Silesian Uprisings - Knowledge (XXG)

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they held in life. Reports from the British officers state that the "corpses of both men and women have been mutilated". The most common means of mutilation was by smashing in the face with rifle butts into a bloody mash. Likewise, castration of prisoners were a common tactic, again as a way to show dominance and to literally "unman" the other side. Violence against the genitals was the second common form of mutilation of faces. One British Army officer wrote in 1921 "It is revolting the number of murders that took place, generally at night and in the woods, which no amount of patrolling could stop. For instance, a one-armed German ex-soldier was taken out and murdered by the Poles one night, and the same night the French reported several murders by the Germans near their post in the woods close by". Wilson wrote that these tactics were not "the triumph of innate barbarism in the absence of social constraint", but rather were tactics quite consciously chosen to express contempt and dominance. Much of the grotesque violence was due to the fluidity of identities in Upper Silesia where many people saw themselves as neither German nor Polish, but rather Silesian, thus leading to nationalists to take extreme measures to polarize society into diametrically opposed blocs. In May-June 1921, at least 1,760 people were killed in the fighting in Upper Silesia.

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their respective communities from the other side. For both sides, rape served as a way to symbolically "unman" the men of the other side by proving that they were incapable of defending their women and as a way of asserting their power over the women of the other side, hence the frequency of rape. Complaints about rape by both sides started to become common after the 1919 uprising, but were most common after the 1921 uprising. The British historian Tim Wilson wrote about sexual violence by the German forces: "Eighteen such incidents can be easily verified. Many of these were multiple rapes; in other cases of mass rape the number of victims were not even given". In September 1922, the Polish government submitted a detailed dossier about the rape of Polish Upper Silesian women to the League of Nations. Wilson also wrote that rape of women believed to be supporting the German cause by "Polish militants" was "relatively common".

1384: 1026: 960: 1788:, intended to preserve the economic unity of the area and to guarantee minority rights. The League also set up a tribunal to arbitrate disputes. Furthermore, in response to a German complaint about the importance of Silesian coal for the German industry, Germany was given the right to import 500,000 tons per year at discounted prices. In 1925, three years following the development of the agreement and approaching the termination of the coal agreement, Germany refused to import the appropriate quantities of coal, attempting to use the coal issue as a lever against Poland, trying to impose a revision of the whole Polish-German frontier. 1693: 1557: 1530: 3164: 149: 931: 1549: 1769:

remained German, and 400,000 tonnes became Polish. Of 16 zinc and lead mines, which produced 233,000 tons in 1920, only 4, with an output of 44,000 tonnes, remained German. The main towns of Königshütte (Chorzów), Kattowitz (Katowice), and Tarnowitz (Tarnowskie Góry) were given to Poland. In the Silesian territory that Poland regained, the Germans were a significant minority. Similarly, a significant minority of Poles (about half a million Poles) was still left on the German side, most of them in

241: 230: 163: 1803:. In July 1921, the dispute came was resolved with Hitler seizing control of the party and deposing Drexler as a party leader. At the meeting in Munich that decided in favor of Hitler, it was the veterans of the Upper Silesia campaign newly returned to Bavaria, described by one contemporary as the "Upper Silesian adventurers, flashing medals, badges and swastikas", who provided the decisive votes which enabled the triumph of Hitler over Drexler. A number of the 605: 54: 3558: 1193:), with about 40,000 troops held in reserve, quickly put down the uprising. The army's reaction was harsh, with 2,500 Poles either hanged or executed by firing squad for their parts in the protest. Some 9,000 ethnic Poles sought refuge in the Second Polish Republic, taking along their family members. This came to an end when Allied forces were brought in to restore order, and the refugees were allowed to return later that year. 893:

One such publisher was Ignacy Bulla (later changed to Buła in celebration), who would spread information related to these principles at risk to his own life and freedom. He is widely credited with having inspired the Polish-Silesian patriotic feelings that inspired the uprisings. His contribution to bringing Silesia back into the Roman Catholic Church was the subject of at least one dissertation presented by a Seminary student.

5815: 5016: 3567: 5832: 5248: 3579: 1848:, the leader of the Upper Silesia Defense League that wanted autonomy for Upper Silesia in Poland criticised the especially grandiose and expensive rally Grażyński organsed on 3rd May 1931 to mark the 10th anniversary of the uprising as a colossal waste of money, charging that it was unjust that millions of zlotys have been spent on the rally when so ordinary people were suffering from the Great Depression. 1856:. For this reason alone, the Polish veterans tended to be overrepresented in the Polish resistance. In 1945, all of Upper Silesia was annexed to Poland. During the Communist era, the government in Warsaw took an ultra-nationalist line to rebut the charge that it was under Soviet domination, and placed great emphasis on the "recovered western territories" as the centerpiece of its claim for legitimacy. 943:, to determine whether the territory should be a part of Germany or Poland. The plebiscite was to be held within two years of the Treaty in the whole of Upper Silesia, although the Polish government had only requested it to be held in the areas east of the Oder river, which had a significant number of Polish speakers. Thus, the plebiscite took place in all of Upper Silesia, including the predominantly 1538: 754: 5810: 1444: 1268: 1090: 3170: 1464: 1256: 1106: 218: 207: 193: 182: 132: 1589:. Devising a frontier that was mutually acceptable to both sides proved to be impossible because in many of the contested districts of Upper Silesia, the people in the urban areas tended to vote for staying in Germany while the rural areas voted for going to Poland. Thus, any division would mean that a number of people would end up on the "wrong" side of the frontier. 909:, and governed Upper Silesia in a very high-handed and harsh manner. The First World War was a period in Upper Silesia of collapsing living standards as wages failed to keep up with inflation; almost everyone suffered from shortages of food and working hours were increased in the mines and factories. The nationalist climate produced by the 913:, with its sense that all Germans should rally behind the Kaiser in the war effort, led members of Germany's Polish minority to feel more excluded and marginalized than before 1914. The subject of an independent Polish state was first raised by the Germans and Austrians who in 1916 created a puppet Polish state on the territory of 1680:

arrived in Upper Silesia and began to advance in company with those of the other Allies towards the former frontier. Simultaneously, with this advance, the Inter-Allied Commission pronounced a general amnesty for the illegal actions committed during the insurrection, with the exception of acts of revenge and cruelty. The German

2886:"Thus, within the first three postwar years Poland waged war against the Ukraine, Lithuania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. Polish historiography refers to the first four conflicts as 'wars' while calling the encounters with Germany grassroots 'uprisings' or 'insurgencies', despite central government involvement" 1777:

draw up economic regulations as well as a statute for the protection of minorities, which were to have a duration of fifteen years. Special measures were threatened in the event that either of the two states should refuse to participate in the drawing up of such regulations, or to accept them subsequently.

2895:"Reacting to the outcome of the plibiscite, Wojciech Koranty ordered the third Silesian insurgency on the symbolic day of 3 May The Polish government and military clearly instigated this offensive, for example, by mobilizing thousands of troops from outside of the region to join the local insurgents. 1585:(Gliwice) and Kattowitz (Katowice). The French wanted to weaken Germany, and thus supported Polish claims on the territory; the British and the Italians disagreed, in part because the German government declared that a loss of the Silesian industries would render Germany incapable of paying the demanded 872:

clergy. The population of Upper Silesia was overwhelmingly Catholic with 92% of the people being Roman Catholic. Most of the 8% of Upper Silesians who were Protestant tended to be Germans, but the linguistic and ethnic divide between Catholic Germans and Poles tended to subsume their shared religion.

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In September 1939, Polish Upper Silesia was annexed to Germany, and during the German occupation, there were a violent policy of Germanizing the "recovered lands". During the German occupation, the Polish veterans of the Upper Silesia uprisings were as much possible hunted down and killed as enemies

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which lasted until 1939, Grażyński held gigantic rallies to honor the anniversary of the uprising of 1921 every May 3rd that were meant as much to honor himself as the anniversary of the uprising. Grażyński's rallies were boycotted by Korfanty and his supporters who complained that he was taking all

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fell to Poland, the Prussian state losing 3 mines out of 4. Of a coal output of 31,750,000 tonnes, 24,600,000 tonnes fell to Poland. All iron mines with an output of 61,000 tonnes fell to Poland. Of 37 furnaces, 22 went to Poland, 15 to Germany. Of a pig-iron output of 570,000 tonnes, 170,000 tonnes

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several times resisted the attacks of Wojciech Korfanty's Polish troops, in some cases with the cooperation of British and Italian troops. An attempt on the part of the British troops to take steps against the Polish forces was prevented by General Jules Gratier, the French commander-in-chief of the

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was asked to settle the dispute before it led to even more bloodshed. In 1922, a six-week debate decided that Upper Silesia should be divided. This was accepted by both countries, and the majority of Upper Silesians. Approximately 736,000 Poles and 260,000 Germans thus found themselves now in Polish

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In order to mitigate the hardships likely to arise from the partition of a district that was essentially an economic unit, it was decided, on the recommendation of the Council of the League of Nations, that German and Polish delegates, under a chairman appointed by the Council of the League, should

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and began in the aftermath of a plebiscite that yielded mixed results. The British and French governments could not reach a consensus on the interpretation of the plebiscite. The primary problem was the disposition of the "Industrial Triangle" east of the Oder river, whose triangle ends were marked

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Meanwhile, propaganda and strong arm tactics by both sides led to increasing unrest. The German authorities warned that those voting for Poland might forfeit their jobs and pensions. Pro-Polish activists argued that, under Polish rule, Silesian Poles would no longer be discriminated against. Poland

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areas in the east and the predominantly German-speaking areas west of the river. The Upper Silesian plebiscite was to be conducted on 20 March 1921. In the meantime, the German administration and police remained in place. The requirement for a referendum in Upper Silesia in the Treaty of Versailles

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During the Paris peace conference in 1919, a strong division emerged between the British prime minister David Lloyd George who wanted Upper Silesia to remain within Germany vs. the French Premier Georges Clemenceau who supported the Polish claim to Upper Silesia. The Treaty of Versailles, signed in

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of Polish Upper Silesia in 1927. Graźyński became involved in a lengthy feud with Korfanty and went out of his way to downplay and minimize Korfanty's role in the uprisings. By contrast, Graźyński vastly inflated his own role in the uprising of 1921 as he described himself as the "chief insurgent"

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In February 1920, an Allied Plebiscite Commission was sent to Upper Silesia. It was composed of representatives of the Allied forces, mostly from France, with smaller contingents from United Kingdom and Italy. Soon, however, it became apparent that the Allied forces were too few to maintain order.

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While still under German control, various Poles identified as Silesians would write, publish, distribute pamphlets, newsletters and other written material, promoting the idea of a Polish-Silesian Identity. Included among the statements within these texts was adherence to the Roman Catholic church.

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Twelve days after the outbreak of the insurrection, Korfanty offered to take his troops behind a line of demarcation (the "Korfanty Line"), conditional on the released territory not being re-occupied by German forces, but by Allied troops. It was not, however, until 1 July that the British troops

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Mutilation by both sides were a common tactic as a way to show dominance over the other side. Both sides liked to mutilate the faces of their victims to the point of obliviating the face as a way to show their dominance by robbing the victim of not only their lives, but even their identities that

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In late April 1921, rumours spread that the British position would prevail, prompting the local Polish activists to organise an uprising. The insurrection was to begin in early in May. Having learned from previous failures, the Third War was carefully planned and organized under the leadership of

1312:. Pro-German activists spontaneously organised a march to celebrate what they assumed would be the end of independent Poland. The volatile situation quickly degenerated into violence as pro-German demonstrators began looting Polish shops; the violence continued even after it had become clear that 1652:

The fighting in Upper Silesia was characterized by numerous atrocities on both sides with rape and mutilation being integral and routine methods of war. The men of both sides tended to conflate "national honor" and their sense of masculinity with their perceived ability to "protect" the women of

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The right to vote was granted to all aged 20 and older who either had been born in or lived in the plebiscite area. A result was the mass migration of both Germans and Poles. The German newcomers accounted for 179,910, while Polish newcomers numbered over 10,000. Without these "new voters", the

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on 1 May 1946 to honor the Poles killed fighting in the battle in 1921 and presented a line of continuity between the uprising of 1921 and his government. This was especially the case during the period when Gomułka was in power between 1956-1970 as he restored the tradition of celebrating the

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Allied troops. Eventually, the insurgents kept most of territory they had won, including the local industrial district. They proved that they could mobilize large amounts of local support, while the German forces based outside Silesia were barred from taking an active part in the conflict.

917:, the lands of which were taken from the Russian Empire in 1915. The way in which the Allies promoted the promise of an independent Poland after the war, most notably in the 14 Points issued by the American president Woodrow Wilson led to hopes within the Polish community within the 1719:

The greatest excitement was caused all over Germany and in the German part of Upper Silesia by the intimation that the Council of the League of Nations had handed over the matter for closer investigation to a commission; this remained composed of four representatives, one each from

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The Allied Supreme Council was, however, still unable to come to an agreement on the partition of the Upper Silesian territory on the lines of the plebiscite; the British and the French could only agree on one solution: turning the question over to the Council of the

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also promised to honour their German state social benefits, such as the old age pensions. However, many German Army veterans joined the Freikorps (Free Corps), a paramilitary organization whose troops fought any pro-Polish activists. The pro-Poland side employed the

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was the most influential individual, waited rather long prior to taking any steps to end the violence. The French troops generally favored the insurrection, while within some cases, British and Italian contingents actively cooperated with Germans. UK Prime Minister

1605:, demobilised Imperial German army units that had refused to disband. These paramilitary units existed throughout Germany and usually acted independently from both the provisional official army and the leadership of the fledgling German Republic. However, the 1351:(Strzelce Opolskie). The Allied Commission declared its intention to restore order, but internal differences kept anything from being done; British representatives held the French responsible for the easy spread of the uprising through the eastern region. 1707:

Arrangements between the Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia and appeals issued by both sides, as well as the dispatch of six battalions of Allied troops and the disbandment of the local guards, contributed markedly to the pacification of the district.

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The majority of the men serving in the para-military forces on both sides were veterans of the First World War and were experienced soldiers, accustomed to fighting and killing. In addition, most of the men serving on the German side had served in the

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and the "sole liberator" of Upper Silesia, an attempt to rewrite history in his favor that made him unpopular in Upper Silesia. The fact that Grażyński was from Galicia led him being viewed as an outsider in Upper Silesia. During his time as the

988:("Free Corps"), units of volunteers raised by the government to fight against the possibility of a Communist revolution. Most of the men serving on the Polish side had previously served in the German military during World War One. 642: 1872:, died in 2009 at the age of 105. In 2021, a dispute emerged over plans to put up a monument in Opole honoring those who fought for Poland. The Social-Cultural Society of Germans in Opole Silesia, representing the last of the 921:

that Poland might be reborn again after an Allied victory. During the First World War, about 56, 000 men from Upper Silesia were killed fighting in the war with the heaviest losses being taken at the Battle of Somme in 1916.

1876:(ethnic German) minority in Silesia, called for a monument to honor both sides. The mayor of Opole stated he wanted to "commemorate the heroes of the Silesian uprising who fought for Poland and not those who shot at them." 1758:, 965,000, but not quite a third of the territory, i.e., only 3,214 of 10,951 square kilometres (1,241 of 4,228 mi). This, however, constituted the more valuable portion by far of the district. Of 61 coal mines 49 1366:) for the area, which would be 50% Polish. Poles were also admitted to the local administration. The Polish Military Organisation in Upper Silesia was supposed to be disbanded, though in practice this did not happen. 1181:

of about 140,000 workers, and caused the First Silesian uprising against German control of Upper Silesia. The miners demanded the local government and police become ethnically mixed to include both Germans and Poles.

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drew up a language map that showed that in 1910, in most of the Upper Silesian districts east of the Oder river, Polish-speaking Silesians constituted a majority, forming more than 70% of the population there.

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pro-German vote would have had a majority of 58,336 instead of the final 228,246. The plebiscite took place as arranged on 20 March. A total of 707,605 votes were cast for Germany and 479,359 for Poland.

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Upper Silesia was bountiful in mineral resources and heavy industry, with mines, iron and steel mills. The Silesian mines were responsible for almost a quarter of Germany's annual output of coal,

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in August 1914 and remained so for rest of the war. The German military administrators distrusted the Poles, taking the viewpoint that as Slavs, they were naturally sympathetic towards the

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In the German census of 1900, 65% of the population of the eastern part of Silesia was recorded as Polish-speaking, which decreased to 57% in 1910. This was partly a result of forced

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The fighting was slowly brought to an end in September, by a combination of allied military operations and negotiations between the parties. The Poles obtained the disbanding of the

5585: 1740:. On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, in October 1921 the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland. 745:. Despite central government involvement in the conflict, Polish historiography renders the events as uprisings reflecting the will of ordinary Upper Silesians rather than a war. 1781: 3343: 956:

in December 1918 had left about 2,900 people dead, and it was felt preferable to have a plebiscite in Upper Silesia and rather a resort to arms as being the case in Poznań.

3491: 1601:") in order to slow down the movement of German reinforcements. A particular concern was to prevent the recurrence of violent acts against Polish civilians by members of the 3534: 4060: 1383: 6356: 3696: 5861: 1799:

who was the best known member of the Munich-based National Socialist German Workers' Party, but not its leader, came into conflict with the party's founder and leader,

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who were expecting to follow up their victory by keeping all of Upper Silesia for Germany, the German president Frederich Ebert bowed to the ultimatum and banned the

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supported the Poles. The British blamed this situation on France's intent on limiting Germany's industrial might. Those forces failed to prevent continuing unrest.

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The Third Silesian Uprising conducted by Poles broke out in 1921 supported by thousands of troops from outside the region mobilized by the Polish government.. The

868:. In contrast, most of the local middle and upper classes were ethnic Germans, including the landowners, businessmen, factory owners, local government, police, and 6371: 4386: 3333: 3824: 1613:

units sent into Upper Silesia was the Oberland corps from Bavaria, which seemed to have been the unit most responsible for the atrocities on the German side.

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In August 1920, a German newspaper in Upper Silesia printed what later turned out to be a false announcement of the fall of Warsaw to the Red Army in the

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On 19 August, the violence eventually led to a Polish uprising which quickly resulted within the occupation of government offices in the districts of

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made was demanding immediate prohibition of the recruiting of German volunteers from outside Upper Silesia, and this was promptly made public.

844:, the German government claimed that, without Upper Silesia, it would not be able to fulfill its obligations with regard to reparations to the 5621: 2051:

The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850 (Studies of World Migrations) Leo Lucassen page 61

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was a compromise to resolve the Anglo-French dispute at the Paris peace conference. Around the German city of Posen turned the Polish city of

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Rola powstania wielkopolskiego oraz powstań śląskich w walce o zjednoczenie ziem zachodnich z Polską (1918–1921), w: Droga przez Półwiecze

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Racisms Made in Germany edited by Wulf D. Hund, Wulf Dietmar Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann LIT Verlag Münster 2011 page 20, 21

6127: 6003: 5162: 2989:"Germany's Silesian Plot: Colonizing Scheme to Overcome Polish Majority in a Region Which Contains Vast Resources for Future War-Making" 6089: 6084: 5073: 4515: 4495: 4038: 3841: 3807: 3178: 6172: 5291: 3477: 1807:

veterans of the Upper Silesia war such as Fritz Schmedes went on to serve in the Nazi Party. Schmedes, who played a leading role as a

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appeared to have no troops ready and available for dispatch. The only action the 'Inter-Allied Military Control Commission' and the

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at the time. Ethnic Polish and Polish-Silesian insurrectionists, seeking to have the area transferred to the newly founded

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in 1920 made by Polish fighters in Woźniak foundry. It was one of the two created; the second was named Walerus – Woźniak.

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worsened, as Germany also began a tariff war with Poland, but the Polish government would not yield on the border issue.

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government subsidized these groups and thus had much leverage over them. The most violent and the most aggressive of the

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was dominated by ethnic Poles, most of whom were working class. Most spoke a dialect of Polish, a few felt they were a

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Eventually, the deteriorating situation resulted in Upper Silesian Uprisings conducted by Poles in 1919 and 1920.

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defeated the Poles at the Battle of Annaberg, which in turn led to a French ultimatum demanding that the

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After the initial success of the insurgents in taking over a large portion of Upper Silesia, the German

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cease at once its support of the German para-military forces. The next day, much to the shock of the

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Plebiscite contributions for benefit of uniting Warmia and Masuria, Spisz and Orawa, Cieszyn Silesia

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Opposing the Silesian insurrectionists were the Grenzschutz "border guards" of the Weimar Republic.

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anniversary of the third uprising every May 3rd and often took part in the celebrations.

1003:(Upper) Silesia, and 532,000 Poles and 637,000 Germans remained in German (Upper) Silesia. 53: 6157: 5690: 5665: 5660: 5595: 5426: 5132: 5061: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4750: 4448: 4201: 3817: 3800: 3453: 2356: 2302: 2227: 1914: 1736:. The commission collected its own data and issued a decision, stressing the principle of 1598: 1586: 1569: 1509: 1070: 914: 840:

of its zinc and 34 percent of its lead. After World War I, during the negotiations of the

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The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan Lee Yeounsuk page 161

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in World War Two who committed one of the worse massacres ever in Greek history when

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Frontiers of Violence Conflict and Identity in Ulster and Upper Silesia 1918-1922

2825: 2390:

PostScript to Victory: British Policy and the German-Polish Borderlands 1919–1925

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The Polish Government had decided to give Silesia considerable autonomy with the

17: 5176: 5122: 5117: 4954: 4924: 4801: 4262: 3153: 1597:. It started on 2–3 May 1921, with the destruction of German rail bridges (see " 1537: 902: 825: 821: 753: 738: 737:

forces which sought to keep the area part of the new German state founded after

5809: 5521: 5501: 5488: 3747: 3742: 1845: 1332: 1186: 1177:). The massacre sparked protests from the Silesian Polish miners, including a 1098: 1030: 448: 3039:

Recovered Territory A German-Polish Conflict Over Land and Culture, 1919-1989

5795: 5556: 5481: 4992: 3469: 2295: 1576:) was the last, largest and longest of the three uprisings. It included the 1452: 1344: 865: 734: 458: 5549: 3020:

Dance with Death A Holistic View of Saving Polish Jews During the Holocaust

2254:

Das Verhältnis des vereinigten Deutschlands zu den osteuropäischen Nachbarn

1660:

The support of France for Poland proved to be crucial. On 23 May 1921, the

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steam locomotive with improvised armour cladding and two coal hopper cars.

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officer in the "vicious fighting" in Upper Silesia in 1921, became a SS-

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Upper Silesia, Poland, and the Baltic States, January 1920 – March 1921

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Hitler's Social Revolution Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939

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Armoured train "Kabicz" of Polish insurrectionist forces comprising a

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Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia

5563: 4891: 721:) were a series of three uprisings from August 1919 to July 1921 in 3093: 1703:. The largest and heaviest monument in Poland, constructed in 1967. 1388:

Silesian insurgents behind a MG 08 machine gun in action along the

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Poland obtained almost exactly half of the 1,950,000 inhabitants,

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Cap badge of the Polish Storm Detachment during Silesian Uprisings

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The Relationship of United Germany to its East European Neighbors

1293:

Further, the commission was torn apart by lack of consensus: the

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category, which reduced the number of Polish speakers. American

857: 5850: 5375: 5263: 5031: 4675: 4583: 4544: 3473: 3097: 2729: 2727: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2192: 2190: 624: 256: 1169:) massacred ten Silesian civilians in a labour dispute at the 3001:

Inside Hitler's Greece The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44

2517: 2515: 2654: 2652: 1331:(Bytom). Between 20 and 25 August, the rebellion spread to 976:) – a secret military organisation and predecessor of 3618:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

2855:"A century on, the Silesian Uprisings remain complicated" 2627: 2625: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2583: 2581: 2415: 2413: 2314:

Greenman, Kathryn; Orford, Anne; Saunders, Anna (2021).

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Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

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Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession

2317:

Revolutions in International Law: The Legacies of 1917

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About 21,000 German soldiers of the Weimar Republic's

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Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

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German civil government and police of Upper Silesia

901:As a frontier area, Upper Silesia was placed under 2069: 828:, Poles constituted a majority in Upper Silesia. 772:in medieval times, but it passed to the Kings of 760:organized the Third Polish Silesian Uprising in 1376: 1203: 1018: 34: 3829:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 3535:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2781: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2718: 2706: 2687: 2340: 2239: 2208: 2196: 1926: 1780:In May 1922, the League of Nations issued the 106:Division of Silesia between Poland and Germany 5862: 4556: 3485: 3109: 2964:Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939 2931:Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939 2733: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 1844:of the credit for the uprisings for himself. 636: 268: 137:Polish Military Organization of Upper Silesia 8: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2280: 1868:The last veteran of the Silesian Uprisings, 1275:Allied Plebiscite Commission Military Forces 780:in the 14th century. Following the death of 3825:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 3813:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 980: – to fight back with the same force. 6021: 5869: 5855: 5847: 5707: 5648: 5390: 5383: 5372: 5271: 5260: 5145: 5046: 5039: 5028: 4869: 4685: 4672: 4580: 4563: 4549: 4541: 4353: 3846: 3701: 3671:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 3595: 3492: 3478: 3470: 3405: 3228: 3183: 3116: 3102: 3094: 2658: 1382: 1373: 1200: 1024: 1015: 719:Aufstände in Oberschlesien, Polenaufstände 643: 629: 621: 275: 261: 253: 52: 31: 3676:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 3666:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 2968:Upper Silesia, March 1921 – November 1922 2848: 2846: 2844: 1360:police and the creation of a new police ( 1289:) was the second of the three uprisings. 1165:On 15 August 1919, German border guards ( 782:Louis II Jagiellon of Bohemia and Hungary 6357:Rebellions in the Second Polish Republic 3964:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 2941:), London, 1961 (amended edition 1974), 880:, but was also due to the creation of a 6121:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic 3525:History of Polish intelligence services 2879: 2670: 2351: 2349: 1897: 6222:Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin 4478:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2643: 2631: 2616: 2599: 2587: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2533: 2521: 2509:, p. 5 & 77-78 & 121-124. 2506: 2438: 2419: 2181: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2107: 1541:Train derailed by the insurgents near 856:The area in Upper Silesia east of the 852:Demographics in the early 20th century 6372:Separatist rebellion-based civil wars 3871:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 3060:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2794:Książek, Mirosława (1 January 2009). 2252:Ipsen, Knut; Poeggel, Walter (1993). 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 109:Creation of Silesian autonomy in the 7: 6251:Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia 4061:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 3714:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 3003:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1782:German-Polish Accord on East Silesia 1484:Friedrich Wilhelm von Schwartzkoppen 800:was elected as the King of Bohemia. 768:Much of Silesia had belonged to the 235:Friedrich Wilhelm von Schwartzkoppen 6004:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 5163:Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis 4297:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 3367:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 3079:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2937:, Her Majesty's Stationery Office ( 1037:during the First Silesian Uprising. 6173:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic 5313:Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy 5292:Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area 1581:by the cities of Beuthen (Bytom), 954:an uprising by the Polish majority 25: 6377:Wartime sexual violence in Europe 5622:Moravian–Silesian Football League 3022:. Falls Village: Hamilton Books. 2361:Bitter Glory: Poland and its Fate 1908:Ostatnie chwile odlewni Woźniaków 27:Separatist uprisings in 1919–1921 6128:West Ukrainian People's Republic 5831: 5830: 5813: 5808: 5246: 5014: 4083:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 3786:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 3577: 3565: 3556: 3168: 3162: 3018:Piekałkiewicz, Jarosław (2019). 1462: 1442: 1266: 1254: 1104: 1088: 239: 228: 216: 205: 191: 180: 161: 147: 130: 6271:Romanian occupation of Pokuttia 5897:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 4066:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 4056:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 4044:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 3997:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 3915:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 3910:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 3905:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 3893:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 3888:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 3781:Władysław the White's rebellion 3768:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 3753:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 3719:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 2296:ŚLADY PRZESZŁOŚCI W MYSŁOWICACH 1751:Council as the executive body. 1301:favored the Germans, while the 1154:2,500 rebels killed or executed 6352:Civil wars of the 20th century 6177:(Russian Civil War spill over) 5878:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary 5074:Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39) 4248:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 4039:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 3808:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 3179:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3037:Polak-Springer, Peter (2015). 2824:. 10 June 2009. Archived from 1552:Polish insurgents unit in 1921 1033:forces fighting insurgents in 91: 1: 5737:Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat 4625:1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite 4155:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 4123:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 3796:1444 war against the Ottomans 3623:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 3613:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 3530:List of wars involving Poland 3344:Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) 2489:Edmund Burke, James Dodsley, 1684:was withdrawn and disbanded. 1568:The Third Silesian Uprising ( 934:Upper Silesian frontier, 1921 788:, Silesia became part of the 70:16 August 1919 – 21 July 1921 5601:Pentecostal Church in Poland 4711:Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie 4165:War of the Bar Confederation 4160:War of the Polish Succession 3324:1848 Greater Poland uprising 3309:1846 Greater Poland uprising 3299:1806 Greater Poland uprising 3269:1794 Greater Poland uprising 2796:"Wilusiowi stuknie 105 lat!" 2053:University of Illinois Press 1697:Silesian Insurgents Monument 1469:Polish Military Organisation 1261:Polish Military Organization 970:Polish Military Organisation 6211:and Transylvania to Romania 4761:Silesian-Moravian Foothills 4523:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4416:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 4212:War of the Fourth Coalition 3864:campaign of Stephen Báthory 2818:"Odszedł najstarszy Ślązak" 2394:University Press of America 2388:Gajda, Patricia A. (1982). 1159:About 9,000 polish refugees 941:plebiscite in Upper Silesia 733:, fought German police and 678:Polish–Soviet War (1919–21) 6403: 6266:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 6032:Republic of German-Austria 6014:Italian Regency of Carnaro 5963:Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement 5922:1920 Carinthian plebiscite 5784:Silesian Autonomy Movement 5427:Silesian Museum (Katowice) 4756:Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands 4501:Operation Uphold Democracy 4236:War of the Sixth Coalition 4224:War of the Fifth Coalition 4170:Polish–Russian War of 1792 3545:Warfare in Medieval Poland 3520:History of the Polish Army 3056:Schoenbaum, David (1966). 3041:. London: Berghahn Books. 2978:Poland in the 20th century 2966:, 1st Series, volume XVI, 2040:University of Hawaii Press 1747:as a constituency and the 864:group of their own called 814:War of Austrian Succession 6080:Hungarian Soviet Republic 5943:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5826: 5806: 5778:Landsmannschaft Schlesien 5710: 5651: 5393: 5382: 5371: 5323:Upper Silesian Coal Basin 5318:Lower Silesian Coal Basin 5308:Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy 5270: 5259: 5244: 5148: 5038: 5027: 5012: 4833:Moravian-Silesian Beskids 4706:Lower Silesian Wilderness 4684: 4671: 4592: 4579: 4424: 4411:Białystok Ghetto uprising 4356: 4241:French invasion of Russia 4100: 3942: 3922:Northern War of 1655–1660 3776: 3598: 3551: 3501:Polish wars and conflicts 3160: 2982:Columbia University Press 2933:, 1st Series, volume XI, 2853:Harper, Jo (8 May 2021). 1913:28 September 2007 at the 1574:Trzecie powstanie śląskie 1522: 1515: 1477: 1435: 1396: 1381: 1247: 1208: 1187:Provisional National Army 1158: 1145: 1116: 1081: 1041: 1023: 663: 294: 173: 122: 62: 51: 39: 6281:Uprising in West Hungary 6153:Slovak People's Republic 6111:Banat, Bačka and Baranja 6075:First Hungarian Republic 5229:Lower Silesian and Opole 5158:Moravian–Silesian Region 4329:Second Silesian Uprising 3646:1156 war against Germany 3643:1146 war against Germany 3362:Battle of Lemberg (1918) 3334:Baikal insurrection 1866 2281:Ipsen & Poeggel 1993 1497:Maciej Hrabia Mielzynski 1287:Drugie powstanie śląskie 1283:Second Silesian Uprising 1204:Second Silesian Uprising 810:Maria Theresa of Austria 725:, which was part of the 668:Greater Poland (1918–19) 223:Maciej Hrabia Mielzynski 46:Revolutions of 1917–1923 42:aftermath of World War I 6256:Polish–Czechoslovak War 6148:Republic of Heinzenland 6059:First Austrian Republic 5422:Silesian Museum (Opava) 4807:Slezská Harta Reservoir 4528:Military aid to Ukraine 4339:Third Silesian Uprising 4307:First Silesian Uprising 4302:Polish–Czechoslovak War 4071:Battle of Chocim (1673) 4049:Battle of Chocim (1621) 3254:Targowica Confederation 2495:Google Print, p.179-180 2301:4 February 2012 at the 2226:6 February 2012 at the 2006:"The Rebirth of Poland" 1834:, was appointed as the 1790:Polish-German relations 1618:Inter-Allied Commission 1473:Inter-Allied Commission 1377:Third Silesian Uprising 1019:First Silesian Uprising 770:Crown of Polish Kingdom 693:Upper Silesia (1919–21) 6387:Wars involving Germany 6261:Hungarian–Romanian War 6168:Slovak Soviet Republic 6138:Republic of Tarnobrzeg 6047:Bohemian Forest Region 5953:Hodža-Bartha Agreement 5927:1921 Sopron plebiscite 5917:Paris Peace Conference 5627:National football team 4787:Jezioro Goczałkowickie 4771:Zielona Góra Acclivity 4406:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4349:World War II in Poland 4009:Zebrzydowski rebellion 3992:Moldavian Magnate Wars 3959:Siege of Danzig (1577) 3212:Tyszowce Confederation 3149:Prussian Confederation 2999:Mazower, Mark (1993). 1819:the entire village of 1704: 1573: 1565: 1553: 1545: 1534: 1478:Commanders and leaders 1286: 1197:Second Uprising (1920) 1117:Commanders and leaders 964: 935: 765: 718: 714: 655:Second Polish Republic 618: 174:Commanders and leaders 111:Second Polish Republic 6382:Wars involving Poland 6342:Rebellions in Germany 6163:Republic of Prekmurje 5948:Armistice of Belgrade 5596:Roman Catholic Church 5417:Upper Silesian Museum 4511:2003 invasion of Iraq 4439:Operation Ostra Brama 4334:Polish–Lithuanian War 4148:Battle of Berestechko 3876:War against Sigismund 3650:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 3444:Operation Ostra Brama 3139:1038 Peasant Uprising 2976:Dziewanowski, M. K., 2820:(in Polish). Nowiny: 1823:on 10 June 1944. 1695: 1559: 1551: 1540: 1532: 1370:Third Uprising (1921) 1314:Warsaw had not fallen 1191:Vorläufige Reichsheer 1146:Casualties and losses 1012:First Uprising (1919) 962: 933: 926:Versailles plebiscite 756: 683:Czechoslovakia (1919) 653:Establishment of the 607: 6246:Polish–Ukrainian War 6106:Republic of Zakopane 6052:German South Moravia 5892:Treaty of Versailles 5617:Football Association 4792:Jezioro Otmuchowskie 4292:Polish–Ukrainian War 4143:Khmelnytsky Uprising 3706:Polish–Teutonic wars 3515:Early modern warfare 3075:Wilson, Tim (2010). 2497:(public domain text) 1784:, also known as the 1749:Silesian Voivodeship 1404:2 May – 21 July 1921 939:1919, had ordered a 842:Treaty of Versailles 808:seized Silesia from 6009:Free State of Fiume 5282:Katowice urban area 5190:Lubusz Voivodeships 4726:Przedgórze Sudeckie 4696:Jelenia Góra valley 4389:during World War II 4175:Kościuszko Uprising 4139:1644 Tatar Invasion 4113:Fedorovych uprising 4104:1624 Tatar Invasion 4031:Polish–Ottoman wars 3983:1593 Tatar Invasion 3975:1589 Tatar Invasion 3952:Battle of Lubieszów 3881:Battle of Stångebro 3851:Polish–Swedish wars 3758:Thirteen Years' War 3628:Miecław's Rebellion 3603:Polish–Veletian War 3540:Polish Armed Forces 3508:General and related 3259:Kościuszko Uprising 3244:Radom Confederation 3239:Słuck Confederation 2782:Polak-Springer 2015 2770:Polak-Springer 2015 2758:Polak-Springer 2015 2746:Polak-Springer 2015 2719:Polak-Springer 2015 2707:Polak-Springer 2015 2688:Polak-Springer 2015 2341:Polak-Springer 2015 2240:Polak-Springer 2015 2209:Polak-Springer 2015 2197:Polak-Springer 2015 2066:MacMillan, Margaret 2004:Cienciala, Anna M. 1927:Polak-Springer 2015 1745:Silesian Parliament 1620:, in which General 1339:(Tarnowskie Góry), 978:Polish intelligence 897:The First World War 802:Frederick the Great 58:Silesian insurgents 6307:Silesian Uprisings 6276:Silesian Uprisings 6090:Kingdom of Hungary 6085:Hungarian Republic 5729:Unofficial anthems 4746:Silesian Przesieka 4736:Silesian Foothills 4516:Occupation of Iraq 4496:War in Afghanistan 4373:Invasion of Poland 4268:fighting in Poland 4189:Poland partitioned 4135:Ostryanyn uprising 3987:Nalyvaiko Uprising 3934:Great Northern War 3898:Battle of Kircholm 3791:Battle of Grotniki 3763:War of the Priests 3736:Battle of Grunwald 3377:Silesian Uprisings 3319:Galician slaughter 2995:, 12 October 1919. 2993:The New York Times 2784:, p. 237-240. 2772:, p. 200-204. 2734:Piekałkiewicz 2019 2646:, p. 157-158. 2575:, p. 155-157. 2524:, p. 113-114. 2230:. 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Emerging Europe 2822:Dziennik Zachodni 2267:978-3-819-60177-4 1862:Góra Świętej Anny 1860:gave a speech at 1858:Władysław Gomułka 1817:his men massacred 1714:League of Nations 1639:French government 1629:'s speech in the 1595:Wojciech Korfanty 1527: 1526: 1493:Wojciech Korfanty 1431: 1430: 1425:League of Nations 1310:Polish–Soviet War 1279: 1278: 1243: 1242: 1216:19–25 August 1920 1175:Myslowitzer Grube 1163: 1162: 1128:Alfons Zgrzebniok 1077: 1076: 1049:16–26 August 1919 1000:League of Nations 832:Mineral resources 790:Habsburg monarchy 778:Holy Roman Empire 758:Wojciech Korfanty 715:Powstania śląskie 706: 705: 673:Ukraine (1918–19) 597: 596: 297:Holy Roman Empire 251: 250: 212:Wojciech Korfanty 187:Alfons Zgrzebniok 118: 117: 18:Silesian uprising 16:(Redirected from 6394: 6241:Aster Revolution 6232:Post World War I 6214:South Tyrol and 6179: 6178: 6022: 5992:Successor states 5913: 5912: 5903: 5902: 5871: 5864: 5857: 5848: 5834: 5833: 5817: 5812: 5789:Marsz Autōnōmije 5708: 5669: 5668:(Lower Silesian) 5666:Silesian German 5649: 5632:Silesian Stadium 5462: 5412:Regional costume 5391: 5384: 5373: 5272: 5261: 5250: 5153:Jeseník District 5146: 5128:Austrian Silesia 5101:Silesia Province 5047: 5040: 5029: 5018: 4870: 4828:Silesian Beskids 4797:Jezioro Sławskie 4686: 4673: 4641:Book of Henryków 4581: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4542: 4429:Italian Campaign 4398:Ghetto uprisings 4385:, and 4354: 4317:Battle of Warsaw 4258:January Uprising 4197:Denisko uprising 4130:Pavlyuk uprising 4108:Zhmaylo uprising 4088:Battle of Vienna 3947:Danzig rebellion 3847: 3724:Battle of Płowce 3702: 3697:Jagiellon Poland 3659:Mongol invasions 3596: 3581: 3569: 3560: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3471: 3409:Ghetto uprisings 3406: 3329:January Uprising 3294:Denisko uprising 3229: 3206:Kostka-Napierski 3184: 3172: 3166: 3124:Polish uprisings 3118: 3111: 3104: 3095: 3090: 3071: 3052: 3033: 3014: 2987:Hughes, Rupert, 2909:Henryk Zieliński 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2850: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2828:on 14 March 2012 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2487: 2442: 2436: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2365:Barnes and Noble 2353: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2311: 2305: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2155:, p. 26-27. 2150: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2075: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2010:Ethnic Conflicts 2001: 1930: 1929:, p. 29-30. 1924: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1832:Michał Grażyński 1767: 1766: 1762: 1506:Filippo Salvioni 1467: 1466: 1447: 1446: 1398: 1397: 1386: 1374: 1347:(Lubliniec) and 1271: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1140: 1109: 1108: 1093: 1092: 1043: 1042: 1028: 1016: 946: 839: 786:Battle of Mohács 698:Lithuania (1920) 658: 657: 645: 638: 631: 622: 289: 287: 277: 270: 263: 254: 244: 243: 233: 232: 221: 220: 210: 209: 196: 195: 185: 184: 166: 165: 157: 153: 151: 150: 135: 134: 64: 63: 56: 32: 21: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6332:1921 in Germany 6322:1920 in Germany 6312:1919 in Germany 6297: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6234:armed conflicts 6233: 6227: 6187: 6176: 6175: 6158:Hutsul Republic 6094: 6063: 6020: 5987: 5978:Clemenceau Note 5931: 5910: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5880: 5875: 5845: 5840: 5818: 5800: 5756: 5724: 5695: 5667: 5636: 5605: 5569: 5458: 5431: 5378: 5359: 5343: 5333:Ostrava-Karviná 5296: 5266: 5251: 5238: 5204: 5171: 5137: 5133:Eastern Silesia 5034: 5019: 5002: 4959: 4896: 4861: 4811: 4775: 4751:Silesian Upland 4680: 4663: 4588: 4575: 4569: 4539: 4534: 4482: 4455: 4449:Warsaw Uprising 4420: 4392: 4343: 4284:Second Republic 4278: 4202:Napoleonic Wars 4179: 4096: 4025: 3938: 3832: 3818:Battle of Orsha 3801:Battle of Varna 3772: 3687: 3654: 3639:Siege of Głogów 3585: 3584: 3573: 3549: 3503: 3498: 3468: 3463: 3459:Kraków Uprising 3454:Warsaw Uprising 3430: 3404: 3400:Zamość uprising 3381: 3354:Second Republic 3348: 3314:Kraków uprising 3275: 3264:Warsaw Uprising 3223: 3173: 3167: 3158: 3125: 3122: 3087: 3074: 3068: 3055: 3049: 3036: 3030: 3017: 3011: 2998: 2973:, London, 1968. 2905: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2831: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2694: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2659:Schoenbaum 1966 2657: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493:, v. 2 – 1922, 2491:Annual Register 2488: 2445: 2437: 2426: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2303:Wayback Machine 2292: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2228:Wayback Machine 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2188: 2180: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2130: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917:. Zaglebie.info 1915:Wayback Machine 1904: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1882: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1690: 1599:Wawelberg Group 1587:war reparations 1510:William Heneker 1508: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1416: 1387: 1372: 1349:Gross Strehlitz 1327:(Pszczyna) and 1265: 1253: 1228: 1199: 1136: 1130: 1103: 1097: 1087: 1062: 1029: 1014: 1009: 945:Polish-speaking 944: 928: 915:Congress Poland 899: 854: 837: 834: 812:in 1742 in the 751: 731:Polish Republic 727:Weimar Republic 707: 702: 659: 652: 651: 649: 600: 599: 598: 593: 563: 537:Weimar Republic 533: 483: 421: 361: 290: 285: 283: 281: 238: 237: 227: 215: 214: 204: 203: 190: 189: 179: 160: 148: 146: 145: 144: 140: 129: 100: 82: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6400: 6398: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6337:1921 in Poland 6334: 6329: 6327:1920 in Poland 6324: 6319: 6317:1919 in Poland 6314: 6309: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Lemko Republic 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6116:Banat Republic 6108: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037:German Bohemia 6028: 6026: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6006: 6001: 5999:Czechoslovakia 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5904: 5894: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5287:Metropolis GZM 5284: 5278: 5276: 5275:Socioeconomics 5268: 5267: 5264: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5221:constituencies 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Lower Silesian 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4766:Wał Trzebnicki 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Silesian Walls 4728: 4723: 4721:Oświęcim Basin 4718: 4716:Ostrava Valley 4713: 4708: 4703: 4701:Kłodzko Valley 4698: 4692: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4604: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4488:Third Republic 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4322:Kiev offensive 4319: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4207:Peninsular War 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3372:Sejny Uprising 3369: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3072: 3066: 3053: 3047: 3034: 3028: 3015: 3009: 2996: 2985: 2974: 2954:, MA, D.Lit., 2952:W.N. Medlicott 2949: 2916: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2888: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2840: 2809: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2760:, p. 8-9. 2750: 2738: 2736:, p. 199. 2723: 2721:, p. 7-8. 2711: 2692: 2675: 2673:, p. 214. 2663: 2648: 2636: 2634:, p. 200. 2621: 2619:, p. 156. 2604: 2602:, p. 124. 2592: 2590:, p. 155. 2577: 2565: 2563:, p. 121. 2553: 2538: 2536:, p. 128. 2526: 2511: 2499: 2443: 2424: 2422:, p. 172. 2409: 2402: 2396:. p. 69. 2380: 2373: 2345: 2333: 2326: 2306: 2285: 2273: 2266: 2244: 2232: 2213: 2201: 2186: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2128: 2112: 2097: 2090: 2057: 2044: 2031: 2022: 1931: 1919: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1886:Silesian Eagle 1881: 1878: 1870:Wilhelm Meisel 1689: 1686: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1499: 1490: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1459: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1394: 1393: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1263: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1179:general strike 1161: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1101: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 927: 924: 911:Spirit of 1914 898: 895: 853: 850: 833: 830: 824:and later the 750: 747: 704: 703: 701: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 664: 661: 660: 650: 648: 647: 640: 633: 625: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 570: 569: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 540: 539: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 490: 489: 482: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 430: 429: 426:Teutonic Order 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 367: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 295: 292: 291: 282: 280: 279: 272: 265: 257: 249: 248: 225: 176: 175: 171: 170: 158: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 107: 102: 96: 95: 88: 84: 83: 78: 76: 72: 71: 68: 60: 59: 49: 48: 37: 36: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6399: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6181: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5983:Clerk Mission 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Smuts Mission 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911:(for Hungary) 5908: 5905: 5901:(for Austria) 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5816: 5811: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5752: 5751:Slezská hymna 5748: 5746: 5745: 5744:Schlesierlied 5741: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Coats of arms 5713: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Lach dialects 5674: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5536:Modrŏ kapusta 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5460:(ciapkapusta) 5455: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445:Black noodles 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5249: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5111:Lower Silesia 5109: 5107: 5106:Upper Silesia 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:State country 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5017: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Divoká Orlice 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4444:Lwów uprising 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4387:contributions 4384: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4366:Eastern Front 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4272:Eastern Front 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3449:Lwów Uprising 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3088: 3086:9780199583713 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3048:9781782388883 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3029:9780761871675 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956:Douglas Dakin 2953: 2950: 2948: 2947:0-11-591511-7 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2856: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709:, p. 69. 2708: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2690:, p. 68. 2689: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2661:, p. 19. 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551:, p. 78. 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441:, p. 83. 2440: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403:0-8191-2204-1 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2374:0-7607-0997-1 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357:Watt, Richard 2352: 2350: 2346: 2343:, p. 31. 2342: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2327:9781108852364 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2286: 2283:, p. 15. 2282: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2242:, p. 32. 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211:, p. 58. 2210: 2205: 2202: 2199:, p. 30. 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184:, p. 28. 2183: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2167:, p. 26. 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2143:, p. 27. 2142: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2125:83-229-2569-7 2122: 2116: 2113: 2110:, p. 42. 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091:0-375-50826-0 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Brigadeführer 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:Anton Drexler 1798: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1786:Geneva Accord 1783: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1622:Henri Le Rond 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1531: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:Jules Gratier 1500: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414:Upper Silesia 1411: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226:Upper Silesia 1223: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060:Upper Silesia 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 961: 957: 955: 951: 942: 932: 925: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 896: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 878:Germanization 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 851: 849: 847: 843: 831: 829: 827: 823: 819: 818:German Empire 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 763: 762:Upper Silesia 759: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Upper Silesia 720: 716: 712: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 662: 656: 646: 641: 639: 634: 632: 627: 626: 623: 616: 615: 611: 606: 602: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 568: 565: 564: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 535: 534: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 423: 422: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 298: 293: 288: 278: 273: 271: 266: 264: 259: 258: 255: 247: 242: 236: 231: 226: 224: 219: 213: 208: 202: 199: 194: 188: 183: 178: 177: 172: 169: 164: 159: 156: 143: 142:Supported by: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 121: 112: 108: 105: 104: 103: 98: 97: 93: 89: 86: 85: 81: 80:Upper Silesia 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 19: 6275: 5776: 5772:Demographics 5765:Other topics 5749: 5742: 5735: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5543:Siymiyniotka 5541: 5534: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5506: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5449: 5402: 5398:Architecture 5335: / 5177:Voivodeships 5165: / 5043:Subdivisions 4945:Nysa Kłodzka 4656: 4639: 4601: 4377:Polish 4361:World War II 4118:Smolensk War 3859:Livonian War 3842:Commonwealth 3591:Piast Poland 3572: 3387:World War II 3376: 3232:18th-century 3194:Zebrzydowski 3187:17th-century 3144:Lizard Union 3076: 3057: 3038: 3019: 3000: 2992: 2980:, New York: 2977: 2967: 2963: 2962:, MA (ed.), 2960:M.E. Lambert 2934: 2930: 2927:M.E. Lambert 2925:, MA, & 2919:Rohan Butler 2912: 2891: 2882: 2859:. Retrieved 2830:. Retrieved 2826:the original 2812: 2800:. Retrieved 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2748:, p. 8. 2741: 2714: 2671:Mazower 1993 2666: 2639: 2595: 2568: 2556: 2529: 2502: 2490: 2389: 2383: 2360: 2336: 2316: 2309: 2288: 2276: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2235: 2216: 2204: 2160: 2148: 2115: 2078:Random House 2071: 2060: 2047: 2034: 2025: 2013:. 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Bury 2861:28 December 2798:(in Polish) 2644:Wilson 2010 2632:Wilson 2010 2617:Wilson 2010 2600:Wilson 2010 2588:Wilson 2010 2573:Wilson 2010 2561:Wilson 2010 2549:Wilson 2010 2534:Wilson 2010 2522:Wilson 2010 2507:Wilson 2010 2439:Wilson 2010 2420:Wilson 2010 2293:(in Polish) 2182:Wilson 2010 2165:Wilson 2010 2153:Wilson 2010 2141:Wilson 2010 2108:Wilson 2010 1905:(in Polish) 1682:Grenzschutz 1646:Grenzschutz 1449:Grenzschutz 1335:(Chorzów), 1333:Königshütte 1167:Grenzschutz 1095:Grenzschutz 903:martial law 826:Kulturkampf 822:Ostsiedlung 794:Ferdinand I 739:World War I 610:armored car 365:Brandenburg 99:Territorial 6301:Categories 5502:Kopalnioki 5489:Karminadle 5079:parliament 4940:Mała Panew 4823:Carpathian 4597:Offensives 4383:resistance 3927:The Deluge 3286:partitions 3284:After the 3218:Lubomirski 3010:0300089236 2832:23 October 2802:23 October 2080:. p. 2072:Paris 1919 1892:References 1846:Jan Kustos 1826:Under the 1676:. 1543:Kędzierzyn 1488:Karl Höfer 1123:Karl Höfer 1099:Reichswehr 1031:Reichswehr 886:Paul Weber 838:81 percent 776:under the 749:Background 717:; 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