1021:. Olive oil is also highly effective in controlling the number of whiteflies. Other natural oils such as cottonseed, castor, peanut, soybean, and sunflower can be effective. Peanut oil was the most effective out of this group in reducing the population. All of these oils cause direct mortality to immature life stages of the silverleaf whitefly on contact and reduce settling and ovipositon by adults when sprayed on plant leaves. The oil extracted from the seeds of sugar apple has also been found effective against the whitefly. This oil causes the silverleaf whitefly nymph to shrink in size and therefore detach from the tomato plant, leading to starvation. Sugar apple seed oil is not
893:. This was done by releasing six female parasitoids per week for the first half of the growing season, and only one female per week for the remaining of the season. This improved the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasps by ensuring they were continuously available to attack the pests, but in numbers that reflected the shrinking population of pests. If natural enemies are not able to control the pest population at low levels due to a significant increase in pest, an insecticide compatible with the biological control agent could be used to assist in reducing the pest population to low levels again.
349:
586:
Mexico, and
Arizona to plague growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $ 500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $ 774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $ 112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $ 1 billion.
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serves as a trap crop, the tomato yellow curl leaf virus can be controlled and limited. Scientific experiments show in the fields that growing squash crops around the areas where tomato plants can be found is a useful manipulation in regulating the silverleaf whitefly population as well as the transmission of TYLCV. Other plants that can serve as trap crops include cantaloupe and cucumber.
1120:
maintenance and control of the fly population. Weeds and host crop residues must be removed immediately to avoid infestation. Silver/aluminum cover mulches can repel the adult silverleaf whitefly. Thus, when planting seeds, placing a reflective polyethylene mulch on planting beds will significantly reduce the rate of colonization.
1131:
at ARS Subtropical Plant
Pathology Research Unit worked together in screening the watermelon germplasm for resistance to SqVYV as to search for potential sources of resistance in wild-type watermelon. Kousik examined different combinations of insecticides and silver plastic mulch that could be used
954:
is only an effective biological control agent in conditions of low temperatures (maximum of 20 °C (68 °F)) and a humidity level greater than 96%. Not enough studies have been conducted to show the productiveness of fungal pathogen in the real world environment. Much of the success of this
1127:(SqVYV) by the silverleaf whitefly. The SqVYV virus discovered by plant pathologist Benny Bruton and Shaker Kousik is essentially a crippling disease of the watermelon, which leads to the vine of the watermelon to collapse, causing the death of the watermelon before harvest. Kousik and pathologist
1102:
Another important control is the use of other crops as a source of trap crops. Squashes can act as trap crops for the silverleaf whitefly due to the flies’ attraction to these crops. Silverleaf whiteflies are actually more attracted to the squash crop than they are to the tomato plant. When squash
667:
Most of these control tools have a minimal effect on plant and soil properties. Scientists are currently focusing on targeting the whitefly through mechanisms that do not cause pollution or contamination (i.e., mechanisms other than insecticides). It is important to be able to reduce the number of
452:
suggests that the transfer of decorative plants from tropical regions may have aided in the spread of the silverleaf whiteflies to temperate environments. The ability of the whitefly to adapt to various plants facilitates the spread of dangerous plant viruses, which these insects are notorious for
585:
in the 1980s. Scientists speculate that this pest was introduced via infested ornamental plants brought into the United States at this time. Florida's poinsettia greenhouses were crippled by the pest beginning in 1986, and by 1991, the infestation had spread through
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, New
690:
Entomologists with the U.S. Arid-Land
Agricultural Research Center identified the most common causes of death of the whitefly as predation by other insects, parasitism, and weather induced dislodgement. They emphasize the importance of exploiting the use of natural predators and have identified
1119:
infected plants. Planting different host crops away from each other will decrease the number of plants the flies will be able to infect. Thus, the best control is to maximize the distance and time interval between host crops. Good sanitation in winter and spring crops is also required for the
1085:
Another technique used to reduce virus damage include the use of floating row covers, which are covers used to keep plants from exposure from pests. Field studies conducted in
Australia have shown that the use of floating row covers coupled with insect growth regulators increase the yield of
589:
This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, melons, cotton, carrots, sweet potato, cucumber, and pumpkin, and ornamental plants such as
405:, but is similar in function. Adult whiteflies are approximately four times the size of the egg, with light yellow bodies and white wings, which is attributed by the secretion of wax across its wings and body. Adult silverleaf whiteflies can reach up to 0.9 millimetres (
226:
The silverleaf whitefly thrives worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and less predominately in temperate habitats. Cold temperatures kill both the adults and the nymphs of the species. The silverleaf whitefly can be confused with other insects such as the common
940:
1077:
Chang-Chi Chu and Thomas
Henneberry. Originally, the trap was used to monitor population of silverleaf whitefly populations, but as the trap was improved it was used in control programs to limit whitefly pest populations. The trap itself includes a green
1677:
Goolsby, J. A.; Debarro, P. J.; Kirk, A. A.; Sutherst, R. W.; Canas, L.; Ciomperlik, M. A.; Ellsworth, P. C.; Gould, J. R.; Hartley, D. M.; Hoelmer, K. A.; Naranjo, S. E.; Rose, M.; Roltsch, W. J.; Ruiz, R. A.; Pickett, C. H.; Vacek, D. C. (2005).
552:, which can then reduce the plants ability to absorb light. This results in slower growth, lower yield, and poor quality plants. It also requires that crops be thoroughly washed after harvesting, which raises processing costs for the grower.
889:"Beltsville Strain". The wasps are faster at searching for patches of host nymphs are consistent at controlling the population. A variable release strategy of parasitoids has been found successfully able to control populations of
397:, or shed skins are left on the leaves. The immobile instars appear opaquely white. Nymphs feed by stabbing into the plant with their mouth-parts and sucking up plant juices. After the fourth instar, the nymph transforms into a
1310:. Entomology and Nematology Department special publication 90 (revised ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from
959:
has been conducted in the laboratory. However, it can be concluded though that when the fungal pathogen is combined with an insecticide, the synergistic effect of the two will induce a higher mortality rate of the whitefly.
610:. It can cause specific damage to certain host plants, like "silverleaf" on squash, irregular ripening of tomatoes, whitestalk in broccoli and cauliflower, white stem in poinsettia, and light root in carrots.
801:
is a species of small, shiny, black beetle which sucks out the contents of the silverleaf whitefly by piercing its exoskeleton. Adult and larval stages of this beetle feed on all life stages of the pest.
1082:
light that attracts and traps the whiteflies. The LED device works best at night, and is inexpensive and durable. In addition, the LED does not harm predators and parasitoids of the whitefly.
341: in) in height. Eggs are initially whitish in color and change to a brown color near hatching, within 5 to 7 days. After hatching, the whitefly nymph develops through four
653:
Multiple methods of control can be used to combat these prevalent agricultural pests. Some major control methods include, application of oils, use of natural enemies such as
2361:
1123:
Cultural controls are very important to crops such as vegetables and fruit. For example, in the family
Cucurbitaceae, vegetables such as watermelon and squash contract
964:
has a broad host range but can attack silverleaf whiteflies at a variety of life stages and these include eggs, nymphs, pupae, and adults stages. On the other hand,
2248:
672:
individuals that settle on plants to decrease plant damages such as those caused by viral transmissions. This can be accomplished by reducing settling, decreasing
533:
around 1889 and had a significant impact on tobacco crops there. The first silverleaf whitefly was found in the United States in 1897 on a crop of sweet potatoes.
2313:
1631:
Schuster, D. J.; Thompson, S.; Ortega, L. D.; Polston, J. E. (2009). "Laboratory
Evaluation of Products to Reduce Settling of Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults".
1463:
2010:
1983:
536:
This tiny insect causes damage to plants through feeding and transmitting plant diseases. The silverleaf whitefly feeds on its host plants by piercing the
401:
where the eyes become a deep red color, the body color becomes yellow, and the body structure thickens. This is not a true pupal stage, as is found in the
2399:
385: in) and is greenish in color and flat in body structure. The mobile nymph walks to find a suitable area on the leaf with adequate nutrients and
2209:
1516:"New Spread of Cassava Brown Streak Virus Disease and its Implications for the Movement of Cassava Germplasm in the East and Central African Region"
2274:
231:, but with close inspection, the whitefly is slightly smaller and has a distinct wing color that helps to differentiate it from other insects.
1847:
Qureshi, M. S.; Midmore, D. J.; Syeda, S. S.; Playford, C. L. (2007). "Floating row covers and pyriproxyfen help control silverleaf whitefly
436:
Research indicates that the silverleaf whitefly likely came from India. Since the whitefly is predominately associated with areas exhibiting
1991:
1442:
687:
has been the best long-term, sustainable solution to controlling these exotic pests. However, success of this method can be unpredictable.
2389:
1464:"Biological Control: A Grower's Guide to Using Biological Control for Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettias in the Northeast United States"
932:
approximately 89% to 90% of these eggs are killed. Some strains of whitefly have developed resistance to its fungal pathogens including
2404:
2394:
2170:
572:
843:. However, differences in climate preference by these wasps reduced their effect. The best studied of these whitefly parasitoids are
2222:
1515:
560:
234:
While the silverleaf whitefly had been known in the United States since 1896, in the mid-1980s an aggressive strain appeared in
485:. Other common plant damages of whitefly include: removing plant sap, breakdown of the leaves of the plant, and leaf shedding.
1302:
2279:
1056:. This insect growth regulator does not kill adult whiteflies, and has low toxicity to mammals, fish, birds and bumblebees.
1679:
863:
biotype B in commercial greenhouses; it is only able to control the species in small experimental greenhouses. The species
2300:
1010:
564:
375:, commonly called a crawler, is the only mobile nymphal stage. The first instar nymph can grow to about 0.3 millimetres (
568:
2261:
2105:
2082:
1808:"Control of silverleaf whitefly, cotton aphid and kanzawa spider mite with oil and extracts from seeds of sugar apple"
1786:
321:
and emerge from unfertilized eggs. Eggs are laid in groups, being small in size with dimensions of 0.2 millimetres (
2188:
494:
1899:
Schuster, D. J. (2004). "Squash as a trap crop to protect tomato from whitefly-vectored tomato yellow leaf curl".
348:
2409:
2318:
2201:
1614:
1381:
Brown, J. K.; Frohlich, D. R. & Rosell, R. C. (1995). "The
Sweetpotato or Silverleaf whiteflies: Biotypes of
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902:
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267:
43:
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165:
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1975:
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626:
228:
2022:
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biotype "B" in the USA and the development of predictive tools to guide introductions for other countries"
851:
793:
498:
415: in) in length. While feeding or resting the whitefly adult folds its wings tent-like over its body.
2110:
1979:
947:, a fungus that is a natural enemy to silverleaf whiteflies to a plot of vegetables near Weslaco, Texas.
908:
638:
148:
1340:
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or lower leaf surfaces with its mouth and removing nutrients. Affected areas of the plant may develop
2328:
2144:
2069:
1695:
914:
545:
263:
259:
1094:
998:
2384:
2292:
2060:
774:
2002:
1551:
1489:
1033:
Insecticides can be costly, and have an increasing risk of resistance by whiteflies. However, the
258:, and other fruit and vegetable crops. Within five years, the silverleaf whitefly had caused over
1916:
1656:
1276:
1178:
920:
786:
174:
38:
1721:
2253:
817:, which kill their host once their development has been completed. Parasitoids in the families
769:. There are currently four species of predators that are commercially available for control of
360:
278:
2336:
2131:
1829:
1648:
1606:
1233:
622:
428:
2351:
1013:. The effect of ultra-fine oil can be strengthened through the combination with oils such as
2341:
1956:
1908:
1860:
1819:
1703:
1640:
1596:
1588:
1436:
1394:
1268:
1223:
1213:
1170:
845:
514:
900:
is the use of fungal pathogens. The most commonly known pathogens to the whitefly pest are
1790:
818:
766:
444:
climates, the focus shifts to how these insects attained access to crops in habitats with
220:
555:
The silverleaf whitefly is also a notorious vector for plant disease. It has transmitted
1699:
1398:
2196:
2183:
2074:
1601:
1572:
1228:
1197:
458:
105:
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1522:
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556:
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216:
1920:
1824:
1807:
1660:
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1311:
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1098:
Squash crops are effectively used as trap crops for attracting silverleaf whitefly.
1074:
1037:
981:
750:
738:
708:
704:
599:
595:
402:
30:
2227:
2136:
1025:
to tomato plants of any concentrations and reduces the survival rate of the pest.
939:
544:
spots, whither, or drop leaves. Whiteflies also produce a sticky substance called
1938:
1912:
1881:
1737:
1592:
254:. Less than a year after its identification, strain B was found to have moved to
2305:
2287:
2235:
2054:
1018:
1006:
986:
835:
822:
814:
762:
673:
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441:
285:
molting on leaves. The silver empty structures on the leaves are cast-off skins.
248:(biotype B), to distinguish it from the milder infestation of the earlier known
213:
2045:
1996:
1272:
529:, and several European countries. It was classified as an agricultural pest in
1806:
Lin, C. Y.; Wu, D. C.; Yu, J. Z.; Chen, B. H.; Wang, C. L.; Ko, W. H. (2009).
1174:
1153:
Fan, Yuqing Fan & Petitt, Frederick (1998). "Dispersal of the broad mite,
1022:
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723:
700:
657:
591:
549:
462:
449:
235:
1779:
2175:
2157:
1784:
Bellows and
Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Greenhouse Grown Ornamentals
1218:
830:
746:
727:
719:
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produces a higher predator-to-prey ratio. Insect growth regulators, such as
661:
541:
522:
445:
95:
75:
55:
1833:
1652:
1610:
1490:"Silverleaf Whitefly | National Invasive Species Information Center | USDA"
1237:
1044:
plants including zucchini squash, cucumber, and pumpkin. This hormone is a
2266:
2097:
1577:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1257:(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on Two Whitefly Hosts (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)"
1073:
The Light-Emitting Diode Equipped CC trap (LED-CC) was developed by plant
581:
became a serious issue in crops across the southwestern United States and
2123:
2118:
2039:
1644:
1584:
1053:
1052:
in immature insects, and causes deformation and death during molting and
1014:
470:
466:
437:
209:
115:
219:. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly is actually a
2214:
758:
754:
603:
394:
386:
318:
314:
239:
125:
2240:
1251:
Greenberg, S. M.; Legaspi, B. C.; Jones, W. A.; Enkegaard, A. (2000).
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oil product that reduces the settlement of the adult flies, decreases
711:, which can indiscriminately kill both predator and pest populations.
548:, which is left behind on the host. Honeydew can induce the growth of
1196:
Tang, Xiao-Tian; Cai, Li; Yuan, Shin; Xu, Li–Li; Du, Yu–Zhou (2019).
1049:
1002:
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526:
482:
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390:
372:
342:
255:
85:
65:
2016:
806:
is only able to feed on the immature stages or the larval stages of
664:, release of insect growth regulators, and implementation of traps.
393:
remain in place for 40–50 days, until molting into an adult. Silver
2162:
1999:
Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Silverleaf Whitefly
2013:. Lists general information and resources for Silverleaf Whitefly.
1093:
1086:
harvested fruit and quality and reduce virus damage to cucurbits.
980:
938:
692:
478:
427:
359:
347:
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223:
containing at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable species.
839:
wasps has been attempted in the Western United States to control
453:
transmitting. Plants which are affected by the whitefly include:
474:
398:
2149:
2020:
1412:
Azab AK; Megahed MM; EI-Mirsawi, HD (1971). "On the biology of
1040:
has been found successful in reducing whitefly populations on c
989:
seed oil is an effective chemical control against the whitefly.
859:"Beltsville Strain", however, has been unsuccessful in control
733:
Species in eight arthropod orders are known to be predators of
432:
Poinsettia is one of the silverleaf whitefly's preferred hosts.
293:
will lay 50 to 400 eggs ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 millimetres (
1079:
1851:(Gennadius) Biotype B (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in zucchini".
1550:
Service, A. R. National Invasive Species Information Center:
313: in) on the under part of leaves. Female whiteflies are
1435:
Paine, Timothy; Bellows, Thomas; Hoddle, Mark (2019-12-27).
695:). It was found that the use of the biological controls and
691:
predators by the use of enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (
317:
and emerge from fertilized eggs whereas male whiteflies are
896:
Another natural mechanism of controlling the population of
730:
specific to whiteflies can keep populations under control.
571:
for years and over many continents and is now a vector for
1626:
1624:
1301:
Johnson, F. A.; Short, D. E. & Castner, J. L. (2005).
993:
Natural oils are another important tool in the control of
1722:
Beyond Insecticides: Improved Methods of Whitefly Control
1202:
MEAM1 and MED and Evidence for Multiple Invasions of MED"
829:
are known to attack whiteflies. Establishment of several
1780:
The Biology and Management of the Silverleaf Whitefly,
997:
Currently, the most effective oil in the market is the
1304:
Sweetpotato/Silverleaf Whitefly Life Stages and Damage
867:
works much better at controlling the whitefly species
707:, conserve natural predators compared to conventional
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
2029:
1115:, different planting areas can limit the amount of
1680:"Post-release evaluation of biological control of
1566:
1564:
1514:Pheneas Ntawuruhunga & James Legg (May 2007).
1148:
1146:
1144:
1069:Traps offer a pesticide free method of control of
242:. For convenience that strain was referred to as
2009:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1468:Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment
855:, both of which are commercially available. The
497:in many locations around the world, including
1418:Bulletin de la Société entomologique d'Égypte
8:
1957:On the Guard Against Watermelon Vine Decline
1801:
1799:
1573:"The Retinoid X Receptors and Their Ligands"
1571:Dawson, Marcia I.; Xia, Zebin (2021-06-02).
1416:(Genn.) Hemiptera, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae".
1335:
1333:
1331:
968:only infects and destroys nymphs and pupae.
2011:United States National Agricultural Library
1984:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
1894:
1892:
1890:
1732:
1730:
2017:
1939:UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Peppers
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1542:
813:Another natural enemy of the whitefly are
29:
20:
1951:
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1934:
1932:
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1882:New Trap To Control Silverleaf Whiteflies
1823:
1764:
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1746:
1720:United States Department of Agriculture:
1600:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1227:
1217:
513:The silverleaf whitefly is considered an
1901:International Journal of Pest Management
389:into an immobile stage. The next three
2003:Species Profile – Silverleaf Whitefly (
1556:United States Department of Agriculture
1253:"Temperature-Dependent Life History of
1140:
737:These include members of the families
676:, and abating population development.
1738:Alternate Methods of Whitefly Control
1048:, which affects hormonal balance and
1009:, and abates the transmission of the
262:100 million in damage to agriculture
204:, also informally referred to as the
7:
2329:8fc083fc-5c88-4068-b8cf-3ec6490abcf9
2202:9ed5b9b5-5612-46ab-ad7b-8c81d1c48a6f
1443:Center for Invasive Species Research
1132:to reduce the whitefly populations.
331: in) wide and 0.1 millimetres (
1399:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002455
1198:"Competitive Displacement between
1163:Experimental and Applied Acarology
881:has been found more successful at
573:cassava brown streak virus disease
14:
2400:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
1941:. ipm.ucdavis.edu. December 2009.
1865:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2007.00600.x
1853:Australian Journal of Entomology
1708:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2004.07.012
561:lettuce infectious yellows virus
42:
1880:Elstein, David (May 30, 2002).
1825:10.1590/S1519-566X2009000400016
625:(EcRs) which may be useful for
208:) is one of several species of
1633:Journal of Economic Entomology
493:The silverleaf whitefly is an
367:adult whiteflies on green leaf
352:An adult Silverleaf Whitefly (
1:
1736:McGinnis, L. (April 5, 2006)
1011:tomato yellow leaf curl virus
565:tomato yellow leaf curl virus
212:that are currently important
1913:10.1080/09670870412331284591
1593:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014
685:Classical biological control
569:African cassava mosaic virus
1992:USDA Whitefly Knowledgebase
1724:. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
1494:www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
1387:Annual Review of Entomology
1161:(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)".
1125:squash vein yellowing virus
356:) on surface of Cotton leaf
2426:
2390:Hemiptera of North America
1997:CISR – Silverleaf Whitefly
1273:10.1603/0046-225X-29.4.851
924:. When spore solutions of
649:Integrated pest management
495:invasive agricultural pest
2405:Insects described in 1889
2395:Agricultural pest insects
1157:(Acari: Tarsonemidae) on
1155:Polyphagotarsonemus latus
1065:Man-made traps and covers
1046:juvenile hormone analogue
943:A technician is applying
903:Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
870:Trialeurodes vaporariorum
424:Native/original community
180:
173:
154:
147:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1778:Hoddle, Mark S. (1999).
1385:or a species complex?".
1261:Environmental Entomology
1029:Insect growth regulators
697:insect growth regulators
621:like all arthropods has
1219:10.3390/insects11010035
1175:10.1023/A:1006045911286
1113:cultural control method
1035:insect growth regulator
928:are sprayed on eggs of
781:Macrolophus caliginosus
635:X-ray crystal structure
627:insecticide development
1812:Neotropical Entomology
1349:Bellows & Perring"
1099:
990:
955:biological control on
948:
433:
368:
357:
286:
274:Anatomy and life cycle
1980:University of Florida
1961:Agricultural Research
1437:"Silverleaf Whitefly"
1097:
984:
942:
909:Aschersonia aleyrodis
639:ligand-binding domain
431:
363:
351:
281:
206:sweet potato whitefly
186:Bellows & Perring
2197:Fauna Europaea (new)
2005:Bemisia argentifolii
1793:. biocontrol.ucr.edu
1782:Bemisia argentifolii
1645:10.1603/029.102.0412
1347:Bemisia argentifolii
1255:Eretmocerus eremicus
915:Verticillium lecanii
852:Eretmocerus eremicus
633:, 2005 presents the
183:Bemisia argentifolii
24:Silverleaf whitefly
1976:silverleaf whitefly
1955:Flores, A. (2007).
1700:2005BiolC..32...70G
1552:Silverleaf Whitefly
1060:Mechanical controls
775:Delphastus pusillus
680:Biological controls
196:silverleaf whitefly
16:Species of true bug
1987:Featured Creatures
1789:2020-05-26 at the
1688:Biological Control
1353:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1100:
991:
949:
945:Beauveria bassiana
921:Beauveria bassiana
787:Chrysoperla carnea
623:ecdysone receptors
434:
369:
358:
287:
2372:
2371:
2337:Open Tree of Life
2023:Taxon identifiers
1107:Cultural controls
972:Chemical controls
614:Nuclear receptors
509:Commercial impact
192:
191:
187:
2417:
2410:Insects of India
2365:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2306:NHMSYS0020746001
2296:
2295:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2018:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1896:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1803:
1794:
1776:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1639:(4): 1482–1489.
1628:
1619:
1618:
1604:
1568:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1521:. Archived from
1520:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1460:
1454:
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1409:
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1378:
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1337:
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1323:
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1316:
1309:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1150:
865:Encarsia formosa
857:Encarsia formosa
846:Encarsia formosa
660:, employment of
515:invasive species
489:Introduced range
414:
413:
409:
384:
383:
379:
340:
339:
335:
330:
329:
325:
312:
311:
307:
302:
301:
297:
253:
252:
247:
246:
185:
160:
47:
46:
33:
21:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
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2415:
2414:
2375:
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2373:
2368:
2360:
2358:
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2340:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2025:
1972:
1967:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1805:
1804:
1797:
1791:Wayback Machine
1777:
1744:
1735:
1728:
1719:
1715:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1380:
1379:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1345:(Gennadius) or
1339:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1109:
1092:
1067:
1062:
1031:
979:
974:
962:P. fumosoroseus
879:Eretmocerus sp.
819:Platygasteridae
767:Coniopterygidae
717:
715:Natural enemies
682:
651:
616:
511:
491:
426:
421:
411:
407:
406:
381:
377:
376:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
276:
250:
249:
244:
243:
221:species complex
169:
162:
156:
143:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2323:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2184:Fauna Europaea
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2092:
2088:Bemisia_tabaci
2079:
2075:Bemisia_tabaci
2066:
2061:Bemisia tabaci
2051:
2035:
2033:
2031:Bemisia tabaci
2027:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1971:
1970:External links
1968:
1966:
1965:
1943:
1926:
1907:(4): 281–284.
1886:
1870:
1859:(4): 313–319.
1849:Bemisia tabaci
1839:
1795:
1742:
1726:
1713:
1682:Bemisia tabaci
1666:
1620:
1560:
1538:
1506:
1481:
1470:. 6 March 2015
1455:
1427:
1414:Bemisia tabaci
1404:
1393:(1): 511–534.
1383:Bemisia tabaci
1364:
1343:Bemisia tabaci
1327:
1286:
1267:(4): 851–860.
1243:
1200:Bemisia tabaci
1188:
1169:(7): 411–415.
1159:Bemisia tabaci
1139:
1137:
1134:
1108:
1105:
1091:
1088:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1030:
1027:
999:ultra-fine oil
978:
975:
973:
970:
716:
713:
681:
678:
650:
647:
615:
612:
579:Bemisia tabaci
510:
507:
490:
487:
448:climates. One
425:
422:
420:
417:
365:Bemisia tabaci
354:Bemisia tabaci
283:Bemisia tabaci
275:
272:
201:Bemisia tabaci
190:
189:
178:
177:
171:
170:
163:
158:Bemisia tabaci
152:
151:
145:
144:
140:B. tabaci
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
106:Sternorrhyncha
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2422:
2411:
2408:
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2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
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2388:
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2359:White-Files:
2357:
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2037:
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2019:
2012:
2008:
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2001:
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1995:
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1981:
1977:
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1723:
1717:
1714:
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1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
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1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1528:on 2007-12-15
1524:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1445:
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1438:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1317:on 2012-09-25
1313:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
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1235:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:, which is a
1000:
996:
988:
983:
976:
971:
969:
967:
963:
958:
953:
946:
941:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
917:
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911:
910:
905:
904:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:than it does
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
804:C. rufilabris
800:
796:
795:
794:C. rufilabris
790:
788:
784:
782:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Coccinellidae
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
637:for the 1Z5X
636:
632:
629:. Carmichael
628:
624:
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
584:
580:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:United States
516:
508:
506:
504:
503:in California
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
447:
443:
439:
430:
423:
418:
416:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
374:
366:
362:
355:
350:
346:
344:
320:
316:
292:
284:
280:
273:
271:
269:
268:in California
265:
261:
257:
241:
237:
232:
230:
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
188:
184:
179:
176:
172:
167:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2030:
2004:
1986:
1960:
1959:. pp. 10–11
1904:
1900:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1818:(4): 531–6.
1815:
1811:
1781:
1716:
1694:(1): 70–77.
1691:
1687:
1681:
1636:
1632:
1580:
1576:
1555:
1530:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1346:
1342:
1319:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1303:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1246:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1129:Scott Adkins
1122:
1116:
1110:
1101:
1084:
1075:physiologist
1070:
1068:
1038:pyriproxyfen
1032:
994:
992:
977:Natural oils
966:A. aleyrodis
965:
961:
956:
951:
950:
944:
933:
929:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
897:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
844:
840:
834:
812:
807:
803:
798:
792:
785:
779:
773:
770:
751:Anthocoridae
739:Phytoseiidae
734:
732:
718:
709:insecticides
705:pyriproxyfen
689:
683:
669:
666:
652:
642:
630:
618:
617:
600:garden roses
596:crepe myrtle
588:
578:
577:
557:gemniviruses
554:
535:
512:
492:
435:
419:Distribution
403:Holometabola
370:
364:
353:
290:
288:
282:
233:
225:
214:agricultural
205:
200:
199:
195:
193:
182:
181:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
18:
2288:NatureServe
2236:iNaturalist
2055:Wikispecies
1884:. usda.gov.
1212:(1): 1–12.
1019:citronellal
1007:oviposition
987:sugar apple
952:B. bassiana
836:Eretmocerus
833:species of
823:Aphelinidae
815:parasitoids
799:D. pusillus
763:Chrysopidae
724:parasitoids
674:oviposition
658:parasitoids
655:Aphelinidae
550:sooty molds
521:as well as
442:subtropical
399:pupal stage
116:Aleyrodidae
2385:Whiteflies
2379:Categories
1740:. usda.gov
1532:2012-08-12
1449:2022-07-09
1358:2017-12-06
1321:2011-04-22
1136:References
1111:Through a
1090:Trap crops
1071:B. tabaci.
1023:phytotoxic
1003:paraffinic
995:B. tabaci.
934:V. lecanii
926:V. lecanii
887:E. formosa
827:Eulophidae
771:B. tabaci:
735:B. tabaci.
701:buprofezin
662:trap crops
592:poinsettia
559:including
499:in Florida
463:poinsettia
450:hypothesis
371:The first
236:poinsettia
102:Suborder:
76:Arthropoda
2293:2.1000756
1587:: 21–56.
1424:: 305–15.
1117:B. tabaci
957:B. tabaci
930:B. tabaci
898:B. tabaci
891:B. tabaci
885:than the
883:B. tabaci
875:B. tabaci
861:B. tabaci
841:B. tabaci
831:Old World
808:B. tabaci
747:Syrphidae
728:pathogens
720:Predators
670:B. tabaci
643:B. tabaci
619:B. tabaci
542:chlorotic
523:Australia
471:eggplants
446:temperate
291:B. tabaci
238:crops in
166:Gennadius
134:Species:
96:Hemiptera
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
2254:11128485
2119:BugGuide
2095:BioLib:
2046:Q1303946
2040:Wikidata
1921:84016262
1834:19768275
1787:Archived
1661:45206625
1653:19736760
1611:22020178
1585:Elsevier
1499:25 March
1474:25 March
1281:85854037
1238:31906186
1183:20767783
1054:pupation
1015:limonene
546:honeydew
467:cucumber
455:tomatoes
438:tropical
264:in Texas
256:tomatoes
251:strain A
245:strain B
229:fruitfly
210:whitefly
175:Synonyms
112:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
2352:5796360
2215:2012126
2124:1182406
1978:on the
1696:Bibcode
1617:341742.
1615:NIHMSID
1602:4097889
1229:7022974
1206:Insects
759:Miridae
755:Nabidae
641:of the
604:lantana
517:in the
410:⁄
391:instars
380:⁄
345:stages.
336:⁄
326:⁄
319:haploid
315:diploid
308:⁄
298:⁄
289:Female
240:Florida
168:, 1889)
127:Bemisia
122:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
2349:uBio:
2342:290577
2326:NZOR:
2280:200547
2241:199414
2163:BEMITA
2150:588056
2098:102774
1919:
1832:
1659:
1651:
1609:
1599:
1279:
1236:
1226:
1181:
1050:chitin
918:, and
825:, and
757:, and
726:, and
631:et al.
608:lilies
606:, and
583:Mexico
567:, and
538:phloem
531:Greece
527:Africa
483:cotton
481:, and
459:squash
395:exuvia
373:instar
343:instar
2249:IRMNG
2189:54175
2176:66481
2171:EUNIS
2111:27396
1917:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1583:(1).
1526:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1315:(PDF)
1308:(PDF)
1277:S2CID
1179:S2CID
1042:urbit
693:ELISA
645:EcR.
479:beans
387:molts
217:pests
2319:7038
2314:NCBI
2275:ITIS
2267:8925
2223:GISD
2210:GBIF
2158:EPPO
2137:LGV8
2106:BOLD
1830:PMID
1649:PMID
1607:PMID
1581:1821
1501:2020
1476:2020
1441:UCR
1234:PMID
985:The
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