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areas of growth. In these circumstances, alternative bones must be considered that may present more accurate data. Another case is the doubling of lines of arrested growth where two closely adjacent twin lines can be seen. However, when the pattern is widespread for several age classes in that species, then the twin LAGs can be counted as a single year growth. The most common issue to arise is the destruction of bone from biological processes, most frequently discovered in
96:. This causes age to be significantly underestimated. Over the lifespan of an individual, bone is constantly being reconstructed as specialised cells remove and deposit bone leading to a constant renewal of the bone material. The continuous resorption and deposition leaves gaps in the record of growth and missing bone tissue is a case at any stage of a vertebrate's life cycle; 'complete specimens that allow precise identification are extremely rare'.
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The extraction and study of bone tissue varies depending on the taxa involved and the amount of material available. However, skeletochronology best focuses on LAGs that encircle the entire shaft in a ring form and have a regular pattern of deposition. These growths show a repeated pattern, 'described
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It is important to consider potential problems when selecting particular bones to study. If there is a weak optical contrast, it makes counting the arrested growth rings difficult and often inaccurate. There is also a possible presence of additional growth marks that are created to supplement weaker
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tissues. Within the annual bone growth specimens, there are broad and narrow lines. Broad lines represent the growth period and narrow lines represent a growth pause. These narrow lines are what characterises one growth year, therefore make it suitable to determine the age of the specimen. Not all
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to be then viewed under a microscope. The analysis is frequently performed on dry bones with the additional application of alcohol or congelated preservation if needed, as the aim is to enhance the optical contrast which results from different physical properties to light.
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bones grow at the same rate and the individual growth rate of a bone changes over a lifetime, therefore periodic growth marks can take irregular patterns. This indicates significant chronological events in an individual's life. The use of bone as a
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is useful in investigating structure-property relationships. In addition to current research in skeletochronology, the ability of bone to adapt and change its structure to the external environment provides potential for further research in
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Henderson, J. Bryan; McNeill, Katherine L.; González-Howard, María; Close, Kevin; Evans, Mat (January 2018). "Key challenges and future directions for educational research on scientific argumentation".
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1) Retro calculating of skeletal age which involves identifying major and minor axe of the bone's cross section and circumferences of bones calculated using
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series which requires a complete growth record on one individual so that their histological cross sections can be overlaid and reconstructed on another individual.
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449:"Skeletochronology, a method for determing [sic] the individual age and growth of modern and fossil tortoises (Reptilia Testudines)"
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Woodward, Holly N.; Padian, Kevin; Lee, Andrew H. (2013). "Skeletochronology". In Padian, Kevin; Lamm, Ellen-Thérèse (eds.).
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factors that influence bone growth and development can become a barrier in determining age as a complete record may be rare.
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estimate which requires the sampling of several parts of other bone and making an estimate of the number of missing tissues
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Therefore, to account for any missing bone tissues in a specimen, retrocalculation of skeletal age is to be completed.
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are commonly aged determined, using this method, because they undergo discrete annual activity cycles such as winter
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mathematically as a time series'. The tissues are divided using a microtome, stained with
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295:"First record of growth rings for 11 native subtropical anuran species of South America"
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Brum, Amanda J.C.; Loebens, Luiza; Santos, Maurício B. Dos; Cechin, Sonia Z. (2019).
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Bone
Histology of Fossil Tetrapods: Advancing Methods, Analysis, and Interpretation
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375:"Mechanical adaptation of biological materials — The examples of bone and wood"
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Castanet, J; Francillon-Vieillot, H; Meunier, FJ; de
Ricqles, A (1992).
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3) Retro calculating by superimposition in an
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Three approaches can be identified in retro calculating.
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253:. University of California Press. pp. 195–216.
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24:is a technique used to determine the individual,
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206:2) Retro calculating through
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259:10.1525/california/9780520273528.003.0007
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299:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
337:Journal of Research in Science Teaching
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379:Materials Science and Engineering: C
16:Set of methodologies in skeletology
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34:lines of arrested, annual growth
423:. CRC Press. pp. 245–283.
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312:10.1590/0001-3765201920190154
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419:. In Hall, Brian K. (ed.).
417:"Bone and individual aging"
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392:10.1016/j.msec.2010.12.002
447:Ehret, Dana J. (2007).
277:10.1525/j.ctt24hsz5.11
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196:{\displaystyle C=\pi }
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48:bone histomorphometry
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349:2018JRScT..55....5H
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430:978-0-8493-8827-9
357:10.1002/tea.21412
268:978-0-520-27352-8
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421:Bone: A Treatise
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32:by counting
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462:(2): 49–72.
343:(1): 5–18.
107:Ramanujan's
43:biomaterial
30:vertebrates
221:References
208:arithmetic
68:biological
52:Amphibians
215:Ontogenic
152:√
149:−
125:π
474:Category
321:31800706
109:formula
60:dormancy
56:Reptiles
38:skeletal
28:ages of
345:Bibcode
90:mammals
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74:Method
452:(PDF)
273:JSTOR
94:Birds
425:ISBN
317:PMID
263:ISBN
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