
3822:
3820:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:La Toma de Baza
3780:
3763:
3758:
3749:
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3737:
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3076:
3003:Juan del Encina
2971:
2913:Alhambra Decree
2888:
2862:
2825:
2815:
2771:Sultan of Egypt
2747:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2684:Siege of MĂĄlaga
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2543:Crown of Aragon
2516:Abu-l-Hasan Ali
2512:Crown of Aragon
2493:city of Granada
2454:
2448:
2411:Crown of Aragon
2347:), also called
2329:
2300:
2289:
2287:
2275:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2235:Law enforcement
2225:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2185:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2139:Basque conflict
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2100:Francoist Spain
2092:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2044:Second Biennium
2038:
2030:
2023:
2021:Second Republic
2013:
2012:
2007:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1850:
1847:DĂ©cada moderada
1840:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1790:Trienio Liberal
1783:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1740:Cortes of CĂĄdiz
1734:
1726:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1703:
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1687:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
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1622:
1621:
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1608:
1598:
1590:
1588:Muslim conquest
1583:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1433:
1426:
1415:
1410:
1345:
1297:Los Alporchones
1180:Vega de Granada
277:
270:Battles in the
269:
267:
211:
205:
199:
193:
189:Abu'l-Hasan Ali
182:
162:
160:
156:Crown of Aragon
145:
143:
121:
107:
93:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:1490s in Spain
4061:
4059:1480s in Spain
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4014:. OUP Oxford.
4005:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3928:
3915:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3841:
3828:
3806:
3778:
3771:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3730:
3703:
3676:
3649:
3640:
3634:978-0812245875
3633:
3613:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3577:. p. 100.
3563:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3456:
3447:
3438:
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3408:
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3369:
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3348:
3339:
3330:
3310:
3296:
3282:
3268:
3254:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3204:
3183:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3124:, p. 666.
3114:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Islam in Spain
3082:
3075:
3072:
3063:Spanish Legion
3047:Mariana Pineda
2970:
2967:
2887:
2884:
2861:
2858:
2814:
2811:
2746:
2743:
2710:
2707:
2688:Main article:
2685:
2682:
2659:. However, at
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2594:Nasrid dynasty
2591:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2485:Emir Yusuf III
2447:
2444:
2436:crypto-Judaism
2365:Nasrid dynasty
2363:, against the
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2284:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:(2020âpresent)
2206:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2107:Spanish Maquis
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2036:First Biennium
2033:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1923:First Republic
1920:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1799:Ominous Decade
1796:
1786:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1720:
1717:Peninsular War
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1601:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1508:Roman Conquest
1504:
1501:Roman Hispania
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1341:2nd Alpujarras
1338:
1336:1st Alpujarras
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1205:Vega de Pagana
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Mudéjar revolt
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1011:Aragonese raid
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
981:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
899:Central Iberia
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Norwegian raid
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
634:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
482:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
411:
410:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
268:
266:
265:
258:
251:
243:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
221:
186:
176:
175:
171:
170:
158:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
120:
119:
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
94:2 January 1492
90:
82:
81:
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4106:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4023:
4021:9780191513459
4017:
4013:
4012:
4011:War Epidemics
4006:
4002:
3996:
3988:
3986:9787118020410
3982:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3967:
3965:9780816028511
3961:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3944:9781438129167
3940:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3916:1-8536-7193-2
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:1-9315-4180-9
3887:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3866:0-1982-2531-8
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3819:on 2018-08-25
3818:
3814:
3813:
3807:
3797:on 2018-04-13
3793:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3205:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3160:, p. 83.
3159:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2937:This sparked
2935:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2779:Ottoman Turks
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:Siege of Baza
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2572:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2131:Blue Division
2129:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1677:Iberian Union
1675:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1488:(575â206 BCE)
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:Early history
1469:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:9th Gibraltar
1305:
1303:
1302:8th Gibraltar
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:7th Gibraltar
1290:
1288:
1287:La Higueruela
1285:
1283:
1282:6th Gibraltar
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:5th Algeciras
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:5th Gibraltar
1233:
1231:
1230:4th Algeciras
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:4th Gibraltar
1198:
1196:
1195:3rd Gibraltar
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:2nd Gibraltar
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:3rd Algeciras
1163:
1161:
1160:1st Gibraltar
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:2nd Algeciras
1136:
1134:
1133:1st Algeciras
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
978:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:Piedra Pisada
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Aqbat al-Bakr
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
476:
475:3rd Barcelona
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Valdejunquera
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Day of Zamora
413:
412:
408:
407:
404:
403:2nd Barcelona
401:
399:
398:2nd Cellorigo
396:
394:
393:1st Cellorigo
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Monte Laturce
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:1st Barcelona
341:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
275:
274:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:
241:
232:
229:
228:
223:
219:
214:
210:
208:
202:
201:Muhammad XIII
198:
196:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
177:
172:
169:
159:
157:
153:
150:Union of the
142:
141:
136:
127:
123:
122:
117:
116:
114:
111:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4010:
3975:
3954:
3937:. Infobase.
3933:
3922:
3906:
3878:. New York:
3875:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3821:. Retrieved
3817:the original
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3792:the original
3783:
3774:
3767:
3761:Bibliography
3748:. Retrieved
3746:(in Spanish)
3743:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3719:(in Spanish)
3716:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3692:(in Spanish)
3689:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3665:(in Spanish)
3662:
3652:
3643:
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3194:. 2022-12-25
3186:
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3173:. 2019-08-19
3165:
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3146:Changqi 1999
3141:
3134:Charles 2004
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2886:Consequences
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2759:
2739:
2719:VĂ©lez-Blanco
2712:
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2700:VĂ©lez-MĂĄlaga
2697:
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2678:
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2464:states (the
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2240:LGBT history
2002:
1889:
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1845:
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1644:
1604:
1524:Romanization
1511:(206â27 BCE)
1348:North Africa
1311:
1266:15th century
1154:14th century
1058:4th Valencia
980:13th century
934:4th Santarém
894:3rd Santarém
834:2nd Santarém
754:3rd Valencia
724:2nd Zaragoza
704:1st Santarém
639:2nd Valencia
633:12th century
597:1st Valencia
562:1st Zaragoza
481:11th century
465:Torrevicente
409:10th century
306:Orbieu River
301:Burbia River
271:
213:Muhammad XII
206:
194:
138:Belligerents
70:Muhammad XII
59:
45:Part of the
4039:Reconquista
3744:eldiario.es
3717:eldiario.es
3690:eldiario.es
3663:eldiario.es
3401:23 November
3026:John Dryden
2715:VĂ©lez-Rubio
2452:Reconquista
2440:Reconquista
2384:Old Spanish
2337:Granada War
2165:(1975â1978)
2142:(1959â2011)
2134:(1941â1944)
2126:(1939â1945)
2118:(1939â1977)
2110:(1939â1965)
2079:(1936â1939)
2047:(1933â1936)
2039:(1931â1933)
2008:(1930â1931)
2003:Dictablanda
1997:(1923â1930)
1981:(1914â1918)
1965:(1886â1931)
1957:(1885â1902)
1949:(1874â1885)
1926:(1873â1874)
1918:(1872â1876)
1910:(1870â1873)
1902:(1868â1871)
1869:(1854â1856)
1859:(1846â1849)
1851:(1844â1854)
1841:(1840â1843)
1833:(1833â1840)
1825:(1833â1840)
1802:(1823â1833)
1794:(1820â1823)
1784:(1814â1820)
1743:(1810â1814)
1735:(1808â1813)
1704:(1707â1716)
1696:(1701â1714)
1688:(1700â1808)
1680:(1580â1640)
1672:(1556â1659)
1664:(1516â1700)
1656:(1492â1898)
1648:(1482â1492)
1645:Granada War
1640:(1479â1516)
1605:Reconquista
1581:Middle Ages
1432:History of
1406:2nd Tangier
1391:1st Tangier
1250:2nd Montiel
1170:3rd AlmerĂa
1088:3rd Seville
1016:2nd Majorca
919:2nd Seville
884:2nd Badajoz
864:2nd AlmerĂa
854:2nd Tortosa
824:1st AlmerĂa
809:1st Montiel
764:1st Badajoz
739:1st Granada
492:Calatañazor
420:1st Majorca
373:Guadalacete
348:1st Tortosa
337:9th century
285:8th century
273:Reconquista
126:Reconquista
124:End of the
47:Reconquista
40:Granada War
4033:Categories
3976:æ°çŒè±æ±æ±è±ćäșèŻć
ž
3880:A. L. Burt
3837:Medievalia
3823:2016-03-11
3801:2016-11-25
3750:2019-01-02
3198:2024-09-02
3177:2024-09-02
3158:Cliff 2004
3101:References
2991:Sobre Baza
2952:maravedies
2909:Alpujarras
2845:arquebuses
2843:Primitive
2817:See also:
2763:Alpujarras
2608:Chronology
2478:wrote "Is
2476:Ibn Hudayl
2462:al-Andalus
2450:See also:
2398:, and the
1669:Golden Age
1617:(718â1479)
1609:(711â1492)
1599:(711â1492)
1596:Al-Andalus
1453:Prehistory
1272:Collejares
1260:2nd Murcia
1225:GuadalmesĂ
1215:RĂo Salado
1113:1st Murcia
1073:2nd XĂ tiva
1068:1st XĂ tiva
964:2nd Silves
949:2nd Silves
944:1st Silves
859:2nd Lleida
844:5th Lisbon
804:4th Lisbon
734:1st Lleida
694:Candespina
689:6th Toledo
674:Formentera
664:3rd Lisbon
644:Mollerussa
627:5th Toledo
622:4th Toledo
602:2nd Lisbon
587:3rd Toledo
557:2nd Toledo
445:1st Toledo
388:Polvoraria
331:1st Lisbon
321:RĂo QuirĂłs
316:Las Babias
3995:cite book
3122:Kohn 2006
2578:Gibraltar
2427:conversos
2380:civil war
2076:Civil War
1661:Habsburgs
1591:(711â716)
1568:(552â624)
1560:(418â721)
1552:(409â585)
1386:4nd Ceuta
1376:3nd Ceuta
1369:2nd Ceuta
1364:1st Ceuta
1277:Antequera
1128:Andalusia
1108:3rd Jerez
1098:2nd Jerez
1033:1st Jerez
1006:PenĂscola
974:Talamanca
929:2nd Ăvora
914:Calatrava
904:Tarragona
889:Juromenha
879:1st Ăvora
829:Al-Ludjdj
799:2nd Coria
779:1st Coria
714:Martorell
699:Vatalandi
617:Consuegra
537:Golpejera
522:Barbastro
460:Estercuel
291:Covadonga
74:Ferdinand
3723:30 April
3696:30 April
3669:30 April
3074:See also
3028:wrote a
2959:Moriscos
2939:a revolt
2920:Marranos
2917:converso
2829:bombards
2807:Alhambra
2794:Alhambra
2755:Alhambra
2674:Marbella
2655:east of
2653:Axarquia
2649:al-Zagal
2547:Portugal
2539:Isabella
2501:AlbayzĂn
2497:Alhambra
2400:Alhambra
2262:Timeline
1685:Bourbons
1516:Hispania
1423:a series
1421:Part of
1220:Estepona
1148:Iznalloz
1083:3rd Jaén
1043:Burriana
1028:2nd Jaén
1001:1st Jaén
986:Al-DÄmĆ«s
924:Abrantes
819:Albacete
794:Trancoso
669:Talavera
649:Balaguer
567:Sagrajas
532:Llantada
455:Simancas
450:Alhandic
383:Morcuera
353:Pancorbo
100:Location
78:Isabella
3777:(1982).
2927:Boabdil
2849:jinetes
2833:cannons
2775:Mamluks
2767:Qaitbay
2735:AlmerĂa
2508:Manises
2480:Granada
2396:Granada
2341:Spanish
1989:(â1927)
1986:Rif War
1401:Melilla
1381:TĂ©touan
1240:Linuesa
1210:Getares
1063:Algarve
1053:El Puig
1048:CĂłrdoba
1021:PortopĂ
969:Alarcos
874:Palmela
849:Sacavém
839:Sacavém
784:Ourique
744:Corbins
729:Cutanda
719:Coimbra
607:Alcoraz
552:Morella
527:Paterna
517:Coimbra
487:Cervera
368:Albelda
363:Clavijo
230:Unknown
207:†
195:†
4018:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3913:
3888:
3863:
3631:
3224:
2879:tercio
2837:sieges
2769:, the
2733:, and
2731:Guadix
2721:, and
2661:Lucena
2657:MĂĄlaga
2632:Alhama
2627:Zahara
2551:France
2549:, and
2467:taifas
2204:(2017)
2186:(2004)
2173:(1978)
2087:(1939)
2071:(1936)
2063:(1936)
2055:(1934)
2031:(1931)
1973:(1898)
1877:(1868)
1759:(1813)
1751:(1812)
1727:(1808)
1425:on the
1396:Asilah
1359:Strait
1322:MĂĄlaga
1317:Lucena
1245:Guadix
1143:MoclĂn
1123:Martos
909:Cuenca
774:Leiria
749:AlcalĂĄ
612:Bairén
572:Tudela
502:Albesa
326:Oviedo
215:
203:
191:
112:Result
3795:(PDF)
3788:(PDF)
3001:" by
2925:King
2670:Ronda
2598:Ceuta
2388:paria
2224:Topic
1434:Spain
1118:Ăcija
954:Tomar
939:Alvor
814:Soure
789:Oreja
769:Fraga
759:Aceca
679:Ibiza
654:Uclés
582:Aledo
577:TĂ©var
542:Cabra
512:Graus
470:Rueda
311:Lutos
4016:ISBN
4001:link
3981:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3939:ISBN
3911:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3725:2021
3698:2021
3671:2021
3629:ISBN
3403:2015
3222:ISBN
3040:The
2831:and
2821:and
2753:The
2727:Baza
2723:Vera
2640:Loja
2489:emir
2456:The
2434:and
2359:and
2335:The
1354:Salé
1190:Teba
1093:Faro
1078:Biar
1038:Ares
497:TorĂ
154:and
89:Date
76:and
3055:Vox
2367:'s
64:by
4035::
3997:}}
3993:{{
3835:.
3742:.
3715:.
3688:.
3661:.
3595:^
3583:^
3491:^
3459:^
3420:^
3372:^
3360:^
3313:^
3299:^
3285:^
3271:^
3257:^
3245:^
3051:PP
2985:,
2954:.
2922:.
2729:,
2717:,
2442:.
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2375:.
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3869:.
3826:.
3804:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
