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and arms. In the summer of 1943, her house became the meeting place for the
Groninger Top, the heads of the provincial resistance group. The Top consisted of five people of which Tammens was the sole female member, and had to vote on liquidations and armed actions. Her authority was never questioned,
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as director of a school for special education. During her stay in Curaçao, she met Cees
Gravendaal. In 1964, Tammens retired to the Netherlands, and in 1979 married Cees Gravendaal. In 2000, the Resistance Museum in Groningen persuaded her to document her experiences. Sietje Tammens died on 27
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boy from her school and his brother at a farm, which marked her first act of resistance. Her activities increased, and soon her house was used as a temporary shelter for refugees, and storage for stolen
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270:(Mad Tuesday), a rumour that Breda had been liberated, caused a massive panic among the Germans, and resulted in a transfer to a work camp on the island of
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sentenced her to death in August 1944, however in case of
Germanic women a confirmation from Berlin was needed before the sentence could be carried out.
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On 13 June 1944, Tammens and others were caught in a trap at the
Identity Cards Office in Amsterdam, and were arrested. She was sent to
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despite not being raised religiously. Ultimately she chose to study at a training college to become a teacher. In 1939, she left for
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on 8 September 1944. In late March 1945, she bribed a soldier and managed to escape the camp and island. Later she was arrested in
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201:(Dutch nazi party) colleague at her school, failed. He was shot, but survived. Tammens had to flee. She first found refuge in
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Tammens survived, but was unable to bear children after sexual abuse by a German guard in Borkum. In 1947, she left for
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leader and teacher. In 1944, she was sentenced to death, but survived because the sentence needed approval from Berlin.
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as a private teacher for a mentally handicapped son of a professor. During this period, she specialized in
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174:. His successor Jannes Keijer was killed four months later by the group. The executions resulted in the
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209:. Using the false name Martha Oosterveen, she nevertheless continued with her resistance work.
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as the oldest of eight children. At first she wanted to become a
446:"Sietje Gravendaal-Tammens: een onverzettelijke verzetsleidster"
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for boys with learning difficulties. She found refuge for a
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and she played a decisive role in determining reliability.
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in
Groningen which was the local headquarters of the SD.
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In late 1941, Tammens became a teacher at a BLO school,
415:"Aan het einde van de oorlog liep ze terug naar huis"
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Huygens
Institute for the History of the Netherlands
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378:"Sietje Gravendaal-Tammens: verzetsheldin"
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104:(29 July 1914 – 27 September 2014) was a
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349:(in Dutch). 17 September 2019
341:"Tammens, Sietje (1914-2014)"
284:Neuengamme concentration camp
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421:(in Dutch). 21 October 2014
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95:resistance leader, teacher
569:(in Dutch). 23 April 2020
505:De Verhalen van Groningen
450:De Verhalen van Groningen
133:speech-language pathology
102:Sietje Gravendeel-Tammens
20:Sietje Gravendaal-Tammens
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176:Silbertanne Represailles
567:Verhalen over de oorlog
225:, transferred to the
629:People from De Marne
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634:Women centenarians
604:Dutch centenarians
303:September 2014 in
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501:"Razzia in Bedum"
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40:29 July 1914
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255:Ernst Knorr
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227:Oranjehotel
74:Nationality
48:Netherlands
588:Categories
536:(in Dutch)
507:(in Dutch)
481:(in Dutch)
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384:(in Dutch)
311:References
207:Leeuwarden
188:Middelstum
36:1914-07-29
479:RTV Noord
203:Harlingen
182:, Bedum,
180:Zuidwolde
129:Groningen
112:Biography
162:Langweer
573:10 July
540:10 July
511:10 July
485:10 July
456:10 July
425:10 July
388:10 July
353:10 July
300:Curaçao
305:Winsum
280:Aurich
272:Borkum
213:Arrest
184:Stedum
149:Jewish
125:pastor
66:Winsum
276:Emden
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223:Vught
172:Bedum
167:Trouw
78:Dutch
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26:Born
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