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variability of growth, structure of the GNP and distribution of labor, the distribution of income between households, the structure of foreign trade. Kuznets founded the historically grounded theory of economic growth. The central theme of these empirical studies is that the growth of the aggregated product of the country necessarily implies a profound transformation of the whole of its economic structure. This transformation affects many aspects of economic life – the structure of production, sectoral and occupational structure of employment, the division of occupations among family and market activities, the income structure, size, age structure and spatial distribution of the population, cross-country flows of goods, capital, labor and knowledge, the organization of industry and governmental regulation. Such changes, in his opinion, are essential for overall growth and, once started, shape, constrain or support the subsequent economic development of the country. Kuznets made a profound analysis of the impact on economic growth by demographic processes and characteristics.
1603:(1955, 1963). In poor countries, economic growth increased the income disparity between rich and poor people. In wealthier countries, economic growth narrowed the difference. By noting patterns of income inequality in developed and underdeveloped countries, he proposed that as countries experienced economic growth, the income inequality first increases and then decreases. The reasoning was that in order to experience growth, countries had to shift from agricultural to industrial sectors. While there was little variation in the agricultural income, industrialization led to large differences in income. Additionally, as economies experienced growth, mass education provided greater opportunities which decreased the inequality and the lower income portion of the population gained political power to change governmental policies. He also discovered the patterns in savings-income behavior which launched the
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and expose to detailed study a number of specific problems of the national economy. Improved methods for calculating the national income and related indicators have become classics and formed the basis of the modern system of national accounts. Having analyzed the distribution of income among different social groups, Kuznets put forward the hypothesis that in countries, which were on the early stages of economic development, income inequality increased first, but as far as national economy was growing, it tended to decrease. This assumption formed the basis of so-called "
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1270:(probability theory), V. Davats (mathematics), and others. Basic academic courses at the Institute helped him to acquire "exceptional" erudition in economics, as well as in history, demography, statistics and natural sciences. According to the institute's curriculum, development of national economies had to be analyzed in the wider context of changes in "connected spheres" and with the involvement of proper methods and empirical data. There, he began to study economics, and became exposed to
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knowledge, in-country adaptation to growth factors, and external economic relations between the countries. The general theory of economic growth should explain the development of advanced industrial countries, and the reasons that prevent the development of backward countries, include both market and planned economies, large and small, developed and developing countries, consider the impact on growth of foreign economic relations.
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1361:(SSRC). He guided extensive research, holding a number of positions in research institutions, such as the Chairman of the Falk Project for Economic Research in Israel, 1953–1963; member of the board of trustees and honorary chairman, Maurice Falk Institute for Economic Research in Israel, from 1963; and chairman, Social Science Research Council Committee on the Economy of China, 1961–1970.
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1466:, Kuznets found that the characteristics of the curves with reasonable accuracy described the majority of economic processes. Fitting trend curves to data and analysis of the time series, comparison of theoretical and empirical levels, allowed him to identify medium-term extended cycles of economic activity, which lasted 15–25 years and had an intermediate position between the
44:
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took the lead in establishing the
Conference on Research, Income and Wealth, which brought together government officials and academic economists, engaged in the development of the U.S. national income and product accounts, and in 1947 helped to establish its international counterpart, the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
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His major thesis, which argued that underdeveloped countries of today possess characteristics different from those that industrialized countries faced before they developed, helped put an end to the simplistic view that all countries went through the same "linear stages" in their history and launched
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accounts. In 1934, an assessment of the national income of the United States for the period 1929–1932 was given; further, it was extended to 1919–1938, and then, until 1869. Although
Kuznets was not the first economist to try this, his work was so comprehensive and meticulous that it set the standard
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The first major research project in which
Kuznets was involved was the study of long series of economic dynamics in the USA undertaken in the mid-1920s. The collected data covered the period from 1865 to 1925, and for some indices achieved 1770. Applying for the analysis of time series approximating
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Kuznets had success to solve numerous problems ranging from lack of sources of information and bias assessments, to the development of the theoretical concept of national income. Kuznets achieved a high precision in calculations. His works allowed us to analyze the structure of the national income,
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In his historical and economic studies of the 1970s, Kuznets expressed the idea of an interaction between science and technology (innovations), and institutional shifts, as well as the role of factors external to the economy, such as those caused by the moral and political climate in society, and
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He collected and analyzed statistical indicators of economic performance of 14 countries in Europe, the U.S. and Japan for 60 years. Analysis of the materials led to the advancement of a number of hypotheses relating to various aspects of the mechanism of economic growth, concerning the level and
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By the end of the Second World War
Kuznets moved into a new research area, related to the tie between changes in income and growth. He proposed a research program that involved extensive empirical studies on the four key elements of economic growth. The elements were demographic growth, growth of
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Exploring the formation of the national income, Kuznets studied proportions between output and income, consumption and savings, etc. After analyzing the long-term data sets of economic conditions for 20 countries, Kuznets revealed long-term trends in capital / output ratios, shares of net capital
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Apart from that, Kuznets collaborated with a number of research organizations and government agencies. From 1931 to 1934, at
Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER's work on U.S. national income accounts, giving the first official estimation of the US national income. In 1936, Kuznets
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in the sphere of the higher education. There is no precise information whether
Kuznets continued his studies at the institute, but it is known that he joined the Department of Labor of UZHBURO (South Bureau) of the Central Council of Trade Unions. There, he published his first scientific paper,
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and fully shared by
Mitchell for the statistical, inductive construction of hypotheses in economics and its empirical testing. Kuznets treated a priori and speculative conceptions with deep skepticism. At the same time, Kuznets tended to analyze economy in connection with the wider context of
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data). Keynes had predicted that as aggregate income increases, so will marginal savings. Kuznets used new data to show that, over a longer span of time (1870s – 1940s) the savings ratio remained constant, despite large changes in income. This paved the way for
1474:. Aspiring to determine the nature of these cycles, Kuznets analyzed the dynamics of population, the construction industry performance, capital, national income data and other variables. These movements became known among economists and economic historians as "
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Kuznets was elected as the
President of the American Economic Association (1954), President of the American Statistical Association (1949), an honorable member of the Association of Economic History, the Royal Statistical Society of England and a member of the
2022:Кузнец С. Денежная заработная плата рабочих и служащих фабрично-заводской промышленности г. Харькова в 1920 г. // Материалы по статистике труда на Украние. Под ред. Зав. отд. труда И. Н. Дубинской. – Вып. 2. – Июль 1921 г. – С. 53–64. (Репринтная публикация
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After the war, he worked as an advisor for the governments of China, Japan, India, Korea, Taiwan, and Israel in the establishment of their national systems of economic information. Kuznets cooperated with the Growth Center of Yale
University, the
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His name is associated with the formation of modern economic science as an empirical discipline, the development of statistical methods of research and the emergence of quantitative economic history. Kuznets is credited with revolutionising
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1433:(who propounded a law governing the distribution of income among households). Kuznets was closely familiar with the economics of Russia and Ukraine of the early 20th century. In the 1920s, he reviewed and translated the papers of
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historical situation, demographic, and social processes, a method that was peculiar to the
Kharkiv academics at the beginning of the 20th century. Kuznets was influenced by the work of such leading theorists as
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social science honor society chapter at the University of Pennsylvania and actively served as a chapter officer in the 1940s; becoming a full-time professor from 1936 until 1954. In 1954, Kuznets moved to
1286:"Monetary wages and salaries of factory workers in Kharkov in 1920"; he explored the dynamics of different types of wages by industries in Kharkov and income differentiation, depending on the wage system.
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1537:. However, Kuznets shook the economic world by finding that Keynes' predictions, while seemingly accurate in short-run cross-sections, broke down under more rigorous examination. In his 1942 tome
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formation, net investment, and so on. Collected and systematized data allowed exposing to empirical testing a number of existing hypotheses. In particular, this concerned premises of the
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1514:. He disapproved, however, of its use as a general indication of welfare, writing that "the welfare of a nation can scarcely be inferred from a measure of national income."
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1353:, to measure the potential for increased production and the resources from which it would come, and to identify the materials that were binding constraints on expansion.
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Street J. H. The Contribution of Simon S. Kuznets to Institutionalist Development Theory // Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 499–509.
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1349:. He took part in work to assess the country's capacity to expand military production. Researchers used national income accounting, together with a rough form of
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Simon Kuznets died on July 8, 1985, at the age of 84. In 2013 The Kharkiv National University of Economics, where he studied in 1918–1921 was named after him;
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Kapuria-Foreman V., Perlman M. An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering Simon Kuznets // The Economic Journal, 105 (November), 1995, p. 1524–1547.
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1325:(NBER), where he worked until 1961. From 1931 until 1936, Kuznets was a part-time professor at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1937 he was elected as a
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1633:"Secular Movements in Production and Prices: Their Nature and Their Bearing upon Cyclical Fluctuations". (New York and Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930).
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where he studied economic sciences, statistics, history and mathematics under the guidance of professors P. Fomin (political economy), A. Antsiferov (
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Ben-Porath Y. Simon Kuznets in Person and in Writing // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Apr., 1988), pp. 435–447.
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1318:. It was this work that led to his book "Secular Movements in Production and Prices", defended as a doctoral thesis and published in 1930.
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the separate field of development economics – which now focused on the analysis of modern underdeveloped countries' distinct experiences.
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During the Second World War, between 1942 and 1944, Kuznets became the associate director of the Bureau of Planning and Statistics of the
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Hoselitz B. F. Bibliography of Simon Kuznets // Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Jan., 1983), pp. 433–454.
1545:, Kuznets became the first economist to show that the Absolute Income Hypothesis gives inaccurate predictions in the long run (by using
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November 1995, Vol. 105, No. 433 pp. 1524-1547 p.1527, note 6: Solomon was also to become an economist and like Simon, worked for the
1306:. He graduated with a B.S. in 1923, M.A. in 1924, and Ph.D. in 1926. As his magister thesis, he defended his essay "Economic system of
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2112:Теоретическое наследие С. Кузнеца и проблемы модернизации постсоциалистических стран // Социально-экономическая трансформация в России
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in the field. (He explicitly notes his work as an update of W. I. King's 1930 "The National income and Its Purchasing Power" in
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family. He was one of three brothers, the other being Solomon and George. He completed his schooling, first at the
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Simon Kuznets, 1934. "National Income, 1929–1932". 73rd US Congress, 2d session, Senate document no. 124, page 7.
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Kuznets' views and scientific methodology were highly influenced by methodological settings received by him in
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1187:; April 30, 1901 – July 8, 1985) was a Russian-born American economist and statistician who received the 1971
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1639:"National Income and Its Composition, 1919–1938". (1941) Assisted by Lillian Epstein and Elizabeth Jenks
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1662:"Toward a Theory of Economic Growth, with Reflections on the Economic Growth of Modern Nations". (1968)
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1652:"Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations, VIII: The distribution of income by size",
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At the turn of the decade, the normal work in the institute was interrupted by the events of the
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1883:. Harvard University Society of Fellows; Toulouse School of Economics. p. 8. Archived from
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Among his several observations which sparked important theoretical research programs was the
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1429:(who identified circumstances under which markets failed to maximize economic welfare), and
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1615:. He conducted his research for many years and finally published his findings in 1963.
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1834:"Association Notes: In Memoriam: Frederic C. Lane 1900–1984, Simon Kuznets 1901–1985"
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1935:. In Chaloupek, Günther; Guger, Alois; Nowotny, Ewald; Schwödiauer, Gerhard (eds.).
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Fogel, Robert William; Fogel, Enid M.; Guglielmo, Mark; Grotte, Nathaniel (2013).
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1425:(who probed the relationship between technological change and business cycles),
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Kuznets made a decisive contribution to the transformation of economics into an
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In 1931, at Mitchell's behest, Kuznets took charge of the NBER's work on U.S.
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Political Arithmetic: Simon Kuznets and the Empirical Tradition in Economics
1878:"Simon Kuznets: Cautious Empiricist of the Eastern European Jewish Diaspora"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 23 January 2016
2143:
Abramovitz, Moses (1961). "The Nature and Significance of Kuznets Cycles".
1665:"Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure". (1971)
1453:
Historical series of economic dynamics and Kuznets cycles, or "long swings"
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1804:Кузнец С. Экономическая система д-ра Шумпетера, излагаемая и критикуемая
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275:
77:
1797:"Саймон Кузнец и харьковская высшая экономическая школа начала ХХ ст."
1640:
2307:
2199:
2425:
2294:
Lundberg, Erik (1971). "Simon Kuznets contributions to Economics".
2156:
2094:
1939:(in German and English) (German ed.). Springer. p. 286.
1236:
1220:
674:
450:
139:
135:
67:
2238:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/national-income-1929-1932-971
1999:
Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond
1533:
The hypothesis gave birth to what would become the first formal
5073:
4205:
3408:
3172:
2491:
1996:
Simon, Kuznetz (2011). Weyl, E. Glen; Lo, Stephanie H. (eds.).
2186:
Abramovitz, Moses (1968). "The passing of the Kuznets cycle".
1511:
143:
1937:Ökonomie in Theorie und Praxis: Festschrift für Helmut Frisch
1659:"Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure, and Spread". (1966)
1624:
their impact on the progress and results of economic growth.
2345:
1775:
An Economic Historian's Economist: Remembering Simon Kuznets
2260:(2000). "Simon S. Kuznets: April 30, 1901 – July 9, 1985".
1150:
5988:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
1909:Харківський національний університет імені В.Н. Каразіна.
1636:"National Income and Capital Formation, 1919–1935". (1937)
1493:
https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c4231/c4231.pdf
1321:
In 1927, he became a member of the research staff of the
1141:
1409:, and this work is credited with fueling the so-called
1705:
Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics
1394:
Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics
2037:"Alumni Award Recipients | School of General Studies"
1165:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1138:
6013:
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
6008:
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
2002:. Vol. I. Transaction Publishers. p. xix.
1806:. Kharkiv: ИД «ИНЖЕК». pp. 7–34. Archived from
1153:
5725:
5564:
5403:
5242:
5111:
4912:
4745:
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4423:
4286:
4239:
4138:
4002:
3919:
3686:
3613:
3442:
3313:
3294:
3275:
3251:
3227:
3208:
2863:
2612:
2529:
1558:, and several more modern alternatives such as the
1135:
263:
227:
215:
203:
173:
159:
154:
123:
115:
105:
86:
53:
34:
5948:Presidents of the American Statistical Association
1961:
1795:Moskovkin V. M. and Mikhailichenko D. Yu. (2013).
2466:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
2078:"Simon S. Kuznets: April 30, 1901 – July 9, 1985"
6018:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2432:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
5983:Presidents of the American Economic Association
5973:Fellows of the American Statistical Association
4233:Presidents of the American Economic Association
27:American economist and statistician (1901–1984)
6023:Burials at Sharon Memorial Park, Massachusetts
1327:fellow of the American Statistical Association
5085:
4217:
3420:
3184:
2503:
1933:"Schumpeter and Schools of Economic Thoughts"
1294:In 1922, the Kuznets family emigrated to the
1274:theory of innovation and the business cycle.
1173:
1107:
8:
6003:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
2523:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1832:Goldthwaite, Richard; Abramovitz M. (1986).
1871:
1869:
5092:
5078:
5070:
4224:
4210:
4202:
3427:
3413:
3405:
3191:
3177:
3169:
2510:
2496:
2488:
2447:
2440:
2128:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1619:Historical and economic works of the 1970s
1449:. who were then little known in the West.
1114:
1100:
290:
42:
31:
2093:
1849:
1742:
1645:"Economic Growth and Income Inequality".
1281:; reorganizations were undertaken by the
1189:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
268:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
2416:With partial bibliography and web links.
2375:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
2358:
2273:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2145:Economic Development and Cultural Change
1668:"Population, Capital and Growth". (1973)
1654:Economic Development and Cultural Change
1595:, an inverted U-shaped relation between
1539:Uses of National Income in Peace and War
1184:[sʲɪˈmʲɵnɐˈbraməvʲɪtɕkʊzʲˈnʲets]
1717:
302:
4156:English historical school of economics
4110:Structure–conduct–performance paradigm
2121:
2071:
2069:
1605:life-cycle-permanent-income hypothesis
1310:, presented and analyzed", written in
424:Measures of national income and output
2398:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1773:Vibha Kapuria-Foreman, Mark Perlman,
1182:
7:
5998:National Bureau of Economic Research
1911:"Про університет. Історична довідка"
1783:National Bureau of Economic Research
1543:National Bureau of Economic Research
1323:National Bureau of Economic Research
1641:https://www.nber.org/chapters/c4224
1371:International Statistical Institute
5978:Fellows of the Econometric Society
5953:University of Pennsylvania faculty
1510:to standardize the measurement of
1381:and a corresponding member of the
1219:Simon Kuznets was born in 1901 in
25:
5928:Jewish American social scientists
1984:Simon Kuznets university Kharkov.
5968:20th-century American economists
5958:Johns Hopkins University faculty
5105:American Statistical Association
2403:Library of Economics and Liberty
2357:
2296:The Swedish Journal of Economics
1131:
1081:
1069:
310:
5993:Social Science Research Council
5943:American development economists
2599:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
2428:," NBER Working Paper No. 7787.
2414:New School for Social Research.
1838:The Journal of Economic History
1802:. In Ponomarenko, V. S. (ed.).
1731:The Journal of Economic History
1359:Social Science Research Council
1316:Social Science Research Council
1290:Emigration to the United States
1250:. In 1918, Kuznets entered the
4176:Historical school of economics
2420:Kuznets's Nobel Prize lecture.
2061:View/Search Fellows of the ASA
1700:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1385:. He was awarded the Medal of
1375:American Philosophical Society
1029:Publications in macroeconomics
1:
2026:. – № 9 – 10. – 2002 г.)
1763:Nobel Prize Laureate Database
1252:Kharkiv Institute of Commerce
1204:quantitative economic history
1195:and process of development."
128:Kharkiv Institute of Commerce
5918:Jews from the Russian Empire
5903:Nobel laureates in Economics
4120:Theory of two-level planning
3615:New institutional economists
2262:NBER Working Paper No. W7787
3600:Edward Lawrence Wheelwright
2426:Simon S. Kuznets: 1901–1985
2393:"Simon Kuznets (1901–1985)"
2220:Rowe, Jonathan (June 2008)
1656:, 11, pp. 1–92. (1963)
1556:permanent income hypothesis
1508:U.S. Department of Commerce
6039:
5963:Harvard University faculty
4095:Penalty of taking the lead
3304:Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.
2591:Friedrich August von Hayek
1725:Abramovitz, Moses (2009).
1564:relative income hypothesis
1528:absolute income hypothesis
1298:. Kuznets then studied at
780:New neoclassical synthesis
763:Real business-cycle theory
197:University of Pennsylvania
4497:Oliver M. W. Sprague
3332:
2989:Christopher A. Pissarides
2472:
2463:
2455:
2450:
1960:Pressman, Steven (2006).
1851:10.1017/S0022050700045630
1744:10.1017/S0022050700045642
1727:"Simon Kuznets 1901–1985"
1174:
285:
274:
150:
41:
5938:Institutional economists
5908:American Nobel laureates
5871:Madhumita Ghosh Dastidar
5155:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
4191:Post-Keynesian economics
4171:French historical school
3443:Institutional economists
1649:45 (March): 1–28. (1955)
1647:American Economic Review
1503:" empirical conception.
1482:National income accounts
1336:Johns Hopkins University
1329:. He was elected to the
1202:and to the formation of
1175:Семён Абра́мович Кузне́ц
785:Saltwater and freshwater
192:Johns Hopkins University
98:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5423:William Gemmell Cochran
5316:Warren Randolph Burgess
5280:William Fielding Ogburn
4813:Charles P. Kindleberger
4551:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
4166:Evolutionary psychology
4030:Conspicuous consumption
3436:Institutional economics
2109:Filatov, I. V. (2002).
1468:Kondratyev "long waves"
713:International economics
638:Overlapping generations
280:IDEAS / RePEc
210:Institutional economics
5933:American statisticians
5835:Lisa Morrissey LaVange
5614:Richard Loree Anderson
5161:Walter Francis Willcox
4718:John Kenneth Galbraith
4161:Evolutionary economics
4003:Key concepts and ideas
3959:Donald Angus MacKenzie
3585:George W. Stocking Sr.
3505:John Kenneth Galbraith
3338:Nobel Prize recipients
3296:Physiology or Medicine
2424:Fogel, Robert, 2000, "
2353:
2333:Listen to this article
2076:Fogel, Robert (2000).
2063:, accessed 2016-07-23.
1964:Fifty Major Economists
1931:Perlman, Mark (2001).
1876:Weyl, E. Glen (2007).
1690:Information Revolution
1685:Gross domestic product
1302:under the guidance of
1056:Mathematical economics
807:Modern monetary theory
570:Universal basic income
5191:Wesley Clair Mitchell
4151:Development economics
4060:Hiding hand principle
4050:Effective competition
3921:Economic sociologists
3688:Behavioral economists
3550:Wesley Clair Mitchell
2710:James M. Buchanan Jr.
2352:
2118:. Moscow. p. 80.
1968:. Routledge. p.
1628:Selected publications
1560:life-cycle hypothesis
1379:Royal Swedish Academy
1304:Wesley Clair Mitchell
896:Wesley Clair Mitchell
871:Thomas Robert Malthus
708:Development economics
222:Wesley Clair Mitchell
168:development economics
5913:Writers from Kharkiv
5817:David R. Morganstein
5775:Peter A. Lachenbruch
5733:Richard L. Scheaffer
5572:Franklin A. Graybill
5543:Clifford G. Hildreth
5501:Frederick F. Stephan
5471:Martin R. Gainsbrugh
5352:Emanuel Goldenweiser
5268:Edwin Bidwell Wilson
5250:Leonard Porter Ayres
5137:Francis Amasa Walker
4771:Tjalling C. Koopmans
4384:Herbert J. Davenport
4294:Edwin R. A. Seligman
4080:Market concentration
4045:Countervailing power
3851:Sendhil Mullainathan
3678:Oliver E. Williamson
3510:Walton Hale Hamilton
3455:Clarence Edwin Ayres
2973:Oliver E. Williamson
2603:Tjalling C. Koopmans
2384:More spoken articles
2082:Biographical Memoirs
1813:on November 11, 2013
1779:The Economic Journal
1535:consumption function
1423:Joseph A. Schumpeter
1347:War Production Board
633:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
473:Liquidity preference
110:Sharon Memorial Park
5799:Robert N. Rodriguez
5716:W. Michael O'Fallon
5590:Herman Otto Hartley
5531:Churchill Eisenhart
5507:Frederick Mosteller
5417:Aryness Joy Wickens
5340:Winfield W. Riefler
5227:Louis Israel Dublin
5215:William S. Rossiter
4986:Christopher A. Sims
4885:Arnold C. Harberger
4849:Thomas C. Schelling
4807:Charles L. Schultze
4694:Kenneth E. Boulding
4646:Theodore W. Schultz
4130:Veblenian dichotomy
4040:Conventional wisdom
4035:Conspicuous leisure
4025:Bounded rationality
4015:Administered prices
3836:Brigitte C. Madrian
3638:Steven N. S. Cheung
3520:Albert O. Hirschman
3515:Orris C. Herfindahl
3001:Christopher A. Sims
2929:Thomas C. Schelling
2901:Robert F. Engle III
2802:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2650:Theodore W. Schultz
1890:on October 17, 2013
1541:, published by the
1506:Kuznets helped the
1400:Impact on economics
1367:Econometric Society
1300:Columbia University
1272:Joseph Schumpeter's
1127:Simon Smith Kuznets
1088:Business portal
1024:Macroeconomic model
901:John Maynard Keynes
698:Economic statistics
643:General equilibrium
182:Columbia University
132:Columbia University
18:Simon Smith Kuznets
5811:Nathaniel Schenker
5710:Jonas H. Ellenberg
5596:Margaret E. Martin
5447:William R. Leonard
5382:George W. Snedecor
5364:Walter A. Shewhart
5298:Frederick C. Mills
5233:Robert E. Chaddock
5185:Allyn Abbott Young
5173:Edward Dana Durand
5125:George C. Shattuck
4700:William J. Fellner
4676:Joseph J. Spengler
4664:Gottfried Haberler
4634:George W. Stocking
4628:Morris A. Copeland
4515:Frederick C. Mills
4455:Matthew B. Hammond
4408:Wesley C. Mitchell
4390:Jacob H. Hollander
4146:Cultural economics
4010:Accelerator effect
3826:George Loewenstein
3766:Catherine C. Eckel
3485:John Maurice Clark
3450:Werner Abelshauser
2917:Edward C. Prescott
2905:Clive W.J. Granger
2881:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2854:Daniel L. McFadden
2742:Harry M. Markowitz
2439:on Nobelprize.org
2354:
1695:List of economists
1351:linear programming
1283:Soviet authorities
976:Edward C. Prescott
703:Monetary economics
187:Harvard University
5880:
5879:
5847:Wendy L. Martinez
5829:Barry D. Nussbaum
5787:Sastry G. Pantula
5763:Sallie Ann Keller
5698:Jon R. Kettenring
5668:Katherine Wallman
5638:Barbara A. Bailar
5620:I. Richard Savage
5513:Geoffrey H. Moore
5483:Raymond T. Bowman
5453:Walter E. Hoadley
5441:Gertrude Mary Cox
5334:F. Leslie Hayford
5221:Warren M. Persons
5203:George E. Roberts
5143:Carroll D. Wright
5067:
5066:
5022:Olivier Blanchard
5010:Robert J. Shiller
4980:Orley Ashenfelter
4956:Thomas J. Sargent
4903:Dale W. Jorgenson
4837:Joseph A. Pechman
4789:William J. Baumol
4759:Lawrence R. Klein
4753:Franco Modigliani
4670:George J. Stigler
4652:Paul A. Samuelson
4563:Joseph Schumpeter
4473:William Z. Ripley
4467:George E. Barnett
4431:Edwin W. Kemmerer
4354:Walter F. Willcox
4306:Jeremiah W. Jenks
4253:Charles F. Dunbar
4247:Francis A. Walker
4199:
4198:
4020:Barriers to entry
3886:Robert J. Shiller
3846:Matteo Motterlini
3590:Lars Pålsson Syll
3402:
3401:
3315:Economic Sciences
3166:
3165:
3065:Richard H. Thaler
3029:Robert J. Shiller
3025:Lars Peter Hansen
2997:Thomas J. Sargent
2985:Dale T. Mortensen
2877:A. Michael Spence
2873:George A. Akerlof
2842:Robert A. Mundell
2810:James A. Mirrlees
2778:Douglass C. North
2750:William F. Sharpe
2702:Franco Modigliani
2678:George J. Stigler
2662:Lawrence R. Klein
2551:Paul A. Samuelson
2486:
2485:
2473:Succeeded by
2459:Paul A. Samuelson
2350:
2280:978-0-226-25661-0
2226:Harper's Magazine
2222:Our Phony Economy
1680:Capital formation
1597:income inequality
1233:Lithuanian-Jewish
1200:empirical science
1124:
1123:
1051:Political economy
1006:N. Gregory Mankiw
996:Thomas J. Sargent
841:Market monetarism
655:Endogenous growth
485:National accounts
289:
288:
254:Subramanian Swamy
242:Richard Easterlin
16:(Redirected from
6030:
5686:Mitchell H. Gail
5674:J. Stuart Hunter
5650:Janet L. Norwood
5632:Donald Marquardt
5602:Ralph A. Bradley
5584:George E. P. Box
5549:Jerome Cornfield
5489:Albert H. Bowker
5465:Morris H. Hansen
5435:Ralph J. Watkins
5429:Herbert Marshall
5304:Willford I. King
5274:Malcolm C. Rorty
5209:Carroll W. Doten
5197:Joseph Adna Hill
5179:Charles P. Neill
5119:Richard Fletcher
5094:
5087:
5080:
5071:
4998:William Nordhaus
4938:Martin Feldstein
4926:Robert Lucas Jr.
4783:Moses Abramovitz
4730:Walter W. Heller
4724:Kenneth J. Arrow
4706:Wassily Leontief
4604:Calvin B. Hoover
4592:John H. Williams
4491:Alvin S. Johnson
4461:Ernest L. Bogart
4378:Henry B. Gardner
4360:Thomas N. Carver
4271:Arthur T. Hadley
4226:
4219:
4212:
4203:
4105:Shortage economy
4090:Market structure
4055:Herfindahl index
3979:Laurent Thévenot
3974:Richard Swedberg
3969:Lynette Spillman
3954:Mark Granovetter
3939:James S. Coleman
3911:Georg Weizsäcker
3906:Robert W. Vishny
3871:Klaus M. Schmidt
3821:Jeffrey R. Kling
3716:Douglas Bernheim
3605:Erich Zimmermann
3595:Thorstein Veblen
3575:Herbert A. Simon
3570:François Simiand
3545:Jesse W. Markham
3525:Geoffrey Hodgson
3465:Shimshon Bichler
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3340:
3287:(United Kingdom)
3218:Gerhard Herzberg
3193:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3159:
3151:
3149:Philip H. Dybvig
3132:
3113:
3111:Robert B. Wilson
3098:
3088:Abhijit Banerjee
3079:
3073:William Nordhaus
3067:
3059:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3015:
3013:Lloyd S. Shapley
3003:
2991:
2981:Peter A. Diamond
2975:
2963:
2955:
2953:Roger B. Myerson
2939:
2937:Edmund S. Phelps
2931:
2925:Robert J. Aumann
2919:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2856:
2850:James J. Heckman
2844:
2836:
2828:
2826:Myron S. Scholes
2822:Robert C. Merton
2816:
2804:
2796:
2790:John F. Nash Jr.
2786:John C. Harsanyi
2780:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2746:Merton H. Miller
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2654:Sir Arthur Lewis
2644:
2642:Herbert A. Simon
2636:
2624:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2579:Wassily Leontief
2573:
2571:Kenneth J. Arrow
2561:
2553:
2545:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2480:Kenneth J. Arrow
2456:Preceded by
2448:
2444:
2410:
2405:(2nd ed.).
2374:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2319:
2284:
2265:
2258:Fogel, Robert W.
2241:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2194:(140): 349–367.
2183:
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1264:economic thought
1260:economic history
1258:), V. Levitsky (
1193:social structure
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1109:
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1086:
1085:
1076:Money portal
1074:
1073:
1072:
986:William Nordhaus
971:Robert Lucas Jr.
861:François Quesnay
497:Nominal rigidity
468:Demand for money
446:Microfoundations
382:Financial crisis
362:Effective demand
332:Aggregate supply
327:Aggregate demand
314:
291:
246:Stanley Engerman
234:Baidyanath Misra
93:
81:
63:
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46:
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5876:
5781:Sally C. Morton
5769:Mary Ellen Bock
5745:Robert L. Mason
5721:
5656:Vincent Barabba
5608:William Kruskal
5560:
5537:William H. Shaw
5495:W. Allen Wallis
5399:
5394:Samuel S. Wilks
5358:Helen M. Walker
5346:Alfred J. Lotka
5322:Robert H. Coats
5310:Joseph S. Davis
5238:
5107:
5098:
5068:
5063:
5046:Christina Romer
4944:Daniel McFadden
4908:
4897:D. Gale Johnson
4891:Robert W. Fogel
4879:Anne O. Krueger
4873:Victor R. Fuchs
4855:William Vickrey
4819:Alice M. Rivlin
4801:W. Arthur Lewis
4777:Robert M. Solow
4741:
4736:R. Aaron Gordon
4688:Milton Friedman
4658:Edward S. Mason
4640:Arthur F. Burns
4598:Harold A. Innis
4580:
4569:Howard S. Ellis
4545:I. Leo Sharfman
4539:Joseph S. Davis
4533:Albert B. Wolfe
4527:Edwin G. Nourse
4521:Sumner Slichter
4479:Harry A. Millis
4437:Thomas S. Adams
4419:
4396:Henry R. Seager
4366:John R. Commons
4336:Frank A. Fetter
4330:Henry W. Farnam
4324:Edmund J. James
4312:Simon N. Patten
4282:
4235:
4230:
4200:
4195:
4134:
4115:Technostructure
4070:Instrumentalism
4065:Hirschman cycle
3998:
3994:Viviana Zelizer
3964:Joel M. Podolny
3915:
3841:Gary McClelland
3806:Daniel Kahneman
3801:David Ryan Just
3796:Charles A. Holt
3776:Urs Fischbacher
3761:Stephen Duneier
3751:Werner De Bondt
3682:
3609:
3560:Jonathan Nitzan
3500:Robert H. Frank
3490:John R. Commons
3470:Robert A. Brady
3438:
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3057:Bengt Holmström
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3034:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2978:
2966:
2958:
2942:
2934:
2922:
2913:Finn E. Kydland
2910:
2898:
2893:Vernon L. Smith
2889:Daniel Kahneman
2886:
2870:
2859:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2819:
2814:William Vickrey
2807:
2799:
2794:Reinhard Selten
2783:
2774:Robert W. Fogel
2771:
2763:
2758:Ronald H. Coase
2755:
2739:
2734:Trygve Haavelmo
2731:
2723:
2718:Robert M. Solow
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2647:
2639:
2627:
2622:Milton Friedman
2619:
2608:
2596:
2584:
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2556:
2548:
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2525:
2516:
2482:
2478:
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2391:
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2387:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2365:This audio file
2362:
2355:
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2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2308:10.2307/3439225
2293:
2281:
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2256:
2250:
2248:Further reading
2245:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2200:10.2307/2552345
2185:
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2067:
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2041:gs.columbia.edu
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2017:
2010:
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1601:economic growth
1589:
1572:
1570:Economic growth
1552:Milton Friedman
1488:national income
1484:
1472:business cycles
1464:logistic curves
1455:
1431:Vilfredo Pareto
1402:
1383:British Academy
1292:
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1172:; Russian:
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1120:
1080:
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991:Joseph Stiglitz
951:Milton Friedman
931:Friedrich Hayek
856:
846:
845:
728:
718:
717:
688:
680:
679:
665:Mundell–Fleming
660:Matching theory
598:Keynesian cross
583:
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48:Kuznets in 1971
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5923:Ukrainian Jews
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5805:Marie Davidian
5802:
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5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5757:Fritz Scheuren
5754:
5748:
5742:
5739:Miron L. Straf
5736:
5729:
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5722:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5704:David S. Moore
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5680:Ronald L. Iman
5677:
5671:
5665:
5662:Arnold Zellner
5659:
5653:
5647:
5644:Robert V. Hogg
5641:
5635:
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5605:
5599:
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5568:
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5562:
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5559:
5558:
5555:Lester Frankel
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5525:T. A. Bancroft
5522:
5519:A. Ross Eckler
5516:
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5292:Stuart A. Rice
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5149:S. N. D. North
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5049:
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5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5004:Richard Thaler
5001:
4995:
4992:Claudia Goldin
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4950:George Akerlof
4947:
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4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
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4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4825:Gary S. Becker
4822:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4795:Gardner Ackley
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4765:Jacob Marschak
4762:
4756:
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4743:
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4679:
4673:
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4631:
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4622:Edwin E. Witte
4619:
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4506:
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4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4443:Fred M. Taylor
4440:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4414:Allyn A. Young
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
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4318:Davis R. Dewey
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4277:Richard T. Ely
4274:
4268:
4265:Henry C. Adams
4262:
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4231:
4229:
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4214:
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4197:
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4193:
4188:
4186:Microeconomics
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4139:Related fields
4136:
4135:
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4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4075:Kuznets cycles
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
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4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
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4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3989:Harrison White
3986:
3984:Carlo Trigilia
3981:
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3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Richard Thaler
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Howard Rachlin
3863:
3858:
3856:Michael Norton
3853:
3848:
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3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
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3783:
3781:Herbert Gintis
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:David Cesarini
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3696:George Ainslie
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Douglass North
3660:
3655:
3650:
3648:Harold Demsetz
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3628:Armen Alchian
3625:
3623:Daron Acemoglu
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Frank Stilwell
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Warren Samuels
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Richard T. Ely
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Daniel Bromley
3472:
3467:
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3457:
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3205:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3157:Claudia Goldin
3152:
3133:
3126:Joshua Angrist
3114:
3099:
3096:Michael Kremer
3080:
3068:
3060:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3021:Eugene F. Fama
3016:
3004:
2992:
2976:
2964:
2956:
2949:Eric S. Maskin
2945:Leonid Hurwicz
2940:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2797:
2781:
2769:
2766:Gary S. Becker
2761:
2753:
2737:
2729:
2726:Maurice Allais
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2645:
2637:
2634:James E. Meade
2625:
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2411:
2377:
2363:
2356:
2344:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:External links
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2302:(4): 444–459.
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2229:
2213:
2178:
2157:10.1086/449905
2151:(3): 225–248.
2135:
2101:
2065:
2053:
2028:
2015:
2009:978-1412842112
2008:
1988:
1979:978-0415366489
1978:
1952:
1946:978-3540422402
1945:
1923:
1901:
1865:
1844:(1): 239–246.
1824:
1787:
1766:
1755:
1751:2018 interview
1716:
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1702:
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1634:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1588:
1585:
1571:
1568:
1483:
1480:
1476:Kuznets cycles
1454:
1451:
1401:
1398:
1387:Francis Walker
1308:Dr. Schumpeter
1291:
1288:
1225:Russian Empire
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1093:
1092:
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1059:
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1053:
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1046:Microeconomics
1043:
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1020:
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1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
961:Lawrence Klein
958:
956:Paul Samuelson
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Michał Kalecki
908:
903:
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883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
852:
851:
848:
847:
844:
843:
838:
833:
831:Disequilibrium
828:
827:
826:
819:Post-Keynesian
816:
811:
810:
809:
799:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
755:
750:
749:
748:
743:
729:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
689:
687:Related fields
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
651:
650:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
613:Phillips curve
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477:
476:
475:
465:
463:Money creation
460:
459:
458:
448:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
421:
419:Liquidity trap
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405:
404:
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389:
384:
379:
378:
377:
372:
364:
359:
354:
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344:
339:
337:Business cycle
334:
329:
323:
321:Basic concepts
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319:
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315:
307:
306:
304:Macroeconomics
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204:School or
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152:
151:
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147:
125:
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120:
117:
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102:
96:
94:(aged 84)
88:
84:
83:
66:
64:April 30, 1901
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5916:
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5909:
5906:
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5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5853:Robert Santos
5851:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:Karen Kafadar
5839:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5751:Bradley Efron
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5692:Lynne Billard
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
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5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
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5603:
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5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
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5573:
5570:
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5567:
5563:
5556:
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5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5477:Philip Hauser
5475:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5459:Rensis Likert
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5388:Simon Kuznets
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:Willard Thorp
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5328:Raymond Pearl
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5286:Irving Fisher
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5256:Edmund E. Day
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5131:Edward Jarvis
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5016:Alvin E. Roth
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4962:Avinash Dixit
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4932:Peter Diamond
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4920:Sherwin Rosen
4918:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:Zvi Griliches
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4843:Gérard Debreu
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4831:Robert Eisner
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4682:Fritz Machlup
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:John D. Black
4614:
4611:
4610:Simon Kuznets
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:John M. Clark
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4402:Carl C. Plehn
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:Irving Fisher
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4300:F. W. Taussig
4298:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:John B. Clark
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Legal realism
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Paula England
3947:
3945:
3944:Paul DiMaggio
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Fred L. Block
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Hersh Shefrin
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Matthew Rabin
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Graham Loomes
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:George Katona
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:David Halpern
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Rachel Croson
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Colin Camerer
3729:
3727:
3726:Sarah Brosnan
3724:
3722:
3721:Samuel Bowles
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Elinor Ostrom
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:Claude Ménard
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Masahiko Aoki
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Gunnar Myrdal
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Simon Kuznets
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Ha-Joon Chang
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3324:
3323:Simon Kuznets
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3009:Alvin E. Roth
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2969:Elinor Ostrom
2965:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2694:Richard Stone
2690:
2687:
2686:Gérard Debreu
2682:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2587:Gunnar Myrdal
2583:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:John R. Hicks
2563:
2560:
2559:Simon Kuznets
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2543:Jan Tinbergen
2540:
2539:Ragnar Frisch
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2476:John R. Hicks
2468:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2437:Simon Kuznets
2435:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2366:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2095:10.3386/w7787
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:Бизнес Информ
2019:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Kuznets curve
1587:Kuznets curve
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Keynes theory
1515:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:Kuznets curve
1496:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:United States
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:Peter Diamond
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:Edmund Phelps
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Richard Stone
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:Joan Robinson
924:
922:
921:Simon Kuznets
919:
917:
916:Gunnar Myrdal
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:Irving Fisher
889:
887:
886:Knut Wicksell
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
855:
850:
849:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
812:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:New classical
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
721:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
579:
578:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
541:
540:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Shrinkflation
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
481:
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
457:
454:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Interest rate
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:Expectations
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
318:
317:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
226:
223:
220:
214:
211:
208:
202:
198:
193:
188:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
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36:Simon Kuznets
33:
30:
19:
5865:Dionne Price
5823:Jessica Utts
5793:Nancy Geller
5387:
5370:Isador Lubin
5058:Janet Currie
5034:Janet Yellen
5028:Ben Bernanke
4968:Angus Deaton
4913:2001–present
4609:
4575:Frank Knight
4557:Paul Douglas
4503:Alvin Hansen
4449:Edwin F. Gay
4348:John H. Gray
4342:David Kinley
4125:Veblen goods
4085:Market power
3929:Jens Beckert
3901:Amos Tversky
3876:Eldar Shafir
3741:Kay-Yut Chen
3668:Mancur Olson
3643:Ronald Coase
3540:Hunter Lewis
3534:
3530:János Kornai
3368:
3322:
3285:Dennis Gabor
3266:Willy Brandt
3242:Pablo Neruda
3141:Ben Bernanke
3130:Guido Imbens
3107:Paul Milgrom
3092:Esther Duflo
3045:Angus Deaton
2961:Paul Krugman
2864:2001–present
2630:Bertil Ohlin
2558:
2464:
2407:Liberty Fund
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2085:
2081:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
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1998:
1991:
1983:
1963:
1955:
1936:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1904:
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1885:the original
1841:
1837:
1827:
1817:November 15,
1815:. Retrieved
1808:the original
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1413:revolution.
1407:econometrics
1403:
1391:
1363:
1355:
1344:
1340:
1320:
1293:
1276:
1268:S. Bernstein
1227:, in modern
1218:
1197:
1126:
1125:
1001:Paul Krugman
946:Hyman Minsky
920:
906:Alvin Hansen
790:
789:
730:
693:Econometrics
670:Overshooting
623:Harrod–Domar
618:Arrow–Debreu
565:Central bank
532:Unemployment
522:Supply shock
480:Money supply
357:Disinflation
352:Demand shock
258:Lance Taylor
250:Robert Fogel
164:Econometrics
106:Burial place
92:(1985-07-08)
90:July 8, 1985
29:
5898:1985 deaths
5893:1901 births
5859:Kathy Ensor
5578:Leslie Kish
5411:Lowell Reed
5262:Carl Snyder
5145:(1897–1909)
5139:(1883–1896)
5133:(1852–1882)
5127:(1846–1851)
5121:(1839–1845)
5052:Susan Athey
4974:Robert Hall
4867:Amartya Sen
4712:James Tobin
4509:Jacob Viner
4100:Satisficing
3811:Ariel Kalil
3706:Nava Ashraf
3653:Avner Greif
3460:Joe S. Bain
3201:Nobel Prize
3053:Oliver Hart
3037:Jean Tirole
2834:Amartya Sen
2670:James Tobin
2046:January 29,
1916:February 4,
1894:February 4,
1737:: 241–246.
1547:time-series
1427:A. C. Pigou
1331:Pi Gamma Mu
881:Léon Walras
775:Supply-side
608:Accelerator
517:Stagflation
502:Price level
397:Demand-pull
276:Information
199:(1930–1954)
194:(1954–1960)
189:(1960–1971)
174:Institution
116:Nationality
5887:Categories
5626:John Neter
5167:John Koren
5101:Presidents
5040:David Card
3786:Uri Gneezy
3771:Armin Falk
3756:Paul Dolan
3701:Dan Ariely
3229:Literature
3122:David Card
3077:Paul Romer
2380:Audio help
2371:2016-01-23
1712:References
1609:Modigliani
1470:and short
1435:Kondratiev
1256:statistics
1244:Realschule
1215:Early life
936:John Hicks
866:Adam Smith
824:Circuitism
814:Ecological
802:Chartalism
753:Monetarism
731:Mainstream
628:Solow–Swan
603:Multiplier
560:Commercial
456:Endogenous
414:Investment
60:1901-04-30
5565:1976–2000
5404:1951–1975
5243:1926–1950
5112:1839–1925
4746:1976–2000
4585:1951–1975
4424:1926–1950
4287:1901–1925
4240:1886–1900
3891:Uwe Sunde
3711:Ofer Azar
3268:(Germany)
3210:Chemistry
3203:laureates
2613:1976–2000
2530:1969–1975
2519:Laureates
2188:Economica
2173:154354441
2124:cite book
1447:Weinstein
1443:Pervushin
1411:Keynesian
1279:Civil War
1210:Biography
1034:Economics
876:Karl Marx
791:Heterodox
770:Stockholm
736:Keynesian
507:Recession
402:Cost-push
392:Inflation
347:Deflation
206:tradition
124:Education
3220:(Canada)
2382: ·
1673:See also
1613:Friedman
1562:and the
1460:Gompertz
1389:(1977).
1239:, then,
1018:See also
797:Austrian
555:Monetary
544:Policies
375:Rational
370:Adaptive
296:a series
294:Part of
230:students
228:Doctoral
216:Doctoral
119:American
5103:of the
3277:Physics
3244:(Chile)
2521:of the
2451:Awards
2409:. 2008.
2369: (
2340:minutes
2316:3439225
2208:2552345
2165:1151797
1860:2121281
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1418:Kharkiv
1312:Kharkiv
1248:Ukraine
1241:Kharkiv
1231:, to a
1229:Belarus
1039:Applied
836:Marxian
726:Schools
218:advisor
78:Belarus
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264:Awards
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3253:Peace
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2161:JSTOR
2116:(PDF)
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