561:
support and resist the loads they are subjected to. A structural engineer will typically have a four or five-year undergraduate degree, followed by a minimum of three years of professional practice before being considered fully qualified. Structural engineers are licensed or accredited by different learned societies and regulatory bodies around the world (for example, the
Institution of Structural Engineers in the UK). Depending on the degree course they have studied and/or the jurisdiction they are seeking licensure in, they may be accredited (or licensed) as just structural engineers, or as civil engineers, or as both civil and structural engineers. Another international organisation is IABSE(International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering). The aim of that association is to exchange knowledge and to advance the practice of structural engineering worldwide in the service of the profession and society.
236:
253:
599:
36:
1249:
581:
93:
644:, cracking, and imposed loads. It must also ensure that the design is practically buildable within acceptable manufacturing tolerances of the materials. It must allow the architecture to work, and the building services to fit within the building and function (air conditioning, ventilation, smoke extract, electrics, lighting, etc.). The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex and often requires a large team to complete.
2263:
911:
1308:
4036:
3137:
3007:
899:
3167:
4028:
617:
274:
185:
977:
485:
704:
3157:
3147:
1019:
207:, the first engineer in history known by name. Pyramids were the most common major structures built by ancient civilizations because the structural form of a pyramid is inherently stable and can be almost infinitely scaled (as opposed to most other structural forms, which cannot be linearly increased in size in proportion to increased loads).
1292:
Beams are elements that carry pure bending only. Bending causes one part of the section of a beam (divided along its length) to go into compression and the other part into tension. The compression part must be designed to resist buckling and crushing, while the tension part must be able to adequately
846:
The principles of structural engineering apply to a variety of mechanical (moveable) structures. The design of static structures assumes they always have the same geometry (in fact, so-called static structures can move significantly, and structural engineering design must take this into account where
639:
The structural design for a building must ensure that the building can stand up safely, able to function without excessive deflections or movements which may cause fatigue of structural elements, cracking or failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or discomfort for occupants. It must account for
548:
Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis. Entry-level structural engineers may design the individual structural elements of a structure, such as the beams and columns of a building. More experienced engineers may be responsible for the structural design and
854:
The forces which parts of a machine are subjected to can vary significantly and can do so at a great rate. The forces which a boat or aircraft are subjected to vary enormously and will do so thousands of times over the structure's lifetime. The structural design must ensure that such structures can
958:
is an object of intermediate size between molecular and microscopic (micrometer-sized) structures. In describing nanostructures it is necessary to differentiate between the number of dimensions on the nanoscale. Nanotextured surfaces have one dimension on the nanoscale, i.e., only the thickness of
525:
resistance of the materials and structures, especially when those structures are exposed to the external environment. Since the 1990s, specialist software has become available to aid in the design of structures, with the functionality to assist in the drawing, analyzing and designing of structures
210:
The structural stability of the pyramid, whilst primarily gained from its shape, relies also on the strength of the stone from which it is constructed, and its ability to support the weight of the stone above it. The limestone blocks were often taken from a quarry near the building site and have a
552:
Structural engineers often specialize in particular types of structures, such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, industrial, tunnels, vehicles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Structural engineers who specialize in buildings often specialize in particular construction materials such as concrete,
214:
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction were carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. No theory of structures existed, and understanding of how structures stood up was extremely limited, and based
635:
Structural building engineering is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the underlying mathematical and scientific ideas to achieve an end that fulfills its functional requirements and is structurally safe when subjected to all the loads it could reasonably be
560:
The role of a structural engineer today involves a significant understanding of both static and dynamic loading and the structures that are available to resist them. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures
556:
Structural engineering has existed since humans first started to construct their structures. It became a more defined and formalized profession with the emergence of architecture as a distinct profession from engineering during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. Until then, the
1383:
They can also be designed with yield line theory, where an assumed collapse mechanism is analyzed to give an upper bound on the collapse load. This technique is used in practice but because the method provides an upper-bound (i.e. an unsafe prediction of the collapse load) for poorly conceived
465:
investigations where the original engineer seems to have done everything in accordance with the state of the profession and acceptable practice yet a failure still eventuated. A famous case of structural knowledge and practice being advanced in this manner can be found in a series of failures
967:
have three dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the particle is between 0.1 and 100 nm in each spatial dimension. The terms nanoparticles and ultrafine particles (UFP) often are used synonymously although UFP can reach into the micrometer range. The term 'nanostructure' is often used when
837:
Civil engineering structures are often subjected to very extreme forces, such as large variations in temperature, dynamic loads such as waves or traffic, or high pressures from water or compressed gases. They are also often constructed in corrosive environments, such as at sea, in industrial
557:
architect and the structural engineer were usually one and the same thing – the master builder. Only with the development of specialized knowledge of structural theories that emerged during the 19th and early 20th centuries, did the professional structural engineers come into existence.
1184:
The buckling capacity is the capacity of the element to withstand the propensity to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry, material, and the effective length of the column, which depends upon the restraint conditions at the top and bottom of the column. The effective length is
1408:
Shells derive their strength from their form and carry forces in compression in two directions. A dome is an example of a shell. They can be designed by making a hanging-chain model, which will act as a catenary in pure tension and inverting the form to achieve pure compression.
1268:
A beam may be defined as an element in which one dimension is much greater than the other two and the applied loads are usually normal to the main axis of the element. Beams and columns are called line elements and are often represented by simple lines in structural modeling.
1441:
Catenaries derive their strength from their form and carry transverse forces in pure tension by deflecting (just as a tightrope will sag when someone walks on it). They are almost always cable or fabric structures. A fabric structure acts as a catenary in two directions.
829:
The structural engineer is the lead designer on these structures, and often the sole designer. In the design of structures such as these, structural safety is of paramount importance (in the UK, designs for dams, nuclear power stations and bridges must be signed off by a
1180:
Columns are elements that carry only axial force (compression) or both axial force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a column). The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element and the buckling capacity.
222:
No record exists of the first calculations of the strength of structural members or the behavior of structural material, but the profession of a structural engineer only really took shape with the
Industrial Revolution and the re-invention of concrete (see
636:
expected to experience. This is subtly different from architectural design, which is driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms, mass, space, volume, texture, and light to achieve an end which is aesthetic, functional, and often artistic.
1342:
is a structure comprising members and connection points or nodes. When members are connected at nodes and forces are applied at nodes members can act in tension or compression. Members acting in compression are referred to as compression members or
945:
777, MD-11). Aerospace structures typically consist of thin plates with stiffeners for the external surfaces, bulkheads, and frames to support the shape and fasteners such as welds, rivets, screws, and bolts to hold the components together.
1324:
512:
to understand and predict how structures support and resist self-weight and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer generally requires detailed knowledge of relevant empirical and theoretical
211:
compressive strength from 30 to 250 MPa (MPa = Pa Ă— 10). Therefore, the structural strength of the pyramid stems from the material properties of the stones from which it was built rather than the pyramid's geometry.
461:
require careful study, and the results of these inquiries have resulted in improved practices and a greater understanding of the science of structural engineering. Some such studies are the result of
1234:
The capacity of a column to carry axial load depends on the degree of bending it is subjected to, and vice versa. This is represented on an interaction chart and is a complex non-linear relationship.
3583:
2306:
The EN Eurocodes are a series of 10 European
Standards, EN 1990 – EN 1999, providing a common approach for the design of buildings and other civil engineering works and construction products
1456:
Structural engineering depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties, in order to understand how different materials support and resist loads. It also involves a knowledge of
3514:
227:). The physical sciences underlying structural engineering began to be understood in the Renaissance and have since developed into computer-based applications pioneered in the 1970s.
166:
knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and geometries. Structural engineering design uses a number of relatively simple structural concepts to build complex
1359:. The connection is usually arranged so that the lines of force in the members are coincident at the joint thus allowing the truss members to act in pure tension or compression.
1004:(BMET) is a vital component of the healthcare delivery system. Employed primarily by hospitals, BMETs are the people responsible for maintaining a facility's medical equipment.
1000:, blood pressure, and dissolved gases in the blood; diagnostic medical equipment may also be used in the home for certain purposes, e.g. for the control of diabetes mellitus. A
3508:
1841:
3112:
2227:
Hoogenboom P.C.J. (1998). "Discrete
Elements and Nonlinearity in Design of Structural Concrete Walls", Section 1.3 Historical Overview of Structural Concrete Modelling,
3492:
3203:
984:
Medical equipment (also known as armamentarium) is designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring or treatment of medical conditions. There are several basic types:
3531:
1209:
326:
3649:
3565:
1423:
Arches carry forces in compression in one direction only, which is why it is appropriate to build arches out of masonry. They are designed by ensuring that the
1229:
151:
on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See
3480:
2332:
553:
steel, wood, masonry, alloys, and composites, and may focus on particular types of buildings such as offices, schools, hospitals, residential, and so forth.
261:
3654:
963:
have two dimensions on the nanoscale, i.e., the diameter of the tube is between 0.1 and 100 nm; its length could be much greater. Finally, spherical
3659:
3520:
3486:
441:
992:; medical monitors allow medical staff to measure a patient's medical state. Monitors may measure patient vital signs and other parameters including
3937:
3601:
1627:
3053:
2915:
1810:
1279:
simply supported (fixed against vertical translation at each end and horizontal translation at one end only, and able to rotate at the supports)
423:
1956: J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp's paper on the "Stiffness and
Deflection of Complex Structures" introduces the name "
170:. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to achieve these goals.
534:, Prokon, Revit Structure, Inducta RCB, etc. Such software may also take into consideration environmental loads, such as earthquakes and winds.
446:
The history of structural engineering contains many collapses and failures. Sometimes this is due to obvious negligence, as in the case of the
3577:
3279:
454:
following a partial collapse of the three-story schoolhouse that sent neighbors fleeing. The final collapse killed 94 people, mostly children.
381:
for computing displacement as the partial derivative of the strain energy. This theorem includes the method of "least work" as a special case.
3589:
3559:
3537:
1328:
1065:
Many of these elements can be classified according to form (straight, plane / curve) and dimensionality (one-dimensional / two-dimensional):
1937:
3571:
2837:
2475:
2047:
219:. Knowledge was retained by guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
3160:
447:
57:
1742:
3613:
3474:
3196:
2290:
3468:
3122:
3117:
1572:
152:
1882:
1852:
338:
3932:
3269:
3102:
2247:
2232:
2221:
2207:
2188:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2077:
2062:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1980:
688:
179:
79:
3095:
3090:
1767:
235:
4063:
3644:
2325:
1798:
Fonte, Gerard C. A. Building the Great
Pyramid in a Year: An Engineer's Report (Report). Algora Publishing: New York. p. 34.
396:
4068:
3725:
2583:
1715:
1667:
1001:
988:
equipment includes medical imaging machines, used to aid in diagnosis; equipment includes infusion pumps, medical lasers, and
4000:
3831:
3639:
3629:
3189:
2630:
2450:
1380:, but due to the complexity involved they are most often designed using a codified empirical approach, or computer analysis.
725:
Earthquake-proof structures are not necessarily extremely strong like the El
Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza shown above.
3768:
3634:
3355:
3107:
2832:
2711:
2676:
1672:
1597:
479:
144:
3884:
3867:
3821:
3713:
3607:
3503:
2362:
1637:
3368:
3315:
2910:
2885:
2681:
2620:
2318:
1376:
Plates carry bending in two directions. A concrete flat slab is an example of a plate. Plates are understood by using
718:
with the shaking ground, foresee the consequences of possible earthquakes, and design and construct the structures to
452:" constructed the building all by himself, saying he didn't need an engineer as he had good knowledge of construction"
1427:
of the force remains within the depth of the arch. It is mainly used to increase the bountifulness of any structure.
628:
50:
44:
4058:
3862:
2825:
2820:
2470:
331:
266:
252:
3912:
3800:
3763:
2525:
2515:
2413:
2393:
1587:
708:
374:
61:
3805:
3783:
3685:
3548:
3274:
3236:
2785:
2435:
2403:
1632:
1607:
1551:
767:
762:
531:
2286:
989:
4031:
3990:
3892:
3747:
3732:
3720:
3595:
3264:
3259:
3023:
2982:
2905:
2865:
2659:
2648:
831:
406:' publication of the moment distribution method, an important innovation in the design of continuous frames.
378:
3836:
3795:
3742:
2900:
2880:
2875:
2860:
2800:
2795:
2654:
2600:
2565:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2430:
2418:
2408:
2357:
2352:
1642:
1617:
1023:
729:
651:
4039:
3981:
3826:
3737:
3231:
3015:
2952:
2922:
2895:
2749:
2739:
2701:
2691:
2605:
2573:
2505:
2440:
1682:
1652:
1612:
1457:
926:
922:
772:
598:
424:
136:
1817:
2194:
Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics" in
Morelon, RĂ©gis & Rashed, Roshdi (1996).
1384:
collapse mechanisms, great care is needed to ensure that the assumed collapse mechanism is realistic.
1362:
Trusses are usually used in large-span structures, where it would be uneconomical to use solid beams.
3874:
3554:
3526:
3402:
3140:
3048:
3043:
2977:
2972:
2947:
2937:
2890:
2810:
2764:
2640:
2578:
2455:
2423:
1622:
1488:
1393:
1142:
1054:
817:
575:
462:
410:
124:
120:
4005:
3778:
3708:
3407:
3350:
3241:
3028:
2992:
2987:
2957:
2942:
2870:
2854:
2844:
2769:
2759:
2734:
2706:
2664:
2610:
2590:
2550:
2540:
2480:
2398:
2376:
1898:
1662:
1577:
1484:
1451:
1377:
1152:
915:
719:
641:
580:
543:
518:
509:
427:" and is widely recognized as the first comprehensive treatment of the method as it is known today.
367:
128:
112:
3166:
1248:
3897:
3879:
3310:
3305:
3170:
2967:
2962:
2669:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2445:
2268:
1926:
1692:
1677:
1592:
1529:
1316:
1252:
1111:
1013:
848:
777:
656:
592:
584:
437:
392:
3033:
1355:
to connect intersecting elements. Gusset plates are relatively flexible and unable to transfer
92:
851:, variation in the method in which load is resisted and significant deflections of structures.
3959:
3857:
3773:
3397:
3340:
3300:
3226:
2815:
2721:
2696:
2625:
2615:
2460:
2385:
2243:
2228:
2217:
2203:
2184:
2162:
2147:
2132:
2118:
2103:
2088:
2073:
2058:
2043:
2021:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1734:
1602:
1436:
1371:
1348:
1161:
1044:
938:
744:
505:
501:
290:
167:
108:
3907:
3680:
2686:
2595:
1687:
1559:
1243:
1231:
is the real length of the column and K is the factor dependent on the restraint conditions.
1100:
1039:
1030:
Any structure is essentially made up of only a small number of different types of elements:
676:
661:
345:
302:
244:
3927:
3922:
3335:
3325:
2849:
1886:
1876:
1719:
1501:
910:
872:
862:
602:
417:
297:
239:
115:
are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made
3150:
1811:"Some Useful Numbers on the Engineering Properties of Materials (Geologic and Otherwise)"
1188:
1774:
4015:
3330:
3320:
2805:
2790:
2754:
1424:
1356:
1214:
792:
733:
606:
356:
310:
277:
3006:
2262:
2070:
England's
Leornardo: Robert Hooke and the Seventeenth Century's Scientific Revolution.
1307:
4052:
3964:
3949:
3675:
1647:
1352:
1120:
1115:
964:
955:
887:
782:
588:
458:
1712:
898:
27:
Sub-discipline of civil engineering dealing with the creation of man made structures
4010:
3995:
3841:
3700:
3345:
3212:
2932:
1547:
1471:
1258:
747:
includes all structural engineering related to the built environment. It includes:
714:
The main objectives of earthquake engineering are to understand the interaction of
620:
610:
514:
493:
349:
321:
314:
256:
192:
188:
97:
980:
Designing medical equipment needs in-depth understanding of structural engineering
413:
solved the discretization of plane elasticity problems using a lattice framework.
199:
Structural engineering dates back to 2700 B.C. when the step pyramid for
Pharaoh
3954:
3944:
3447:
3412:
3382:
2729:
2341:
1403:
903:
616:
467:
403:
148:
17:
273:
184:
3971:
3902:
3427:
3422:
3387:
2744:
2258:
1657:
1582:
1273:
1059:
985:
976:
934:
812:
697:
496:. Top figure illustrates single shear, bottom figure illustrates double shear.
140:
139:. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as
847:
necessary), but the design of moveable or moving structures must account for
3976:
3432:
3392:
3295:
3038:
2555:
1524:
1475:
1399:
1332:
1312:
1282:
fixed (supported in all directions for translation and rotation at each end)
882:
867:
807:
715:
703:
522:
385:
216:
163:
116:
484:
1323:
3498:
3377:
3079:
3069:
2927:
2113:
Galilei, Galileo. (translators: Crew, Henry; de Salvio, Alfonso) (1954).
1555:
1519:
1515:
1480:
1137:
960:
930:
877:
821:
787:
377:
presented his dissertation "Intorno ai sistemi elastici", which contains
360:
281:
224:
132:
3437:
3417:
1533:
1506:
1288:
a combination of the above (ex. supported at one end and in the middle)
1262:
1034:
802:
736:, which allows the base of a structure to move freely with the ground.
527:
204:
159:
1347:
while members acting in tension are referred to as tension members or
215:
almost entirely on empirical evidence of 'what had worked before' and
3690:
3452:
3442:
1543:
1511:
1175:
1156:
942:
752:
200:
2305:
1018:
3543:
1539:
1497:
1493:
1344:
1339:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1247:
1017:
975:
909:
897:
855:
endure such loading for their entire design life without failing.
797:
702:
671:
624:
615:
597:
579:
489:
483:
272:
251:
234:
183:
91:
3917:
1842:"ETABS receives "Top Seismic Product of the 20th Century" Award"
1467:
1460:
to avoid for example galvanic coupling of dissimilar materials.
1418:
1124:
1106:
1049:
666:
3185:
3181:
2314:
1026:
simply supported beam, bending under an evenly distributed load
100:
in Paris is a historical achievement of structural engineering.
2310:
997:
993:
757:
29:
2240:
Ferrocement:Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium
500:
Structural engineering depends upon a detailed knowledge of
388:
formalized the idea of a statically indeterminate structure.
370:
published a treatise on the elastic behaviors of structures.
858:
These works can require mechanical structural engineering:
3584:
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
2295:
647:
Structural engineering specialties for buildings include:
959:
the surface of an object is between 0.1 and 100 nm.
2300:
2276:
1899:"Assessment of a Pair of Reinforced Concrete Roof Slabs"
3515:
Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering
2281:
306:
in which he examined the failure of simple structures.
248:
in which he examined the failure of simple structures.
131:
and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for
2282:
National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
2053:
Bradley, Robert E.; Sandifer, Charles Edward (2007).
1988:
Prestressed Concrete Bridges: Design and Construction
1327:
The 630 foot (192 m) high, stainless-clad (type 304)
1217:
1191:
3509:
Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors
921:
Aerospace structure types include launch vehicles, (
631:, shown under construction in 2007 (since completed)
158:
Structural engineering theory is based upon applied
147:
and often supervise the construction of projects by
3850:
3814:
3756:
3699:
3668:
3622:
3461:
3364:
3288:
3252:
3219:
3078:
3062:
3014:
2778:
2720:
2639:
2564:
2491:
2384:
2371:
2040:
A Very Short Introduction to Structural Engineering
1971:Blank, Alan; McEvoy, Michael; Plank, Roger (1993).
1276:(supported at one end only with a fixed connection)
549:integrity of an entire system, such as a building.
2301:Structural Engineering Association – International
2277:Structural Engineering Association – International
1223:
1203:
914:Design of missile needs in depth understanding of
2181:Art of the Skyscraper: the Genius of Fazlur Khan
1927:"Reappraisal of a Simply Supported Landing Slab"
1285:continuous (supported by three or more supports)
3493:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors
470:which collapsed in Australia during the 1970s.
3532:Construction Management Association of America
3566:National Association of Women in Construction
3197:
2326:
2196:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
8:
3481:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association
262:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
2214:Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
327:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
3204:
3190:
3182:
2381:
2333:
2319:
2311:
2144:Structural Analysis: A Historical Approach
1851:. Structure Magazine. 2006. Archived from
1729:
1727:
972:Structural engineering for medical science
3521:Civil Engineering Contractors Association
3487:Associated General Contractors of America
1768:"Lecture notes in Structural Engineering"
1216:
1190:
640:movements and forces due to temperature,
526:with maximum precision; examples include
442:List of structural failures and collapses
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3938:List of tallest buildings and structures
3602:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
2098:Feld, Jacob; Carper, Kenneth L. (1997).
1773:. University of Colorado. Archived from
1761:
1759:
1628:Index of structural engineering articles
1160:
1151:
1141:
1075:
1072:
1067:
906:, the world's largest passenger airliner
420:divided a domain into finite subregions.
43:This article includes a list of general
3578:National Kitchen & Bath Association
2238:Nedwell, P.J.; Swamy, R.N.(ed) (1994).
1705:
123:also must understand and calculate the
3113:Electrical and electronics engineering
2183:. Rizzoli International Publications.
2055:Leonhard Euler: Life, Work, and Legacy
1973:Architecture and Construction in Steel
941:(F-16, F-18) and commercial aircraft (
3590:National Tile Contractors Association
3560:National Association of Home Builders
3538:Construction Specifications Institute
2115:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
2003:The Science of Structural Engineering
1816:. Stanford University. Archived from
7:
3572:National Fire Protection Association
3146:
3614:Society of Construction Arbitrators
3475:American Society of Civil Engineers
3156:
2291:American Society of Civil Engineers
2174:Beautiful Bridge of the Silvery Tay
1936:. Ramsay Maunder Associates. 2011.
521:, as well as some knowledge of the
3469:American Institute of Constructors
1573:Glossary of structural engineering
968:referring to magnetic technology.
696:are those engineered to withstand
153:glossary of structural engineering
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3933:Lists of buildings and structures
2296:Structurae database of structures
1908:. Ramsay Maunder Associates. 2011
1463:Common structural materials are:
1319:, USA, a concrete shell structure
694:Earthquake engineering structures
689:Earthquake engineering structures
683:Earthquake engineering structures
180:History of structural engineering
4035:
4034:
4026:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3005:
2287:Structural Engineering Institute
2261:
2018:Mechanical Behavior of Materials
450:, in which Rev. Fortin Augustin
34:
4027:
2127:Kirby, Richard Shelton (1990).
1943:from the original on 2016-03-04
1745:from the original on 2015-12-08
1735:"What is a structural engineer"
1668:Structural engineering software
1002:biomedical equipment technician
4001:Sustainability in construction
3832:Modern methods of construction
2216:. Cambridge University Press.
2146:. Cambridge University Press.
2131:. Courier Dover Publications.
2117:. Courier Dover Publications.
2087:. Courier Dover Publications.
2020:. Cambridge University Press.
793:Retaining structures and walls
1:
3769:Building services engineering
1673:Structural fracture mechanics
1598:Building services engineering
1311:The McDonnell Planetarium by
1131:(predominant) tensile stress
838:facilities, or below ground.
480:Structural engineering theory
397:Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
339:Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
3885:Construction equipment theft
3608:Scottish Building Federation
3504:Construction History Society
2363:List of engineering branches
2016:Hosford, William F. (2005).
1638:List of structural engineers
1538:Other structural materials:
1136:
1133:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1099:
863:Boilers and pressure vessels
745:Civil structural engineering
740:Civil engineering structures
448:PĂ©tion-Ville school collapse
348:introduced the principle of
3316:Chartered Building Surveyor
3280:Water supply and sanitation
2212:Whitbeck, Caroline (1998).
4085:
3863:List of building materials
2159:Civil Engineering Heritage
2042:. Oxford University Press
2005:. Imperial College Press.
1449:
1434:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1369:
1300:
1241:
1173:
1149:(predominant) compression
1011:
937:vehicles (Space Shuttle),
686:
573:
541:
477:
435:
177:
145:building services engineer
4024:
3801:Environmental engineering
3764:Architectural engineering
3131:
3003:
2348:
2102:. John Wiley & Sons.
1986:Hewson, Nigel R. (2003).
1588:Architectural engineering
709:El Castillo, Chichen Itza
707:Earthquake-proof pyramid
591:and structural design by
375:Carlo Alberto Castigliano
3806:Geotechnical engineering
3784:Construction engineering
3549:Home Builders Federation
3275:Timeline of architecture
3237:Underground construction
2242:. Taylor & Francis.
2172:Lewis, Peter R. (2004).
2142:Heyman, Jacques (1998).
2068:Chapman, Allan. (2005).
2038:Blockley, David (2014).
2001:Heyman, Jacques (1999).
1975:. Taylor & Francis.
1964:Hibbeler, R. C. (2010).
1633:List of bridge disasters
1608:Construction engineering
1552:fiber reinforced plastic
1097:(predominantly) bending
888:Marine vessels and hulls
868:Coachworks and carriages
629:world's tallest building
587:, designed by Architect
359:developed the theory of
293:made many contributions.
280:developed the theory of
195:era aqueduct circa 19 BC
4064:Engineering disciplines
3991:Real estate development
3893:Construction management
3748:Vernacular architecture
3733:Indigenous architecture
3721:Industrial architecture
3596:Railway Tie Association
3024:Bachelor of Engineering
2866:Engineering mathematics
990:LASIK surgical machines
593:Ove Arup & Partners
107:is a sub-discipline of
64:more precise citations.
4069:Structural engineering
3837:Monocrete construction
3796:Earthquake engineering
3789:Structural engineering
3743:Landscape architecture
3270:Structural engineering
3123:Structural engineering
3118:Mechanical engineering
2861:Engineering management
2289:, an institute of the
2129:Engineering in History
2085:A History of Mechanics
1877:IABSE "Organisation",
1713:FAO online publication
1643:Mechanical engineering
1618:Earthquake engineering
1335:
1320:
1265:
1225:
1205:
1027:
1024:statically determinate
981:
918:
907:
730:earthquake engineering
728:One important tool of
722:during an earthquake.
711:
652:Earthquake engineering
632:
613:
595:
497:
285:
270:
249:
196:
137:nonbuilding structures
105:Structural engineering
101:
3827:Earthbag construction
3738:Interior architecture
3232:Offshore construction
3103:Aerospace engineering
3016:Engineering education
2157:Labrum, E.A. (1994).
1683:Structural robustness
1653:Prestressed structure
1613:Corrosion engineering
1458:Corrosion engineering
1326:
1310:
1251:
1226:
1206:
1021:
979:
913:
901:
842:Mechanical structures
706:
619:
601:
583:
487:
425:finite-element method
330:, which contains his
276:
265:, which contains his
255:
238:
187:
95:
3875:Construction bidding
3555:Lighting Association
3527:The Concrete Society
3403:Construction foreman
3044:Graduate certificate
2100:Construction Failure
2083:Dugas, René (1988).
1934:Ramsay-Maunder.co.uk
1906:Ramsay-Maunder.co.uk
1858:on November 27, 2012
1623:Forensic engineering
1489:prestressed concrete
1394:Thin-shell structure
1293:resist the tension.
1215:
1189:
950:Nanoscale structures
894:Aerospace structures
576:Building engineering
517:, the techniques of
463:forensic engineering
411:Alexander Hrennikoff
121:Structural engineers
113:structural engineers
4006:Unfinished building
3779:Coastal engineering
3408:Construction worker
3351:Structural engineer
3242:Tunnel construction
3029:Bachelor of Science
2871:Engineering physics
2855:Engineering drawing
2377:Interdisciplinarity
1966:Structural Analysis
1663:Structural engineer
1578:Aircraft structures
1530:Composite materials
1485:reinforced concrete
1452:Structural material
1378:continuum mechanics
1351:. Most trusses use
1333:St. Louis, Missouri
1204:{\displaystyle K*l}
1008:Structural elements
916:Structural Analysis
773:Offshore structures
570:Building structures
544:Structural engineer
519:structural analysis
510:applied mathematics
459:structural failures
368:Claude-Louis Navier
300:published the book
242:published the book
225:History of Concrete
3898:Construction waste
3880:Construction delay
3311:Building officials
3306:Building estimator
2631:Telecommunications
2536:Naval architecture
2269:Engineering portal
2161:. Thomas Telford.
1990:. Thomas Telford.
1885:2004-08-06 at the
1766:Victor E. Saouma.
1718:2016-11-19 at the
1693:Structural testing
1678:Structural failure
1593:Building officials
1336:
1321:
1317:St Louis, Missouri
1266:
1221:
1201:
1028:
1014:Structural element
982:
919:
908:
832:chartered engineer
712:
657:Façade engineering
633:
614:
605:in London, UK, by
596:
585:Sydney Opera House
498:
438:Structural failure
432:Structural failure
286:
271:
250:
197:
168:structural systems
102:
4059:Civil engineering
4046:
4045:
3889:Construction loan
3858:Building material
3774:Civil engineering
3398:Concrete finisher
3341:Quantity surveyor
3301:Building engineer
3227:Home construction
3179:
3178:
3108:Civil engineering
3054:Licensed engineer
3049:Engineer's degree
3001:
3000:
2833:Building services
2816:Health technology
2677:Chemical reaction
2626:Signal processing
2179:Mir, Ali (2001).
1603:Civil engineering
1560:roofing materials
1437:Tensile structure
1372:Plate (structure)
1224:{\displaystyle l}
1167:
1166:
1162:Load-bearing wall
939:military aircraft
933:(ALCM, Harpoon),
672:Tower engineering
506:materials science
502:applied mechanics
291:Leonardo da Vinci
109:civil engineering
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4076:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4029:
3913:Design–bid–build
3681:Construction law
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3009:
2596:Electromechanics
2382:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2048:978-0-19967193-9
1968:. Prentice-Hall.
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1731:
1722:
1710:
1688:Structural steel
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1076:Two-dimensional
1073:One-dimensional
1068:
677:Wind engineering
667:Roof engineering
662:Fire engineering
346:Daniel Bernoulli
303:Two New Sciences
245:Two New Sciences
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Simply supported
4084:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4020:
3928:Interior design
3923:Heavy equipment
3846:
3810:
3752:
3695:
3664:
3618:
3457:
3366:
3360:
3336:Project manager
3326:Civil estimator
3284:
3248:
3215:
3210:
3180:
3175:
3127:
3074:
3058:
3034:Master's degree
3010:
2997:
2911:Instrumentation
2774:
2716:
2682:Electrochemical
2635:
2621:Radio frequency
2560:
2487:
2451:Municipal/Urban
2375:
2373:
2367:
2344:
2339:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2035:
2033:Further reading
1961:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1887:Wayback Machine
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1720:Wayback Machine
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1568:
1502:stainless steel
1454:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1357:bending moments
1305:
1299:
1246:
1240:
1213:
1212:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1016:
1010:
974:
952:
896:
844:
827:
742:
691:
685:
603:Millennium Dome
578:
572:
567:
565:Specializations
546:
540:
482:
476:
457:In other cases
444:
436:Main articles:
434:
418:Richard Courant
298:Galileo Galilei
240:Galileo Galilei
233:
182:
176:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4016:Urban planning
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3655:United Kingdom
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:Trades workers
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3356:Superintendent
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3331:Clerk of works
3328:
3323:
3321:Civil engineer
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3063:Related topics
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Sustainability
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2845:Geoengineering
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2826:Rehabilitation
2823:
2821:Pharmaceutical
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Bioinformatics
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:Semiconductors
2762:
2757:
2755:Nanotechnology
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2471:Transportation
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2256:
2255:External links
2253:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2225:
2210:
2192:
2177:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2125:
2111:
2096:
2081:
2066:
2051:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1918:
1890:
1869:
1833:
1802:
1790:
1755:
1741:. 2015-11-30.
1723:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1509:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1450:Main article:
1447:
1444:
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1425:line of thrust
1417:Main article:
1414:
1411:
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1370:Main article:
1367:
1364:
1301:Main article:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1220:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1012:Main article:
1009:
1006:
973:
970:
951:
948:
895:
892:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
843:
840:
826:
825:
824:infrastructure
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
783:Power stations
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
741:
738:
734:base isolation
687:Main article:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
607:Richard Rogers
571:
568:
566:
563:
542:Main article:
539:
536:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
433:
430:
429:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
389:
382:
371:
364:
357:Leonhard Euler
353:
342:
335:
332:laws of motion
318:
307:
294:
278:Leonhard Euler
267:laws of motion
232:
229:
178:Main article:
175:
172:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4081:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4041:
4033:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Megastructure
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Building code
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3660:United States
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:Organizations
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3008:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Manufacturing
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Biomechanical
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:Environmental
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Architectural
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2248:0-419-19700-1
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:90-901184-3-8
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:0-521-47944-4
2219:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:0-415-02063-8
2205:
2202:, Routledge.
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:0-8478-2370-9
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:0-7277-1970-X
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:0-521-62249-2
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:0-486-26412-2
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2123:0-486-60099-8
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:0-471-57477-5
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:0-486-65632-2
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:0-7503-0987-3
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:0-444-52728-1
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2026:0-521-84670-6
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:1-86094-189-3
2008:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:0-7277-2774-5
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:0-419-17660-8
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:iabse website
1873:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1849:Press Release
1843:
1837:
1834:
1823:on 2012-06-16
1819:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1794:
1791:
1780:on 2018-04-13
1776:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1739:RMG Engineers
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Nanostructure
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:gusset plates
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1218:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:concrete slab
1113:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
978:
971:
969:
966:
965:nanoparticles
962:
957:
956:nanostructure
949:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
852:
850:
841:
839:
835:
833:
823:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
746:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
723:
721:
717:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
690:
682:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
637:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
507:
503:
495:
491:
486:
481:
473:
471:
469:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
443:
439:
431:
426:
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
405:
401:
398:
395:corrects the
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
304:
299:
295:
292:
288:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
247:
246:
241:
237:
230:
228:
226:
220:
218:
212:
208:
206:
203:was built by
202:
194:
190:
186:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:physical laws
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
99:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2009
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4011:Urban design
3996:Stonemasonry
3908:Design–build
3851:Other topics
3842:Slip forming
3788:
3701:Architecture
3346:Site manager
3265:Construction
3260:Architecture
3213:Construction
3087:Engineering
2933:Mechatronics
2786:Agricultural
2465:
2436:Geotechnical
2404:Construction
2239:
2213:
2199:
2195:
2180:
2173:
2158:
2143:
2128:
2114:
2099:
2084:
2069:
2057:. Elsevier.
2054:
2039:
2017:
2002:
1987:
1972:
1965:
1945:. Retrieved
1933:
1921:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1853:the original
1848:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1805:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1747:. Retrieved
1738:
1708:
1548:carbon fibre
1472:wrought iron
1462:
1455:
1440:
1422:
1407:
1382:
1375:
1361:
1337:
1329:Gateway Arch
1291:
1274:cantilevered
1267:
1259:truss bridge
1253:
1233:
1183:
1179:
1064:
1029:
983:
953:
920:
857:
853:
845:
836:
828:
743:
727:
724:
713:
693:
692:
646:
638:
634:
621:Burj Khalifa
611:Buro Happold
559:
555:
551:
547:
530:, StaadPro,
515:design codes
499:
494:shear stress
488:Figure of a
456:
451:
445:
350:virtual work
325:
322:Isaac Newton
315:Robert Hooke
301:
260:
257:Isaac Newton
243:
221:
213:
209:
198:
191:, France, a
189:Pont du Gard
157:
127:, strength,
104:
103:
98:Eiffel Tower
76:
67:
48:
3955:Plasterwork
3945:Megaproject
3757:Engineering
3686:Site safety
3448:Steel fixer
3413:Electrician
3383:Boilermaker
3289:Professions
3161:Wikiproject
2916:and Control
2906:Information
2730:Biomaterial
2660:Bioresource
2651:/Bioprocess
2649:Biochemical
2601:Electronics
2372:Specialties
2342:Engineering
2072:CRC Press.
1404:Space frame
1254:Little Belt
1105:continuous
904:Airbus A380
768:Foundations
698:earthquakes
468:box girders
404:Hardy Cross
379:his theorem
363:of columns.
355:1707–1783:
344:1700–1782:
311:Hooke's law
284:of columns.
149:contractors
62:introducing
4053:Categories
3972:Parge coat
3903:Demolition
3669:Regulation
3623:By country
3428:Millwright
3423:Ironworker
3388:Bricklayer
3080:Glossaries
2901:Industrial
2881:Facilities
2876:Explosives
2801:Biomedical
2796:Automation
2745:Metallurgy
2655:Biological
2606:Microwaves
2566:Electrical
2511:Automotive
2493:Mechanical
2466:Structural
2431:Geological
2419:Ecological
2409:Earthquake
1959:References
1947:2022-03-08
1912:2022-03-08
1827:2013-12-05
1784:2007-11-02
1749:2015-11-30
1658:Structurae
1583:Architects
1431:Catenaries
1398:See also:
1060:Catenaries
986:diagnostic
935:Hypersonic
929:, Titan),
883:Escalators
822:wastewater
813:Reservoirs
763:Earthworks
716:structures
589:Jørn Utzon
574:See also:
538:Profession
466:involving
393:Timoshenko
324:published
289:1452–1519
259:published
141:architects
117:structures
45:references
3977:Roughcast
3433:Plasterer
3393:Carpenter
3296:Architect
3039:Doctorate
2953:Packaging
2923:Logistics
2896:Geomatics
2857:/graphics
2750:Molecular
2740:Corrosion
2722:Materials
2702:Petroleum
2692:Molecular
2574:Broadcast
2556:Tribology
2506:Aerospace
2441:Hydraulic
2176:. Tempus.
1862:April 20,
1525:Aluminium
1476:cast iron
1446:Materials
1400:Gridshell
1313:Gyo Obata
1196:∗
1134:rope, tie
1083:straight
961:Nanotubes
878:Elevators
808:Waterways
778:Pipelines
523:corrosion
386:Otto Mohr
217:intuition
164:empirical
133:buildings
125:stability
111:in which
4040:Category
3965:Proofing
3868:Millwork
3499:Build UK
3378:Banksman
3141:Category
3070:Engineer
2978:Software
2973:Security
2948:Ontology
2938:Military
2928:Robotics
2891:Forensic
2811:Clinical
2770:Surfaces
2760:Polymers
2735:Ceramics
2712:Reaction
2641:Chemical
2579:Computer
2501:Acoustic
2456:Offshore
2424:Sanitary
2200:vol. 2–3
1938:Archived
1883:Archived
1743:Archived
1716:Archived
1566:See also
1556:mudbrick
1520:softwood
1516:hardwood
1481:Concrete
1138:Catenary
931:missiles
788:Railways
361:buckling
282:buckling
231:Timeline
129:rigidity
4032:Outline
3982:Harling
3815:Methods
3726:British
3645:Romania
3568:(NAWIC)
3517:(CIPHE)
3511:(CICES)
3438:Plumber
3418:Glazier
3253:History
3151:Commons
2993:Textile
2988:Systems
2958:Privacy
2943:Nuclear
2707:Process
2665:Genetic
2611:Optical
2591:Control
2584:outline
2551:Thermal
2541:Railway
2481:Railway
2476:Traffic
2399:Coastal
2358:Outline
2353:History
1534:plywood
1507:Masonry
1297:Trusses
1263:Denmark
1170:Columns
1035:Columns
849:fatigue
803:Tunnels
753:Bridges
720:perform
528:AutoCAD
205:Imhotep
174:History
58:improve
3691:Zoning
3650:Turkey
3604:(RICS)
3592:(NTCA)
3580:(NKBA)
3574:(NFPA)
3562:(NAHB)
3534:(CMAA)
3523:(CECA)
3495:(APHC)
3483:(ATAC)
3477:(ASCE)
3453:Welder
3443:Roofer
3171:Portal
2968:Survey
2963:Safety
2850:Design
2670:Tissue
2546:Sports
2531:Marine
2521:Energy
2446:Mining
2246:
2231:
2220:
2206:
2187:
2165:
2150:
2135:
2121:
2106:
2091:
2076:
2061:
2046:
2024:
2009:
1994:
1979:
1544:bamboo
1512:Timber
1413:Arches
1388:Shells
1366:Plates
1345:struts
1211:where
1176:Column
1157:column
1121:lamina
1092:curve
1089:plane
1086:curve
1055:Shells
1050:Arches
1045:Plates
943:Boeing
873:Cranes
627:, the
508:, and
474:Theory
416:1942:
409:1941:
402:1936:
391:1922:
384:1874:
373:1873:
366:1826:
337:1750:
320:1687:
309:1660:
296:1638:
201:Djoser
47:, but
3709:Style
3640:Japan
3630:India
3610:(SBF)
3598:(RTA)
3586:(NRC)
3551:(HBF)
3544:FIDIC
3540:(CSI)
3489:(AGC)
3471:(AIC)
3220:Types
2791:Audio
2779:Other
2697:Paper
2616:Power
2461:River
2386:Civil
1941:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1902:(PDF)
1856:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1771:(PDF)
1700:Notes
1540:adobe
1498:steel
1494:Alloy
1340:truss
1303:Truss
1238:Beams
1143:shell
1112:plate
1040:Beams
927:Delta
923:Atlas
818:Water
798:Roads
642:creep
625:Dubai
623:, in
532:ETABS
193:Roman
3960:Damp
3918:DfMA
3822:List
3714:List
3635:Iran
3369:List
2886:Fire
2687:Food
2244:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2218:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1864:2012
1468:Iron
1419:Arch
1402:and
1349:ties
1257:: a
1244:Beam
1153:pier
1125:dome
1107:arch
1101:beam
820:and
758:Dams
609:and
490:bolt
440:and
162:and
143:and
135:and
96:The
3096:M–Z
3091:A–L
2838:MEP
2374:and
1331:in
1315:in
1261:in
998:EEG
994:ECG
902:An
834:).
732:is
492:in
313:by
4055::
2198:,
1932:.
1904:.
1847:.
1800:CV
1758:^
1737:.
1726:^
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1546:,
1542:,
1532::
1518:,
1514::
1500:,
1496::
1487:,
1483::
1474:,
1470::
1338:A
1155:,
1123:,
1114:,
1022:A
996:,
954:A
925:,
504:,
155:.
119:.
3371:)
3367:(
3205:e
3198:t
3191:v
2334:e
2327:t
2320:v
2250:.
2235:.
2224:.
2191:.
2169:.
2154:.
2139:.
2110:.
2095:.
2080:.
2065:.
2050:.
2028:.
2013:.
1998:.
1983:.
1950:.
1915:.
1866:.
1830:.
1787:.
1752:.
1219:l
1199:l
1193:K
700:.
399:.
352:.
341:.
334:.
317:.
269:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
