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428:), conventional aircraft are launched using a ski-jump. The pilot increases the aircraft's thrust by switching on the afterburners, while holding the plane by braking. Two panels are raised from the deck of the aircraft carrier in front of the aircraft's main landing gear, ensuring the plane remains motionless. Upon command, the pilot releases the brake; the panels from the deck drop back into their slots; and the aircraft rapidly taxis forward under maximum thrust. Rolling over the ski ramp launches the plane both upward and forward.
218:. Since the aircraft is still traveling at an inadequate speed to generate enough lift, its climb rate will start to drop as soon as it leaves the flight deck. However, the ski-jump launch has given the aircraft additional time to continue accelerating. By the time its upward velocity has decayed to zero, the aircraft will be going fast enough for its wings to produce enough lift. At this point, the aircraft will be in stable flight, having launched from the carrier without ever dipping below the height of the flight deck.
410:
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476:) make a conventional rolling takeoff, with the jet exhausts set to provide maximum forward thrust. As the plane nears the ski-jump ramp, the jet exhausts are rotated to provide lift as well as forward thrust. Such takeoffs allow a larger takeoff weight than an unassisted horizontal launch, because the ski-jump ramp provides a vertical impetus when most needed, right at takeoff at the slowest takeoff speed.
313:. The results were further verified via computer modelling techniques and simulations. These tests demonstrated that performance increased with ski-jump angle, but planners chose to select the minimum angle, allegedly the reasoning behind this choice was to avoid placing excessive stress on the aircraft's undercarriage.
378:(LHDs) have also been outfitted with ski-jumps to facilitate potential STOVL operations. Somewhat unusually, the United States Navy has not ever used ski ramps onboard its amphibious assault ships, despite them being heavily used by VSTOL aircraft such as multiple models of the Harrier jump jet and
221:
Many modern aircraft carriers lack catapults, so heavy aircraft must take off using their own engines. Ski-jumps make it possible for heavier aircraft to take off than a horizontal deck allows. However, ski-jump launches cannot match the payloads made possible by high-speed catapult launches. While
331:
aircraft carriers were constructed with ski-jumps, greatly shortening the distance required for
Harriers to take-off even when burdened with a useful payload. The ski-jump proved to be a relatively cheap and straightforward addition to the carriers, comprising steel construction without any moving
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In the years following the Second World War, the prevailing trend of increasingly heavy carrier aircraft continued apace, leading to fears that eventually such increases would exceed the viable payload capabilities of any catapult system. Accordingly, research into alternative methods of assisting
202:. At a high enough speed, the lift force will exceed the weight of the aircraft, and the aircraft will become capable of sustained flight. Since the aircraft must reach flight speed using only its own engines for power, a long runway is required so that the aircraft can build up speed. On an
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After the success of the
Harrier, the ski-jump became a proven method for launching aircraft from ships without the complexity and expense of a catapult. Furthermore, later models of ski-jump feature refinements over the original design; it was determined that even relatively minor ruts or
357:
imperfections on an otherwise absolutely smooth surface were sufficient to precipitate cracking in an aircraft's landing gear. It is for this reason that the Royal Navy implemented more stringent design tolerances in the ramp specifications of the
491:, especially if the ship had pitched nose down during the takeoff roll. Using a ski-jump ramp, a Harrier will certainly launch with a positive rate of climb, and its momentum will carry it to 150 to 200 ft (46 to 61 m) above the water.
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Numerous naval services have since adopted the ski-jump for their own aircraft carriers and amphibious assault platforms, while land-based uses have been examined as well. Ski-jumps can be used in two ways: Short Take-Off But
Arrested Recovery
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is so short that most aircraft cannot reach flight speed before reaching the end of the deck. Since lift is less than gravity, the aircraft will lose altitude after the wheels leave the flight deck and possibly fall into the sea.
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were used to accelerate aircraft to takeoff speed, especially when launching heavy aircraft or when it was inconvenient to change course. An early use of the ski-jump occurred in 1944, when the
British aircraft carrier
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Early aircraft carriers could launch aircraft simply by turning into the wind and adding the ship's own speed to the airspeed experienced by the aircraft. During World War II, carrier aircraft became so heavy that
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take off. His ski-jump design, which featured a curve, was initially met with scepticism, but other officials endorsed trials of the proposal. Thus, initial testing using various ramp angles was carried out at
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Ski-jumps were added not only to aircraft carriers, but also to numerous amphibious assault ships and landing helicopter docks to better facilitate the operation of STOVL aircraft. The
Australian and Spanish
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that are normally catapult-launched can make use of a ski-ramp, this typically comes at the cost of a reduced capacity for either fuel or munitions, and thus negatively impacting mission scope significantly.
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By the start of the twenty-first century, the
British, Chinese, Indian, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Thai navies all possessed aircraft carriers equipped with ski-ramps. Following the retirement of the
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353:, was built with a 12º ramp from the outset, which was determined to be the optimum angle. The earlier two ships were subsequently retrofitted with 12º ramps to improve their aircraft's performance.
511:'s flight deck would only take 300 ft (91 m) with the Asturias's 12° ski-jump ramp; this dramatic improvement for a ship without catapults was described as "nothing short of amazing."
339:, while she was fitting out in Barrow; it was set at a conservative 7º angle. On 30 October 1980, test pilot Lt Cdr David Poole conducted the first ski-jump assisted Harrier take-off at sea.
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can take off at a speed of about 70 knots (130 km/h; 81 mph), instead of the usual 140 knots (260 km/h; 160 mph) (depending on many factors such as gross weight).
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364:. It is possible for a modern ski-jump to be built as a single removable structure placed upon the forward flight deck, rather than being fully integrated into a ship's bow.
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examined the use of ski-jumps on land to enable short-field takeoffs; the approach was viewed as "a possible solution to the runway denial problem in Europe" during the
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With the exception of the United States and France, every navy in the world that currently operates naval fixed-wing aircraft from carriers uses ski-jump ramps.
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A ski-jump ramp at the end of the flight deck redirects the aircraft to a slight upward angle, converting part of the aircraft's forward motion into a positive
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aircraft. Catapult-equipped aircraft carriers have become a minority in the 21st century in part because ski-jump operations are simpler and cost less.
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study completed in 1952 proposed the use of a ski-jump following after the aircraft catapult to provide additional assistance to departing aircraft.
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487:(LHA), it would finish its takeoff roll and begin flight at 60 ft (18 m) above the water. It might not have a positive
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277:. A relatively crude ski-jump ramp was temporarily installed on the end of the flight deck, which helped the heavily bomb-laden
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during 2017, the United States and France were the only two countries that still operated aircraft carriers with catapults.
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558:. It was determined that, when using a ski-jump with a nine degree angle of departure, the distance required for an
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These graphics show the crucial differences between the world's 3 types of aircraft carrier via businessinsider.com
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796:"An Analysis of the Effect of a Curved Ramp on the Take-off Performance of Catapult-Launched Airplanes"
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Ski-jump ramp takeoffs are considered to be safer than takeoffs over a flat-top carrier. When a
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832:"F/A 18 Super Hornet is compatible with Indian aircraft carrier, ski jump tests soon: Boeing"
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took a particular interest in the ski-jump during the 1970s, conducting tests with the new
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than that required for flat takeoff, as it allows the aircraft more time to continue
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required for aircraft carriers and to facilitate ever-heavier aircraft at sea. The
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while airborne after leaving the runway. Ski-jumps are commonly used to launch
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roll. As the forward velocity increases, the wings produce greater amounts of
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that is shorter than the aircraft normally requires. By providing an upward
324:, and decided to integrate the ski-jump into the project. Accordingly, the
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fighter, then added a ramp to its next generation of aircraft carrier, the
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Schematic of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff via researchgate.net
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in 1944. The wooden support structure of the ski jump is clearly visible.
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During the 1970s, the Royal Navy was considering the construction of a
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It is believed that the first use of the ski-jump occurred during the
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The Ski Jump: Continuing the UK’s Legacy of
Carrier Strike Capability
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1070:"Aircraft Operations from Runways with Inclined Ramps (Ski-jump)"
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162:-equipped naval aircraft; and Short Take-Off, Vertical Landing (
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128:, the concept was studied as a means of reducing the length of
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parts. A ski-jump was added to the first carrier of the type,
424:
On Short Take-Off But
Arrested Recovery aircraft carriers (
1030:(4): 12–13. Archived from the original on 4 November 2004.
309:; the aircraft used was the two-seat Harrier demonstrator
990:. International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences.
983:
José-Luis
Hernando and Rodrigo Martínez-Val (2012).
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1380:
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885:"Royal Navy aircraft carrier ski jumps – a history"
346:was also initially fitted with a 7º ramp; however,
1119:Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation
772:. Vol. 110, no. 3534. pp. 1630–1635
1214:US Navy Aircraft Carriers 1922-45: Prewar classes
1040:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
271:launched a strike against the German battleship
1121:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing.
951:
949:
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813:"The Problem with Ski-Jump Aircraft Carriers"
801:. National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics.
562:to takeoff would be reduced by roughly half.
194:must build up forward speed during a lengthy
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1195:The British Carrier Strike Fleet: After 1945
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985:"Carrier Suitability of Land-Based Aircraft"
1176:Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy
1044:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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472:Short Take-Off, Vertical Landing aircraft (
300:proposed the use of a ski-jump to help the
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498:conducted a series of flight tests on the
296:thesis, Lt. Cdr. D.R. Taylor of Britain's
1157:Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker - WarbirdTech Vol 42
1015:Nalls, Major, USMC, Art (May–June 1990).
494:In 1988, a detachment of US Marine Corps
243:takes off from the temporary ski-jump on
1082:from the original on November 28, 2016.
887:. savetheroyalnavy.org. 12 August 2019.
794:Reed III, Wilmer H. (5 November 1952).
757:
755:
751:
1140:. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publications.
1033:
435:launching over the ski-jump ramp on a
107:, when a temporary ramp was added to
38:taking off from the aircraft carrier
7:
496:McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier IIs
380:Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning IIs
1537:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
1100:Carrier operations in World War II
1017:"Harrier Operations on a Ski Jump"
36:Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II
25:
913:. 20 November 1976. p. 1468.
1174:Green, Michael (30 April 2015).
924:Field, Hugh (19 November 1977).
762:Fozard, John (4 December 1976).
834:. economictimes.indiatimes.com.
830:Pubby, Manu (6 February 2020).
595:-class landing helicopter docks
560:McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
1068:Turner, Elijah W. (May 1991).
1:
817:Strike Fighter Consulting Inc
118:attack the German battleship
566:Ships/classes with ski-jumps
550:During the early 1990s, the
661:(Soviet Union/Russia/China)
578:with ski-jump deck in 2020.
400:Aircraft carrier operations
186:with ski-jump deck in 2023.
1614:
542:taking off from a ramp at
526:taking off from a ramp at
485:landing helicopter assault
483:launches from an American
27:Take-off ramp for aircraft
1588:Naval aviation technology
1567:Floating landing platform
1459:Launch and recovery cycle
1216:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1197:. Naval Institute Press.
285:takeoff was conducted. A
955:Hobbs 2015, pp. 469–472.
659:-class aircraft carriers
642:-class aircraft carriers
376:landing helicopter docks
362:-class aircraft carriers
1102:. Seaforth Publishing.
676:-class aircraft carrier
552:United States Air Force
440:-class aircraft carrier
259:became desirable. Deck
138:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
1562:Water landing/ditching
1314:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1309:Balanced field takeoff
1155:Gordon, Yefim (2006).
1136:Gordon, Yefim (2006).
1117:Bull, Stephen (2004).
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546:during flight testing.
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322:light aircraft carrier
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114:to help heavily laden
56:is an upwardly curved
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1390:Brodie landing system
1212:Stille, Mark (2012).
1193:Hobbs, David (2015).
1098:Brown, J. D. (2009).
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530:during demonstration.
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222:aircraft such as the
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1557:Touch-and-go landing
931:Flight International
769:Flight International
764:"'Ski Jump' Harrier"
666:Príncipe de Asturias
501:Príncipe de Asturias
318:through-deck cruiser
158:) for conventional,
76:from the ski-jump's
1542:Short-field landing
1382:Takeoff and landing
1293:takeoff and landing
1159:. Specialty Press.
1058:Hobbs 2015, p. 470.
1024:Naval Aviation News
1000:Gordon 2006, p. 84.
973:Gordon 2006, p. 69.
417:launching from the
192:fixed-wing aircraft
62:fixed-wing aircraft
1598:British inventions
1334:Zero-length launch
1244:2020-11-12 at the
964:Bull 2004, p. 120.
908:"Ski-jump Harrier"
897:Stille 2012, p. 5.
853:Brown 2009, p. 25.
844:Green 2015, p. 57.
735:Rocket sled launch
618:Giuseppe Garibaldi
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1517:Emergency landing
1512:Deadstick landing
1507:Crosswind landing
1502:Corkscrew landing
1344:Assisted take-off
1178:. Pen and Sword.
1128:978-1-57356-557-8
926:"Harrier Rampant"
819:. 4 October 2013.
465:aircraft carrier
390:aircraft carrier
279:Fairey Barracudas
257:assisted take-off
116:Fairey Barracudas
94:aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
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78:normal force
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1367:Rocket sled
597:(Australia)
419:INS Vikrant
371:Juan Carlos
343:Illustrious
307:RAE Bedford
208:flight deck
1582:Categories
1552:Splashdown
741:References
640:Invincible
635:(UK/India)
613:(Thailand)
336:Invincible
327:Invincible
298:Royal Navy
281:take off.
146:Invincible
134:Royal Navy
96:that lack
1291:Types of
746:Citations
657:Kuznetsov
544:INS Hansa
540:HAL Tejas
438:Kuznetsov
393:São Paulo
388:Brazilian
350:Ark Royal
348:HMS
341:HMS
334:HMS
266:HMS
261:catapults
245:HMS
174:Principle
109:HMS
98:catapults
40:HMS
1372:Ski-jump
1352:Catapult
1242:Archived
1077:Archived
938:29 April
776:29 April
724:See also
691:Shandong
683:Liaoning
593:Canberra
588:(Turkey)
556:Cold War
160:tailhook
126:Cold War
82:airspeed
66:take off
54:ski-jump
50:aviation
1489:Landing
1395:CATOBAR
1301:Takeoff
719:(India)
715:Vikrant
710:(India)
702:(Italy)
699:Trieste
694:(China)
686:(China)
669:(Spain)
652:(Spain)
621:(Italy)
605:(Italy)
585:Anadolu
576:Trieste
481:Harrier
415:MiG-29K
294:M.Phil.
274:Tirpitz
268:Furious
247:Furious
231:History
196:takeoff
121:Tirpitz
111:Furious
68:from a
1440:V/STOL
1425:STOBAR
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626:Hermes
602:Cavour
507:Tarawa
467:Cavour
433:MiG-29
426:STOBAR
405:STOBAR
373:-class
329:-class
311:G-VTOL
224:F/A 18
206:, the
168:V/STOL
166:) for
156:STOBAR
74:vector
70:runway
1449:VTOHL
1435:STOVL
1405:eVTOL
1080:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
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988:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
717:(R11)
509:class
474:STOVL
459:AV-8B
449:STOVL
164:STOVL
148:class
141:VSTOL
92:from
1479:HTVL
1474:HTHL
1469:VTHL
1464:VTVL
1454:VTOL
1445:VTHL
1430:STOL
1420:RTOL
1415:QTOL
1410:PTOL
1400:CTOL
1362:JATO
1218:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1046:link
1042:link
940:2017
778:2017
678:(UK)
644:(UK)
287:NACA
200:lift
58:ramp
52:, a
457:An
320:or
64:to
48:In
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