325:
kept the new spelling in, and it was evidently worse than useless to go into an undignified contest when I was beaten. Do you know that the one word as to which I thought the new spelling was wrong â thru â was more responsible than anything else for our discomfiture?" Next summer
Roosevelt was watching a naval review when a press boat marked "Pres Bot" chugged ostentatiously by. The President waved and laughed with delight.
383:
usage". It also noted that most reformed spellings that had come into general use were originally the overt act of a lone writer, who was followed at first by a small minority. Thus, it encouraged people to "point the way" and "set the example" by using the reformed spellings whenever they can. The handbook used and set forth the following rules:
183:
removal of silent letters ("catalogue" to "catalog"), changing -re endings to -er ("calibre" and "sabre" to "caliber" and "saber"), changing "ough" to "o" to represent the long vowel sound in the new words altho, tho and thoro, and changes to represent the "z" sound with that letter, where "s" had been used ("brasen" and "surprise" becoming "
321:
any executive department or bureau of the
Government, the House printer should observe and adhere to the standard of orthography prescribed in generally accepted dictionaries of the English language." The motion passed unanimously. The President let the Public Printer and the Nation know that the old style was reinstated.
382:
The handbook repeated and explained the SSB's plan of "gradual" rather than "sudden" reform. It noted that previous spelling changes had come into use graduallyâ"so gradually, in fact, that at all times (as today) ther hav been, and ar, many words speld in more than one way on equal authority of good
356:
It was always a condition that
Carnegie's dollars had to be matched by results, and at his death in August 1919, his will contained no provision for the Simplified Spelling Board. Without that source of funds (a total of $ 283,000 over the 14 years), the board's operations ceased in 1920, the year it
324:
Roosevelt ultimately decided to rescind the order. Brander
Matthews, a friend of Roosevelt and one of the chief advocates of the reform as chairman of the Simplified Spelling Board, remonstrated with him for abandoning the effort. Roosevelt replied on December 16, 1906: "I could not by fighting have
198:
The board noted that the majority of the words in their list were already preferred by three current dictionaries: Webster's (more than half), the
Century (60%) and the Standard (two-thirds). In June 1906, the board prepared a list of the 300 words designed for teachers, lecturers and writers, which
320:
of
Indiana, Chairman of the House Committee on Printing, introduced a resolution on December 13, 1906: "Resolved, That it is the sense of the House that hereafter in the printing of House documents or other publications used by law or ordered by Congress, or either branch thereof, or emanating from
247:
thought the state would not support the board's proposal as "he did not believe that the State educational department should tell the people how they must spell". By August 1906, the board reported that over 5,000 individuals had pledged to use the words on the initial list, with another 500 to 600
147:, the board's first treasurer, noted that the group was careful to keep the word "reform" out of its name and gave the word "believe" as an example of a word that would benefit from elimination of its unneeded "i", stating that "If believe were spelled 'beleve', I think it would be a good change."
378:
Part 1 is a brief outline of the history of
English spelling and the attempts to reform it up until 1920. Part 2 presents the arguments in favor of reform and replies to the objections that are commonly made. Part 3 contains the SSB's proposed rules for simplified spelling and a list of the words
182:
The board's initial list of 300 words was published on April 1, 1906. Much of the list included words ending with -ed changed to end -t ("addressed", "caressed", "missed", "possessed" and "wished", becoming "addresst", "carest", "mist", "possest" and "wisht", respectively). Other changes included
156:
editorialized in support of the
Simplified Spelling Board's efforts, noting that 90% of English words are "fairly well spelled", but that "a vast improvement could be effected by reducing to some sort of regularity the much-used tenth that makes most of the trouble". An editorial in the following
347:
One month later, in
February 1915, Carnegie penned a letter to Holt, the president of the board. In this letter, he wrote that "A more useless body of men never came into association, judging from the effects they produce. Instead of taking twelve words and urging their adoption, they undertook
343:
Signs of a break with the board were apparent as early as
January 1915. Carnegie received a letter from Matthews, which included a list of daily newspapers that had adopted the reformed spellings. Carnegie was not impressed. In reply, Carnegie wrote, "Please note, not one Eastern paper. I see no
333:
Carnegie, the founding and major benefactor of the board, disagreed with its chosen approach of prescribing recommended changes. Rather, he believed that the board would be more productive by encouraging grass-roots changes. His beliefs are contained in a statement given to an editor of
344:
change in New York and I am getting very tired indeed, of sinking twenty-five thousand dollars a year for nothing here in the East." Carnegie was further irritated to learn that his own trusts' annual financial reports were seen to be taking "a step backwards in reference to spelling."
1206:, answerâanser, beleaguerâbeleager, campaignâcampain, counterfeitâcounterfit, delightâdelite, foreignâforen, forfeitâforfit, friendâfrend, masqueradeâmaskerade, mortgageâmorgage, receiptâreciet, sieveâsiv, sleightâslight, sovereignâsovren, sprightlyâspritely, touchâtuch, yeomanâyoman.
58:
of the future" and an influence leading to universal peace, but that this role was obstructed by its "contradictory and difficult spelling". Carnegie committed $ 15,000 per year for five years to initiate the organization. Then he provided $ 25,000 a year and recruited advocates.
32:, making it simpler and easier to learn, and eliminating many of what were considered to be its inconsistencies. The board operated until 1920, the year after the death of its founding benefactor, who had come to criticize the progress and approach of the organization.
348:
radical changes from the start and these they can never make ...." Using spelling that demonstrated his own continuing attachment to certain reforms, Carnegie added, "I think I hav been patient long enuf ... I hav much better use for twenty thousand dollars a year."
157:
day's edition noted that opponents of the board's efforts had suggested that the language be kept as is, only taught better, but that the members of the board would respect the language's history in its improvement efforts without hiding or distorting it.
165:
on March 20, 1906, emphasizing that the board's first aim was "a conservatively progressive evolution, aiming chiefly at the dropping of silent letters", accelerating a process that had been going on for centuries. This would be followed by the use of a
1501:"Roosevelt Spelling Makes Britons Laugh; London Newspapers Turn Their Humorists Loose. Phonetic Wail In The Sun It Says Karnegi (or Karnege) and Ruzevelt (or Rusvelt) Mite Leve (or Lev) the Langwidge Alone. Roosevelt Spelling Makes Britons Laugh"
224:, mandating the use of reformed spelling in his official communications and messages to Congress. Prof. Matthews stated that he had received no advance notice of the President's order and had been taken by surprise when it was issued.
161:, the board's chairman, emphasized that the board's primary mission in simplifying the language was to eliminate unneeded letters, noting that "implification by omission â this is its platform; this is its motto". Isaac Funk wrote to
340:: "Amended spellings can only be submitted for general acceptance. It is the people who decide what is to be adopted or rejected." For their part, some members of the board believed that Carnegie was too meddlesome in its business.
1558:. Accessed September 11, 2008. "Roosevelt had just endorsed simplified spelling, and they flitted through the traffic in a disreputable motor-boat with a streamer on each beam labelled 'Pres Bot.' Roosevelt liked that."
1403:"Simple Spellers Issue A List For Beginners; It Includes 300 Words, Mostly Having Dictionary Sanction. More If More Are Wanted Thousands Have Promised to Use the New Forms, the Board Says -Inquiries Welcomed."
1294:"Simple Spellers Start With 300 Pruned Words; They Want to Avoid Scaring People at First. Not Reformers, They Insist Col. Sprague Thinks Many Persons Object to the Term â Some Publishers and Editors Enlisted."
1460:"President Surprised Even Simple Spellers; Prof. Brander Matthews Didn't Expect Executive Aid. Lexicographers In Line Editors of Leading Dictionaries Here and in England Favor the Proposed Reform"
1421:"Simplified Spelling For Public Schools; Board of Education Adopts a List of 300 Words. Cheap Lunch Plan Rejected Police Will Take a Census of the School Children â Needs of the Normal College."
1385:"Start The Campaign For Simple Spelling; Managers Issue a Circular Showing Method to be Adopted. Anomalies Are Regulated The List of 300 Words Spelled by the New System Is Received with Favor."
1253:"Carnegie Assaults The Spelling Book; To Pay the Cost of Reforming English Orthography. Campaign About To Begin Board Named, with Headquarters Here â Local Societies Throughout the Country."
206:
received a report from the Board of Superintendents recommending adoption of the 300-word list, and would pass on the recommendation to the Committee on Studies and Textbooks for approval.
255:
published an article which stated: "Nuthing escapes Mr. Rucevelt. No subject is tu hi fr him to takl, nor tu lo for him to notis. He makes tretis without the consent of the Senit." The
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63:
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to use the system in all public federal documents. The order was obeyed; among the many documents printed using the system was the President's special message regarding the
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press viciously mocked the executive order, the board received a significant spike in interest in the word list following Roosevelt's edict.
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would also be eliminated, with the board promoting such spellings as "anemia", "anesthesia", "archeology", "encyclopedia" and "orthopedic".
228:
310:, the board could claim it had the three top English language dictionaries from both the United States and United Kingdom on its side.
251:
The press on both sides of the Atlantic had a field day with the "reform spelling crusade", and editorials and cartoons abounded. The
144:
1586:
Carnegie, Andrew. "My views about Improved Spelling 1906â1915", Columbia University, Brander Matthews' Manuscript Collection, p. 893.
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and including the 40 basic sounds used in English. Phonetics would be taught to children in nursery school or kindergarten.
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Do not make this change if the spelling suggests an incorrect pronunciation: baked not bakt; hoped not hopt, a.s.f.
640:
Do not make this change if the spelling suggests an incorrect pronunciation: bribed not bribd; used not usd, a.s.f.
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joked: "How will he spell his own name? Will he make it 'Rusevelt' or will he get down to the fact and spell it '
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The handbook also suggested the following spelling changes, which are not covered by the above rules: acreâ
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The initial 30 members of the Board consisted of authors, professors, and dictionary editors, among them
1367:"Letter to the Editor â Simplified Spelling.; Two Lines of Work, Requiring Patience and Discrimination."
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The Supreme Court entered the fray and directed that its opinions should be printed in the old style.
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In response to mounting criticism from British newspapers, the board announced the additions of
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Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era."
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examineâexamin, practiseâpractis, definiteâdefinit, activeâactiv, involveâinvolv, serveâserv,
227:
Roosevelt tried to force the federal government to adopt the system, sending an order to the
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1276:"New York May Not Follow.; Mr. Draper Doesn't Believe in Telling People How to Spell"
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after a consonant, a short vowel or a digraph representing a long vowel or diphthong
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answeredâanserd, calledâcald, carriedâcarrid, preferredâpreferd, wrongedâwrongd.
263:'?" One editorial summed it up this way: "This is 2 mutch." Overseas, while the
1569:"The Forgotten Crusader: Andrew Carnegie and the simplified spelling movement"
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addâad, billâbil, bluffâbluf, dollâdol, eggâeg, glassâglas, lossâlos
40:
The Simplified Spelling Board was announced on March 11, 1906, with
54:
noted that Carnegie was convinced that "English might be made the
1574:, vol. 26, no. 2, 1999, pp. 11â15. Accessed November 14, 2010.
1225:
544:
achieveâachiev, leaveâleav, freezeâfreez, gauzeâgauz, sleeveâ
248:
agreeing to use some of the words, but objecting to others.
505:
But retain double consonant in all, roll, needless, a.s.f.
661:
reduce any foregoing doubled consonant to a single letter,
634:
reduce any foregoing doubled consonant to a single letter
1540:"Letters to Kermit from Theodore Roosevelt 1902 to 1908"
316:
Finally, Congress had the last word when Representative
850:
But not after a long vowel as in comb, tomb, a.s.f.
375:, which was written wholly in reformed spelling.
44:funding the organization, to be headquartered in
831:advertiseâadvertize, analyseâanalize, riseârize
20:was an American organization created in 1906 to
1624:(1932; 2nd ed. 1956), full scholarly biography.
1615:Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era
1447:, September 25, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
737:drop the silent letter in the foregoing digraph
540:areâar, giveâgiv, haveâhav, wereâwer, goneâgon,
1455:
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1284:, August 25, 1906. Accessed November 8, 2022.
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1267:
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8:
1509:, August 26, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1468:, August 28, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1375:, March 25, 1906. Accessed January 30, 2018.
519:bagatelleâbagatel, bizarreâbizar, cigaretteâ
1582:
1580:
1393:, April 1, 1906. Accessed November 8, 2022.
1356:, March 22, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1338:, March 14, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1320:, March 13, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1302:, March 13, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1261:, March 12, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1572:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society
1476:
1474:
1429:, June 28, 1906. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1411:June 18, 1906. Accessed January 30, 2018.
480:chemist, architect, monarchy (unchanged)
1524:United States Government Printing Office
385:
278:lexicographer and primary editor of the
245:New York State Commissioner of Education
1666:1906 establishments in New York (state)
1242:
102:United States Commissioner of Education
95:United States Secretary of the Treasury
302:. Combined with the earlier naming of
137:was selected as the board's chairman.
110:Webster's New International Dictionary
1011:alphabetâalfabet, telephoneâtelefone
7:
1656:Organizations based in New York City
1439:"Spelling Reform By Executive Order"
1033:But retain âRE in lucre, mediocre.
780:apothegmâapothem, paradigmâparadim
216:had supported the plan, signing an
1632:. Simplified Spelling Board, 1920.
1600:. Simplified Spelling Board, 1920.
1159:guardâgard, guessâges, guideâgide
740:coughâcof, laughâlaf, enoughâenuf
14:
1651:Organizations established in 1906
1121:sceneryâsenery, scissorsâsissors
1053:rhetoricâretoric, rhubarbârubarb
418:aestheticâesthetic, foetusâfetus,
172:American Philological Association
107:(and editor-in-chief of the 1909
1490:Theodore Roosevelt on Leadership
807:But not in rogue, vague, a.s.f.
697:conceitâconciet, deceiveâdeciev
478:characterâcaracter, schoolâscool
204:New York City Board of Education
1629:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
1597:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
510:double consonant before silent
456:exceedâexcede, proceedâprocede
379:that would be changed by them.
373:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
366:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
359:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
328:
308:Etymological English Dictionary
125:. Offices were obtained at the
211:President of the United States
145:Union Dime Savings Institution
1:
1176:analysisâanalisis, typeâtipe
991:colourâcolor, flavourâflavor
673:askedâaskt, advancedâadvanst.
523:, giraffeâgiraf, grammeâgram
371:In 1920, the SSB published a
1231:Traditional Spelling Revised
83:Dewey Decimal Classification
1526:. Accessed August 28, 2008.
1221:Simplified Spelling Society
1031:centreâcenter, metreâmeter.
1019:after any consonant except
717:chimneyâchimny, moneyâmony
199:was sent out upon request.
1682:
935:according to pronunciation
797:catalogueâcatalog, leagueâ
329:Carnegie's dissatisfaction
299:English Dialect Dictionary
253:Louisville Courier-Journal
127:Metropolitan Life Building
971:, but not bow for bough.
942:, boroughâboro, doughnutâ
870:except in inflected forms
760:aghastâagast, ghostâgost
516:drop the last two letters
494:only after a short vowel,
281:Oxford English Dictionary
18:Simplified Spelling Board
1646:English spelling reform
1226:Spelling Reform 1 (SR1)
875:foes, hoed (unchanged)
91:The Standard Dictionary
1617:(2010) 9#3 pp. 365-394
1520:A Short History of GPO
1518:MacGilvray, Daniel R.
918:boulderâbolder, mouldâ
485:final double consonant
113:), publishing magnate
71:Nicholas Murray Butler
1348:"Topics Of The Times"
1330:"Topics Of The Times"
1312:"Topics Of The Times"
1196:yourâyur, youngâyung
528:silent or misleading
500:only in monosyllables
488:drop the last letter,
475:except before E, I, Y
440:debtâdet, doubtâdout
294:comparative philology
105:William Torrey Harris
64:Supreme Court Justice
1567:Anderson, George B.
1544:Kessinger Publishing
1073:hemorrhageâhemorage
848:bombâbom, crumbâcrum
420:alumnae (unchanged)
304:Walter William Skeat
222:Oyster Bay, New York
1536:Roosevelt, Theodore
895:manoeuvreâmaneuver
839:after a short vowel
150:On March 13, 1906,
75:Columbia University
67:David Josiah Brewer
1622:Theodore Roosevelt
1620:Pringle, Henry F.
1506:The New York Times
1465:The New York Times
1444:The New York Times
1426:The New York Times
1408:The New York Times
1390:The New York Times
1372:The New York Times
1353:The New York Times
1335:The New York Times
1317:The New York Times
1299:The New York Times
1281:The New York Times
1258:The New York Times
1167:between consonants
1141:burlesqueâburlesk
357:had published its
296:and editor of the
240:The New York Times
214:Theodore Roosevelt
202:In June 1906, the
153:The New York Times
141:Charles E. Sprague
51:The New York Times
1556:978-1-4179-9400-7
1216:Clarence G. Child
1200:
1199:
967:For plough write
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318:Charles B. Landis
290:Oxford University
170:developed by the
168:phonetic alphabet
81:(inventor of the
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42:Andrew Carnegie
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56:world language
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1546:, 2005, via
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272:James Murray
269:
250:
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233:Panama Canal
226:
208:
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139:
117:, professor
108:
90:
79:Melvil Dewey
69:, President
61:
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17:
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1365:Funk, I.K.
1184:pronounced
1129:pronounced
1109:pronounced
1061:pronounced
1041:pronounced
999:pronounced
979:pronounced
958:, hiccoughâ
946:, thoroughâ
903:pronounced
883:pronounced
858:pronounced
819:pronounced
805:tongueâtung
801:, prologueâ
768:pronounced
748:pronounced
725:pronounced
705:pronounced
685:pronounced
649:pronounced
622:pronounced
599:pronounced
587:heartâhart
575:pronounced
555:pronounced
464:pronounced
428:pronounced
406:pronounced
352:Dissolution
261:Butt-in-sky
89:(editor of
1640:Categories
1550:, p. 110.
1237:References
950:, throughâ
933:O/U/OCK/UP
123:Mark Twain
115:Henry Holt
93:), former
962:. thoughâ
938:althoughâ
567:headâhed
534:drop the
496:and with
490:but with
394:Examples
337:The Times
163:The Times
1210:See also
1082:between
954:, houghâ
665:CED/SCED
276:Scottish
193:Digraphs
189:surprize
36:Founding
26:spelling
1146:silent
1098:islandâ
1078:silent
663:change
611:bureauâ
521:cigaret
187:" and "
143:of the
85:), Dr.
28:of the
1554:
960:hiccup
803:prolog
404:OE (Ĺ)
400:AE (Ă)
274:, the
265:London
185:brazen
133:, and
77:, Dr.
22:reform
1127:âSQUE
1100:iland
948:thoro
944:donut
940:altho
927:âOUGH
905:/ÉĘl/
821:/aÉŞz/
546:sleev
452:âCEDE
446:âCEED
391:Rule
288:, an
129:at 1
1552:ISBN
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1190:use
1186:/jĘ/
1170:use
1135:use
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1067:use
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969:plow
956:hock
952:thru
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920:mold
909:use
889:use
885:/uË/
860:/oĘ/
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825:use
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813:âISE
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731:use
711:use
707:/iË/
691:use
687:/iË/
655:use
628:use
613:buro
605:use
601:/ÉĘ/
597:EAUX
595:and
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