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preservation of his family. But much more is a king always tied by the same law of nature to keep this general ground, that the safety of the kingdom be his chief law; he must remember that the profit of every man in particular, and of all together in general, is not always one and the same; and that the public is to be preferred before the private; and that the force of laws must not be so great as natural equity itself, which cannot fully be comprised in any laws whatsoever, but is to be left to the religious achievement of those who know how to manage the affairs of state, and wisely to balance the particular profit with the counterpoise of the public, according to the infinite variety of times, places, persons. A proof unanswerable for the superiority of princes above laws is this, that there were kings long before there were any laws.
2612:
mother and the young, subjects. According to Locke's scheme, men knew nothing at all of governments till they met together to make one. Locke has speculated so deeply, and reasoned so ingeniously, as to have forgot that he was not of age when he came into the world.... Under the authority of the father, and his assistant and prime-minister the mother, every human creature is enured to subjection, is trained up into a habit of subjection. But, the habit once formed, nothing is easier than to transfer it from one object to another. Without the previous establishment of domestic government, blood only, and probably a long course of it, could have formed political government.
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2578:, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, claimed that "any unbiased study of the position shows in fact that it was Filmer, not Hobbes, Locke or Sidney, who was the most influential thinker of the age.... Filmer's influence can be measured by the fact that both Locke ... and Sidney ... were not so much independent and positive contributions to political thought as elaborate refutations of his
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2509:(1648) that the Lords give counsel only to the king, that the Commons are to perform and consent only to the ordinances of Parliament, and that the king alone is the maker of laws, which derive their power purely from his will. Filmer considered it monstrous that the people should judge or depose their king, for they would then become judges in their own cause.
2286:
army looted his manor house in
September 1642. By the next year his properties in Westminster and Kent were being heavily taxed to fund the Parliamentary cause. Filmer was investigated by the county committee on suspicion of supporting the King, though no firm evidence was uncovered. Filmer asked the
2611:
Filmer's origin of government is exemplified everywhere: Locke's scheme of government has not ever, to the knowledge of any body, been exemplified any where. In every family there is government, in every family there is subjection, and subjection of the most absolute kind: the father, sovereign, the
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The father of a family governs by no other law than by his own will, not by the laws and wills of his sons or servants. There is no nation that allows children any action or remedy for being unjustly governed; and yet, for all this, every father is bound by the law of nature to do his best for the
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of a supreme father to hold sway. The king is perfectly free from all human control. He cannot be bound by the acts of his predecessors, for which he is not responsible; nor by his own, for it is impossible that a man should give a law to himself – a law must be imposed by another upon the person
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the patriarchs inherited the absolute power which they exercised over their families and servants, and that it is from these patriarchs that all kings and governors (whether a single monarch or a governing assembly) derive their authority, which is therefore absolute, and founded on divine right.
2512:
Filmer was a severe critic of democracy. In his opinion, democracy of ancient Athens was in fact a "justice-trading system". Athenians, he claimed, never knew real justice, only the will of the mob. Ancient Rome was, according to Filmer, ruled fairly only after the Empire was established.
2298:
Filmer died on or about 26 May 1653. His funeral took place in East Sutton on 30 May, where he was buried in the church, surrounded by descendants of his to the tenth generation. He was survived by his wife, three sons and one daughter, one son and one daughter having predeceased him.
153:
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Filmer's father died in
November 1629 and Filmer, as the oldest child, took over his father's manor house and estate. He became a Justice of the Peace and an officer of the county militia in the 1630s. Filmer's eldest son Sir Edward was active in opposing the
2616:
Bentham went on to claim that Filmer had failed to prove divine right theory but he had proved "the physical impossibility of the system of absolute equality and independence, by showing that subjection and not independence is the natural state of man".
2553:, and especially points out that even if the first principles of his argument are to be taken for granted, the rights of the eldest born have been so often cast aside that modern kings can claim no such inheritance of authority, as Filmer asserts.
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The difficulty inherent in judging the validity of claims to power by men who claim to be acting upon the "secret" will of God was disregarded by Filmer, who held that it altered in no way the nature of such power, based on the
2762:
2696:
In G. A. J. Rogers, Robert Filmer, George Lawson, John
Bramhall & Edward Hyde Clarendon (eds.), Leviathan: Contemporary Responses to the Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Thoemmes Press (1995)
2985:"Samuel Filmer was the third son of Sir Robert Filmer... the once famous Tory author.... He married (and appears to have survived marriage only a short time) Mary, daughter of Worham Horsmanden."
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investigators to note "how far he hath binn from medling on either side in deeds or so much as words." One of his tenants claimed that Filmer had hidden arms for the
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2629:. He died in 1668 and the East Sutton estate passed to his brother Robert who was created a baronet in 1674 in honour of their father's loyalty to the Crown. See
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Observations Upon
Aristotles Politiques concerning Forms of Government, Together with Directions for Obedience to Gouvernors in dangerous and doubtfull times
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Observations concerning the
Original of Government upon Mr Hobbes's Leviathan, Mr Milton against Salmasius, and H. Grotius' De jure belli ac pacis
2351:, published posthumously in 1680, but probably begun in the 1620s and almost certainly completed before the Civil War began in 1642. According to
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Observations
Concerning the Originall of Government, upon Mr Hobs Leviathan, Mr Milton against Salmasius, H. Grotius De Jure Belli
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2582:, written soon after its first publication. Indeed, but for him it is doubtful whether either book would have been written."
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2457:, who had complete control over his descendants, even over life and death itself. From Adam this authority was inherited by
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Filmer's theory obtained wide recognition owing to a timely posthumous publication. Nine years after the publication of
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2005:
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Teresa Bałuk (1984), "Sir Robert Filmer's
Description of the Polish Constitutional System in the Seventeenth Century,"
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2633:. Filmer's third son, Samuel, married Mary Horsmanden and lived in Virginia Colony before dying childless soon after.
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2386:(1648) concerned English constitutional history. Filmer's early published works did not receive much attention, while
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88:
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Wilfred Watson (1947), "The Fifth
Commandment; some Allusions to Sir Robert Filmer's Writings in Tristram Shandy,"
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roused him to literary activity. His writings provide examples of the doctrines held by the extreme section of the
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2400:, who had maintained that the king's prerogative was not superior to the authority of the Houses of Parliament.
2291:, although this was apparently a false charge. Perhaps for that reason, Filmer was imprisoned for some years in
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singled out Filmer among the advocates of Divine Right and attacked him expressly in the first part of the
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English
Society, 1688–1832. Ideology, social structure and political practice during the ancien regime
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Myrddin Jones (1958), "Further
Thoughts on Religion: Swift's Relationship to Filmer and Locke,"
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is the true origin and model of all government. In the beginning God gave authority to
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2858:, ed. by Johann P. Sommerville (1991), viii, xiii, xxxii–xxxiv ("The Date of Filmer's
2790:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., October 2009, accessed 25 September 2013.
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in London, with their first child baptised in February 1620. On 24 January 1619, King
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appeared in 1652. In line with its title, it attacks several political classics, the
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in 1613, but there is no evidence he practised law. He bought the porter's lodge at
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Gordon Schochet (1971), "Sir Robert Filmer: Some New Bibliographical Discoveries,"
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Ian Hardie (1973), "The Aristotelian Motif in Filmer's Patriarcha: A Second Look,"
3114:
James Daly (1983), "Some Problems in the Authorship of Sir Robert Filmer's Works,"
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Freeholders Grand Inquest touching our Sovereign Lord the King and his Parliament
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His position was enunciated by the works which he published in his lifetime.
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Filmer was already middle-aged when the controversy between the King and the
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Charles R. Geisst (1973), "The Aristotelian Motif in Filmer's Patriarcha,"
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The eldest child of Sir Edward Filmer and Elizabeth Filmer (née Argall) of
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3225:(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 44–45.
3156:
Peter Laslett (1948), "Sir Robert Filmer: The Man versus the Whig Myth,"
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2288:
1020:
957:
883:
684:
480:
455:
428:
3170:
Constance Smith (1963), "Filmer, and the Knolles Translation of Bodin,"
3071:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 345.
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for use as his town house. On 8 August 1618, he married Anne Heton in
3835:
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2738:, edited by Johann P. Sommerville (Cambridge University Press, 1991)
2282:, who had been imprisoned for his part in the Kentish petition. The
2278:
and Filmer stood surety for ÂŁ5000 for the release of his friend Sir
2866:, The Historical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 1 (March 1980), pp. 155–165.
3865:
3354:
3289:
3216:
3177:
J. P. Sommerville (1982), "From Suarez to Filmer: A Reappraisal,"
3052:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2324:
2600:
to explaining Filmer's doctrines and published them in a volume.
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873:
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in 1674. His other son, Beversham Filmer, became the owner of
38:
2715:
An Advertisement to the Jury-Men of England Touching Witches,
2439:
The Power of Kings, and in particular, of the King of England
296:, published posthumously in 1680, was the target of numerous
3142:
R. W. K. Hinton (1967), "Husbands, Fathers and Conquerors,"
2708:
An Advertisement to the Jury-Men of England Touching Witches
2806:
The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent
2742:
Patriarcha and other political works of Sir Robert Filmer
3128:
W. H. Greenleaf (1966), "Filmer's Patriarchal History,"
3102:
Sir Robert Filmer (1588–1653) and the Patriotic Monarch.
3093:(1993), "A Neglected Classic: Filmer's Patriarcha." In:
2880:
The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution
2347:
The fullest expression of Filmer's thoughts is found in
2246:, in 1604. He did not take a degree and was admitted to
2924:
Revolution Principles. The Politics of Party. 1689–1720
2556:
Filmer's patriarchal monarchism was also the target of
2449:
Filmer's theory is founded upon the statement that the
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2926:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 63.
2893:
Witchcraft and Its Transformations, c. 1650 – c. 1750
4957:
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4374:
4107:
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3267:
2302:His son, also Robert, was created the first of the
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245:
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207:
195:
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143:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2396:(1648) was an attack on a treatise on monarchy by
2997:"The Authorship of the Freeholders Grand Inquest"
3109:Sir Robert Filmer and English Political Thought.
2682:The Necessity of the Absolute Power of All Kings
3160:, Third Series, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 523–546
2596:devoted twelve successive issues of the weekly
2476:
3187:(1986), "A New Date for Filmer's Patriarcha,"
3153:, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 35, pp. 284–286
2948:(Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 75–76.
2744:, edited by Peter Laslett (B. Blackwell, 1949)
2589:Filmer's works enjoyed a revival. In 1705 the
3245:
2219:
746:
8:
3751:
2441:(written 1648) was first published in 1680.
2314:, who then passed it on through his family.
490:
3687:
2812:. Institute of Historical Research: 386–393
3815:
3252:
3238:
3230:
2864:The Date of Sir Robert Filmer's Patriarcha
2676:The Anarchy of a Limited or Mixed Monarchy
2659:is usually attributed to Robert Filmer by
2226:
2212:
764:
753:
739:
351:
151:
140:
30:For other people named Robert Filmer, see
3210:Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings
2995:Weston, Corinne Comstock (January 1980).
2349:Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2843:
2643:Of the Blasphemie against the Holy Ghost
2368:Of the Blasphemie against the Holy Ghost
1796:Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK
4835:Reflections on the Revolution in France
3007:(374). Oxford University Press: 74–98.
2788:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2754:
2394:Anarchy of a Limited and Mixed Monarchy
1581:Reflections on the Revolution in France
776:
363:
282:(c. 1588 – 26 May 1653) was an English
3085:The Slavonic and East European Review,
2778:
2776:
2694:Observations on Mr Hobbes's Leviathan.
2736:Filmer: Patriarcha and Other Writings
7:
5163:People from the Borough of Maidstone
5158:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
2451:government of a family by the father
2370:, from 1646 or 1647, argued against
67:adding citations to reliable sources
4945:The End of History and the Last Man
4855:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3174:, Vol. 13, No. 52, pp. 248–252
2958:Gonzalez, Pedro (14 October 2019).
2910:The Biblical Politics of John Locke
2722:at the University of Exeter, (1975)
1661:Tradition and the Individual Talent
3181:, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 525–540
3139:, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 479–484
3125:, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 490–499
3118:Vol. 98, No. 389, pp. 737–762
2295:and his estates were sequestered.
25:
3132:, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 157–171
3097:. New York and Geneva: Peter Lamb
2784:Filmer, Sir Robert (1588? – 1653)
328:. Filmer also wrote critiques of
5168:English male non-fiction writers
4915:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3198:Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 234–240
3191:Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 183–186
3095:Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars
3087:Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 241–249
3045:
2562:Discourses Concerning Government
2193:
2181:
1896:Conservative Democratic Alliance
1571:A Vindication of Natural Society
788:
375:
307:Discourses Concerning Government
300:attempts at rebuttal, including
43:
27:17th-century English philosopher
3722:Family as a model for the state
2392:circulated only in manuscript.
1811:Conservative and Unionist Party
268:Family as a model for the state
256:
54:needs additional citations for
5148:English political philosophers
5072:Separation of church and state
4970:Collectivism and individualism
4925:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3158:The William and Mary Quarterly
3116:The English Historical Review,
2649:The Free-holders Grand Inquest
2627:Gentleman of the Privy Chamber
2603:In an unpublished manuscript,
2141:Politics of the United Kingdom
1701:Our Culture, What's Left of It
32:Robert Filmer (disambiguation)
1:
5112:Category:Political philosophy
4985:Critique of political economy
3151:The Review of English Studies
3001:The English Historical Review
2856:Patriarcha and Other Writings
2663:, but contemporary historian
2625:His first son Sir Edward was
2420:Defensio pro Populo Anglicano
2384:The Freeholders Grand Inquest
2355:, "The whole argument of ...
2131:List of British conservatives
172:
158:
5010:Institutional discrimination
5005:History of political thought
3737:Negative and positive rights
2960:"A Better Guide than Reason"
2549:goes into all his arguments
2242:in Kent, he matriculated at
2136:Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle
5143:English non-fiction writers
5020:Justification for the state
4805:Two Treatises of Government
3172:The Philosophical Quarterly
3167:Vol. XXVI, pp. 135–160
3146:, Vol. 15, pp. 291–300
3111:University of Toronto Press
3104:Manchester University Press
3013:10.1093/ehr/XCV.CCCLXXIV.74
2767:A Cambridge Alumni Database
2763:"Filmer, Robert (FLMR604R)"
2542:Two Treatises of Government
2250:on 24 January 1605. He was
1863:Veterans and People's Party
705:Traditionalist conservatism
325:Two Treatises of Government
5184:
3690:Bellum omnium contra omnes
3223:Men of Kent and Kentishmen
2769:. University of Cambridge.
2244:Trinity College, Cambridge
1886:Blue Collar Conservativism
1831:Traditional Unionist Voice
1806:Christian Peoples Alliance
29:
5107:
3215:Hutchinson, John (1892).
2461:. This assumes that from
2200:United Kingdom portal
1970:Traditional Britain Group
1891:Centre for Policy Studies
1816:Democratic Unionist Party
690:Spanish American royalism
273:
221:
150:
4895:The Revolt of the Masses
2437:. The pamphlet entitled
1942:One Nation Conservatives
1751:How to Be a Conservative
1681:The Left Was Never Right
768:This article is part of
565:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
500:Conservative corporatism
4875:The Communist Manifesto
3801:Tyranny of the majority
3712:Consent of the governed
3189:The Historical Journal,
3100:Cesare Cuttica (2012),
3068:Encyclopædia Britannica
2800:Hasted, Edward (1798).
2570:Patriarcha non-monarcha
2188:Conservatism portal
1980:Western Goals Institute
1914:The Freedom Association
1909:European Research Group
451:Traditional Catholicism
316:Patriarcha Non Monarcha
290:. His best known work,
230:17th-century philosophy
3752:
3702:Clash of civilizations
3688:
3196:Modern Language Notes,
3179:The Historical Journal
3130:The Historical Journal
2614:
2490:
2410:De jure belli ac pacis
2333:
2126:English Defence League
1731:The Great Degeneration
580:1st Duke of Wellington
491:
3717:Divine right of kings
3218:"Robert Filmer"
2862:"); John M. Wallace,
2609:
2527:, at the time of the
2505:, he asserted in his
2328:
1924:Henry Jackson Society
1841:Ulster Unionist Party
1836:UK Independence Party
1771:The Madness of Crowds
988:Social market economy
781:in the United Kingdom
560:1st Earl of Rochester
550:1st Earl of Clarendon
505:Divine right of kings
288:divine right of kings
264:Divine right of kings
4865:Democracy in America
4244:political philosophy
4227:political philosophy
4042:political philosophy
3871:political philosophy
3781:Separation of powers
3742:Night-watchman state
3727:Monopoly on violence
3261:Political philosophy
2585:During the reign of
2503:English constitution
2073:The Sunday Telegraph
2053:The Salisbury Review
1853:For Britain Movement
1721:The Rage Against God
1671:The Abolition of Man
919:Classical liberalism
252:Political philosophy
63:improve this article
5055:Right-wing politics
4935:A Theory of Justice
4905:The Road to Serfdom
4825:The Social Contract
3532:Christian democracy
3107:James Daly (1979),
2531:which banished the
2266:knighted Filmer at
2260:St Leonard's Church
2121:Cambridge Analytica
2033:The Daily Telegraph
1631:Culture and Anarchy
1219:Oakeshott (Michael)
820:Muscular liberalism
805:British nationalism
486:Cavalier Parliament
5067:Political violence
5062:Political theology
5045:Left-wing politics
5040:Political spectrum
3063:Filmer, Sir Robert
2935:Kenyon, pp. 63–64.
2913:(2004), pp. 80–81.
2655:The authorship of
2334:
2048:The Mail on Sunday
1741:The Son Also Rises
1591:Tamworth Manifesto
1502:Oakeshott (Isabel)
1031:Stuart Restoration
284:political theorist
240:Western philosophy
5120:
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5030:Philosophy of law
4975:Conflict theories
4815:The Spirit of Law
4722:
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3771:Original position
3144:Political Studies
3137:Political Studies
3123:Political Studies
2667:attributed it to
2535:from the throne,
2256:Westminster Abbey
2252:called to the bar
2236:
2235:
2159:National Populism
2111:Anglo-Catholicism
2068:The Sun on Sunday
2028:The Daily Sceptic
1965:Tory Reform Group
1919:Free Speech Union
1904:Cornerstone Group
1651:The Servile State
763:
762:
600:Winston Churchill
404:Counterrevolution
286:who defended the
280:Sir Robert Filmer
277:
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203:(aged 64–65)
188:East Sutton, Kent
145:Sir Robert Filmer
139:
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621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
570:Samuel Johnson
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
510:Family Compact
507:
502:
497:
493:Château Clique
488:
483:
477:
474:General topics
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
458:
453:
448:
446:Traditionalism
443:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
406:
401:
396:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
361:
360:
349:
346:
275:
274:
271:
270:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
247:Main interests
246:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
219:
218:
209:
205:
204:
197:
193:
192:
186:
170:
166:
165:
156:
148:
147:
144:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Jurisprudence
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:Rights of Man
4842:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:De re publica
4752:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:20th and 21st
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:18th and 19th
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Nizam al-Mulk
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:Republicanism
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3054:public domain
3043:
3042:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:John Kenyon,
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:Chisholm 1911
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:Peter Laslett
2658:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:List of works
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:James Tyrrell
2563:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2498:bound by it.
2496:
2495:natural right
2486:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:Thomas Hobbes
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2398:Philip Hunton
2395:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2284:Parliamentary
2281:
2280:Roger Twysden
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:Lincoln's Inn
2245:
2241:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:The Spectator
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:Daily Express
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:Organisations
1872:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Hanbury-Tracy
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:Intellectuals
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Young England
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Protectionism
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Family values
946:
942:
941:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Compassionate
830:
828:
825:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
791:
787:
786:
783:
775:
771:
767:
766:
756:
751:
749:
744:
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312:James Tyrrell
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119:December 2007
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80: –
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74:Find sources:
68:
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52:This article
50:
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19:
5133:1580s births
5096:
4995:Elite theory
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4733:
4032:Guicciardini
4021:
3988:Early modern
3811:Philosophers
3761:Open society
3697:Body politic
3567:Distributism
3557:Conservatism
3552:Confucianism
3471:Gerontocracy
3461:Dictatorship
3415:Sovereignty‎
3405:Ruling class
3295:Emancipation
3280:Citizenship‎
3222:
3195:
3188:
3185:Richard Tuck
3178:
3171:
3165:The Library,
3164:
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3150:
3143:
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3122:
3115:
3108:
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3084:
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3024:. Retrieved
3004:
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2967:. Retrieved
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2814:. Retrieved
2809:
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2665:Anthony Wood
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2545:. The first
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2342:Divine Right
2335:
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2310:Court, near
2301:
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2293:Leeds Castle
2272:
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2157:
1947:Orange Order
1846:
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1790:
1769:
1761:Conservatism
1759:
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1739:
1729:
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1709:
1699:
1679:
1669:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1579:
1569:
1431:Commentators
1148:
998:State church
938:
779:Conservatism
710:Ultra-Tories
650:Distributism
645:Conservatism
610:George Grant
605:Enoch Powell
585:Walter Scott
544:
438:
419:High culture
364:
355:Part of the
338:Hugo Grotius
323:
315:
305:
291:
279:
278:
201:(1653-05-26)
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
5138:1653 deaths
4869:(1835–1840)
4749:(c. 350 BC)
4739:(c. 375 BC)
4356:Tocqueville
4321:Saint-Simon
4286:Montesquieu
4137:Bolingbroke
4069:Machiavelli
3949:Ibn Khaldun
3914:Alpharabius
3907:Middle Ages
3732:Natural law
3707:Common good
3632:Nationalism
3592:Imperialism
3562:Corporatism
3537:Colonialism
3517:Agrarianism
3496:Technocracy
3476:Meritocracy
3456:Bureaucracy
3446:Aristocracy
2964:The Agonist
2816:28 February
2576:John Kenyon
2501:As for the
2487:, chapter 3
2425:John Milton
2376:John Calvin
2240:East Sutton
2168:Remigration
2116:Blue Labour
1929:Monday Club
1881:Bright Blue
1281:Politicians
993:Sovereignty
953:Imperialism
934:Meritocracy
929:Aristocracy
869:Progressive
847:Thatcherism
680:Reactionary
413:Anglicanism
409:High Church
394:Agrarianism
334:John Milton
199:26 May 1653
176: 1588
162: 1650
5127:Categories
5077:Separatism
4885:On Liberty
4785:The Prince
4514:Huntington
4017:Campanella
3944:al-Ghazali
3893:Thucydides
3851:Lactantius
3796:Statolatry
3622:Monarchism
3602:Liberalism
3527:Capitalism
3510:Ideologies
3491:Plutocracy
3439:Government
3395:Revolution
3380:Propaganda
3330:Legitimacy
3305:Government
3039:References
3026:26 October
2860:Patriarcha
2802:"Parishes"
2729:Patriarcha
2587:Queen Anne
2580:Patriarcha
2537:John Locke
2529:Revolution
2524:Patriarcha
2485:Patriarcha
2427:, and the
2389:Patriarcha
2372:Calvinists
2363:onwards".
2357:Patriarcha
2330:Patriarcha
2319:Patriarcha
2146:Liberalism
2023:Daily Mail
2006:The Critic
1711:Black Mass
1564:Literature
1547:Worsthorne
1507:O'Sullivan
1264:Wordsworth
1104:Chesterton
1041:Jacobitism
908:Principles
859:One-nation
815:Cameronism
799:Ideologies
720:Viva Maria
695:Sanfedismo
660:Legitimism
515:Jacobitism
434:Monarchism
399:Classicism
320:John Locke
293:Patriarcha
89:newspapers
4795:Leviathan
4775:Monarchia
4769:(c. 1274)
4604:Oakeshott
4549:Mansfield
4544:Luxemburg
4529:Kropotkin
4424:Bernstein
4377:centuries
4291:Nietzsche
4234:Jefferson
4162:Condorcet
4110:centuries
4089:Pufendorf
3954:Marsilius
3841:Confucius
3826:Aristotle
3819:Antiquity
3747:Noble lie
3667:Third Way
3662:Socialism
3587:Feudalism
3542:Communism
3522:Anarchism
3501:Theocracy
3486:Oligarchy
3466:Democracy
3451:Autocracy
3365:Pluralism
3350:Obedience
3315:Hierarchy
3275:Authority
2598:Rehearsal
2591:non-juror
2517:Reception
2430:Leviathan
2403:Filmer's
2380:blasphemy
2312:Faversham
2308:Luddenham
2289:Royalists
2268:Newmarket
2151:Socialism
2088:The Times
1983:(Defunct)
1960:(Defunct)
1932:(Defunct)
1899:(Defunct)
1826:Reform UK
1641:Orthodoxy
1635:(1867–68)
1611:Coningsby
1601:On Heroes
1409:Salisbury
1404:Rees-Mogg
1379:Macmillan
1337:Positions
1322:Churchill
1297:Braverman
1129:Dalrymple
1114:Coleridge
1061:New Right
1046:Old Whigs
1026:Corn Laws
1003:Tradition
864:Powellism
675:Pink Tory
670:Miguelism
655:High Tory
640:Cristeros
525:Powellism
481:Cavaliers
342:Aristotle
216:Cambridge
190:, England
5050:Centrism
4745:Politics
4735:Republic
4704:Voegelin
4684:Spengler
4669:Shariati
4644:Rothbard
4599:Nussbaum
4499:Habermas
4474:Fukuyama
4464:Foucault
4389:Ambedkar
4366:Voltaire
4336:de Staël
4311:Rousseau
4192:Franklin
4167:Constant
4127:Beccaria
3959:Muhammad
3939:Gelasius
3924:Averroes
3898:Xenophon
3878:Polybius
3831:Chanakya
3676:Concepts
3642:Populism
3612:Localism
3597:Islamism
3582:Feminism
3481:Monarchy
3385:Property
3375:Progress
3340:Monopoly
3310:Hegemony
2551:seriatim
2547:Treatise
2482:—
1522:Sullivan
1472:Hitchens
1442:Benjamin
1419:Willetts
1414:Thatcher
1327:Disraeli
1204:Ludovici
1199:Lawrence
1144:Ferguson
1119:Conquest
1021:Cavalier
978:Royalism
958:Loyalism
770:a series
715:Vendéens
685:Red Tory
665:Loyalism
461:Unionism
456:Royalism
429:Loyalism
5087:Statism
5000:Elitism
4958:Related
4759:(51 BC)
4689:Strauss
4664:Scruton
4659:Schmitt
4649:Russell
4569:Michels
4564:Maurras
4559:Marcuse
4519:Kautsky
4489:Gramsci
4484:Gentile
4454:Dworkin
4444:Du Bois
4439:Dmowski
4434:Chomsky
4429:Burnham
4414:Benoist
4384:Agamben
4351:Thoreau
4341:Stirner
4331:Spencer
4276:Mazzini
4266:Maistre
4261:Madison
4256:Le Play
4187:Fourier
4152:Carlyle
4132:Bentham
4122:Bastiat
4117:Bakunin
4094:Spinoza
4084:MĂĽntzer
4054:Leibniz
4027:Grotius
4007:Bossuet
3974:Plethon
3919:Aquinas
3888:Sun Tzu
3856:Mencius
3846:Han Fei
3617:Marxism
3577:Fascism
3410:Society
3335:Liberty
3320:Justice
3300:Freedom
3056::
2710:(1653)
2690:(1652)
2607:wrote:
2568:in his
2564:and of
2560:in his
2533:Stuarts
2471:Japheth
2415:Grotius
2361:Genesis
2344:party.
2264:James I
2105:Related
2063:The Sun
2043:GB News
1847:Defunct
1787:Parties
1527:Tominey
1517:Starkey
1512:Roberts
1462:Goodwin
1364:Johnson
1312:Canning
1307:Cameron
1292:Balfour
1287:Baldwin
1249:Stephen
1244:Southey
1239:Scruton
1224:Parvini
1189:Kipling
1124:Cowling
1099:Carlyle
1084:Bagehot
1015:History
924:Elitism
874:Toryism
842:Liberal
810:Burkean
635:Chouans
630:Carlism
538:People
367:Toryism
178: (
157:Filmer
103:scholar
4949:(1992)
4939:(1971)
4929:(1951)
4919:(1945)
4909:(1944)
4899:(1929)
4889:(1859)
4879:(1848)
4859:(1820)
4849:(1791)
4839:(1790)
4829:(1762)
4819:(1748)
4809:(1689)
4799:(1651)
4789:(1532)
4779:(1313)
4709:Walzer
4699:Taylor
4654:Sartre
4619:Popper
4614:Pareto
4609:Ortega
4594:Nozick
4584:Mouffe
4534:Laclau
4494:Guénon
4479:Gandhi
4419:Berlin
4409:Bauman
4404:Badiou
4394:Arendt
4361:Tucker
4251:Le Bon
4212:Herder
4202:Haller
4197:Godwin
4182:Fichte
4177:Engels
4172:Cortés
4142:Bonald
4099:Suárez
4074:Milton
4064:Luther
4037:Hobbes
4022:Filmer
4012:Calvin
3997:Boétie
3990:period
3969:Ockham
3836:Cicero
3637:Nazism
3425:Utopia
3400:Rights
3390:Regime
3360:People
3345:Nation
3050:
3021:569083
3019:
2969:4 June
2732:(1680)
2704:(1652)
2684:(1648)
2678:(1648)
2651:(1648)
2645:(1647)
2621:Family
2417:, the
2163:(2018)
2093:UnHerd
2083:TalkTV
1937:NATCON
1858:Tories
1791:Active
1775:(2019)
1765:(2017)
1755:(2014)
1745:(2014)
1735:(2013)
1725:(2010)
1715:(2007)
1705:(2005)
1695:(1968)
1685:(1945)
1675:(1943)
1665:(1919)
1655:(1912)
1645:(1908)
1625:(1845)
1615:(1844)
1605:(1841)
1595:(1834)
1585:(1790)
1575:(1756)
1542:Watson
1537:Verity
1532:Veitch
1497:Nelson
1492:Murray
1399:Powell
1369:Joseph
1349:Hannan
1332:Farage
1229:Ruskin
1214:Newman
1159:Gibbon
1154:Galton
1149:Filmer
1134:Dawson
1089:Belloc
1066:Brexit
1036:Tories
889:Social
236:Region
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
5098:Index
4727:Works
4714:Weber
4679:Spann
4674:Sorel
4639:Röpke
4634:Rawls
4589:Negri
4579:Mosca
4574:Mises
4539:Lenin
4509:Hoppe
4504:Hayek
4469:Fromm
4459:Evola
4449:Dugin
4346:Taine
4326:Smith
4306:Renan
4301:Paine
4222:Iqbal
4207:Hegel
4157:Comte
4147:Burke
4059:Locke
4049:James
4002:Bodin
3934:Dante
3929:Bruni
3883:Shang
3866:Plato
3420:State
3370:Power
3355:Peace
3290:Elite
3268:Terms
3017:JSTOR
2749:Notes
2445:Views
1995:Media
1621:Sybil
1552:Young
1482:Kisin
1457:Evans
1447:Cohen
1374:Leigh
1354:Hayes
1317:Cates
1302:Burke
1269:Ye'or
1259:Waugh
1254:Unwin
1234:Scott
1169:Hayek
1139:Eliot
1109:Clark
1094:Burke
894:Ultra
837:Green
827:Civic
110:JSTOR
96:books
4629:Rand
4624:Qutb
4524:Kirk
4399:Aron
4316:Sade
4296:Owen
4281:Mill
4271:Marx
4239:Kant
4217:Hume
4079:More
3979:Wang
3861:Mozi
3285:Duty
3028:2021
2971:2020
2818:2014
2720:Rota
2718:The
2469:and
2463:Shem
2459:Noah
2455:Adam
1487:Lunn
1452:Cole
1437:Amis
1394:Pitt
1389:Peel
1359:Hogg
1344:Gove
1209:More
1194:Land
1184:Kemp
1174:Hume
1164:Gray
879:High
348:Life
340:and
318:and
298:Whig
196:Died
180:1588
169:Born
82:news
4694:Sun
4554:Mao
3430:War
3325:Law
3065:".
3009:doi
2786:',
2467:Ham
2433:of
2423:of
2413:of
1384:May
884:Red
854:Neo
322:'s
314:'s
304:'s
226:Era
65:by
5129::
3221:.
3015:.
3005:95
3003:.
2999:.
2962:.
2907:,
2878:,
2826:^
2808:.
2804:.
2775:^
2765:.
2671:.
2572:.
2465:,
2382:.
2270:.
1693:"
1663:"
1593:"
772:on
359:on
344:.
336:,
332:,
310:,
214:,
173:c.
159:c.
3253:e
3246:t
3239:v
3030:.
3011::
2973:.
2846:.
2820:.
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2227:e
2220:t
2213:v
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740:v
415:)
411:(
182:)
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
20:)
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