273:
peers all know that the Queen is more likely to have propositioned
Launfal than the other way around, they believe Launfal's version of the encounter. However, for his insult he is given a year and a fortnight to produce the beautiful lady as proof of his boast; Guenevere says she is willing to be blinded if he manages to produce such a woman. As the day of the proof progresses, the Queen presses for him to be executed while others express doubt, particularly when two parties of gorgeous women ride up. Finally Tryamour arrives and exculpates Launfal on both counts. She breathes on Guenevere and blinds her. Gyfre, now visible, brings his horse Blaunchard, and Tryamour, Launfal, and her ladies ride away to the island of Olyroun, which in Marie's 12th-century version of the tale is
249:(He found in the pavilion the daughter of the King of Olyroun, her name was Tryamour and her father was the King of the Otherworld – of the west, both near and far – a very powerful man. In the tent was a lavishly-adorned and very handsome bed. Lying in it was the beautiful woman who had summoned him.) Tryamour offers Launfal her love and several material gifts: an invisible servant, Gyfre; a horse, Blaunchard; and a bag that will always produce gold coins however many are taken from it, all on the condition that he keeps their relationship a secret from the rest of the world. No one must know of her existence. She tells him she will come to him whenever he is all alone and wishes for her.
598:, comment on the entire system." In Thomas Chestre's poem, Queen Guinevere destabilizes the court by taking favourites and falsely accusing those who cross her, the king seems more willing to placate her than to see justice done and at least some of his noblemen are more concerned to see their king's desires blindly carried out than to see a fair outcome. There was undoubtedly dissatisfaction in some quarters with the legal system in England at this time. Marie de France's depiction of King Arthur's court in
232:, the king holds a banquet in Caerleon to which Launfal, because of his poverty, is not invited. The mayor's daughter offers to let him spend the day with her, but he declines her offer since he has nothing to wear. Instead, he borrows a horse from her and goes for a ride, stopping to rest under a tree in a nearby forest. Two maidens appear and bring him to a lady they call Tryamour, daughter of the King of Olyroun and of Fayrye, whom Launfal finds lying on a bed in a glorious pavilion.
269:
Guenevere offers herself to
Launfal. Launfal refuses, Guenevere threatens to ruin his reputation in retaliation by questioning his manhood and Launfal blurts out in his defence that he has a mistress whose ugliest handmaiden would make a better Queen than Guenevere. Guenevere goes to Arthur and accuses Launfal of trying to seduce her and of insulting her as well. Knights are sent to arrest him.
332:, along with other Old French Arthurian works, has this city as "Kardoel", which, given the confusion, must have sounded, even to a late-Medieval English ear, like a conflation of Carlisle and Cardiff. In Marie's poem, however, the intention seems clearly to be Carlisle, since King Arthur is fighting against Scots and Pictish incursions there.
383:. Thomas Chestre describes a 10-year period during which Launfal prospers at Arthur's bachelor court, followed by Arthur's marriage to Guinevere. In the 13th-century French Arthurian romances, Merlin warns against this marriage; in Chestre's poem, he arranges it, betraying Chestre's willingness to adapt an established legend in his own way.
265:, but perhaps from another romance that is now lost. Launfal makes the voyage, and defeats Valentyne, thanks to his invisible servant Gyfre, who picks up his helmet and shield when Valentyne knocks them down. Launfal kills Valentyne and then has to kill many more of the Lombard knights in order to get away.
561:
may give literary expression to some contemporary 14th-century concerns as well. Its depiction of a court and a kingdom where wealth is the only measure of standing and social worth, may be a satire on a bourgeois mentality in late-14th-century
England. A knight who, through his own generosity, falls
415:
line by line (probably via the earlier
English romance). However, he adds or changes scenes and characters, sometimes working in material from other sources, and makes explicit and concrete many motivations and other aspects of the story which Marie leaves undiscussed—for example, the fairy purse and
220:
has brought from
Ireland. Launfal takes a dislike to this new lady, as do many other worthy knights, because of her reputation for promiscuity. King Arthur marries Guenevere and Launfal's fortunes take a sudden turn for the worse. He leaves King Arthur's court when Guenevere shows ill will to him by
489:
follows a company of ladies into the side of a cliff and through the rock until he emerges into an
Otherworld, in a Middle English Breton lai, where he rescues his wife who had been abducted, from amongst those who have been beheaded and burnt and suffocated. Many ancient Irish tales involve a hero
439:
Chestre adds two tournament scenes that are not present in Marie's lai, allowing him to show off his ability to fashion them and also changing the emphasis on his hero's character. He also introduces Sir
Valentyne, possibly from a lost romance. Sir Valantyne is a giant whom the hero is required to
272:
Launfal has gone to his room, but his faerie mistress does not appear and Sir
Launfal soon realises why. Tryamour will no longer come to him when he wishes for her since he has given away her existence. Soon, her gifts have disappeared or changed. Now he is brought to trial. Since the jury of his
423:
In Marie's Old French version of the story, Guinevere is not involved in Lanval's initial departure from King Arthur's court, and he is simply a poor knight who has been overlooked by the king, not an over-generous knight vulnerable to getting into debt. Arthur generally comes off much better in
351:). Being the realm of Fayrye, however, it might not be expected to have a specific location in the real world. Marie de France relates that Lanval was taken by his Faërie lover to Avalon, "a very beautiful island," and was never seen again; just as Connla was taken by a daughter of the Irish god
83:
when the king visits, although Arthur knows nothing of this. Out in the forest alone, he meets with two damsels who take him to their mistress, the daughter of the King of Faerie. She gives him untold wealth and a magic bag in which money can always be found, on the condition that he becomes her
923:
Benson, Larry D (Ed), revised by Foster, Edward E (Ed), 1994. King Arthur's Death: The Middle
English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. This climax to King Arthur's legend is recorded in Middle English verse in the
268:
Launfal's reputation for martial prowess and generosity reaches new heights and word at last reaches King Arthur. Launfal is summoned again by the king, after a long absence, and asked to serve as steward for a long festival beginning at the Feast of St. John. During some revelry at the court,
440:
defeat, as is so common in medieval romance. In fact, the poem is close to becoming a romance, recounting many years of
Launfal's life – ten before King Arthur's marriage, then seven with his Otherworldly lady and a further year before his trial – in contrast to Marie's
485:, sees the wounded hero set sail in a mysterious boat with candelabra at its prow and with only a bed on deck, upon which he lies, the only living soul on board. He arrives safely at the mysterious castle of a lady who heals him of his wound, and becomes her lover.
252:
Launfal returns to Caerleon. Soon a train of packhorses arrives, bearing all kinds of valuables for him. He uses this new wealth to perform many acts of charity. He also wins in a local tournament, thanks to the horse and banner given him by the lady. A knight of
968:. Lanval meets his Faerie lover near the opening of the story and is propositioned by Guinevere: "In the same year, I believe, after St John's day..." p 78. His trial takes place soon afterwards, as soon as the king's noblemen can be assembled to hear the case.
297:
and Trinity Sunday. There is ambiguity, though. Kardevyle, where the opening scene of the story takes place, can be interpreted as Carlisle, in northern England, where King Arthur holds court in many Middle English romances, such as the
477:, for example, describes a woman following a trail of blood left by her lover; a man who was accustomed to arriving at the window of her room in the form of a hawk. She follows the trail of blood into the side of a hill and out into an
343:, who is an enemy of King Arthur in most other medieval Arthurian stories and usually hails from North Wales. Launfal's home base seems to be Caerleon, in South Wales. The realm of Fayrye is located on the island of Olyroun (probably
432:, and Guenevere much worse; she is promoted to a major character, with more speeches and actions, and her comeuppance is the climax of the poem. Chestre also adds the Mayor of Caerleon, a character who is not present in
897:. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 13: Call to Connla, pp 131–3.
1049:. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 10: Call to Bran, pp 119–23.
386:
Such adaptation is further evident in Guinevere's blinding. Marie de France describes no such mutilation of the Queen, and it sits uncomfortably with the climax of King Arthur's reign, well-known from the 13th-century
355:
to a land across the sea that "delights the mind of everyone who turns to me", in an ancient Irish legend. Also mentioned are knights of Little Britain (Brittany), and the need to cross the salt sea to reach Lombardy.
951:. "He was the son of a king of noble birth, but far from his inheritance, and although he belonged to Arthur's household he had spent all his wealth, for the king gave him nothing and Lanval asked for nothing." p 72.
505:, describes an island where magic apples sustain a multitude of ladies, and only ladies, on an island that is made of glass; like one of the Otherworldly islands that features in the ancient Irish legend,
416:
other gifts, such as the horse Blaunchard and the invisible servant Gyfre, who both depart when he breaks his promise not to boast. Some of these additional elements are derived from an Old French lai of
836:
Shepherd, Stephen H. A., 1995, regards Cardiff as the most likely intention, given Chestre's spelling, p 190. This interpretation is followed by James Weldon in his prose translation of
1023:
Rolleston, Thomas, 1911. Myths of the Celtic Race. The Gresham Publishing Company. (Reprinted 1998. Myths and Legends of the Celts. Senate, an imprint of Tiger Books International plc).
257:, Sir Valentyne, challenges him (on the honour of his beloved lady) to come to Lombardy to fight with him. This section of Thomas Chestre's tale does not derive from Marie de France's
910:, III: Torre and Pellinor. "But Mrlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyver was nat holsom for hym to take to wyff." p 59. Malory takes his version from the thirteenth century
517:, a beautiful lady comes to take Bran to one of these islands. "If the Middle English Breton Lay has connections with Celtic folktale, the connections can be easily perceived in
544:, including those of a spendthrift knight, combat with a giant, a magical dwarf-servant and "the cyclical return of the mounted warrior's spirit to this world once a year."
277:. Once a year, on a certain day, Launfal returns and his horse may be heard neighing and a knight may joust with him, although he was never seen again in Arthur's land.
1239:
84:
lover. She will visit him whenever he wants and nobody will see her or hear her. But he must tell nobody about her, or her love will vanish at that instant.
306:
369:
Marie de France's lai was composed at a time when the story of King Arthur was not fully developed, and probably before the story of the love between
594:
about legal process and the state of justice in England near the end of the 14th century. "Literary depictions of the king’s judicial failure, as in
123:, betrays the story's Celtic roots. A final court scene may be intended by Chestre as criticism of the contemporary legal and judicial framework in
212:'s steward, in charge of celebrations. After ten happy years under Launfal's stewardship, however, King Arthur's court is graced by a new arrival,
228:, Launfal takes humble lodgings, spends all the money that King Arthur gave him before setting out, and soon descends into poverty and debt. One
668:
590:, in which the male was to protect his lover’s reputation by not revealing her identity." But there may be much wider concerns expressed in
316:
1011:
Laskaya, Anne, and Salisbury, Eve (Eds), 1995. The Middle English Breton Lays, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS.
72:
romance that possibly featured a giant named Sir Valentyne. This is in line with Thomas Chestre's eclectic way of creating his poetry.
1179:
582:
Launfal's breaking of his word not to reveal his lover's name may have contemporary medieval significance, since one of the tenets of
1159:
1047:
Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danann and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory
895:
Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danann and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory
1218:
658:
91:) woman who takes a lover on condition that he obey a particular prohibition is common in medieval poetry: the French lais of
1058:
On the Middle English Breton lays in general, see Claire Vial, "The Middle English Breton Lays and the Mists of Origin", in
1249:
507:
115:
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and whose grudging disloyalty gives extra gloss to the generosity which Launfal shows when he obtains the fairy purse.
221:
not giving him a gift at the wedding. Insulted and humiliated, Launfal leaves the court, losing his status and income.
1244:
1234:
562:
into debt and poverty, and consequent misery, is depicted in at least two other late medieval Middle English works,
124:
858:. D S Brewer, an imprint of Boydell and Brewer Limited. "King Arthur was at Cardueil one Ascension Day", page 3.
758:
Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii
685:
Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii
150:
poem itself dates to the late-14th century, and is based principally upon an early-14th-century English romance
170:. Unusually for a Middle English romance, the poem's author can be named. The final stanza includes the lines:
79:'s court – to being a pauper and a social outcast. He is not even invited to a feast in his home town of
1221:, a translation and retelling in modern English of the story found in British Library MS Cotton Caligula A.ii.
739:. Oxford University Press. "An English version of the Fair Unknown theme appears in the stanzaic romance
926:
374:
110:
50:, written in a form of French understood in the courts of both England and France in the 12th century.
1084:
Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation.
703:
Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation.
824:
388:
819:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 7. "
603:
352:
300:
884:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 40.
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where all the buildings are made of solid silver, into a town where ships are moored. Marie's lai
473:
can be found in other Breton lais as well, particularly the land of "Fayerye". Marie de France's
379:
193:
69:
1209:
1169:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. Medieval Institute Publications.
1155:
1036:, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. Medieval Institute Publications.
708:
664:
286:
245:
Therinne lay that lady gent / That after Syr Launfal hedde ysent / That lefsom lemede bryght."
42:
1196:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 1995. The published edition includes
1062:, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 175-91.
444:
which concerns a single episode in the hero's life, like most of her other lais. In general,
33:
dating from the late 14th century. It is based primarily on the 538-line Middle English poem
242:
In the pavyloun he fond a bed of prys / Yheled wyth purpur bys, / That semyle was of syghte.
189:
495:
127:. The equation of money with worth in the tale may satirize a late-14th-century mentality.
285:
In this story, Arthur is king of England (also referred to as Bretayn) and holds court in
155:
38:
1187:
931:
540:
adds a number of folktale elements of its own to those inherited from Marie de France's
391:, in which Lancelot and a seeing Guinevere play their part in King Arthur's final days.
335:
Guenevere (Gwennere, Gwenore) is stated by Thomas Chestre to be from "Irlond", possibly
513:
236:"He fond yn the pavyloun / The kynges doughter of Olyroun, / Dame Tryamour that hyghte;
229:
185:
147:
30:
22:
1089:
854:. A translation from Old French into Modern English of the thirteenth century romance
239:
Her fadyr was kyng of Fayrye, / Of Occient, fer and nyghe, / A man of mochell myghte.
1228:
875:, text of the original Old French poem, line 5: "A Kardoel surjurnot li reis", p 139.
1130:
75:
In the tale, Sir Launfal is propelled from wealth and status – the steward at
823: : Carlisle as a place associated with Arthuriana is rendered Kaer-dubalum in
583:
760:. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 34.
687:. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 35.
602:, two hundred years earlier, may have been intended to parody the court of King
290:
209:
76:
1203:
837:
1073:
The Medieval Poet as Voyeur: Looking and Listening in Medieval Love-Narratives
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include the fairy lover, magical gifts, a beauty contest and an offended fay.
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161:
158:
120:
59:
26:
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294:
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105:
1213:
1134:
1120:. Chatto and Windus. Republished 2005: Vintage, an imprint of Random House.
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704:
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119:, all share similar plot elements. The presence of a Land of Faerie, or an
93:
370:
348:
325:
254:
225:
205:
99:
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was the author of two other verse romances in MS Cotton Caligula A.ii.,
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311:
722:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of
564:
406:
340:
274:
217:
166:
46:
1192:. Edited by Anne Laskaya and Eve Salisbury. Originally Published in
1034:
The Floure and the Leafe; The Assembly of Ladies; The Isle of Ladies
498:, or passing down through the waters of a lake into an Otherworld.
491:
88:
906:
Vinaver, Eugene, 1971. Malory: Works. Oxford University Press.
639:
452:
is much more an adventure story which includes a love element.
643:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Introduction to
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
743:, believed to have been written by Thomas Chestre, author of
320:, and might sit more comfortably with the other locations in
1060:
Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England
208:
tradition of gift-giving to such an extent that he is made
142:
British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii., mid-15th century.
782:
Following: Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
411:
Many passages of Chestre's poem follow Marie de France's
747:, in the latter half of the fourteenth century." p 320.
314:, in South Wales, which is King Arthur's residence in
54:
retains the basic story told by Marie and retold in
532:Folktale elements inherited from Marie de France's
735:Lupack, Alan, 2005, reprinted in paperback, 2007.
663:. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 197.
1094:Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
930:from British Library MS Harley 2252 of c. 1390.
713:Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
737:Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend
1165:Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
1075:. Cambridge University Press, pp 97–119.
769:Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
8:
934:TEAMS Middle English text with introduction.
798:
796:
373:and Queen Guinevere had been added to it by
293:, particularly during such summer feasts as
850:Bryant, Nigel, 1978, revised edition 2007.
307:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
994:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
977:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
960:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
943:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
867:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
802:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
1206:. Translated by James Weldon; pdf format.
1019:
1017:
548:Contemporary (medieval) social commentary
328:and Glastonbury. Marie de France's poem
615:
511:. In another ancient Irish legend, the
1240:Arthurian literature in Middle English
1150:Shepherd, Stephen H. A. (Ed.) (1995).
138:survives in a single manuscript copy:
699:
697:
695:
693:
7:
1184:. Original Middle English full text.
784:Middle English text of "Sir Launfal"
771:Middle English text of "Sir Launfal"
317:Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle
310:. But it can also be interpreted as
606:, who saw himself as a new Arthur.
469:that borrow from Marie de France's
58:, augmented with material from an
14:
177:Of the noble knyght Syr Launfale,
204:Sir Launfal participates in the
1107:. New York Burt Franklin, p 79.
448:is a story about love, whereas
1194:The Middle English Breton Lays
1167:The Middle English Breton Lays
224:Returning to his home town of
174:"Thomas Chestre made thys tale
1:
660:A literary history of England
116:Yvain, the Knight of the Lion
37:, which in turn was based on
1212:Modern English Translation.
1032:Pearsall, Derek (Ed), 1990.
657:Baugh, Albert Croll (1967).
1189:Introduction to Sir Launfal
1105:Medieval Romance in England
996:The Lais of Marie de France
979:The Lais of Marie de France
962:The Lais of Marie de France
945:The Lais of Marie de France
869:The Lais of Marie de France
804:The Lais of Marie de France
790:may mean 'west' or 'ocean'.
501:A Middle English poem, the
184:It is widely accepted that
1266:
852:The High Book of the Grail
404:
154:, itself an adaptation of
998:. Penguin Books Limited.
981:. Penguin Books Limited.
964:. Penguin Books Limited.
947:. Penguin Books Limited.
871:. Penguin Books Limited.
806:. Penguin Books Limited.
494:, or crossing a sea to a
125:late-14th-century England
87:The story of a powerful (
1103:Laura A. Hibbard, 1963.
1045:Gregory, Lady A., 1904.
893:Gregory, Lady A., 1904.
1152:Middle English Romances
908:The Tale of King Arthur
508:The Voyage of Máel Dúin
490:entering a hill of the
339:, the daughter of King
1116:Ackroyd, Peter, 2004.
726:, lines 1039–41.
1129:Hazell, Dinah, 2003.
1071:Spearing, A C, 1993.
932:Stanzaic Morte Arthur
927:Stanzaic Morte Arthur
773:, lines 277–88.
557:In a number of ways,
1250:Middle English poems
1154:. New York: Norton.
825:Geoffrey of Monmouth
786:, note to line 281.
389:Lancelot-Grail Cycle
261:or from the English
604:Henry II of England
301:Awntyrs off Arthure
180:Good of chyvalrye."
1245:Lais (poetic form)
1235:14th-century poems
912:La Suite du Merlin
380:Knight of the Cart
375:Chrétien de Troyes
111:Chrétien de Troyes
1088:Special Edition.
1002:, pp 43–55.
985:, pp 86–93.
707:Special Edition.
670:978-0-7100-6128-7
586:was "the code of
553:Wealth over worth
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1219:Sir Launfal
1210:Sir Launfal
1204:Sir Launfal
1181:Sir Launfal
1091:Sir Amadace
839:Sir Launfal
745:Sir Launfal
724:Sir Launfal
710:Sir Launfal
645:Sir Launfal
596:Sir Launfal
592:Sir Launfal
565:Sir Amadace
559:Sir Launfal
538:Sir Launfal
467:Sir Launfal
450:Sir Launfal
426:Sir Launfal
400:Sir Launfal
322:Sir Launfal
291:Glastonbury
210:King Arthur
136:Sir Launfal
131:Manuscripts
113:'s romance
77:King Arthur
52:Sir Launfal
29:written by
25:romance or
18:Sir Launfal
1229:Categories
856:Perlesvaus
827:(c.1136)."
610:References
571:Sir Cleges
479:Otherworld
405:See also:
324:, such as
162:Breton lai
159:Old French
121:Otherworld
60:Old French
27:Breton lay
1137:Volume 2.
821:Kardevyle
588:avantance
487:Sir Orfeo
365:Evolution
295:Pentecost
281:Geography
214:Guenevere
206:chivalric
106:Guingamor
1000:Guigemar
528:Folktale
483:Guigemar
428:than in
418:Graelent
371:Lancelot
353:Manannan
349:Brittany
326:Caerleon
287:Carlisle
255:Lombardy
226:Caerleon
194:Octavian
100:Graelent
81:Caerleon
65:Graelent
1145:Sources
1118:Chaucer
810:, p 81.
788:Occient
578:Justice
522:Launfal
377:in his
347:, near
337:Ireland
312:Cardiff
216:, whom
1158:
966:Lanval
949:Lanval
873:Lanval
808:Lanval
667:
600:Lanval
568:, and
542:Lanval
534:Lanval
471:Lanval
461:Breton
456:Motifs
446:Lanval
442:Lanval
434:Lanval
430:Lanval
413:Lanval
407:Lanval
396:Lanval
345:Oléron
330:Lanval
275:Avalon
259:Lanval
218:Merlin
167:Lanval
109:, and
103:, and
94:Desiré
68:and a
47:Lanval
983:Yonec
492:Sidhe
475:Yonec
89:fairy
1156:ISBN
665:ISBN
398:and
341:Rion
304:and
289:and
200:Plot
146:The
70:lost
62:lai
519:Sir
43:lai
41:'s
1231::
1133:.
1016:^
795:^
692:^
618:^
574:.
524:.
420:,
196:.
164:,
97:,
1200:.
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914:.
673:.
647:.
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