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68:. Silver is a precious metal and holds high economic value. Because silver is often found in intimate combination with other metals, its extraction requires the use of complex technologies. In 2008, approximately 25,900 metric tons of silver were consumed worldwide, most of which came from mining. Silver mining has a variety of effects on the environment, humans, and animals.
77:
882:
956:
1250:, which threatens the spreading of ecological knowledge and cultural practices. While mining can provide economic resources for purchasing hunting equipment, it also accelerates the decline in traditional lifestyles and cultural heritage, impacting food security and community cohesion in indigenous populations.
1253:
Mining projects also pose significant threats to family integrity, manifesting in decreased quality and quantity of family time due to long working hours and associated stressors, as well as disruptions to traditional familial roles and responsibilities. Limited time for communication and support may
1257:
Silver mining in indigenous communities lead to cultural shifts, with
Western values often replacing traditional ones. While some argue that mining can promote cultural values such as independence and pride through job creation and increased disposable income, others highlight negative impacts such
1098:
Mercury amalgamation is a technique used to extract gold and silver from lower-grade ores. Mercury quickly sticks to gold and silver and forms pasty amalgams, making extraction easier. After separating it from the ore, amalgam is roasted and mercury vapor escapes into the atmosphere and also makes
784:
of miners seeking their fortunes. Silver was a valuable metal that helped early civilizations around
Ancient Greece. In recent centuries, large deposits were discovered and mined in the Americas, influencing the growth and development of Mexico, Andean countries such as Bolivia, Chile and Peru, as
1056:
From 1872 to 1920, a surge of technological innovation increased global silver production to 120 million ounces produced per year. New silver deposits had been discovered in
Australia, Canada, United States, Africa, Mexico, Chile, and Japan, and by the end of 1920, global production surged to 190
275:
Precipitation refers to the process of extracting silver from silver-rich solutions. This technique uses precipitating agents to form silver sulfide in the solution. The precipitation method is not extensively utilized due to the fact that excess sulfide can result in the release of toxic gas.
1245:
pressure and a decline in traditional practices due to population growth and better hunting technologies. This affects local animal populations and cultural rituals. Employment in mines results in longer working hours, reducing time for traditional activities like hunting and
1099:
its way into rivers and soils. From the years 1545 to 1803, over 25,000 tons of silver were produced using amalgamation in the Potosi mines. At its peak, the town had over 6,000 smelting furnaces spreading toxic
Mercury. Mercury-rich tailings are also often left in mines.
162:
Methods for mining silver change for every body of ore. The method that's chosen depends on the grade of the ore, the steepness and shape of the terrain, its depth, host rock, transportation availability, and other economic factors. Commonly, silver ore is obtained from
1222:
living in communities nearby silver mines in many ways. Silver mining puts a significant amount of mental stress on indigenous workers due to the long hours of work, rough working conditions, repetitive nature of the work, roster schedules, and potential job loss.
1114:. An estimated 257,400 tonnes of mercury were lost to the environment in this process in the Americas since the patio process was first used. 60-65% of this is likely released into the atmosphere, being the single largest contributor to the global
1254:
exacerbate existing problems within families. This leads to fragmentation and potential conflicts, with spouses having increased household responsibilities and children facing adverse consequences such as behavioral issues and academic struggles.
1121:
In the year 2000, small-scale miners in Chile experienced many risks to their health, safety, and hygiene from toxic pollution. This was due to wastewater being released into underground waters and creating significant quantities of mercury.
1836:
252:
are sources of recyclable silver. However, jewelry and silverware are not as important of a source of recycled metal compared to electronics and photographic film. The main techniques to process silver scrap:
1402:
Kassianidou, V. 2003. Early
Extraction of Silver from Complex Polymetallic Ores, in Craddock, P.T. and Lang, J (eds) Mining and Metal production through the Ages. London, British Museum Press: 198–206
1125:
Contaminants are also known to enter drinking water in and around abandoned silver mines. Well water in South
Morelos State, Mexico, was found to have high concentrations of toxic minerals including
2035:
Nriagu, Jerome, 1994. Mercury pollution from the past mining of gold and silver in the
Americas. Science of the Total Environment, Volume 149, Issue 3, Pages 167-181, ISSN 0048-9697,
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all contributed to the spike in silver production in the 1900's. By 2019, technological innovation has allowed silver production to grow to almost 800 million ounces per year.
1145:. This is attributed to the abandoned and flooded silver mine at Huautla. Groundwaters flooded the mine-shafts after they were abandoned in the early 1990s, which allowed for
175:. Explosives are frequently used to shatter veins into manageable pieces, which are transported via mine cars and then lifted to the surface. This process can be dangerous.
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Silver mining companies engage in the discovery and production of silver. While these companies prioritize in silver, many of them also engage in other metals such as
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made of 85% of the world's total silver production. Silver mining required large amounts of mercury to extract the metal from ore. In the Andes, the source was the
1226:
The use of addictive substances is also an active concern amongst indigenous workers. When income increases, workers are more likely to purchase alcohol and
195:) into a fine powder to expose individual grains to chemical processing. As a byproduct of the mining of lead and copper, silver ores are often purified by
150:
Some ores are actually mined explicitly for their silver value vs. the silver being a byproduct of other metals. However, silver is only found rarely in a
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it to produce the metal. Elaborate washing tables still exist at the site which used rain water held in cisterns and collected during the winter months.
812:
in Greece, and continued growing the surrounding empire. The silver mines at
Laurion were very rich and helped provide a currency for the economy of
1385:
Bevan, J., Clark, A., & Symes, R., The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Mineral Kingdom: Chapter 5: The Mineral Kingdom. Hamlyn, Toronto, 1978.
1463:
Scott, D., & Williams, T, 1994. Investigation of a rock-burst site, SunshineMine, Kellogg, Idaho. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
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1587:
1562:
897:
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United States silver mining market overview and forecast to 2020: Trends, fiscal regime, major projects, and competitive landscape. 2012.
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as the loss of traditional languages, attributed to factors like migration, labor market participation, and lack of educational support.
261:. Electrolytic silver recovery refers to the process where silver cations are reduced to their metallic state, adhering to an electrode.
219:
on lead ores. Commercial grade fine silver is at least 99.9 percent pure silver, and purities greater than 99.999 percent are available.
1900:
1334:
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Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA (18 October 2020). "Mexico Silver Mining Is Flourishing with New High Grade Silver Discoveries".
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84:
Silver-bearing ore typically contains very little silver, with much higher percentages of copper and lead. Specific minerals include
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1952:
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888:, discovered in 1545, produced massive amounts of silver from a single site in upper Peru. The first image published in Europe.
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1045:, a handful of which are still active today. The first major silver ore deposits in the United States were discovered at the
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are still important centres of silver making. An example of a collection of Viking-age silver for trading purposes is the
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million ounces annually. The mining techniques during the 1900's had also dramatically changed. Seam-assisted drilling,
31:
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was named after its silver resources by Spanish conquistadors; Argentina is a Spanish adjective meaning "silvery".
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37:
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1053:, in 1859. By the 1870's, silver production had increased from 40 millions ounces per year to 80 million.
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mercury mine in Spain. Mercury had a high adverse environmental impact. Silver was extremely valuable in
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From the mid-15th century silver began to be extracted from copper ores in massive quantities using the
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1999:
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and bullion, its mining has historically often been lucrative. As with other precious metals such as
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42:
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Australia precious metals mining market (gold, silver, diamond) growth and forecasts to 2020. 2014.
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region, leading to an increased presence of Chileans in the Atacama desert and a shift away from an
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from the silver of PotosĂ, Bolivia. The amount of silver mined at PotosĂ and other locations in the
1901:
http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/546/silver.sulphidation.epithermal/silver.deposits.–.aspx
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57:
1913:
Mercury, Mining, and Empire: The Human and Ecological Cost of Colonial Silver Mining in the Andes
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805:
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1953:
http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/693/silver.deposits.crd/silver.deposits.carbonate.aspx
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Groundwater pollution by arsenic and other toxic elements in an abandoned silver mine, Mexico.
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2015:
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2007:
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249:
272:. The equipment in this process is commonly referred to as "metallic recovery cartridges".
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Vast amounts of silver were brought into the possession of the crowns of Europe after the
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373:
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methods have proven problematic. It is estimated that 90% of the mercury consumed in the
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2003:
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1227:
964:
949:
945:
941:
870:
855:
816:, where the process involved mining the ore in underground galleries, washing and then
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350:), 18.7 percent of the 26,800 tonnes (862 million troy ounce) production of the world.
216:
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823:
By the year 100 AD, the epicenter of silver mining transitioned into Spain, where the
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172:
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178:
1963:
Gillerman, Virginia (December 4, 2019). "Idaho Mining and Exploration, 2019"(PDF).
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1698:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion"
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is converted to the metallic state by the action of a solid reducing agent, such a
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2051:"Environmental viewpoint on small-scale copper, gold and silver mining in Chile"
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269:
104:
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2019:
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1362:
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1134:
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1022:
997:, with major booms for silver and associated minerals (lead, mostly) in the
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862:
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233:
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2139:"Canada's resilient north: the impact of mining on aboriginal communities"
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after their acquisition of Carthaginian territories there following the
2011:
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1987:
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1604:"43-101 Preliminary Economic Assessment Technical Report Malku Khota"
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Silver mining operations in indigenous communities lead to increased
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Mining has negative impacts on both humans and societies. It affects
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Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health
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36:
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https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining%5C/UserFiles/works/pdfs/irbs.pdf
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The historical record of silver mining dates back to 3,000 BC in
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was the world's largest silver producer in 2014, producing 5,000
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1230:. This leads to a variety of social and health effects such as
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Silver mining was a driving force in the settlement of western
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Anticipated Annual Production Capacity (due within five years)
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expansion throughout Europe was to acquire and trade silver.
463:
Top 6 Near-Term Silver Mine Development Projects Through 2015
232:
About 5000 tons of silver are annually recovered from scrap.
191:
Once removed from the mine, silver-containing ore is crushed (
1951:
Dan Oancea: Silver Deposits - Carbonate Replacement Deposits
1876:"Recovery of Silver from X Ray Waste From Electro Deposition"
827:
flourished. The Romans took over silver mining in Spain from
211:
before cyanide treatment. Silver is also produced during the
839:
very soon after the Roman conquest of the first century AD.
952:. The rise and fall of its value affected the world market.
573:
Top 10 Largest Silver Mining Companies Through March 2023
1765:"Silver and the Origins of the Viking Age: An ERC project"
1883:
International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering
1363:"Silver: A native element, mineral, alloy, and byproduct"
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mercury mine; Mexico was dependent on mercury from the
835:. Extraction of silver from lead ore was widespread in
780:, newly discovered deposits of silver ore have sparked
182:
A large nugget of native silver, mined in Colorado U.S.
1988:"Global mercury emissions from gold and silver mining"
1899:
Dan Oancea: Low Sulphidation Epithermal Vein Deposits
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Esteller, M.V., DomĂnguez-Mariani, E., Garrido, S.E.
1837:"The Galloway Hoard in the context of the Viking-age"
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across the Pacific, contributing to the rise of the
1273:
Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries
199:. After froth flotation, silver is extracted by a
1153:Effects of silver mining on Indigenous communities
1149:and mobilization of these dangerous contaminants.
30:"Silver mine" redirects here. For other uses, see
1317:Etris, S. F. (2010). "Silver and Silver Alloys".
1110:from 1850 to 1900 was used to extract silver and
785:well as Argentina, Canada and the United States.
154:form as nuggets, in placer deposits, and veins.
2049:Castro, Sergio H; Sánchez, Mario (March 2003).
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1319:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
912:(also discovered in 1546), which triggered the
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1915:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press 2011.
1001:ore silver is most commonly found in. Notable
808:. By 1,200 BC, silver mining shifted into the
800:indicate that silver was being separated from
41:An underground silver mine in Suggental (near
1835:History, Scottish; read, Archaeology 15 min.
1582:. New York, NY: Euromoney Books. p. 74.
1557:. New York, NY: Euromoney Books. p. 68.
215:refining of copper and by application of the
8:
2037:https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(94)90177-5
1410:
1408:
1327:10.1002/0471238961.1909122205201809.a01.pub3
131:). Silver mainly occurs as a contaminant in
1859:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
865:process creating a boost to the mining and
354:Top 6 Production Stage Silver Mines (2011)
1186:. Please do not remove this message until
1716:
1696:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021).
1454:Hilliard, Henry E., 2003. "Silver". USGS.
1349:Debnam, Andrew, 2021. Silver. Mindat.org
1206:Learn how and when to remove this message
1182:Relevant discussion may be found on the
571:
461:
352:
1874:Satyanarayana, Dr. D.N.V. (July 2018).
1304:
967:led to significant inflation in Europe.
264:In metallic replacement, a solution of
207:. In some cases, the ore is treated by
2137:Gibson, Ginger; Klinck, Jason (2005).
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1069:Environmental effects of silver mining
971:In the first half of the 19th century
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592:Industrias Penoles SAB de CV (IPOAF)
7:
1634:"10 Biggest Silver Mining Companies"
1351:https://www.mindat.org/min-3664.html
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1310:
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652:Wheaton Precious Metals Corp. (WPM)
608:Polymetal International PLC (AUCOY)
284:The principal sources of silver are
1929:"Country name - The World Factbook"
1041:produced mines in an area known as
668:Buenaventura Mining Co. Inc. (BVN)
1268:Silver mining in the United States
916:in Europe. Between 1500 and 1800,
25:
1789:"..The Silver Treasure | KODE..."
940:, and became a global commodity.
724:First Majestic Silver Corp. (AG)
636:Pan American Silver Corp. (PAAS)
27:Extraction silver from the ground
1741:"Datahub of ERC funded projects"
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696:Fortuna Silver Mines Inc. (FSM)
403:San Cristobal Polymetallic Mine
374:Cannington Silver/Lead/Zinc Mine
1514:, November 20, 2012. 1171392860
1992:Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
1812:"Viking Ireland | Archaeology"
1238:, and fetal alcohol syndrome.
977:silver rush in the Norte Chico
904:from the now Mexican state of
203:, akin to technology used for
1:
2075:10.1016/s0959-6526(02)00040-9
2055:Journal of Cleaner Production
1986:Lacerda, L. D. (1997-07-01).
1677:"Silver Mining in History |"
1609:. South American Silver Corp
1580:The CPM Silver Yearbook 2011
1555:The CPM Silver Yearbook 2011
842:One of the main aims of the
447:Peñasquito Polymetallic Mine
257:, metallic replacement, and
1967:. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
1415:Reddy, Rohan (2022-06-09).
1188:conditions to do so are met
788:Silver is mentioned in the
32:Silvermine (disambiguation)
2186:
1816:National Museum of Ireland
796:and on the islands of the
792:, and slag heaps found in
80:A photograph of silver ore
29:
2109:10.1007/s12665-015-4315-9
1841:National Museums Scotland
1081:at the Hacienda Nueva de
908:(discovered in 1546) and
417:Antamina Copper/Zinc Mine
914:Spanish Price Revolution
733:New York Stock Exchange
719:New York Stock Exchange
705:New York Stock Exchange
691:New York Stock Exchange
682:Coeur Mining Inc. (CDE)
677:New York Stock Exchange
1965:Idaho Geological Survey
752:coin, 5th century BCE.
662:New York Stock Exchange
549:Silver mining companies
223:Silver scrap processing
2103:74, 2893–2906 (2015).
1278:Spanish treasure fleet
1090:
968:
893:
757:
710:Hecla Mining Co. (HL)
622:Fresnillo PLC (FNLPF)
389:Fresnillo Silver Mine
183:
81:
50:
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884:
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181:
79:
40:
1911:Nicholas A. Robins,
1705:Internet Archaeology
1283:Spanish Silver Train
1094:Mercury amalgamation
139:, important ores of
43:Freiburg im Breisgau
2067:2003JCPro..11..207C
2004:1997WASP...97..209L
1417:"Silver, Explained"
1175:of this section is
1037:. A silver rush in
890:Pedro Cieza de LeĂłn
574:
464:
355:
308:ores obtained from
2012:10.1007/BF02407459
1578:CPM Group (2011).
1553:CPM Group (2011).
1525:"pg. 152 – Silver"
1220:Indigenous peoples
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1049:in Virginia City,
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894:
758:
642:$ 154.956 million
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462:
353:
266:silver thiosulfate
184:
167:, and underground
99:("horn silver," Ag
82:
51:
2101:Environ Earth Sci
1589:978-0-9826741-4-7
1564:978-0-9826741-4-7
1494:, June 26, 2014.
1321:. pp. 1–43.
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1215:
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1077:Depiction of the
1029:; notably in the
975:revived due to a
806:4th millennium BC
764:. As silver is a
737:
736:
730:$ 101.43 million
727:$ 684.12 million
713:$ 709.16 million
699:$ 715.70 million
688:$ 137.96 million
685:$ 783.40 million
674:$ 351.70 million
671:$ 831.79 million
658:$ 794.82 million
628:$ 236.46 million
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432:Rudna Copper Mine
238:photographic film
47:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
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804:as early as the
716:$ 21.02 million
702:$ 40.39 million
598:$ 89.25 million
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368:2020 Production
365:2010 Production
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280:Production areas
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1015:Cobalt, Ontario
986:The country of
983:based economy.
946:Spanish dollars
942:Manila galleons
879:
790:Book of Genesis
768:often used for
742:
655:$ 1.11 billion
639:$ 1.54 billion
625:$ 2.50 billion
611:$ 2.67 billion
595:$ 5.57 billion
551:
282:
230:
225:
205:gold extraction
201:cyanide process
197:froth flotation
189:
160:
130:
126:
118:
114:
110:
91:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2112:
2088:
2061:(2): 207–213.
2041:
2025:
1998:(3): 209–221.
1969:
1956:
1944:
1920:
1904:
1892:
1866:
1827:
1803:
1780:
1756:
1732:
1688:
1649:
1620:
1595:
1588:
1570:
1563:
1545:
1516:
1503:
1483:
1468:
1456:
1432:
1404:
1395:
1378:
1354:
1342:
1336:978-0471238966
1335:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1234:of the liver,
1214:
1213:
1169:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1095:
1092:
1070:
1067:
1033:and "Silvery"
973:Chilean mining
965:Spanish Empire
950:Spanish Empire
878:
875:
871:Central Europe
869:industries of
856:Galloway Hoard
814:ancient Athens
766:precious metal
754:British Museum
741:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
665:
664:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
643:
640:
637:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
614:$ 164 million
612:
609:
605:
604:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
550:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
524:
523:Hackett River
520:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
487:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
469:
458:
457:
455:
452:
449:
443:
442:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:
425:
422:
419:
413:
412:
410:
407:
404:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
281:
278:
229:
226:
224:
221:
217:Parkes process
188:
187:Ore processing
185:
165:open pit mines
159:
156:
128:
124:
116:
112:
108:
89:
73:
72:Silver sources
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2182:
2171:
2170:Silver mining
2168:
2167:
2165:
2152:(1): 115–140.
2151:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1793:
1792:kodebergen.no
1790:
1784:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1478:Gale Academic
1472:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1421:Global X ETFs
1418:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:0-600-36263-9
1388:
1382:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1293:Patio process
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:mercury cycle
1113:
1109:
1108:United States
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1087:Pietro Gualdi
1085:, Zacatecas,
1084:
1080:
1079:patio process
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:Comstock Lode
1044:
1043:Silver Valley
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:silver rushes
1000:
996:
995:North America
991:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
966:
962:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
883:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
837:Roman Britain
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
783:
782:silver rushes
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
751:
748:Early silver
746:
739:
732:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
586:
583:
580:
578:Company Name
577:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
488:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
466:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:
351:
349:
346:(161 million
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:United States
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
259:precipitation
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
122:
106:
102:
98:
97:chlorargyrite
94:
87:
78:
71:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:Silver mining
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2149:
2145:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2058:
2054:
2044:
1995:
1991:
1964:
1959:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1912:
1907:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1869:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1819:. Retrieved
1815:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1708:
1704:
1691:
1680:. Retrieved
1641:. Retrieved
1638:Investopedia
1637:
1611:. Retrieved
1598:
1579:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1519:
1512:M2 Presswire
1511:
1506:
1492:M2 Presswire
1491:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1459:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1398:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1345:
1318:
1256:
1252:
1240:
1236:brain damage
1225:
1217:
1202:
1193:
1171:
1124:
1120:
1104:amalgamation
1101:
1097:
1055:
992:
985:
970:
961:Spanish real
930:Huancavelica
895:
860:
841:
825:Roman Empire
822:
787:
759:
552:
512:Malku Khota
479:Pascua Lama
338:
283:
274:
263:
255:electrolysis
231:
213:electrolytic
190:
161:
149:
133:chalcopyrite
83:
53:
52:
1933:www.cia.gov
1538:29 February
1367:geology.com
1288:Royal fifth
1228:binge drink
981:agriculture
584:Net Income
501:Juanicipio
398:13.055 Moz
384:11.792 Moz
348:troy ounces
344:metric tons
250:electronics
193:comminution
18:Silver Mine
1938:2024-02-09
1846:2021-10-19
1821:2021-10-19
1797:2021-10-19
1774:2021-10-19
1750:2021-10-19
1682:2024-04-10
1643:2024-04-10
1500:1540231009
1426:2024-02-13
1372:2024-02-13
1299:References
1196:April 2024
1173:neutrality
1025:region of
1019:California
867:metallurgy
798:Aegean Sea
794:Asia Minor
493:Argentina
378:Australia
270:steel wool
242:silverware
158:Excavation
105:polybasite
58:extraction
2083:0959-6526
2020:1573-2932
1727:236973111
1232:cirrhosis
1184:talk page
1147:oxidation
1135:manganese
1083:Fresnillo
988:Argentina
906:Zacatecas
863:liquation
587:Exchange
559:palladium
542:10.0 Moz
529:13.1 Moz
518:13.2 Moz
507:14.0 Moz
496:15.0 Moz
485:25.0 Moz
454:13.9 Moz
439:14.9 Moz
424:14.9 Moz
409:19.4 Moz
395:38.6 Moz
381:38.6 Moz
330:Australia
288:, copper-
228:Recycling
121:proustite
86:argentite
49:, Germany
2164:Category
1855:cite web
1613:July 26,
1496:ProQuest
1262:See also
1177:disputed
1143:fluorine
1031:Boundary
1023:Kootenay
1021:and the
1007:Colorado
1005:were in
944:carried
902:Americas
898:conquest
877:Americas
829:Carthage
818:smelting
778:platinum
762:Anatolia
750:Athenian
581:Revenue
515:Bolivia
490:Navidad
471:Country
468:Project
406:Bolivia
362:Country
332:and the
209:smelting
107:(Ag, Cu)
2063:Bibcode
2000:Bibcode
1480:: 1991.
1248:fishing
1243:hunting
1127:arsenic
1089:, 1846.
1063:haulage
959:Silver
934:Almadén
918:Bolivia
900:of the
892:, 1553.
740:History
526:Canada
504:Mexico
451:Mexico
436:Poland
392:Mexico
326:Bolivia
234:Jewelry
119:), and
56:is the
2097:et al.
2081:
2018:
1725:
1586:
1561:
1534:. 2016
1498:
1389:
1333:
1141:, and
1051:Nevada
1035:Slocan
1011:Nevada
999:galena
926:Mexico
924:, and
910:PotosĂ
886:Potosi
852:Dublin
848:Bergen
844:Viking
646:NASDAQ
565:, and
535:Corani
482:Chile
340:Mexico
318:Poland
314:Mexico
310:Canada
300:, and
290:nickel
286:copper
248:, and
173:shafts
169:drifts
152:native
141:copper
137:galena
66:mining
62:silver
2142:(PDF)
1879:(PDF)
1723:S2CID
1711:(9).
1701:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
1039:Idaho
938:China
770:coins
539:Peru
421:Peru
359:Mine
246:coins
2079:ISSN
2016:ISSN
1889:(7).
1861:link
1615:2011
1584:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1540:2016
1532:USGS
1387:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1170:The
1139:lead
1131:iron
1112:gold
1102:The
922:Peru
850:and
802:lead
774:gold
631:OTC
617:OTC
567:zinc
563:lead
555:gold
322:Peru
306:zinc
302:lead
298:lead
294:gold
171:and
145:lead
143:and
135:and
103:),
2105:doi
2071:doi
2008:doi
1713:doi
1323:doi
776:or
602:OTC
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127:AsS
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
