William Herschel - Knowledge (XXG)

1182: 986: 511: 1238:. They were almost four feet (1.2 m) in diameter and weighed 1,000 pounds (450 kg). When the first disk deformed due to its weight, a second thicker one was made with a higher content of copper. The mirrors had to be hand-polished, a painstaking process. A mirror was repeatedly put into the telescope and removed again to ensure that it was properly formed. When a mirror deformed or tarnished, it had to be removed, repolished and replaced in the apparatus. A huge rotating platform was built to support the telescope, enabling it to be repositioned by assistants as a sweep progressed. A platform near the top of the tube enabled the viewer to look down into the tube and view the resulting image. 616: 1075:

social responsibilities in the household, and with them much of her status. Caroline destroyed her journals between the years 1788 to 1798, so her feelings during this period are not entirely known. According to her memoir, Caroline then moved to separate lodgings, but continued to work as her brother's assistant. When her brother and his family were away from their home, she would often return to take care of it for them. In later life, Caroline and Lady Herschel exchanged affectionate letters.

812: 924:(1802). He arranged his discoveries under eight "classes": (I) bright nebulae, (II) faint nebulae, (III) very faint nebulae, (IV) planetary nebulae, (V) very large nebulae, (VI) very compressed and rich clusters of stars, (VII) compressed clusters of small and large stars, and (VIII) coarsely scattered clusters of stars. Herschel's discoveries were supplemented by those of Caroline Herschel (11 objects) and his son John Herschel (1754 objects) and published by him as 255: 1668: 1242: 7046: 6936: 5995: 62: 597: 6031: 1980: 7010: 1580: 7034: 1283:

Victorians developed techniques for the precision engineering of large, high-quality mirrors. William Herschel was disappointed with it. Most of Herschel's observations were done with a smaller 18.5-inch (47 cm), 20-foot-focal-length (6.1 m) reflector. Nonetheless, the 40-foot caught the public imagination. It inspired scientists and writers including

878: 5981: 6986: 7022: 6998: 1041:. William was even summoned to Windsor Castle to demonstrate Caroline's comet to the royal family. William recorded this phenomenon himself, terming it "My Sister's Comet." She wrote letters to the Astronomer Royal to announce the discovery of her second comet, and wrote to Joseph Banks upon the discovery of her third and fourth comets. 6974: 6962: 785:. In all, Herschel discovered over 800 confirmed double or multiple star systems, almost all of them physical rather than optical pairs. His theoretical and observational work provided the foundation for modern binary star astronomy; new catalogues adding to his work were not published until after 1820 by 1152:

in all directions, as high as the ceiling. My poor brother fell, exhausted with heat and exertion, on a heap of brickbats. Before the second casting was attempted, everything which could ensure success had been attended to, and a very perfect metal was found in the mould, which had cracked in the cooling.

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Herschel is reported to have cast, ground, and polished more than four hundred mirrors for telescopes, varying in size from 6 to 48 inches in diameter. Herschel and his assistants built and sold at least sixty complete telescopes of various sizes. Commissions for the making and selling of mirrors and

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A day was set apart for casting, and the metal was in the furnace, but unfortunately it began to leak at the moment when ready for pouring, and both my brothers and the caster with his men were obliged to run out at opposite doors, for the stone flooring (which ought to have been taken up) flew about

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The creation of larger, symmetrical mirrors was extremely difficult. Any flaw would result in a blurred image. Because no one else was making mirrors of the size and magnification desired by Herschel, he determined to make his own. This was no small undertaking. He was assisted by his sister Caroline

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rather than a convex lens. This avoids chromatic aberration. The concave mirror gathered more light than a lens, reflecting it onto a flat mirror at the end of the telescope for viewing. A smaller mirror could provide greater magnification and a larger field of view than a convex lens. Newton's first

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William Herschel's marriage in 1788 caused a lot of tension in the brother-sister relationship. Caroline has been referred to as a bitter, jealous woman who worshipped her brother and resented her sister-in-law for invading her domestic life. With the arrival of Mary, Caroline lost her managerial and

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Caroline continued her astronomical work after William's death in 1822. She worked to verify and confirm his findings as well as putting together catalogues of nebulae. Towards the end of her life, she arranged two-and-a-half thousand nebulae and star clusters into zones of similar polar distances.

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In October 1783, a new 20-foot telescope came into service for William. During this time, William was attempting to observe and then record all of the observations. He had to run inside and let his eyes readjust to the artificial light before he could record anything, and then he would have to wait

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Herschel's speculation on a connection between sunspots and regional climate, using the market price of wheat as a proxy, continues to be cited. According to one study, the influence of solar activity can actually be seen on the historical wheat market in England over ten solar cycles between 1600

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built a replica of the 20-foot telescope using Herschel's original plans but modern materials. It is to be considered a close modern approximation rather than an exact replica. A modern glass mirror was used, the frame uses metal scaffolding and the tube is a sewer pipe. The telescope was shown on

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Caroline also continued to serve as William Herschel's assistant, often taking notes while he observed at the telescope. For her work as William's assistant, she was granted an annual salary of £50 by George III. Her appointment made her the first female in England to be honoured with a government

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Herschel was sure that he had found ample evidence of life on the Moon and compared it to the English countryside. He did not refrain himself from theorising that the other planets were populated, with a special interest in Mars, which was in line with most of his contemporary scientists. During

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Caroline spent many hours polishing the mirrors of high performance telescopes so that the amount of light captured was maximized. She also copied astronomical catalogues and other publications for William. After William accepted the office of King's Astronomer to George III, Caroline became his

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The 40-foot (12-metre) telescope proved very cumbersome, and in spite of its size, not very effective at showing clearer images. Herschel's technological innovations had taken him to the limits of what was possible with the technology of his day. The 40-foot would not be improved upon until the

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In 1801, Herschel reported his findings to the Royal Society and indicated five prolonged periods of few sunspots correlated with the price of wheat. Herschel's study was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries but did initiate further attempts to find a correlation. Later in the 19th century,

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were actually clusters of stars. On 13 March 1781 while making observations he made note of a new object in the constellation of Gemini. This would, after several weeks of verification and consultation with other astronomers, be confirmed to be a new planet, eventually given the name of

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Herschel's early observational work soon focused on the search for pairs of stars that were very close together visually. Astronomers of the era expected that changes over time in the apparent separation and relative location of these stars would provide evidence for both the

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until his eyes were adjusted to the dark before he could observe again. Caroline became his recorder by sitting at a desk near an open window. William would shout out his observations and she would write them down along with any information he needed from a reference book.

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with two 20-foot-focal-length (610 cm), 12-and-18.7-inch-aperture (30 and 47 cm) telescopes (in combination with his favoured 6-inch-aperture instrument). Excluding duplicated and "lost" entries, Herschel ultimately discovered over 2,400 objects defined by him as

842:, which also brought him favour; the name did not stick. In France, where reference to the British king was to be avoided if possible, the planet was known as "Herschel" until the name "Uranus" was universally adopted. The same year, Herschel was awarded the 1166:

An essential part of constructing and maintaining telescopes was the grinding and polishing of their mirrors. This had to be done repeatedly, whenever the mirrors deformed or tarnished during use. The only way to test the accuracy of a mirror was to use it.

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Herschel is especially honoured in Slough and there are several memorials to him and his discoveries. In 2011 a new bus station, the design of which was inspired by the infrared experiment of William Herschel, was built in the centre of Slough.

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Herschel's time, scientists tended to believe in a plurality of civilised worlds; in contrast, most religious thinkers referred to unique properties of the Earth. Herschel went so far as to speculate that the interior of the Sun was populated.

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In 1785 Herschel approached King George for money to cover the cost of building the 40-foot telescope. He received £4,000. Without royal patronage, the telescope could not have been created. As it was, it took five years, and went over budget.

1639:. He detected a temperature one degree higher than that of red light. Further experimentation led to Herschel's conclusion that there must be an invisible form of light beyond the visible spectrum. He published these results in April 1800. 1362:, when sunspots were relatively few in number. This was one of the reasons why Herschel was not able to identify the standard 11-year period in solar activity. Herschel compared his observations with the series of wheat prices published by 708:, who invited him to join the Bath Philosophical Society. Herschel became an active member, and through Watson would greatly enlarge his circle of contacts. A few years later, in 1785, Herschel was elected an international member of the 474:, Herschel's father Isaak sent his two sons to seek refuge in England in late 1757. Although his older brother Jakob had received his dismissal from the Hanoverian Guards, Wilhelm was accused of desertion (for which he was pardoned by 822:

In March 1781, during his search for double stars, Herschel noticed an object appearing as a disk. Herschel originally thought it was a comet or a stellar disc, which he believed he might actually resolve. He reported the sighting to

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during the 1770s not only indicates his personal interests, but also suggests an intention to be upwardly mobile, both socially and professionally. He was well-positioned to engage with eighteenth-century "philosophical Gentleman" or

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published work in 1767 on the distribution of double stars, and in 1783 on "dark stars", that may have influenced Herschel. After Michell's death in 1793, Herschel bought a ten-foot-long, 30-inch reflecting telescope from Michell's

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and was accorded the honorary title 'Sir' although this was not the equivalent of an official British knighthood. He helped to found the Astronomical Society of London in 1820, which in 1831 received a royal charter and became the

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Catalogue of stars taken from Mr Flamsteed's observations contained in the second volume of the Historia Coelestis and not inserted in the British catalogue ... / by Carolina Herschel; with notes & introduction by William

869:). There, he continued his work as an astronomer and telescope maker. He achieved an international reputation for their manufacture, profitably selling over 60 completed reflectors to British and Continental astronomers. 1698:, born at Observatory House on 7 March 1792. William's personal background and rise as man of science had a profound impact on the upbringing of his son and grandchildren. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the 1225:

The Herschel home in Slough became a scramble of "labourers and workmen, smiths and carpenters". A 40-foot telescope tube had to be cast of iron. The tube was large enough to walk through. Mirror blanks were poured from

4587:"Observations tending to investigate the nature of the Sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; With remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations" 7146: 588:. Herschel's brothers Dietrich, Alexander and Jakob (1734–1792) also appeared as musicians of Bath. In 1780, Herschel was appointed director of the Bath orchestra, with his sister often appearing as soprano soloist. 3049: 772:

In 1797, Herschel measured many of the systems again, and discovered changes in their relative positions that could not be attributed to the parallax caused by the Earth's orbit. He waited until 1802 (in

741:" of his own manufacture, in October 1779, Herschel began a systematic search for such stars among "every star in the Heavens", with new discoveries listed through 1792. He soon discovered many more 7241: 7211: 6236: 451:

in the Hanover Military Band. In 1755 the Hanoverian Guards regiment, in whose band Wilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England. At the time the crowns of

7141: 1744:, also an astronomer, than with her surviving family in Hanover. She continued to work on the organization and cataloguing of nebulae, creating what would later become the basis of the 6114: 1016:. In 1783, William built her a small Newtonian reflector telescope, with a handle to make a vertical sweep of the sky. Between 1783 and 1787, she made an independent discovery of 783:

Account of the Changes that have happened, during the last Twenty-five Years, in the relative Situation of Double-stars; with an Investigation of the Cause to which they are owing

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Herschel constructed his first large telescope in 1774, after which he spent nine years carrying out sky surveys to investigate double stars. Herschel published catalogues of

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Wilhelm, nineteen years old at this time, was a quick student of the English language. In England, he went by the English rendition of his name, Frederick William Herschel.

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Herschel, William (1783). "On the Proper Motion of the Sun and Solar System; With an Account of Several Changes That Have Happened among the Fixed Stars since the Time of

6055: 3966: 376:, using prisms and temperature measuring equipment to measure the wavelength distribution of stellar spectra. In the course of these investigations, Herschel discovered 2390: 1113:(1706–1761) tried to correct for this distortion by combining two separate lenses, but it was still difficult to achieve good resolution for far distant light sources. 1677:

Argent, on a mount vert a representation of the 40 ft. reflecting telescope with its apparatus proper on a chief azure the astronomical symbol of Uranus irradiated or

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Sophia Elizabeth Herschel (1733–1803) – in 1755 married violinist Johann Heinrich Griesbach (1730–1773), she lived in Hannover all her life, and had seven children.

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He "began to look at the planets and the stars" in May 1773 and on 1 March 1774 began an astronomical journal by noting his observations of Saturn's rings and the

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in London in 1782 (269 double or multiple systems) and 1784 (434 systems). A third catalogue of discoveries made after 1783 was published in 1821 (145 systems).

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engaged him as the first violin and soloist for his Newcastle orchestra, where he played for one season. In "Sunderland in the County of Durh: apprill [

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Portraits of William Herschel (and other members of the family) from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections

1024:. During the years 1786–1797, she discovered or observed eight comets. She found fourteen new nebulae and, at her brother's suggestion, updated and corrected 7201: 7191: 1086: 7196: 5895: 409: 172: 1557:

and of the minor planets; the planets all show discs, by comparison. By the 1850s 'asteroid' became a standard term for describing certain minor planets.

2169: 1687: 985: 636:, of wide-ranging logical and practical tastes. Herschel's intellectual curiosity and interest in music eventually led him to astronomy. After reading 510: 7256: 7101: 7086: 7081: 7076: 6136: 838:

Herschel agreed, determining that it must be a planet beyond the orbit of Saturn. He called the new planet the "Georgian star" (Georgium sidus) after

686:. He relied on the assistance of other family members, particularly his sister Caroline and his brother Alexander, a skilled mechanical craftsperson. 6222: 352:

in 1802 (2,500 objects) and in 1820 (5,000 objects). The resolving power of the Herschel telescopes revealed that many objects called nebulae in the

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Herschel discovered that unfilled telescope apertures can be used to obtain high angular resolution, something which became the essential basis for

131: 733:. From the back garden of his house in New King Street, Bath, and using a 6.2-inch aperture (160 mm), 7-foot-focal-length (2.1 m) (f/13) 7161: 519: 938:(abbreviated NGC) of 7,840 deep-sky objects. The NGC numbering is still the most commonly used identifying label for these celestial landmarks. 7186: 7156: 3755: 2179: 7136: 6760: 5856: 5835: 5018: 4447: 4044: 3443: 2357: 1699: 1139:

from his design and tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image directly. This "front view" design has come to be called the

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Pustil'nik, Lev A.; Din, Gregory Yom (September 2004). "Influence of solar activity on the state of the wheat market in medieval England".

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Herschel, J. F. W. (1863–1864). "A General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars for the Year 1860.0, with Precessions for 1880.0".

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through, and noticed that filters of different colors seemed to generate varying amounts of heat. He decided to pass the light through a

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have been questioned by Hamel as the surname Herschel already occurred a century earlier in the very same area that the family lived in.

7231: 7126: 4936:), Clifford Cunningham presented his finding that the word has been coined by Charles Burney, Jr., the son of a friend of Herschel, see 2423: 1655:

was not a plant – as many at the time believed – because it lacked the cell walls characteristic of plants. It is in fact an animal, a

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Catalogue of 500 new Nebulae, nebulous Stars, planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; with Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens

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arrived in England on 24 August 1772 to live with William in New King Street, Bath. The house they shared is now the location of the

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and was the first to propose a model of the galaxy based on observation and measurement. He concluded that it was in the shape of a

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Herschel took lessons from a local mirror-builder and having obtained both tools and a level of expertise, started building his own

304: 31: 4919: 361:. This was the first planet to be discovered since antiquity, and Herschel became famous overnight. As a result of this discovery, 5969: 5945: 7151: 6617: 6101: 5207:

Berendzen, Richard (1975). "Geocentric to heliocentric to galactocentric to acentric: the continuing assault to the egocentric".

4856: 4172: 2174: 1740:, a decision she later regretted. She had lived in England for fifty years. Her interests were much more in line with her nephew 362: 4946: 1079:

She did this so that her nephew, John, could re-examine them systematically. Eventually, this list was enlarged and renamed the

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Caroline Herschel's eight comets were published between 28 August 1782 to 5 February 1787. Five of her comets were published in

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Olson, Roberta J. M.; Pasachoff, Jay M. (2012). "The Comets of Caroline Herschel (1750–1848), Sleuth of the Skies at Slough".

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telescopes provided Herschel with an additional source of income. The King of Spain reportedly paid £3,150 for a telescope.

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From 1782 to 1802, and most intensively from 1783 to 1790, Herschel conducted systematic surveys in search of "deep-sky" or

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On 25 August 1822, Herschel died at Observatory House, Windsor Road, Slough, after a long illness. He was buried at nearby

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and their variations in number, form and size. Most of his observations took place in a period of low solar activity, the

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than expected, and compiled them with careful measurements of their relative positions in two catalogues presented to the

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contained an index of more than 560 stars that had not been previously included. Caroline Herschel was honoured by the

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in 1760, where he wrote two symphonies, as well as giving performances himself. After Newcastle, he moved to Leeds and

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Johann Dietrich Herschel (1755–1827) – musician, he married Catharina Maria Reiff (1760–1846) and had four children.

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Baldwin, J. E.; Haniff, C. A. (15 May 2002). "The application of interferometry to optical astronomical imaging".

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in the 20th century. All three men used significantly more far-reaching and accurate telescopes than Herschel's.

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and 1700. The evaluation is controversial and the significance of the correlation is doubted by some scientists.

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shifts in their separation, for the distance of stars from the Earth. The latter was a method first suggested by

523: 373: 1784:, Keats "picks out the finding of Uranus, thirty-five years before, as one of the defining moments of the age." 1109:, a distortion of an image due to the failure of light of different component wavelengths to converge. Optician 7251: 6896: 6770: 6562: 6510: 6370: 5889: 5780: 5465: 786: 467:. As the threat of war with France loomed, the Hanoverian Guards were recalled from England to defend Hanover. 452: 342: 321: 654:

Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton's principles and made easy to those who have not studied mathematics

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The complete guide to the Herschel objects : Sir William Herschel's star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies

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that had been built. It was hailed as a triumph of "human perseverance and zeal for the sublimest science".

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with Herschel's basic idea of a correlation between the low number of sunspots and lower yields explaining

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and other family members. Caroline Herschel described the pouring of a 30-foot-focal-length mirror:

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Ceragioli, R. (2018). "William Herschel and the "Front-View" Telescopes". In Cunningham, C. (ed.).

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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when it was founded in 1820. He died in August 1822, and his work was continued by his only son,

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Bergh, Sidney van den (2011). "Hubble and Shapley—Two Early Giants of Observational Cosmology".

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The shape of Slough Bus Station, built in 2011, was inspired by Herschel's infrared experiment.

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was first demonstrated by Herschel in 1783, along with first determining the direction for the

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join him in Bath, England. In 1772, Caroline was first introduced to astronomy by her brother.

341:, William Herschel followed his father into the military band of Hanover, before emigrating to 6921: 6901: 6877: 6658: 6637: 6530: 6338: 6274: 6089: 6047: 5884: 5880: 5852: 5831: 5623: 5617: 5438: 5404: 5379: 5369: 5242: 5014: 5010: 5009:. Garland encyclopedias in the history of science. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis. p. 5004: 4796: 4734: 4562: 4488: 4443: 4306: 4273: 4245: 4040: 3935: 3828: 3682: 3516: 3512: 3483: 3439: 3433: 3405: 3399: 3359: 3271: 3086: 2979: 2945: 2892: 2823: 2652: 2646: 2625: 2619: 2499: 2353: 2301: 2234: 2133: 2090: 1925: 1869: 1803: 1424: 1211: 1186: 1176: 1068: 998: 990: 581: 537: 429: 334: 204: 101: 5846: 5432: 5398: 5168:

van de Kamp, Peter (October 1965), "The Galactocentric Revolution, A Reminiscent Narrative",

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Herschel, W. (1 January 1785). "Catalogue of Double Stars. By William Herschel, Esq. F.R.S".

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On 4 October 1767, he performed on the organ for the official opening of the Octagon Chapel.

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The Herschel Chronicle: The Life-story of William Herschel and His Sister, Caroline Herschel

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mirror was 1.3 inches in diameter; such mirrors were rarely more than 3 inches in diameter.

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Herschel Astronomical Society, the operator of the Herschel Memorial Observatory based in

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the programme in January 2013 and stands on the Art, Design, and Technology campus of the

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The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 5, The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences

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The largest and most famous of Herschel's telescopes was a reflecting telescope with a 49

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Johann Alexander Herschel (1745–1821) – he was married to Margarethe Smith, no children.

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Caroline was deeply distressed by his death, and soon after his burial she returned to

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Hanham, A. & Hoskin, M. (2013). "The Herschel Knighthoods: Facts and Fiction".

4985: 4841: 4307:"40-foot Herschelian (reflector) telescope tube remains – National Maritime Museum" 3385: 2125: 2080: 2023: 1862: 1612: 1596: 1554: 1546: 1475: 1463: 1272: 1252: 1207: 1120: 1110: 1067:. Herschel lived the rest of his life in this residence, which came to be known as 1059:

In June 1785, owing to damp conditions, William and Caroline moved to Clay Hall in

906: 843: 766: 757: 701: 397: 215: 6098: 4900: 1291:, and impressed foreign tourists and French dignitaries. King George was pleased. 1263:

In 1789, shortly after this instrument was operational, Herschel discovered a new

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position. It also made her the first woman to be given a salary as an astronomer.

61: 6083: 5766:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p53: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966 4554:

Civilized life in the universe : scientists on intelligent extraterrestrials

3353: 1553:, in late March), to describe the star-like appearance of the small moons of the 850:. In 1782, he was appointed "The King's Astronomer" (not to be confused with the 6486: 6330: 6290: 6258: 6214: 4439: 4211:

Maurer, A.; Forbes, E. G. (1971). "William Herschel's Astronomical Telescopes".

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Schaffer, Simon (1981). "Uranus and the Establishment of Herschel's Astronomy".

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and climate. Over a period of 40 years (1779–1818), Herschel regularly observed

1351: 1029: 1017: 790: 742: 596: 568: 536:] 20th 1761" he wrote his Symphony No. 8 in C Minor. He visited the home of 485: 6023: 5538: 5102: 3560: 3323: 3239: 3008:"The Bath Philosophical Society and its influence on William Herschel's career" 2794: 2621:

The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore

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Caroline began to make astronomical discoveries in her own right, particularly

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On 8 May 1788, William Herschel married the widow Mary Pitt (née Baldwin) at

1101:, which involved the refraction of light through a tube using a convex glass 1063:. On 3 April 1786, the Herschels moved to a new residence on Windsor Road in 6859: 6840: 2526:"Music(ian) of the spheres William Herschel and the astronomical revolution" 1986: 1792: 1588: 1479: 1453: 1276: 902: 866: 633: 393: 233: 5341: 5142: 5125: 5051: 4611: 4586: 4492: 4484: 3884: 3183: 3144: 3119: 3027: 2896: 2878: 1595:, but incorrectly assumed that the Sun was in the centre of the disk. This 831:. He made many more observations of it, and afterwards Russian Academician 648:(1738), which described techniques of telescope construction. He also read 333:. He frequently collaborated with his younger sister and fellow astronomer 5980: 4650: 877: 380:. Other work included an improved determination of the rotation period of 6034: 5742: 5461: 4690: 3582:

Astronomical League National – Herschel Club – Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel

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Richmond Sinfonia for Strings, Bassoon & Harpsichord n. 2 in D major

4434:. Historical & Cultural Astronomy. Cham: Springer. pp. 97–238. 2975:

The construction of the heavens : the cosmology of William Herschel

1635:, and in the process, took a measurement just beyond the red end of the 1275:, only 250 miles (400 km) in diameter. Discovery of a second moon ( 6883: 5619:

Mirror mirror : a history of the human love affair with reflection

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is named after him and is quite close to the site of Observatory House.

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in 1847 and 1852, respectively, after his death. Herschel measured the

1355: 858: 778: 441: 93: 5350: 5059: 4833: 4620: 4158: 1490:. He did not give these moons their names; they were named by his son 6890: 6626: 4403:

Chapman, A. (1989). "William Herschel and the Measurement of Space".

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A demi terrestrial sphere proper thereon an eagle, wings elevated or

6997: 5190: 4857:"Why the moons of Uranus are named after characters in Shakespeare" 4733:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 508. 2705: 2680: 548:

where he was the first organist at St John the Baptist church (now

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is available in the digital collections of the Linda Hall Library.

5809: 5297: 4920:"HAD Meeting with DPS, Denver, October 2013 – Abstracts of Papers" 3867: 2322:"William Herschel | Biography, Education, Telescopes, & Facts" 1955: 1904: 1900: 1851: 1841: 1666: 1652: 1578: 1240: 1180: 1013: 984: 876: 810: 614: 595: 509: 433: 237: 6078: 5081:

Hoskin, M. (1980), "Herschel's Determination of the Solar Apex",

679:. He would spend up to 16 hours a day grinding and polishing the 369:

and grants were provided for the construction of new telescopes.

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Two Centuries of British Symphonism: From the beginnings to 1945

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Hoskin, M. (1980), "Alexander Herschel: The forgotten partner",

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Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars

608:, of a telescope similar to that with which Herschel discovered 448: 381: 6599: 6218: 3401:

Cosmos : an illustrated history of astronomy and cosmology

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polishing a telescope lens (probably a mirror); 1896 lithograph

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Herschel, W. (1821). "On the places of 145 new Double Stars".

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William Herschel's coat of arms deemed a notorious example of

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In early 1800, Herschel was testing different filters to pass

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In his later career, Herschel discovered two moons of Saturn,

1315: 1235: 1135:, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror of a standard 532: 296: 4515:"BBC builds William Herschel's telescope for Stargazing Live" 2225:

Anna Christina Herschel (1741–1748) – died of whooping cough.

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Original manuscript of Symphony No. 15 in E-flat major (1762)

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Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

4939:"Local expert reveals who really coined the word 'asteroid'" 4580: 4578: 3972:. London: Sold by Peter Elmsly, printer to the Royal society 2941:

The Quest for Comets An Explosive Trail of Beauty and Danger

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A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century

1983:) features the capital initial letter of Herschel's surname. 997:

Following the death of their father, William suggested that

905:, until galaxies were confirmed as extragalactic systems by 290: 3388:. Handprint.com (5 January 2011). Retrieved on 5 June 2011. 2863:"Philomaths, Herschel, and the myth of the self-taught man" 2576:"Seagull city: Sunderland's literary and cultural heritage" 914:

Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars

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On 1 August 1782 Herschel and his sister Caroline moved to

4963:"Who Really Invented the Word 'Asteroid' for Space Rocks?" 4032:

Women in Science: Antiquity Through the Nineteenth Century

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Discoverers of the Universe: William and Caroline Herschel

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computed the orbit and found it to be probably planetary.

325:; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-British 293: 6595: 5329: