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285:, one of the serious deficiencies that necessitated redesigns and delays was the failure of the navy's F-35C variant to catch the arresting wire in all eight landing tests; the tail hook had to be redesigned over a two-year period. Deficiencies have also been identified with the land-based F-35A's emergency tailhook. On 3 November 2014, the first successfully arrested landing of the F-35C was performed.
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The US Navy developed and operated a test rig throughout the 1950s, consisting of a car, guided by a concrete I-beam and propelled by a pair of jet engines. At the end of a one-mile run, the tailhook under test would engage an arresting wire, while the I-beam guide gradually widened to slow down the
373:
In the case of an aborted land-based takeoff, the hook can be lowered at some point (typically about 1000 feet) prior to the cable. Should a tailhook of an aircraft become inoperative or damaged, naval aviators have limited options: they can divert to shore-based runways if any are within range, or
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A large number of land-based fighters are also outfitted with tailhooks, which are intended for use in case of a brake/tire malfunctions, aborted takeoffs, or other emergencies. Land-based aircraft landing gear and tailhooks are typically not strong enough to absorb the impact of a carrier landing,
163:. Naval planners acknowledged that, in order for airplanes to be viable naval assets, they would have to be able to both take off from and land on ships. During the Great War, the number of aviators of the United States Navy rose from 38 to 1,650, which engaged in numerous duties in support of the
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Prior to making an "arrested landing", the pilot lowers the hook so that it will contact the ground as the aircraft wheels touch down. The hook then drags along the surface until an arresting cable, stretched across the landing area, is engaged. The cable lets out, transferring the energy of the
156:. Following the flight, Ely remarked to a reporter that: "It was easy enough. I think the trick could be successfully turned nine times out of ten." Roughly four months later, the United States Navy would requisition its first airplane, an occasion often viewed as a milestone of naval aviation.
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Both carrier- and land-based arresting gear consists of one or more cables (aka “arresting wires” or “cross deck pendants”) stretched across the landing area and attached on either end to arresting gear engines through “purchase cables”. In a typical carrier deck configuration, a total of four
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The tailhook is a strong metal bar, with its free end flattened out, thickened somewhat, and fashioned into a claw-like hook. The hook is mounted on a swivel on the keel of the aircraft, and is normally mechanically and hydraulically held in the stowed/up position. Upon actuation by the pilot,
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arrestor wires are present. The tailhook's function is to snag one of these cables, preferably the third of the four available, in order that the resistance provided by the arrestor gear can be conveyed to the aircraft, enabling it to decelerate more rapidly.
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While the tailhook is predominantly operated in a naval context, numerous land-based aircraft have also been fitted with them to assist with slowing down landings during emergencies. One highly unorthodox incident, known as "Pardo's Push", occurred during the
204:-based arresting gear arrangement, which proved capable of absorbing the energy of aircraft landing not only at higher speeds but greater weights as well. As military aircraft continued to grow in terms of both weight and sortie rates during the
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aircraft during the 1950s, arrestor technology was further advanced to permit aircraft operating at greater speeds and weights to land aboard aircraft carriers. The system has continued to see widespread use into the twenty-first century.
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test car after it passed the arresting wire, acting as a safeguard in the event of arrestor failure. The test rig was capable of simulating different aircraft weights and speeds, the former being adjusted by adding or subtracting
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pressure lowers the hook to the down position. The presence of a tailhook is not evidence of an aircraft's aircraft carrier suitability. Carrier aircraft hooks are designed to be quickly raised by the pilot after use.
247:
piloted by Bob Pardo assisting a second heavily damaged
Phantom II in exiting the combat zone by pushing his aircraft against the other's deployed tailhook, reportedly halving its rate of descent temporarily.
152:, in the first recorded shipboard landing of an aircraft. This flight was also the first ever to use a tailhook system, which had been both designed and built by the circus performer and aviator
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turbojet engines. These trials supported efforts to develop increasingly effective arrestor gear that was suited for the larger and more powerful jets entering naval aviation at that time.
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In the twenty-first century, the tailhook has remained a part of the principal means of landing aircraft at sea for several navies, including the US Navy. During the 2000s, the
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aircraft to the arresting gear through the cable. A "trap" is often-used slang for an arrested landing. An aircraft which lands beyond the arresting cables is said to have "
417:
208:, naval air wings were compelled to continue innovating and improving their aircraft recovery systems. Throughout the 1950s, as a consequence of the introduction of
104:, was devised and put into use. During the 1930s, numerous vessels were thus equipped, permitting the use of increasingly heavy combat aircraft at sea during the
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arrangement was devised during this time; on 1 April 1922, the US Navy issued a request for the design of an arresting gear to equip a pair of
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multirole fighter, became the only non-US fighter type cleared to operate from the decks of US carriers, using catapults and their
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While the system initially drew only limited attention, there was greater recognition of its merits following the outbreak of the
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175:. The capabilities of naval aviation expanded greatly during the late 1910s and early 1920s. The first practical tail hook and
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plates that were loaded onto the modified car. During 1958, further testing took place using an arrangement of four
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with the aid of the device. It was not until the early 1920s that a practical system, paired with deck-mounted
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to operations aboard aircraft carriers, both the landing speeds and tailhook loads increased substantially.
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370:." Occasionally, the tailhook bounces over one or more of the wires, resulting in a "hook skip bolter."
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580:"Bob Pardo Once Pushed a Crippled F-4 Home With His F-4. In Flight...while in combat over Vietnam"
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Carrier Air Wing interoperability exercise. During the 2010s, new software trialled with the
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F-15 tailhook. Most USAF tactical jet aircraft have tailhooks for emergency use.
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This article is about the aircraft device. For the fraternal organization, see
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pressure systems that must be recharged by ground personnel after actuation.
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The tailhook was first demonstrated at sea on 18 January 1911 by the aviator
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684:"F-35 Far from Ready to Face Current or Future Threats, Testing Data Shows"
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770:"COMNAVAIRFOR INSTRUCTION 3740.1: CARRIER QUALIFICATION (CQ) OPERATIONS"
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fighter reportedly showed promise in simplifying carrier landings.
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Aircraft device which allows arrested landings on aircraft carriers
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During early 1930, the US Navy began development of an adjustable
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594:"French Rafale lands on US aircraft carrier, Theodore Roosevelt"
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An F/A-18 makes an arrested landing aboard a US aircraft carrier
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698:"Navy's Joint Strike Fighter first tailhook landing on carrier"
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Aircraft catching the wire while landing on an aircraft carrier
621:"New Navy Tech Makes It Easy to Land on a Carrier. Yes, Easy"
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at sea, or during emergency landings or aborted takeoffs at
521:. navalaviationnews.navylive.dodlive.mil. 19 November 2013.
403:
List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
93:, having successfully landed aboard the armored cruiser
811:
Guide To Mobile
Aircraft Arresting System Installation
519:"Carrier Arresting Gear: It all Began With Sandbags"
378:" on the carrier deck by a net that can be erected.
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243:in March 1967, involving a United States Air Force
23:. For the scandal involving that organization, see
141:, and landed on a platform on the armored cruiser
639:"F-35C Tailhook Design Blamed for Landing Issues"
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319:and some land-based tailhooks are held down with
533:"Twin Jet Monorail Test Airplane Arresting Gear"
418:Modern United States Navy carrier air operations
263:, as demonstrated in 2008 when six Rafales from
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137:pusher airplane from the Tanforan airfield in
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720:"Ask Us - Air Force Fighters & Tailhooks"
8:
398:List of active United States naval aircraft
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596:. SAFRAN. 2 September 2008. Archived from
535:. Popular Science. June 1955. p. 97.
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542:
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466:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 42.
657:"Lockheed: New Carrier Hook for F-35"
7:
779:. 16 September 2003. Archived from
549:Dempewolff, Richard F. (June 1958).
496:Collins, Elizabeth M. (8 May 2017).
125:F/A-18C tailhook with arresting wire
70:. The hook is used to achieve rapid
655:Majumdar, Dave (12 December 2013).
438:United States Marine Corps Aviation
14:
827:Aircraft carriers of the USA Navy
283:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
281:During flight testing of the new
498:"Happy Birthday, Naval Aviation"
245:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
129:On 18 January 1911, the aviator
108:. Following the introduction of
619:Adams, Eric (8 February 2016).
1764:In-flight entertainment system
1461:Horizontal situation indicator
746:Harris, Tom (29 August 2002).
718:Yoon, Joe (25 February 2007).
682:Grazier, Dan (19 March 2019).
578:Lerner, Preston (April 2017).
1:
815:Retrieved on 3 November 2007.
433:Naval aviator (United States)
276:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
1744:Environmental control system
748:"How Aircraft Carriers Work"
62:is a device attached to the
750:. science.howstuffworks.com
582:. Air & Space Magazine.
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1421:Course deviation indicator
1112:Electro-hydraulic actuator
552:Jet "Donkeys" for the Jets
338:
29:tail hook (disambiguation)
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1805:Naval aviation technology
1652:Conventional landing gear
808:United States Air Force.
289:Description and operation
1810:Aircraft tail components
1436:Flight management system
464:A Dictionary of Aviation
462:Wragg, David W. (1973).
301:tailhook prior to launch
78:aboard aircraft carrier
66:(rear) of some military
1739:Emergency oxygen system
1501:Turn and slip indicator
1296:Leading-edge droop flap
1266:Drag-reducing aerospike
1241:Adaptive compliant wing
1236:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1779:Passenger service unit
1580:Self-sealing fuel tank
1476:Multi-function display
663:. U.S. NAVAL INSTITUTE
393:Carrier-based aircraft
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27:. For other uses, see
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1677:Tricycle landing gear
1667:Landing gear extender
884:Aft pressure bulkhead
408:Brodie landing system
357:
334:
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139:San Bruno, California
124:
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1724:Auxiliary power unit
1132:Flight control modes
724:www.aerospaceweb.org
267:integrated into the
21:Tailhook Association
1703:Escape crew capsule
1610:War emergency power
1481:Pitot–static system
1326:Variable-sweep wing
1034:Vertical stabilizer
704:. 7 September 2016.
600:on 29 November 2014
68:fixed-wing aircraft
1411:Attitude indicator
1391:Airspeed indicator
1386:Aircraft periscope
645:, 17 January 2012.
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297:Man inspecting an
271:Theodore Roosevelt
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219:The tailhook of a
173:submarine spotting
169:combat air patrols
167:, specialising in
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1719:Aircraft lavatory
1456:Heading indicator
1401:Annunciator panel
1381:Air data computer
1291:Leading-edge cuff
777:wings-of-gold.com
557:Popular Mechanics
413:Military aviation
181:aircraft carriers
150:San Francisco Bay
84:properly equipped
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1774:Navigation light
1754:Hydraulic system
1729:Bleed air system
1657:Drogue parachute
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1157:Rudder pedals
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786:on 2011-07-18
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265:Flottille 12F
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154:Hugh Robinson
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60:arrester hook
57:
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44:
36:
30:
26:
22:
1734:Deicing boot
1662:Landing gear
1641:
1605:Townend ring
1595:Thrust lever
1570:NACA cowling
1535:Autothrottle
1527:fuel systems
1525:devices and
1316:Stall strips
1286:Krueger flap
1256:Channel wing
1202:Wing warping
1192:Stick shaker
1187:Stick pusher
1107:Dual control
1092:Centre stick
959:Leading edge
929:Flying wires
889:Cabane strut
810:
802:Bibliography
788:. Retrieved
781:the original
776:
764:
752:. Retrieved
727:. Retrieved
723:
692:
677:
665:. Retrieved
660:
650:
643:Defense News
642:
633:
624:
614:
602:. Retrieved
598:the original
588:
573:
561:. Retrieved
551:
527:
463:
457:
372:
364:
344:
317:
304:
280:
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237:
225:
210:jet aircraft
199:
193:
186:
158:
148:anchored in
145:Pennsylvania
144:
128:
97:Pennsylvania
96:
88:
80:flight decks
72:deceleration
59:
55:
51:
49:
1682:Tundra tire
1565:Intake ramp
1496:Transponder
1281:Gurney flap
1222:Aerodynamic
1137:Fly-by-wire
1019:Triple tail
667:12 December
604:20 November
500:. navy.mil.
241:Vietnam War
233:Allison J33
110:jet-powered
1799:Categories
1672:Oleo strut
1560:Inlet cone
1555:Gascolator
1521:Propulsion
1511:Yaw string
1506:Variometer
1362:instrument
1341:Wing fence
1276:Gouge flap
1251:Blown flap
1207:Yaw damper
1182:Stabilator
1167:Side-stick
1102:Dive brake
989:Stabilizer
964:Lift strut
954:Jury strut
790:2010-05-14
729:2022-11-12
563:25 October
444:References
376:barricaded
131:Eugene Ely
91:Eugene Ely
86:airports.
1647:Autobrake
1575:NACA duct
1550:Fuel tank
1540:Drop tank
1523:controls,
1406:Astrodome
1396:Altimeter
1261:Dog-tooth
1226:high-lift
1177:Spoileron
1162:Servo tab
1142:Gust lock
1097:Deceleron
1082:Autopilot
1039:Wing root
1024:Twin tail
1009:Tailplane
944:Hardpoint
914:Empennage
877:structure
449:Citations
312:pneumatic
308:hydraulic
269:USS
202:hydraulic
192:USS
187:Lexington
185:USS
133:flew his
64:empennage
1615:Wet wing
1590:Throttle
1336:Vortilon
1197:Trim tab
1127:Flaperon
1117:Elevator
1072:Airbrake
1044:Wing tip
969:Longeron
939:Fuselage
875:Airframe
863:Aircraft
661:usni.org
382:See also
368:boltered
321:nitrogen
194:Saratoga
52:tailhook
1625:Landing
1416:Compass
1364:systems
1356:Avionic
1346:Winglet
1229:devices
1172:Spoiler
1067:Aileron
1049:Wingbox
974:Nacelle
924:Fairing
867:systems
754:18 June
686:. POGO.
359:MiG-29K
135:Curtiss
117:History
74:during
1360:flight
1321:Strake
1152:Rudder
1122:Elevon
1087:Canard
1029:V-tail
1004:T-tail
934:Former
894:Canopy
470:
423:NATOPS
350:Method
299:F/A-18
257:French
183:, the
165:Allies
1545:FADEC
1431:EICAS
1306:Slats
1147:HOTAS
999:Strut
784:(PDF)
773:(PDF)
625:Wired
229:steel
58:, or
1627:and
1491:TCAS
1471:ISIS
1426:EFIS
1371:ACAS
1358:and
1311:Slot
1271:Flap
1224:and
1212:Yoke
984:Spar
909:Dope
756:2020
669:2013
606:2014
565:2012
468:ISBN
255:, a
221:T-45
190:and
171:and
143:USS
95:USS
1466:INS
1446:GPS
1301:LEX
979:Rib
310:or
1801::
775:.
738:^
722:.
710:^
700:.
659:.
641:.
623:.
555:.
541:^
506:^
482:^
197:.
54:,
50:A
855:e
848:t
841:v
813:.
793:.
758:.
732:.
671:.
627:.
608:.
567:.
476:.
31:.
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