121:
208:
1015:
306:
238:
with John C. Shepherd. This pioneering study did much to re-awaken interest in this great period of landscape design, and through its copious photographic illustrations publicized the then perilously decayed condition of many of the gardens. He later became principal of the
Architectural Association
247:
1892:
964:
958:
952:
1917:
992:
725:
1912:
1897:
774:
1932:
870:
Mr
Geoffrey Jellicoe, the architect for the site, said...that the point of the memorial was the landscape rather than any physical monument
750:
National Life
Stories, 'Jellicoe, Geoffrey (1 of 5) National Life Stories Collection: Architects' Lives', The British Library Board, 1996
1922:
1036:
891:
667:
1062:
886:
662:
620:
1907:
985:
445:
409:
226:
Waylett) and her husband George Edward
Jellicoe, a publisher's manager, and later publisher. He trained as an architect at the
180:
293:
conducted an oral history interview (C467/6) with
Geoffrey Jellicoe in 1996 for its Architects Lives' collection, held by the
1040:
762:
431:
1927:
188:
1025:
1902:
978:
336:
1044:
1029:
836:
284:
251:
227:
140:
438:
749:
808:
262:
172:
688:
420:& Partners. Projects included Motopia, the Crystal Span Bridge, plans for Soho, Sea City and others.
290:
120:
1887:
1882:
452:
231:
345:
243:
153:
1097:
175:, weirs, bridges, viewing platforms and associated planting by Jellicoe's wife, Susan," as at the
265:
from 1979 to 1989. He came as a lecturer and visiting critic, usually on six occasions a year.
770:
434:, Wiltshire â extensive gardens, his last work, his favourite, and considered to be his finest
196:
136:
125:
583:
246:
and from 1939 to 1949 he was its president. In 1948, he became the founding
President of the
882:
790:
658:
625:
503:
Report accompanying an
Outline Plan for Guildford prepared for the Municipal Borough Council
413:
161:
822:
391:
374:
367:
294:
219:
176:
157:
55:
809:"The Lansbury Estate: Gazetteer of permanent developments | British History Online"
1824:
269:
207:
1876:
1811:
1695:
459:
360:
322:
277:
212:
171:
As a designer, he often included "his distinctive signature characteristics, such as
165:
160:, landscape and garden historian, lecturer and author. His strongest interest was in
17:
1675:
352:
255:
184:
149:
110:, Hemel Hempstead Water Gardens, Shute House, Sutton Place, Moody Gardens Galveston
644:
1475:
1014:
629:
614:
192:
74:
864:
424:
384:
356:
310:
283:
He died in Devon, of heart failure, on the 17 July 1996. He was cremated at
145:
107:
700:
305:
417:
398:
329:
970:
234:
for
Architecture in 1923, which enabled him to research his first book
280:(1867â1949), the historian and academic known for his work on Russia.
624:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/40519.
402:
317:
Note: All locations below are in
England unless stated otherwise.
304:
206:
119:
974:
933:
The complete landscape designs and gardens of
Geoffrey Jellicoe
1008:
313:, Surrey. Garden designed by Jellicoe and dedicated in 1965.
612:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
485:
The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, etc.
967:
At the National portrait Gallery â accessed November 2021
961:
At the National portrait Gallery â accessed November 2021
955:
At the National portrait Gallery â accessed November 2021
380:
1952 Church Hill Memorial Garden, Walsall, West Midlands
199:
was later renamed the "Jellicoe Canal" as a memorial.
272:(1907â1986), the daughter of Margaret Ellis (Daisy),
915:
Motopia: A study in the evolution of urban landscape
515:
Motopia: A Study in the Evolution of Urban Landscape
862:"Kennedy Family Coming For Memorial Inauguration".
491:
Garden Decoration & Ornament for Smaller Houses
102:
90:
82:
63:
41:
34:
613:
441:, Hertfordshire â garden restoration and additions
557:The Studies of a Landscape Designer over 80 years
248:International Federation of Landscape Architects
144:(8 October 1900 â 17 July 1996) was an English
795:Buckinghamshire (Pevsner Architectural Guides)
986:
615:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
341:1936 The Great Mablethorpe Plan, Lincolnshire
250:(IFLA). From 1954 to 1968 he was a member of
8:
793:; Williamson, Dr Elizabeth (11 March 1994).
1043:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
993:
979:
971:
823:"The Secret Garden - Living with the past"
31:
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe (left) with artist
726:"Geoffrey Jellicoe and the subconscious"
533:Blue Circle Cement Hope Works Derbyshire
242:In 1929 he was a founding member of the
222:, the younger son of Florence Waterson (
887:"Shute House (Grade II) (1146075)"
621:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
575:
563:Gardens & Design, Gardens of Europe
539:The Guelph Lectures on Landscape Design
27:British landscape architect (1900â1996)
1893:English landscape and garden designers
584:"A Biography of Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe"
1834:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1770:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1602:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1168:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
965:Portrait by Anne-Katrin Purkiss, 1990
797:. Yale University Press. p. 119.
344:1942 Houses for munitions workers at
254:, and from 1967 to 1974 a Trustee of
7:
1041:adding citations to reliable sources
607:
605:
603:
601:
1918:Victoria Medal of Honour recipients
179:water gardens he designed for this
892:National Heritage List for England
668:National Heritage List for England
586:. Nightingale Garden Co. Ltd. 2008
473:Italian Gardens of the Renaissance
335:1935 Plan for Calverton Colliery,
236:Italian Gardens of the Renaissance
25:
423:1964â65 Kennedy Memorial Garden,
383:1956 Harvey's Store roof garden,
187:he designed in the 1970s for the
1013:
959:Portrait by Tara Heinemann, 1984
868:(56316). London: 6. 8 May 1965.
1865:Family tree of the Pares family
663:"Hemel Water Gardens (1001710)"
545:The Oxford Companion to Gardens
410:Glass Age Development Committee
1913:Prix de Rome (Britain) winners
1:
953:Portrait by Derry Moore, 1992
763:The Twentieth Century Society
551:The Landscape of Civilisation
86:The Architectural Association
1898:English landscape architects
645:UK public library membership
467:Books and other publications
432:Shute House, Donhead St Mary
321:1934â36 Caveman Restaurant,
268:On 11 July 1936, he married
230:in London in 1919 and won a
124:The "Jellicoe Canal" at the
1933:People from Chelsea, London
913:Jellicoe, Geoffrey (1961).
509:Studies in Landscape Design
475:(with J.C. Shepherd) (1926)
373:1951â52 East Housing Site,
189:Royal Horticultural Society
133:Sir Geoffrey Allan Jellicoe
36:Sir Geoffrey Allan Jellicoe
1949:
479:Baroque Gardens of Austria
337:Calverton, Nottinghamshire
1923:Golders Green Crematorium
1863:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1830:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1530:
1528:
1498:
1492:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1375:
1373:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1343:
1314:
1312:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1280:
1248:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1006:
752:. Retrieved 10 April 2018
521:A Landscape Plan for Sark
416:with Edward D. Mills and
285:Golders Green Crematorium
252:Royal Fine Art Commission
228:Architectural Association
114:
98:
837:"Obituary: Edward Mills"
462:, Galveston, Texas, USA
390:1957â59 Water Gardens,
263:University of Greenwich
261:Jellicoe taught at the
183:in the late 1950s. The
1908:English garden writers
630:10.1093/ref:odnb/40519
314:
309:JFK Memorial stone at
276:Dixon (1879â1964) and
215:
129:
1001:The Pares family tree
689:RHS: "Jellicoe Canal"
446:Hartwell House Garden
439:St Paul's Walden Bury
359:(since 1967, part of
308:
291:National Life Stories
218:Jellicoe was born in
210:
123:
106:JFK Memorial Garden,
18:Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe
1037:improve this section
769:. London: Batsford.
767:100 Houses 100 Years
527:The Landscape of Man
239:from 1938 to 1942.
232:British Prix de Rome
940:Gardens of the mind
730:www.gardenvisit.com
346:Whitchurch, Cardiff
244:Landscape Institute
154:landscape architect
1928:Royal Academicians
705:www.aaschool.ac.uk
315:
216:
130:
1903:English gardeners
1870:
1869:
1849:
1848:
1836:Geoffrey Jellicoe
1073:
1072:
1065:
843:. 2 February 1998
791:Pevsner, Nikolaus
776:978-1-84994-437-3
643:(Subscription or
497:Gardens of Europe
448:, Buckinghamshire
405:, Buckinghamshire
278:Sir Bernard Pares
126:RHS Garden Wisley
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
1940:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1017:
1009:
995:
988:
981:
972:
938:Spens, Michael.
931:Spens, Michael.
919:
918:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
883:Historic England
879:
873:
872:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
827:
826:
819:
813:
812:
805:
799:
798:
787:
781:
780:
765:(2017). "1942".
759:
753:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
697:
691:
686:
680:
679:
677:
675:
659:Historic England
655:
649:
648:
640:
638:
636:
617:
609:
596:
595:
593:
591:
580:
414:Pilkington Glass
143:
70:
51:
49:
32:
21:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1838:
1827:
1814:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1687:
1678:
1487:
1478:
1467:
1456:
1445:
1101:
1074:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1034:
1018:
1002:
999:
949:
928:
926:Further reading
923:
922:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
881:
880:
876:
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
841:The Independent
835:
834:
830:
821:
820:
816:
807:
806:
802:
789:
788:
784:
777:
761:
760:
756:
748:
744:
734:
732:
724:
723:
719:
709:
707:
699:
698:
694:
687:
683:
673:
671:
657:
656:
652:
642:
634:
632:
611:
610:
599:
589:
587:
582:
581:
577:
572:
469:
412:, sponsored by
394:, Hertfordshire
392:Hemel Hempstead
375:Lansbury Estate
370:, Hertfordshire
368:Hemel Hempstead
303:
301:Design projects
295:British Library
220:Chelsea, London
205:
177:Hemel Hempstead
158:garden designer
135:
83:Alma mater
78:
72:
68:
59:
56:Chelsea, London
53:
47:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1466:Katharine Back
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:
990:
983:
975:
969:
968:
962:
956:
948:
947:External links
945:
944:
943:
936:
927:
924:
921:
920:
905:
874:
854:
828:
814:
800:
782:
775:
754:
742:
717:
692:
681:
650:
597:
574:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
468:
465:
464:
463:
456:
455:Garden, Surrey
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
406:
395:
388:
381:
378:
371:
366:1947 Plan for
364:
349:
342:
339:
333:
326:
302:
299:
204:
201:
191:'s gardens at
116:
115:
112:
111:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
71:(aged 95)
65:
61:
60:
54:
52:8 October 1900
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1945:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1842:
1837:
1826:
1813:
1812:Richard Pares
1791:
1788:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1727:
1697:
1696:Bernard Pares
1677:
1669:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1568:
1566:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1486:William Pares
1477:
1436:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1350:
1348:
1289:
1287:
1223:
1220:
1188:
1186:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1132:
1130:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:This section
1020:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
996:
991:
989:
984:
982:
977:
976:
973:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
950:
946:
941:
937:
934:
930:
929:
925:
916:
909:
906:
894:
893:
888:
884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
866:
858:
855:
842:
838:
832:
829:
824:
818:
815:
810:
804:
801:
796:
792:
786:
783:
778:
772:
768:
764:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
731:
727:
721:
718:
706:
702:
696:
693:
690:
685:
682:
670:
669:
664:
660:
654:
651:
646:
631:
627:
623:
622:
616:
608:
606:
604:
602:
598:
585:
579:
576:
569:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
461:
460:Moody Gardens
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
401:Rose Garden,
400:
396:
393:
389:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
361:Milton Keynes
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
340:
338:
334:
332:, Oxfordshire
331:
330:Ditchley Park
327:
324:
323:Cheddar Gorge
320:
319:
318:
312:
307:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
214:
213:Ben Nicholson
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
166:garden design
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
134:
127:
122:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
66:
62:
57:
44:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1856:
1835:
1715:Harold Pares
1686:George Pares
1676:Norman Pares
1444:Thomas Pares
1098:Thomas Pares
1059:
1050:
1035:Please help
1023:
939:
932:
914:
908:
896:. Retrieved
890:
877:
869:
863:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
817:
803:
794:
785:
766:
757:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:
720:
708:. Retrieved
704:
695:
684:
672:. Retrieved
666:
653:
633:. Retrieved
619:
588:. Retrieved
578:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
453:Sutton Place
316:
289:
282:
273:
267:
260:
256:Tate Gallery
241:
235:
223:
217:
185:garden canal
170:
150:town planner
132:
131:
69:(1996-07-17)
67:17 July 1996
29:
1888:1996 deaths
1883:1900 births
1839:(1900â1996)
1828:(1907â1986)
1825:Susan Pares
1815:(1902â1958)
1724:5 daughters
1717:(1873â1917)
1708:(1869â1943)
1706:Basil Pares
1699:(1867â1949)
1688:(1865â1936)
1679:(1857â1936)
1488:(1837â1870)
1479:(1796â1878)
1476:George Back
1468:(died 1903)
1457:(1833â1915)
1446:(1830â1878)
1102:(1790â1866)
898:16 December
701:"AA School"
355:" plan for
270:Susan Pares
197:waterlilies
195:to display
1877:Categories
1455:John Pares
1053:April 2015
647:required.)
635:6 December
570:References
325:, Somerset
193:RHS Wisley
91:Occupation
75:Lyme Regis
48:1900-10-08
1331:John Back
1024:does not
917:. Studio.
865:The Times
847:22 August
425:Runnymede
385:Guildford
357:Wolverton
353:Corbusian
311:Runnymede
162:landscape
146:architect
108:Runnymede
94:Architect
77:, England
58:, England
710:24 March
674:25 March
590:20 March
559:(c.1993)
451:1980â86
444:1979â89
437:1972â90
430:1970â90
427:, Surrey
418:Ove Arup
408:1955â68
399:Cliveden
387:, Surrey
377:, Poplar
328:1934â39
181:new town
103:Projects
1045:removed
1030:sources
535:(1980?)
348:, Wales
128:, 1970s
942:c.1992
935:c.1994
773:
735:5 July
641:
565:(1995)
553:(1989)
547:(1986)
541:(1983)
529:(1975)
523:(1967)
517:(1961)
511:(1960)
505:(1945)
499:(1937)
493:(1936)
487:(1933)
481:(1932)
403:Taplow
351:1945 "
173:canals
1857:Notes
458:1984
397:1959
139:
1100:M.P.
1028:any
1026:cite
900:2014
849:2020
771:ISBN
737:2016
712:2024
676:2024
637:2019
592:2013
203:Life
164:and
64:Died
42:Born
1039:by
626:doi
274:nÊe
224:nÊe
141:VMH
1879::
889:.
885:.
839:.
728:.
703:.
665:.
661:.
618:.
600:^
297:.
287:.
258:.
168:.
156:,
152:,
148:,
137:RA
1066:)
1060:(
1055:)
1051:(
1047:.
1033:.
994:e
987:t
980:v
902:.
851:.
825:.
811:.
779:.
739:.
714:.
678:.
639:.
628::
594:.
363:)
50:)
46:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.