284:
peers all know that the Queen is more likely to have propositioned
Launfal than the other way around, they believe Launfal's version of the encounter. However, for his insult he is given a year and a fortnight to produce the beautiful lady as proof of his boast; Guenevere says she is willing to be blinded if he manages to produce such a woman. As the day of the proof progresses, the Queen presses for him to be executed while others express doubt, particularly when two parties of gorgeous women ride up. Finally Tryamour arrives and exculpates Launfal on both counts. She breathes on Guenevere and blinds her. Gyfre, now visible, brings his horse Blaunchard, and Tryamour, Launfal, and her ladies ride away to the island of Olyroun, which in Marie's 12th-century version of the tale is
260:(He found in the pavilion the daughter of the King of Olyroun, her name was Tryamour and her father was the King of the Otherworld – of the west, both near and far – a very powerful man. In the tent was a lavishly-adorned and very handsome bed. Lying in it was the beautiful woman who had summoned him.) Tryamour offers Launfal her love and several material gifts: an invisible servant, Gyfre; a horse, Blaunchard; and a bag that will always produce gold coins however many are taken from it, all on the condition that he keeps their relationship a secret from the rest of the world. No one must know of her existence. She tells him she will come to him whenever he is all alone and wishes for her.
609:, comment on the entire system." In Thomas Chestre's poem, Queen Guinevere destabilizes the court by taking favourites and falsely accusing those who cross her, the king seems more willing to placate her than to see justice done and at least some of his noblemen are more concerned to see their king's desires blindly carried out than to see a fair outcome. There was undoubtedly dissatisfaction in some quarters with the legal system in England at this time. Marie de France's depiction of King Arthur's court in
243:, the king holds a banquet in Caerleon to which Launfal, because of his poverty, is not invited. The mayor's daughter offers to let him spend the day with her, but he declines her offer since he has nothing to wear. Instead, he borrows a horse from her and goes for a ride, stopping to rest under a tree in a nearby forest. Two maidens appear and bring him to a lady they call Tryamour, daughter of the King of Olyroun and of Fayrye, whom Launfal finds lying on a bed in a glorious pavilion.
280:
Guenevere offers herself to
Launfal. Launfal refuses, Guenevere threatens to ruin his reputation in retaliation by questioning his manhood and Launfal blurts out in his defence that he has a mistress whose ugliest handmaiden would make a better Queen than Guenevere. Guenevere goes to Arthur and accuses Launfal of trying to seduce her and of insulting her as well. Knights are sent to arrest him.
343:, along with other Old French Arthurian works, has this city as "Kardoel", which, given the confusion, must have sounded, even to a late-Medieval English ear, like a conflation of Carlisle and Cardiff. In Marie's poem, however, the intention seems clearly to be Carlisle, since King Arthur is fighting against Scots and Pictish incursions there.
394:. Thomas Chestre describes a 10-year period during which Launfal prospers at Arthur's bachelor court, followed by Arthur's marriage to Guinevere. In the 13th-century French Arthurian romances, Merlin warns against this marriage; in Chestre's poem, he arranges it, betraying Chestre's willingness to adapt an established legend in his own way.
276:, but perhaps from another romance that is now lost. Launfal makes the voyage, and defeats Valentyne, thanks to his invisible servant Gyfre, who picks up his helmet and shield when Valentyne knocks them down. Launfal kills Valentyne and then has to kill many more of the Lombard knights in order to get away.
572:
may give literary expression to some contemporary 14th-century concerns as well. Its depiction of a court and a kingdom where wealth is the only measure of standing and social worth, may be a satire on a bourgeois mentality in late-14th-century
England. A knight who, through his own generosity, falls
426:
line by line (probably via the earlier
English romance). However, he adds or changes scenes and characters, sometimes working in material from other sources, and makes explicit and concrete many motivations and other aspects of the story which Marie leaves undiscussed—for example, the fairy purse and
231:
has brought from
Ireland. Launfal takes a dislike to this new lady, as do many other worthy knights, because of her reputation for promiscuity. King Arthur marries Guenevere and Launfal's fortunes take a sudden turn for the worse. He leaves King Arthur's court when Guenevere shows ill will to him by
500:
follows a company of ladies into the side of a cliff and through the rock until he emerges into an
Otherworld, in a Middle English Breton lai, where he rescues his wife who had been abducted, from amongst those who have been beheaded and burnt and suffocated. Many ancient Irish tales involve a hero
450:
Chestre adds two tournament scenes that are not present in Marie's lai, allowing him to show off his ability to fashion them and also changing the emphasis on his hero's character. He also introduces Sir
Valentyne, possibly from a lost romance. Sir Valantyne is a giant whom the hero is required to
283:
Launfal has gone to his room, but his faerie mistress does not appear and Sir
Launfal soon realises why. Tryamour will no longer come to him when he wishes for her since he has given away her existence. Soon, her gifts have disappeared or changed. Now he is brought to trial. Since the jury of his
434:
In Marie's Old French version of the story, Guinevere is not involved in Lanval's initial departure from King Arthur's court, and he is simply a poor knight who has been overlooked by the king, not an over-generous knight vulnerable to getting into debt. Arthur generally comes off much better in
362:). Being the realm of Fayrye, however, it might not be expected to have a specific location in the real world. Marie de France relates that Lanval was taken by his Faërie lover to Avalon, "a very beautiful island," and was never seen again; just as Connla was taken by a daughter of the Irish god
94:
when the king visits, although Arthur knows nothing of this. Out in the forest alone, he meets with two damsels who take him to their mistress, the daughter of the King of Faerie. She gives him untold wealth and a magic bag in which money can always be found, on the condition that he becomes her
934:
Benson, Larry D (Ed), revised by Foster, Edward E (Ed), 1994. King Arthur's Death: The Middle
English Stanzaic Morte Arthur and Alliterative Morte Arthure, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. This climax to King Arthur's legend is recorded in Middle English verse in the
279:
Launfal's reputation for martial prowess and generosity reaches new heights and word at last reaches King Arthur. Launfal is summoned again by the king, after a long absence, and asked to serve as steward for a long festival beginning at the Feast of St. John. During some revelry at the court,
451:
defeat, as is so common in medieval romance. In fact, the poem is close to becoming a romance, recounting many years of
Launfal's life – ten before King Arthur's marriage, then seven with his Otherworldly lady and a further year before his trial – in contrast to Marie's
496:, sees the wounded hero set sail in a mysterious boat with candelabra at its prow and with only a bed on deck, upon which he lies, the only living soul on board. He arrives safely at the mysterious castle of a lady who heals him of his wound, and becomes her lover.
263:
Launfal returns to Caerleon. Soon a train of packhorses arrives, bearing all kinds of valuables for him. He uses this new wealth to perform many acts of charity. He also wins in a local tournament, thanks to the horse and banner given him by the lady. A knight of
979:. Lanval meets his Faerie lover near the opening of the story and is propositioned by Guinevere: "In the same year, I believe, after St John's day..." p 78. His trial takes place soon afterwards, as soon as the king's noblemen can be assembled to hear the case.
308:
and Trinity Sunday. There is ambiguity, though. Kardevyle, where the opening scene of the story takes place, can be interpreted as Carlisle, in northern England, where King Arthur holds court in many Middle English romances, such as the
488:, for example, describes a woman following a trail of blood left by her lover; a man who was accustomed to arriving at the window of her room in the form of a hawk. She follows the trail of blood into the side of a hill and out into an
354:, who is an enemy of King Arthur in most other medieval Arthurian stories and usually hails from North Wales. Launfal's home base seems to be Caerleon, in South Wales. The realm of Fayrye is located on the island of Olyroun (probably
443:, and Guenevere much worse; she is promoted to a major character, with more speeches and actions, and her comeuppance is the climax of the poem. Chestre also adds the Mayor of Caerleon, a character who is not present in
908:. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 13: Call to Connla, pp 131–3.
1060:. John Murray, London. (Reprinted, 1998. Irish Myths and Legends. Running Press Book Publishers, Philadelphia, USA). Part One: The Gods. Book IV: The Ever-Living Living Ones. Chapter 10: Call to Bran, pp 119–23.
397:
Such adaptation is further evident in Guinevere's blinding. Marie de France describes no such mutilation of the Queen, and it sits uncomfortably with the climax of King Arthur's reign, well-known from the 13th-century
366:
to a land across the sea that "delights the mind of everyone who turns to me", in an ancient Irish legend. Also mentioned are knights of Little Britain (Brittany), and the need to cross the salt sea to reach Lombardy.
962:. "He was the son of a king of noble birth, but far from his inheritance, and although he belonged to Arthur's household he had spent all his wealth, for the king gave him nothing and Lanval asked for nothing." p 72.
516:, describes an island where magic apples sustain a multitude of ladies, and only ladies, on an island that is made of glass; like one of the Otherworldly islands that features in the ancient Irish legend,
427:
other gifts, such as the horse Blaunchard and the invisible servant Gyfre, who both depart when he breaks his promise not to boast. Some of these additional elements are derived from an Old French lai of
847:
Shepherd, Stephen H. A., 1995, regards Cardiff as the most likely intention, given Chestre's spelling, p 190. This interpretation is followed by James Weldon in his prose translation of
1034:
Rolleston, Thomas, 1911. Myths of the Celtic Race. The Gresham Publishing Company. (Reprinted 1998. Myths and Legends of the Celts. Senate, an imprint of Tiger Books International plc).
268:, Sir Valentyne, challenges him (on the honour of his beloved lady) to come to Lombardy to fight with him. This section of Thomas Chestre's tale does not derive from Marie de France's
921:, III: Torre and Pellinor. "But Mrlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyver was nat holsom for hym to take to wyff." p 59. Malory takes his version from the thirteenth century
528:, a beautiful lady comes to take Bran to one of these islands. "If the Middle English Breton Lay has connections with Celtic folktale, the connections can be easily perceived in
555:, including those of a spendthrift knight, combat with a giant, a magical dwarf-servant and "the cyclical return of the mounted warrior's spirit to this world once a year."
288:. Once a year, on a certain day, Launfal returns and his horse may be heard neighing and a knight may joust with him, although he was never seen again in Arthur's land.
1250:
95:
lover. She will visit him whenever he wants and nobody will see her or hear her. But he must tell nobody about her, or her love will vanish at that instant.
317:
380:
Marie de France's lai was composed at a time when the story of King Arthur was not fully developed, and probably before the story of the love between
605:
about legal process and the state of justice in England near the end of the 14th century. "Literary depictions of the king’s judicial failure, as in
134:, betrays the story's Celtic roots. A final court scene may be intended by Chestre as criticism of the contemporary legal and judicial framework in
223:'s steward, in charge of celebrations. After ten happy years under Launfal's stewardship, however, King Arthur's court is graced by a new arrival,
239:, Launfal takes humble lodgings, spends all the money that King Arthur gave him before setting out, and soon descends into poverty and debt. One
679:
601:, in which the male was to protect his lover’s reputation by not revealing her identity." But there may be much wider concerns expressed in
327:
1022:
Laskaya, Anne, and Salisbury, Eve (Eds), 1995. The Middle English Breton Lays, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS.
83:
romance that possibly featured a giant named Sir Valentyne. This is in line with Thomas Chestre's eclectic way of creating his poetry.
1190:
593:
Launfal's breaking of his word not to reveal his lover's name may have contemporary medieval significance, since one of the tenets of
1170:
1058:
Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danann and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory
906:
Gods and Fighting Men: The Story of the Tuatha de Danann and of the Fianna of Ireland, Arranged and put into English by Lady Gregory
1229:
669:
102:) woman who takes a lover on condition that he obey a particular prohibition is common in medieval poetry: the French lais of
1069:
On the Middle English Breton lays in general, see Claire Vial, "The Middle English Breton Lays and the Mists of Origin", in
1260:
518:
126:
447:
and whose grudging disloyalty gives extra gloss to the generosity which Launfal shows when he obtains the fairy purse.
232:
not giving him a gift at the wedding. Insulted and humiliated, Launfal leaves the court, losing his status and income.
1255:
1245:
573:
into debt and poverty, and consequent misery, is depicted in at least two other late medieval Middle English works,
135:
869:. D S Brewer, an imprint of Boydell and Brewer Limited. "King Arthur was at Cardueil one Ascension Day", page 3.
769:
Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii
696:
Lybeaus Desconus, from the Medieval manuscripts Lambeth Palace MS 306 and British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii
161:
poem itself dates to the late-14th century, and is based principally upon an early-14th-century English romance
181:. Unusually for a Middle English romance, the poem's author can be named. The final stanza includes the lines:
90:'s court – to being a pauper and a social outcast. He is not even invited to a feast in his home town of
1232:, a translation and retelling in modern English of the story found in British Library MS Cotton Caligula A.ii.
750:. Oxford University Press. "An English version of the Fair Unknown theme appears in the stanzaic romance
937:
385:
121:
61:, written in a form of French understood in the courts of both England and France in the 12th century.
1095:
Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation.
714:
Tuma, George W. and Hazell, Dinah (Eds). 2009. "Harken to Me" Middle English Romances in Translation.
835:
399:
830:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 7. "
614:
363:
311:
895:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of Sir Launfal, note to line 40.
492:
where all the buildings are made of solid silver, into a town where ships are moored. Marie's lai
484:
can be found in other Breton lais as well, particularly the land of "Fayerye". Marie de France's
390:
204:
80:
1220:
1180:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. Medieval Institute Publications.
1166:
1047:, Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University for TEAMS. Medieval Institute Publications.
719:
675:
297:
256:
Therinne lay that lady gent / That after Syr Launfal hedde ysent / That lefsom lemede bryght."
53:
1207:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 1995. The published edition includes
1073:, eds. Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 175-91.
455:
which concerns a single episode in the hero's life, like most of her other lais. In general,
44:
dating from the late 14th century. It is based primarily on the 538-line Middle English poem
253:
In the pavyloun he fond a bed of prys / Yheled wyth purpur bys, / That semyle was of syghte.
200:
506:
138:. The equation of money with worth in the tale may satirize a late-14th-century mentality.
296:
In this story, Arthur is king of England (also referred to as Bretayn) and holds court in
166:
49:
1198:
942:
551:
adds a number of folktale elements of its own to those inherited from Marie de France's
402:, in which Lancelot and a seeing Guinevere play their part in King Arthur's final days.
346:
Guenevere (Gwennere, Gwenore) is stated by Thomas Chestre to be from "Irlond", possibly
524:
247:"He fond yn the pavyloun / The kynges doughter of Olyroun, / Dame Tryamour that hyghte;
240:
196:
158:
41:
33:
1100:
865:. A translation from Old French into Modern English of the thirteenth century romance
250:
Her fadyr was kyng of Fayrye, / Of Occient, fer and nyghe, / A man of mochell myghte.
1239:
886:, text of the original Old French poem, line 5: "A Kardoel surjurnot li reis", p 139.
1141:
86:
In the tale, Sir Launfal is propelled from wealth and status – the steward at
834: : Carlisle as a place associated with Arthuriana is rendered Kaer-dubalum in
594:
771:. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 34.
698:. Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. p 35.
613:, two hundred years earlier, may have been intended to parody the court of King
301:
220:
87:
1214:
848:
1084:
The Medieval Poet as Voyeur: Looking and Listening in Medieval Love-Narratives
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include the fairy lover, magical gifts, a beauty contest and an offended fay.
489:
172:
169:
131:
70:
37:
497:
305:
224:
116:
1224:
1145:
1131:. Chatto and Windus. Republished 2005: Vintage, an imprint of Random House.
1096:
715:
355:
130:, all share similar plot elements. The presence of a Land of Faerie, or an
104:
381:
359:
336:
265:
236:
216:
110:
91:
75:
199:
was the author of two other verse romances in MS Cotton Caligula A.ii.,
347:
322:
17:
733:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Middle English text of
575:
417:
351:
285:
228:
177:
57:
1203:. Edited by Anne Laskaya and Eve Salisbury. Originally Published in
1045:
The Floure and the Leafe; The Assembly of Ladies; The Isle of Ladies
509:, or passing down through the waters of a lake into an Otherworld.
502:
99:
917:
Vinaver, Eugene, 1971. Malory: Works. Oxford University Press.
650:
463:
is much more an adventure story which includes a love element.
654:
Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995. Introduction to
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
754:, believed to have been written by Thomas Chestre, author of
331:, and might sit more comfortably with the other locations in
1071:
Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England
219:
tradition of gift-giving to such an extent that he is made
153:
British Museum MS Cotton Caligula A.ii., mid-15th century.
793:
Following: Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
422:
Many passages of Chestre's poem follow Marie de France's
758:, in the latter half of the fourteenth century." p 320.
325:, in South Wales, which is King Arthur's residence in
65:
retains the basic story told by Marie and retold in
543:Folktale elements inherited from Marie de France's
746:Lupack, Alan, 2005, reprinted in paperback, 2007.
674:. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 197.
1105:Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
941:from British Library MS Harley 2252 of c. 1390.
724:Translation in Modern English with a Commentary.
748:Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend
1176:Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
1086:. Cambridge University Press, pp 97–119.
780:Laskaya, Anne and Salisbury, Eve (Eds). 1995.
8:
945:TEAMS Middle English text with introduction.
809:
807:
384:and Queen Guinevere had been added to it by
304:, particularly during such summer feasts as
861:Bryant, Nigel, 1978, revised edition 2007.
318:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
1005:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
988:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
971:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
954:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
878:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
813:Burgess, Glyn S., and Busby, Keith, 1986.
1217:. Translated by James Weldon; pdf format.
1030:
1028:
559:Contemporary (medieval) social commentary
339:and Glastonbury. Marie de France's poem
626:
522:. In another ancient Irish legend, the
1251:Arthurian literature in Middle English
1161:Shepherd, Stephen H. A. (Ed.) (1995).
149:survives in a single manuscript copy:
710:
708:
706:
704:
7:
1195:. Original Middle English full text.
795:Middle English text of "Sir Launfal"
782:Middle English text of "Sir Launfal"
328:Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle
321:. But it can also be interpreted as
617:, who saw himself as a new Arthur.
480:that borrow from Marie de France's
69:, augmented with material from an
25:
188:Of the noble knyght Syr Launfale,
215:Sir Launfal participates in the
1118:. New York Burt Franklin, p 79.
459:is a story about love, whereas
1205:The Middle English Breton Lays
1178:The Middle English Breton Lays
235:Returning to his home town of
185:"Thomas Chestre made thys tale
1:
671:A literary history of England
127:Yvain, the Knight of the Lion
48:, which in turn was based on
1223:Modern English Translation.
1043:Pearsall, Derek (Ed), 1990.
668:Baugh, Albert Croll (1967).
1200:Introduction to Sir Launfal
1116:Medieval Romance in England
1007:The Lais of Marie de France
990:The Lais of Marie de France
973:The Lais of Marie de France
956:The Lais of Marie de France
880:The Lais of Marie de France
815:The Lais of Marie de France
801:may mean 'west' or 'ocean'.
512:A Middle English poem, the
195:It is widely accepted that
1277:
863:The High Book of the Grail
415:
165:, itself an adaptation of
1009:. Penguin Books Limited.
992:. Penguin Books Limited.
975:. Penguin Books Limited.
958:. Penguin Books Limited.
882:. Penguin Books Limited.
817:. Penguin Books Limited.
505:, or crossing a sea to a
136:late-14th-century England
98:The story of a powerful (
1114:Laura A. Hibbard, 1963.
1056:Gregory, Lady A., 1904.
904:Gregory, Lady A., 1904.
1163:Middle English Romances
919:The Tale of King Arthur
519:The Voyage of Máel Dúin
501:entering a hill of the
350:, the daughter of King
1127:Ackroyd, Peter, 2004.
737:, lines 1039–41.
1140:Hazell, Dinah, 2003.
1082:Spearing, A C, 1993.
943:Stanzaic Morte Arthur
938:Stanzaic Morte Arthur
784:, lines 277–88.
568:In a number of ways,
1261:Middle English poems
1165:. New York: Norton.
836:Geoffrey of Monmouth
797:, note to line 281.
400:Lancelot-Grail Cycle
272:or from the English
615:Henry II of England
312:Awntyrs off Arthure
191:Good of chyvalrye."
1256:Lais (poetic form)
1246:14th-century poems
923:La Suite du Merlin
391:Knight of the Cart
386:Chrétien de Troyes
122:Chrétien de Troyes
1099:Special Edition.
1013:, pp 43–55.
996:, pp 86–93.
718:Special Edition.
681:978-0-7100-6128-7
597:was "the code of
564:Wealth over worth
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1230:Sir Launfal
1221:Sir Launfal
1215:Sir Launfal
1192:Sir Launfal
1102:Sir Amadace
850:Sir Launfal
756:Sir Launfal
735:Sir Launfal
721:Sir Launfal
656:Sir Launfal
607:Sir Launfal
603:Sir Launfal
576:Sir Amadace
570:Sir Launfal
549:Sir Launfal
478:Sir Launfal
461:Sir Launfal
437:Sir Launfal
411:Sir Launfal
333:Sir Launfal
302:Glastonbury
221:King Arthur
147:Sir Launfal
142:Manuscripts
124:'s romance
88:King Arthur
63:Sir Launfal
40:written by
36:romance or
29:Sir Launfal
1240:Categories
867:Perlesvaus
838:(c.1136)."
621:References
582:Sir Cleges
490:Otherworld
416:See also:
335:, such as
173:Breton lai
170:Old French
132:Otherworld
71:Old French
38:Breton lay
1148:Volume 2.
832:Kardevyle
599:avantance
498:Sir Orfeo
376:Evolution
306:Pentecost
292:Geography
225:Guenevere
217:chivalric
117:Guingamor
1011:Guigemar
539:Folktale
494:Guigemar
439:than in
429:Graelent
382:Lancelot
364:Manannan
360:Brittany
337:Caerleon
298:Carlisle
266:Lombardy
237:Caerleon
205:Octavian
111:Graelent
92:Caerleon
76:Graelent
1156:Sources
1129:Chaucer
821:, p 81.
799:Occient
589:Justice
533:Launfal
388:in his
358:, near
348:Ireland
323:Cardiff
227:, whom
18:Launfal
1169:
977:Lanval
960:Lanval
884:Lanval
819:Lanval
678:
611:Lanval
579:, and
553:Lanval
545:Lanval
482:Lanval
472:Breton
467:Motifs
457:Lanval
453:Lanval
445:Lanval
441:Lanval
424:Lanval
418:Lanval
407:Lanval
356:Oléron
341:Lanval
286:Avalon
270:Lanval
229:Merlin
178:Lanval
120:, and
114:, and
105:Desiré
79:and a
58:Lanval
994:Yonec
503:Sidhe
486:Yonec
100:fairy
1167:ISBN
676:ISBN
409:and
352:Rion
315:and
300:and
211:Plot
157:The
81:lost
73:lai
530:Sir
54:lai
52:'s
1242::
1144:.
1027:^
806:^
703:^
629:^
585:.
535:.
431:,
207:.
175:,
108:,
1211:.
1173:.
925:.
684:.
658:.
20:)
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