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935:. Traditionally, braces were worn up in an X shape at the back, but some Oi!-oriented skinheads wore their braces hanging down. Patterned braces – often black and white check, or vertical stripes – were sometimes worn by traditional skinheads. In a few cases, the colour of braces or flight jackets were used to signify affiliations. The particular colours chosen have varied regionally, and had totally different meanings in different areas and time periods. Only skinheads from the same area and time period are likely to interpret the colour significations accurately. The practice of using the colour clothing items to indicate affiliations became less common, particularly among traditionalist skinheads, who were more likely to choose their colours simply for fashion.
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designed to look like an elaborately folded handkerchief. It was common to choose the colours based on one's favourite football club. Some skinheads wore button badges or sewn-on fabric patches with designs related to affiliations, interests or beliefs. Also popular were woollen or printed rayon scarves in football club colours, worn knotted at the neck, wrist, or hanging from a belt loop at the waist. Silk or faux-silk scarves (especially Tootal brand) with
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regionally, and have had totally different meanings in different areas and time periods. Only skinheads from the same area and time period are likely to interpret the colour significations accurately. This practice has become less common, particularly among traditionalist skinheads, who are more likely to choose their colours simply for fashion purposes.
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915:); or combat trousers (plain or camouflage). Jeans and slacks were worn deliberately short (either hemmed, rolled or tucked) to show off boots, or to show off bright coloured socks when wearing loafers or brogues. Jeans were often blue, with a parallel leg design, hemmed or with clean and thin rolled cuffs (turn-ups), and were sometimes splattered with
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Female skinheads generally wore the same clothing items as men, with addition of skirts, stockings, or dress suits composed of a three-quarter-length jacket and matching short skirt. Some skingirls wore fishnet stockings and mini-skirts, a style introduced during the punk-influenced skinhead revival.
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cut (short, but not bald). From the late 1970s, male skinheads typically shaved their heads with a No. 2 grade clip or shorter. During that period, side partings were sometimes shaved into the hair. Since the 1980s, some skinheads have clipped their hair with no guard, or even shaved it with a razor.
601:
Bill
Osgerby has argued that skinhead culture more broadly grows strength from specific economic circumstances. In a BBC interview, he remarked "In the late 70s and early 80s, working class culture was disintegrating through unemployment and inner city decay and there was an attempt to recapture a
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youth, as these three groups interacted and fraternized with each other within the same working class and poor neighbourhoods in
Britain. As skinheads adopted elements of mod subculture and Jamaican British and Jamaican immigrant rude boy subculture, both first and second generation skins were
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Traditionalist skinheads sometimes wore a silk handkerchief in the breast pocket of a
Crombie-style overcoat or tonic suit jacket, in some cases fastened with an ornate stud. Some wore pocket flashes instead. These are pieces of silk in contrasting colours, mounted on a piece of cardboard and
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In the early days of the skinhead subculture, some skinheads chose boot lace colours based on the football team they supported. Later, some skinheads (particularly highly political ones) began to use lace colour to indicate beliefs or affiliations. The particular colours chosen have varied
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in reports of racist violence (regardless of whether the perpetrator was actually a skinhead); this has played a large role in skewing public perceptions about the subculture. Three notable groups that formed in the 1980s and which later became associated with white power skinheads are
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Capturing many of the faces in the scene was photographer Derek
Ridgers. Armed with a camera, in the 70s and 80s Ridgers found himself on the front lines of the subcultures that emerged during that time, compiling a definitive record of the kids defining the aesthetics of a
638:, the skinhead youth movement had developed two different styles: one was more focused on rebellious youth fashion styles while the other camp often dressed in regular clothes and focused more heavily on political activity. These groups were infiltrated by agents of the
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became commonly known as skinheads by about 1968. Their short hair may have come about for practical reasons, since long hair could be a liability in industrial jobs and streetfights. Skinheads may also have cut their hair short in defiance of the more middle class
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In 2009 Paul
Lazarus and Phil downsborough put on an event in Margate in Kent "the Big 40, the fortieth anniversary of Skinhead" which was attended by Skinheads from Britain, the USA, Europe, Australia and Japan The event ran on a yearly basis until
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Many traditionalist skinheads wore braces (suspenders), in various colours, usually no more than 1" in width, clipped to the trouser waistband. In some areas, braces much wider than that may identify a skinhead as either unfashionable or as a
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has an audience among white power skinheads. There was a record label called "Satanic
Skinhead Propaganda" that was known to specialize in neo-Nazi black metal and death metal bands. Black metal pioneer and right-wing extremist
1338:, whose guitarist is Black, has been known to popularise and merchandise the phrase "black metal skinheads". As the group's vocalist recounts, "a lot of black metal skinheads from the other side of Canada" would join in on the
171:, and button-down collar shirts, usually slim fitting in check or plain. The movement reached a peak at the end of the 1960s, experienced a revival in the 1980s, and, since then, has endured in multiple contexts worldwide.
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black metal underground. "I remember one guy... who had 'Black Metal Skins' tattooed on his forehead. We didn't hang out with white power skinheads, but there were some Oi skinheads who wanted to hang out with us."
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band after the first lineup broke up and a new lineup was formed. RAC started out musically similar to Oi! and punk, but has since adopted elements from other genres. White power music that draws inspiration from
311:(SHARP) which sprung up in response. To this day, the skinhead subculture reflects a broad spectrum of political beliefs, even as many continue to embrace it as a largely apolitical working class movement.
1156:, which many white skinheads could not relate to. This shift in reggae's lyrical themes created some tension between black and white skinheads, who otherwise got along fairly well. Around this time, some
276:. Within these new musical movements, the skinhead subculture diversified, and contemporary skinhead fashions ranged from the original clean-cut 1960s mod- and rude boy-influenced styles to less-strict
1323:. The Oi! style has also spread to other parts of the world, and remains popular with many skinheads. Many later Oi! bands have combined influences from early American hardcore and 1970s British
174:
The rise to prominence of skinheads came in two waves, with the first wave taking place in the late 1960s in the UK. The first skinheads were working class youths motivated by an expression of
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and did not last long in East
Germany. After a group of skinheads attacked a punk concert at Zion's Church (East Berlin) in 1987, many skinhead leaders fled to West Germany to avoid arrest.
143:
youth in London, England, in the 1960s. It soon spread to other parts of the United
Kingdom, with a second working-class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in the late 1970s. Motivated by
555:. Most of these revivalist skinheads reacted to the commercialism of punk by adopting a look that was in line with the original 1969 skinhead style. This revival included Gary Hodges and
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among many young people. Some of those youths spent that income on new fashions; they wore ripped clothes and would use pieces of material to patch them up as popularised by
American
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guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic ... and losing touch". The term Oi! as a musical genre is said to come from the band
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among their ranks. By the late 1970s, the mass media, and subsequently the general public, had largely come to view the skinhead subculture as one that promotes racism and
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383:, button-down shirts, and braces. When possible, these working class mods spent their money on suits and other sharp outfits to wear at dancehalls, where they enjoyed
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The early skinheads were not necessarily part of any political movement, but as the 1970s progressed, many skinheads became more politically active and acts of
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Eventually different interpretations of the skinhead subculture expanded beyond
Britain and continental Europe. In the United States, certain segments of the
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patterns were also sometimes worn. Some suedeheads carried closed umbrellas with sharpened tips, or a handle with a pull-out blade. This led to the nickname
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The late 1970s and early 1980s saw a revival or second wave of the skinhead subculture, with increasing interaction between its adherents and the emerging
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By the early 1970s, the skinhead subculture started to fade from popular culture, and some of the original skins dropped into new categories, such as the
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Pearson, Geoff (1976). "'Paki-Bashing' in a North East Lancashire Cotton Town: A case study and its history". In Geoff Mungham; Geoffrey Pearson (eds.).
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Ostow, Robin (1995). "" 'Ne Art Bürgerwehr in Form von Skins": Young Germans on the Streets in the Eastern and Western States of the Federal Republic".
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temporarily adopted the look as a marketing strategy. The subculture gained wider notice because of a series of violent and sexually explicit novels by
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Bill Osgerby is Emeritus Professor of Media, Culture and Communication at London Metropolitan and author of a number of books on youth culture. See
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skinheads with shorter hair, higher boots and less emphasis on traditional styles grew in numbers and grabbed media attention, mostly due to
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and British glam rock. The Oi! scene was partly a response to a sense that many participants in the early punk scene were, in the words of
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skinhead violence began to occur in the United Kingdom. As a result of this change within the skinheads, far right groups such as the
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By the 1970s, most female skins had mod-style haircuts. During the 1980s skinhead revival, many female skinheads had feathercuts (The
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skinhead, a symbol used to convey a sense of societal alienation or persecution against the skinhead subculture. According to the
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1507:. Two notable groups of skinheads that spoke out against neo-Nazism and political extremism—and instead spoke out in support of
295:. In Great Britain, the skinhead subculture became associated in the public eye with membership of groups such as the far-right
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Brown, Timothy S. (1 January 2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany".
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Grinders, and gripfast have become popular among skinheads, partly because most Dr. Martens are no longer made in England.
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movements existed across all of Europe and North America, but were counterbalanced by the presence of groups such as
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1574:'s 1982 song "A.C.A.B." In the United Kingdom, two groups with significant numbers of leftist skinhead members were
1070:. The traditional brand for monkey boots was Grafters, but nowadays they are also made by Dr. Martens and Solovair.
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630:, sought to expand their ranks with new young members from the burgeoning skinhead scene. On the other side of the
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Working class mods chose practical clothing styles that suited their lifestyle and employment circumstances: work
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During the early 1980s, political affiliations grew in significance and split the subculture, demarcating the
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was known to adopt a skinhead look and wear a belt with the SS insignia while serving time in prison for the
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in the United Kingdom rejected both the far left and the far right. This attitude was musically typified by
213:. In the earlier stages of the movement, a considerable overlap existed between early skinhead subculture,
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Worger, Peter (2012). "A mad crowd: Skinhead youth and the rise of nationalism in post-communist Russia".
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and people who fit into neither category. Notable Oi! bands of the late 1970s and early 1980s include
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In the late 1970s, the skinhead subculture was revived to a notable extent after the introduction of
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1608: – Members of a neo-Nazi, white supremacist and antisemitic offshoot of the skinhead subculture
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880:. Traditional ("hard mod") skinheads sometimes wore suits, often of two-tone ‘Tonik’ fabric (shiny
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Moskowitz, David V. (2006). Caribbean Popular Music. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 270.
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ethos of the mid to late 1960s. Skinheads were instead drawn towards more working class outsider
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boots and shoes. In 1960s Britain, steel-toe boots worn by skinheads and hooligans were called
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Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The Soundtrack of Neo-Fascism: Youth and Music in the National Front".
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840:(plain or with text or designs related to the skinhead subculture). They might wear fitted
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listened to Oi! music, they developed a separate genre more in line with their politics:
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sense of working class solidarity and identity in the face of a tide of social change."
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Turner, Jeff; Garry Bushell (2005). Cockney Reject. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd.
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2971:"Dementlieu Punk Archive: Washington, DC: Iron Cross interview from If This Goes on 2"
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In addition to retaining many mod influences, early skinheads were very interested in
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sometimes wore coloured socks (for example, red or blue rather than black or white).
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1582:, which started in 1985. Internationally, the most notable skinhead organization is
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scene embraced skinhead styles and developed their own version of the subculture.
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2088:"Reggae In Your Jeggae: The Phenomonen of the Skinhead Movement and Reggae Music"
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2435:"Rage with the Machine: A new breed of patriotic punks gets in the pit for Bush"
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3494:. Conflict and change in Britain series - a new audit. London: Athlone Press.
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In the late 1970s, after the first wave of punk rock, many skinheads embraced
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2058:"Smiling Smash: An Interview with Cathal Smyth, a.k.a Chas Smash, of Madness"
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2520:"Former 80s skinheads reflect on the significance of their Chelsea haircuts"
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884:-like material that changes colour in different light and angles), or in a
429:), who were identified by their shorter hair and more working class image.
3532:. Routledge introductions to media and communications. London: Routledge.
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Brake, Mike (1974). "The skinheads: An English working class subculture".
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and other areas of the world. The mainstream media started using the term
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3353:"REVOLUTION TIMES HOMEPAGE – Revolution Times-Interview aus Autonom # 17"
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1439:. The white power and neo-Nazi skinhead subculture eventually spread to
1210:. Some late-1970s skinheads also liked certain punk rock bands, such as
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1160:(an offshoot of the skinhead subculture) started listening to British
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culture—were the Glasgow Spy Kids in Scotland (who coined the phrase
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styles and culture, especially the music: ska, rocksteady, and early
435:
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2114:"Straight From His Own Gob – Noddy Holder interview"
1375:, which started out as a non-political punk band but evolved into a
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3626:«Чистильщики московских улиц»: скинхеды, СМИ и общественное мнение.
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Fashion, Desire and Anxiety: Image and Morality in the 20th Century
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In the late 1960s, some skinheads in the United Kingdom (including
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During the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, many skinheads and
1248:. Not exclusively a skinhead genre, many Oi! bands included skins,
1152:. In the early 1970s, some reggae songs began to feature themes of
467:
Skinhead culture became so popular by 1969 that even the rock band
3513:. Making contemporary Britain. Oxford, Malden (Mass.): Blackwell.
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gangs in the late 1960s and developed their own Australian style.
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Youth and the condition of Britain: images of adolescent conflict
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Cornish, Lindsay; Kehler, Michael; Steinberg, Shirley R. (2010).
1307:. American skinheads created a link between their subculture and
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Many skinheads wore Sta-Prest flat-fronted slacks or other dress
3055:
Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground
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skinheads since the beginning of the subculture, especially in
504:(defined by the ability to manipulate one's hair with a comb),
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2245:"The Sharpies — Cult Gangs of the Sixties and Seventies"
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influenced by the rhythms of Jamaican music genres such as
3551:. London, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 50.
2140:"Ambrose Slade: The Wolverhampton group that became Slade"
1179:
The most popular music style for late-1970s skinheads was
966:(mostly among suedeheads and those influenced by the film
571:. Around this time, some skinheads became affiliated with
178:
and working class pride, rejecting both the austerity and
2602:"Women's Haircuts: 17 That Instantly Make You Look Older"
2166:"h2g2 – Slade – the band"
1012:; whence skinheads have themselves sometimes been called
856:
jackets (usually blue, sometimes spattered with bleach),
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3238:
3236:
2219:"British Hell's Angel and Skinhead novels of the 1970s"
1104:
The skinhead subculture was originally associated with
516:). Some fashion trends returned to the mod roots, with
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659:
Late 2000s female skinhead with 1960s-style extensions
2763:
456:
slowed down and lyrics became focused on topics like
291:
strands, although many skins described themselves as
3301:"Monty Montgomery of the Pyramids/Symarip interview"
2790:"2 Tone Records – 2 Tone & Related Bibliography"
1287:
American Oi! began in the 1980s, with bands such as
4138:
4017:
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3715:
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3473:Daniel, Susie; McGuire, Peter; et al. (1972).
2576:"9 Types of Chelsea Haircuts to Enhance Your Looks"
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Skinhead, wearing a sheepskin coat and ranger boots
491:, many British youths in that city joined skinhead/
95:
81:
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2848:Dalton, Stephen, "Revolution Rock", Vox, June 1993
610:By the 1980s street fights regularly broke out in
151:, skinheads are defined by their close-cropped or
139:is a member of a subculture that originated among
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2081:
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2019:
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2015:
512:(with mod-length hair; associated with gangs and
352:clothing merchants. These youths became known as
3158:"Diamond in the Dust – The Ian Stuart Biography"
2672:"5 Things You Didn't Know About the Chelsea Cut"
2301:(Liner notes). London: Trojan Records. TJETD003.
1978:(Liner notes). London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.
1963:(Liner notes). London: Trojan Records. TJETD020.
1539:in common slang). There had, however, also been
1042:In recent years, other brands of boots, such as
1024:or Dr. Martens (or similarly styled) low shoes.
201:, incorporating elements of early working class
3080:"WNP — Memoirs of a Street Soldier Part 8"
1183:, a fusion of ska, rocksteady, reggae, pop and
3027:"Metal Archives – Satanic Skinhead Propaganda"
2550:"Chelsea Haircut: Bring an Edge to your Style"
1989:
1987:
1985:
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3052:Moynihan, Michael; Søderlind, Didrik (1998).
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1799:Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England
508:(often with shoulder-length hairstyles), and
8:
3475:The Paint House: Words from an East End Gang
2407:Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture
1842:Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture
1554:On the far left of the skinhead subculture,
690:). A feathercut is short on the crown, with
209:music and fashion, especially from Jamaican
167:, high rise and varying length straight-leg
28:
4195:Working-class culture in the United Kingdom
3416:"Skinhead Nation: The Big Apple Bites Back"
3211:"Crucified Skinhead, Hate Symbols Database"
1620: – Fanatical association football fans
1334:is popular. Bands such as the Canadian act
1132:led to the UK popularity of groups such as
784:Skinheads wore long-sleeve or short-sleeve
736:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
672:of various styles, usually neatly trimmed.
3659:
3645:
3637:
2700:"Blasphemy Black Metal Skinheads T-Shirts"
1596:SHARP – Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
1570:" was popularized among some skinheads by
1566:and pro-working class stance. The phrase "
962:(without a bobble). Less common have been
686:from the front yet from the back it is an
34:
27:
2193:"Joe Hawkins: Not just an Oppressed-song"
1016:. Skinheads have also been known to wear
756:Learn how and when to remove this message
483:. Due to largescale British migration to
2090:. Reggaereggaereggae.com. Archived from
2052:
2050:
1752:
1750:
2862:"Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell"
2724:
2405:Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (2013).
1839:Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (2013).
1725:
1703:
1529:skinheads) engaged in violence against
2740:. Themilkfactory.co.uk. Archived from
2251:from the original on 24 September 2008
1100:, described as "black metal skinheads"
182:of the 1950s–early 1960s and the more
3333:from the original on 26 February 2010
3327:"REDSKINS — The Interview, 1986"
3221:from the original on 8 September 2019
3112:from the original on 26 November 2010
3086:from the original on 17 February 2012
2951:from the original on 8 September 2010
2796:from the original on 27 February 2010
2770:from the original on 17 November 2019
2626:Brolley, Brittany (7 February 2019).
1998:. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing.
1741:
1371:(RAC). The most notable RAC band was
938:Hats common among skinheads include:
614:between skinheads and members of the
547:, a revival skinhead pictured in 1977
7:
3603:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
3029:. metal-archives.com. Archived from
2997:"Oi! American Oi! : Anti-Heros"
2628:"Haircuts You'll Regret In 10 Years"
2548:Bose, Mahasweta (22 February 2022).
1859:from the original on 1 December 2020
1820:from the original on 1 December 2020
1777:from the original on 1 December 2020
1711:
734:adding citations to reliable sources
360:and devotion to fashion, music, and
3378:Groundwater, Colin (10 June 2020).
2146:from the original on 13 August 2012
2116:. Soundchecks.co.uk. Archived from
1614: – Cultural identity in the UK
1187:. The 2 Tone genre was named after
356:, a youth subculture noted for its
155:and working-class clothing such as
3829:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
3164:from the original on 27 April 2009
3014:Black Metal: Evolution of the Cult
2977:from the original on 21 April 2018
2645:Panse, Sonal (21 September 2022).
2574:John, Natasha (22 December 2021).
2225:from the original on 20 April 2012
1938:. London: Eel Pie Publishing Ltd.
1584:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
309:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
14:
3615:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.015
3281:from the original on 7 April 2010
2999:. 17 January 1999. Archived from
2925:from the original on 17 July 2011
2600:Crow, Sarah (25 September 2018).
2518:Peters, Alex (28 December 2020).
2441:. 1 November 2006. Archived from
1890:from the original on 7 April 2010
1392:Racism, anti-racism, and politics
1128:. The link between skinheads and
663:Most first wave skinheads used a
40:Skinhead women with straight-cut
3477:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
3138:from the original on 4 July 2010
2456:Geoghegan, Tom (12 April 2007).
2319:from the original on 4 June 2012
1996:Spirit of '69 – A Skinhead Bible
1878:Godfrey, John (September 1988).
1671:Subculture: The Meaning of Style
923:trousers (a style popular among
706:
348:bands, certain film actors, and
2271:"Arts & Culture – ABC News"
2172:from the original on 5 May 2009
1673:. London, New York: Routledge.
1354:arson of several stave churches
665:No. 2 or No. 3 grade clip guard
332:In the late 1950s the post-war
4185:1968 establishments in England
3954:National Socialist black metal
1976:Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set
1911:Mod: A Very British Phenomenon
1345:National Socialist black metal
1241:, who championed the genre in
694:at the front, back and sides.
264:, a working class offshoot of
16:Working-class youth subculture
1:
3418:. 9 July 2007. Archived from
3132:"Skrewdriver- Press Cuttings"
2031:. 8 June 1970. Archived from
1578:, which started in 1981, and
1515:), and the publishers of the
1260:, the Business, Last Resort,
3628:М.: Academia, 2007. 116 стр.
3329:. Sozialismus-von-unten.de.
3058:. Feral House. p. 362.
2647:"What Is a Chelsea Haircut?"
2359:10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289
1760:Boy Culture: An Encyclopedia
1431:saw a rise in the number of
1198:that featured bands such as
1004:or generic workboots, later
559:(both later of the band the
3896:National Socialist Movement
3812:Red and Anarchist Skinheads
3549:Working Class Youth Culture
3511:Youth in Britain since 1945
3106:"Skrewdriver- A Fan's View"
2297:de Konigh, Michael (2004).
4226:
3772:Aryan Brotherhood of Texas
3450:10.1177/0044118X7400600203
2945:"The Press a tribute page"
2883:Punk Rock: An Oral History
2738:"RICHARD H KIRK Interview"
2409:. Routledge. p. 496.
2384:. I.B.Tauris. p. 43.
2221:. Stewarthomesociety.org.
1562:skinheads take a militant
1311:music, with bands such as
1279:The British skinhead band
20:
4205:Socioeconomic stereotypes
3934:Caribbean music in the UK
3380:"A brief history of ACAB"
3277:. Skinheadheaven.org.uk.
1994:Marshall, George (1991).
1961:Trojan Mod Reggae Box Set
1913:. London: Omnibus Press.
1634:Journal of Social History
772:Male skinhead from the UK
33:
4200:Social class subcultures
4018:Clothing and accessories
3881:Keystone State Skinheads
3796:List of peckerwood gangs
2885:(London: Elbury Press).
2764:"The 2-Tone discography"
2380:Arnold, Rebecca (2001).
2299:Suedehead Reggae Box Set
2025:"Britain: The Skinheads"
1934:Barnes, Richard (1979).
1909:Rawlings, Terry (2000).
622:youth movements. German
532:look making a comeback.
149:working-class solidarity
21:Not to be confused with
3248:. ST Publishing, 1996.
3188:Encyclopedia Britannica
402:developed between the “
242:, as well as sometimes
3979:Rock Against Communism
3906:White Aryan Resistance
3886:Vinlanders Social Club
3528:Osgerby, Bill (2004).
3509:Osgerby, Bill (1998).
3402:Anti-Defamation League
3215:Anti-Defamation League
1669:Hebdige, Dick (1979).
1601:List of skinhead films
1531:South Asian immigrants
1480:
1477:Anti-Defamation League
1454:White Aryan Resistance
1416:
1369:Rock Against Communism
1330:Among some skinheads,
1284:
1101:
1039:
868:¾-length coats, short
828:(known in the UK as a
781:
773:
660:
626:, led among others by
548:
336:led to an increase in
328:Origins and first wave
319:
2921:. Oisite.tripod.com.
2347:Patterns of Prejudice
2086:de Koningh, Michael.
1884:Skinheadheaven.org.uk
1796:Cashmore, E. (2013).
1646:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079
1568:all cops are bastards
1470:
1433:white power skinheads
1399:
1365:white power skinheads
1278:
1108:music genres such as
1091:
1030:
804:, Warrior or Jaytex;
779:
771:
668:Some skinheads sport
658:
583:. From 1979 onwards,
543:
317:
3836:White power skinhead
3740:Friends Stand United
3725:Football hooliganism
3490:Davis, John (1990).
3307:on 29 September 2005
1606:White power skinhead
1509:traditional skinhead
1384:is sometimes called
1058:, by brands such as
996:Most skinheads wear
933:white power skinhead
730:improve this section
589:football hooliganism
567:, later of the band
514:football hooliganism
280:-influenced styles.
272:in a style known as
112:White power skinhead
23:White power skinhead
3675:Vintage subcultures
3622:Victor Schnirelmann
3595:Skinheads in Russia
3438:Youth & Society
3003:on 17 January 1999.
2676:Re-Edition Magazine
2481:New German Critique
2281:on 29 October 2008.
2191:Mean Streets, Jon.
2094:on 17 December 2008
2064:on 19 February 2001
1580:Anti-Fascist Action
960:winter woollen hats
826:sleeveless sweaters
575:groups such as the
219:rude boy subculture
30:
3851:Blood & Honour
3824:Anti-Racist Action
3792:Public Enemy No. 1
3716:Modern subcultures
3359:on 27 October 2009
3244:Marshall, George.
3190:. 15 January 2024.
3082:. Aryanunity.com.
2973:. Dementlieu.com.
2947:. Maninblack.org.
2868:on 30 August 2009.
2832:"The Specials.com"
2468:on 17 August 2017.
2315:. Film Noir Buff.
1481:
1421:racially-motivated
1417:
1356:and the murder of
1285:
1102:
1040:
969:A Clockwork Orange
864:-style overcoats,
846:Harrington jackets
818:Grandfather shirts
792:by brands such as
786:button-down shirts
782:
774:
661:
557:Hoxton Tom McCourt
549:
545:Hoxton Tom McCourt
462:Rastafari movement
320:
227:Jamaican immigrant
176:alternative values
76:Hoxton Tom McCourt
4210:Music and fashion
4167:
4166:
3767:Aryan Brotherhood
3735:Hardcore skinhead
3586:978-1-84513-480-8
3572:Original Rude Boy
3262:978-1-898927-45-7
3200:Osgerby, 1998, 65
2919:"Cockney Rejects"
2838:on 28 March 2009.
2462:BBC News Magazine
2439:Stuffmagazine.com
2005:978-1-898927-10-5
1945:978-0-85965-173-8
1533:(an act known as
1340:British Columbian
1154:black nationalism
834:cardigan sweaters
766:
765:
758:
524:, suits, and the
489:Western Australia
458:black nationalism
338:disposable income
305:neo-Nazi skinhead
145:social alienation
129:
128:
4217:
4160:Peckerwood gangs
4025:Alpha Industries
3856:British Movement
3782:European Kindred
3661:
3654:
3647:
3638:
3618:
3609:(3–4): 269–278.
3590:
3562:
3543:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3469:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3355:. Archived from
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3303:. Archived from
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3134:. Punk77.co.uk.
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3108:. Punk77.co.uk.
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2899:
2893:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2864:. Archived from
2858:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:. Archived from
2828:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:on 24 April 2015
2702:. Archived from
2696:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:. Archived from
2458:"Under the skin"
2453:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2353:(4–5): 458–482.
2342:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2277:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:. Brumbeat.net.
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2054:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2021:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1920:978-0-7119-68134
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1714:
1712:#Further reading
1708:
1692:
1665:
1549:Northern England
1458:Blood and Honour
1429:British Movement
1254:Angelic Upstarts
761:
754:
750:
747:
741:
710:
702:
581:British Movement
481:Skinhead Escapes
406:(also known as “
344:groups, British
303:. By the 1990s,
301:British Movement
251:rhythm and blues
244:African-American
223:Jamaican British
38:
31:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4134:
4115:Steel-toe boots
4013:
3912:
3819:Trojan skinhead
3717:
3711:
3670:
3665:
3635:
3600:
3597:
3587:
3567:Staple, Neville
3565:
3559:
3546:
3540:
3527:
3521:
3508:
3502:
3489:
3472:
3435:
3432:
3430:Further reading
3427:
3422:on 9 July 2007.
3414:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3246:Skinhead Nation
3243:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2896:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2792:. 2-tone.info.
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2766:. 2-tone.info.
2762:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2651:Beauty Answered
2644:
2643:
2639:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2528:
2526:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2120:on 5 April 2005
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1974:Old Skool Jim.
1973:
1972:
1968:
1959:Edwards, Dave.
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1681:
1668:
1631:
1627:
1612:Trojan skinhead
1592:
1493:Cockney Rejects
1394:
1358:Øystein Aarseth
1237:and journalist
1235:Cockney Rejects
1223:football chants
1174:Mott the Hoople
1086:
1000:; in the 1960s
994:
892:check pattern.
886:Prince of Wales
762:
751:
745:
742:
727:
711:
700:
653:
648:
608:
585:punk-influenced
538:
398:Around 1966, a
375:, straight-leg
330:
325:
191:hippie movement
108:Trojan skinhead
49:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:Hooligan firms
4153:
4151:Skinhead films
4148:
4146:Skinhead books
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4009:Trojan Records
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:National Front
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Heritage Front
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:American Front
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3787:Nazi Lowriders
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3727:
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3704:
3699:
3694:
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3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3634:
3633:External links
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3563:
3557:
3544:
3538:
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3519:
3506:
3500:
3487:
3470:
3444:(2): 179–200.
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3407:
3389:
3370:
3344:
3318:
3292:
3266:
3232:
3202:
3193:
3175:
3149:
3123:
3097:
3071:
3064:
3044:
3033:on 14 May 2017
3018:
3006:
2988:
2962:
2936:
2910:
2894:
2871:
2850:
2841:
2823:
2807:
2781:
2755:
2744:on 17 May 2011
2729:
2717:
2688:
2663:
2637:
2618:
2592:
2580:HairstylesFeed
2566:
2540:
2510:
2489:10.2307/488465
2483:(64): 87–103.
2471:
2448:
2445:on 7 May 2008.
2426:
2416:978-1134755547
2415:
2397:
2391:978-1860645556
2390:
2372:
2330:
2304:
2284:
2275:www.abc.net.au
2262:
2247:. Abc.net.au.
2236:
2210:
2183:
2157:
2131:
2105:
2075:
2046:
2035:on 21 May 2013
2011:
2004:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1944:
1926:
1919:
1901:
1870:
1852:978-1134755554
1851:
1831:
1812:
1788:
1769:
1746:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1666:
1640:(1): 157–178.
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1491:bands such as
1471:An image of a
1425:National Front
1393:
1390:
1363:Although many
1317:Agnostic Front
1189:2 Tone Records
1164:bands such as
1138:Derrick Morgan
1134:Desmond Dekker
1130:Jamaican music
1085:
1082:
1056:athletic shoes
993:
990:
874:monkey jackets
858:donkey jackets
850:bomber jackets
796:, Muses Cuya,
764:
763:
714:
712:
705:
699:
696:
652:
649:
647:
644:
628:Michael Kühnen
607:
604:
577:National Front
537:
534:
414:also known as
350:Carnaby Street
329:
326:
324:
321:
318:SHARP skinhead
297:National Front
215:mod subculture
195:peace and love
127:
126:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
66:United Kingdom
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4222:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Flight jacket
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Donkey jacket
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Northern soul
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3939:Hardcore punk
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3755:Straight edge
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:9780710083746
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3539:9780415238076
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3520:9780631194767
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3501:9780485800012
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:1-898927-45-6
3251:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3065:0-922915-94-6
3061:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3016:(2013), p. 73
3015:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:1-84454-054-5
2904:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:0-09-190511-7
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:0-313-33158-8
2817:
2811:
2808:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:, p. 58.
2726:
2721:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2199:on 5 May 2007
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:. Routledge.
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1815:
1813:9781135083731
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1770:9780313350818
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:9780415039499
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:Hard As Nails
1514:
1513:Spirit of '69
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:North America
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1411:skinheads in
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1382:hardcore punk
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Varg Vikernes
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:hardcore punk
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:Garry Bushell
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Laurel Aitken
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:pork pie hats
941:
936:
934:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
778:
770:
760:
757:
749:
739:
735:
731:
725:
724:
720:
715:This section
713:
709:
704:
703:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
673:
671:
666:
657:
650:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
599:
597:
596:hardcore punk
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Richard Allen
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
439:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
413:
409:
405:
404:peacock mods”
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:or Sta-Prest
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:economic boom
327:
322:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:punk movement
254:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:working-class
138:
134:
125:
124:hardcore punk
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
72:Major figures
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:1960s–present
56:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
24:
19:
4139:Other topics
4105:Sweater vest
4085:Levi Strauss
3999:Stax Records
3777:Aryan Circle
3730:Gay skinhead
3667:
3606:
3602:
3570:
3548:
3529:
3510:
3491:
3474:
3441:
3437:
3420:the original
3410:
3392:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:the original
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3269:
3245:
3223:. Retrieved
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3074:
3054:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:the original
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2913:
2897:
2882:
2874:
2866:the original
2844:
2836:the original
2826:
2810:
2798:. Retrieved
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2732:
2725:Hebdige 1979
2720:
2708:. Retrieved
2704:the original
2679:. Retrieved
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2631:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2534:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2480:
2474:
2466:the original
2461:
2451:
2443:the original
2438:
2429:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2350:
2346:
2321:. Retrieved
2313:"Suedeheads"
2307:
2298:
2279:the original
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2118:the original
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2037:. Retrieved
2033:the original
2028:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1910:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1841:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1798:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1763:. ABC-CLIO.
1759:
1706:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1564:anti-fascist
1553:
1536:Paki bashing
1534:
1524:
1522:in England.
1516:
1512:
1505:The Business
1482:
1448:
1418:
1405:anti-fascist
1362:
1329:
1301:The Bruisers
1286:
1243:
1231:The Business
1216:
1214:and Menace.
1208:The Selecter
1200:The Specials
1196:record label
1178:
1150:The Pioneers
1124:, and early
1103:
1076:
1072:
1068:monkey boots
1041:
1013:
1010:bovver boots
1002:army surplus
995:
986:
982:brollie boys
981:
974:
967:
955:
951:
937:
929:
927:skinheads).
919:to resemble
894:
829:
783:
752:
746:October 2021
743:
728:Please help
716:
676:
674:
662:
636:East Germany
616:anti-fascist
612:West Germany
609:
600:
593:
550:
509:
505:
499:
497:
480:
476:
466:
452:(before the
440:
430:
426:
422:
415:
411:
408:smooth mods”
407:
403:
397:
366:
331:
282:
255:
221:found among
205:fashion and
184:middle class
180:conservatism
173:
163:work boots,
153:shaven heads
136:
132:
130:
54:Years active
18:
4055:Dr. Martens
4030:Ben Sherman
3944:Mod revival
3871:Hammerskins
3846:Aryan Guard
3577:Aurum Press
3530:Youth Media
3275:"Ska Party"
3225:15 December
1894:27 February
1880:"Ska Party"
1572:The 4-Skins
1541:anti-racist
1497:The 4-Skins
1462:Hammerskins
1409:anti-racist
1373:Skrewdriver
1332:heavy metal
1281:The 4-Skins
1270:the 4-Skins
1094:black metal
1034:boots with
1032:Dr. Martens
1014:bovver boys
1006:Dr. Martens
964:bowler hats
956:driver caps
952:Scally caps
890:houndstooth
814:sweatshirts
794:Ben Sherman
790:polo shirts
632:Berlin Wall
536:Second wave
358:consumerism
199:subcultures
157:Dr. Martens
4174:Categories
4080:Harrington
4070:Fred Perry
4004:Studio One
3984:Rocksteady
3901:Volksfront
3866:Creativity
3807:Red Action
3762:Peckerwood
3718:and groups
3697:Scooterboy
3184:"Skinhead"
2879:Robb, John
2681:24 October
2656:24 October
2611:24 October
2585:24 October
2559:24 October
2529:24 October
1742:Brown 2004
1721:References
1689:1087981277
1576:Red Action
1485:suedeheads
1437:neo-Nazism
1325:streetpunk
1305:Anti-Heros
1297:Iron Cross
1289:U.S. Chaos
1262:The Burial
1158:suedeheads
1122:rocksteady
1078:Suedeheads
921:camouflage
903:(normally
812:shirts or
798:Fred Perry
501:suedeheads
475:, notably
423:emonheads”
412:hard mods”
393:rocksteady
373:army boots
293:apolitical
236:rocksteady
217:, and the
100:Suedeheads
96:Influenced
82:Influences
4190:Punk rock
3969:Punk rock
3929:Blue Beat
3861:Combat 18
3707:Suedehead
3483:480732329
3466:146496118
3458:0044-118X
3337:31 August
3311:31 August
3285:31 August
3142:31 August
3116:31 August
3090:31 August
3037:1 January
2981:31 August
2955:31 August
2929:31 August
2800:31 August
2774:31 August
2748:31 August
2606:Best Life
2554:Getarazor
2536:movement.
2497:0094-033X
2367:144461518
2323:31 August
2255:31 August
2229:31 August
2176:31 August
2150:31 August
2124:31 August
2098:31 August
2068:31 August
1863:3 January
1824:3 January
1804:Routledge
1781:3 January
1560:anarchist
1501:Toy Dolls
1473:crucified
1415:, Germany
1401:Anarchist
1336:Blasphemy
1293:The Press
1266:Combat 84
1185:punk rock
1162:glam rock
1098:Blasphemy
1092:Canadian
948:flat caps
866:sheepskin
820:; V-neck
717:does not
670:sideburns
624:neo-nazis
620:left wing
573:far right
553:punk rock
506:smoothies
438:culture.
431:Hard mods
285:far-right
266:punk rock
211:rude boys
188:bourgeois
161:steel toe
4180:Skinhead
4110:Solovair
4095:Lonsdale
4075:Grinders
4060:Flat cap
3745:Hardline
3692:Sharpies
3687:Rude boy
3668:Skinhead
3569:(2009).
3363:22 April
3331:Archived
3279:Archived
3219:Archived
3168:22 April
3162:Archived
3136:Archived
3110:Archived
3084:Archived
2975:Archived
2949:Archived
2923:Archived
2881:(2006).
2794:Archived
2768:Archived
2710:22 April
2632:The List
2317:Archived
2249:Archived
2223:Archived
2203:11 April
2170:Archived
2144:Archived
1888:Archived
1857:Archived
1818:Archived
1775:Archived
1662:42029805
1590:See also
1556:redskins
1545:Scotland
1449:skinhead
1427:and the
1413:Hannover
1386:hatecore
1377:neo-Nazi
1321:Cro-Mags
1246:magazine
1227:pub rock
1193:Coventry
1052:Football
1044:Solovair
992:Footwear
913:Wrangler
897:trousers
838:T-shirts
830:tank top
822:sweaters
810:Everlast
806:Lonsdale
698:Clothing
688:undercut
579:and the
510:bootboys
493:sharpies
477:Skinhead
460:and the
446:rude boy
443:Jamaican
427:peanuts”
381:trousers
362:scooters
289:far-left
270:new wave
207:Jamaican
133:skinhead
120:Sharpies
90:rude boy
46:Portugal
29:Skinhead
4125:Tredair
4090:Loafers
4045:Crombie
4035:Brogues
3802:Redskin
3702:Soulboy
2168:. BBC.
1654:3790031
1625:Sources
1313:Warzone
1283:in 1980
1212:Sham 69
1204:Madness
1146:Symarip
1118:R&B
1054:-style
1048:Tredair
1022:loafers
1018:brogues
978:paisley
862:Crombie
842:blazers
738:removed
723:sources
692:fringes
681:fringed
677:Chelsea
606:Germany
569:Madness
561:4-Skins
530:sweater
522:loafers
518:brogues
395:music.
346:R&B
323:History
62:Country
48:in 2008
42:fringes
4130:Trilby
4040:Brutus
3974:Reggae
3949:Motown
3924:2 Tone
3583:
3555:
3536:
3517:
3498:
3481:
3464:
3456:
3398:"ACAB"
3260:
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2365:
2039:23 May
2002:
1942:
1917:
1849:
1810:
1767:
1687:
1677:
1660:
1652:
1618:Ultras
1503:, and
1445:Europe
1319:, and
1244:Sounds
1181:2 Tone
1126:reggae
1060:Adidas
1036:Levi's
942:hats;
940:Trilby
917:bleach
905:Levi's
882:mohair
878:parkas
802:Brutus
618:, and
563:) and
526:slacks
450:reggae
436:hippie
400:schism
391:, and
274:2 Tone
240:reggae
238:, and
165:braces
3917:Music
3462:S2CID
2524:Dazed
2501:JSTOR
2363:S2CID
1936:Mods!
1698:Notes
1658:S2CID
1650:JSTOR
1527:black
1258:Blitz
1250:punks
1170:Slade
1166:Sweet
1106:black
1096:band
1084:Music
1038:jeans
998:boots
901:jeans
854:denim
646:Style
640:Stasi
634:, in
565:Suggs
528:-and-
485:Perth
469:Slade
454:tempo
419:mods”
417:“gang
377:jeans
369:boots
169:jeans
116:SHARP
4120:Suit
4100:MA-1
3994:Soul
3581:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3534:ISBN
3515:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3479:OCLC
3454:ISSN
3365:2015
3339:2010
3313:2010
3287:2010
3258:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3227:2019
3170:2015
3144:2010
3118:2010
3092:2010
3060:ISBN
3039:2022
2983:2010
2957:2010
2931:2010
2903:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2816:ISBN
2802:2010
2776:2010
2750:2010
2712:2015
2683:2022
2658:2022
2613:2022
2587:2022
2561:2022
2531:2022
2493:ISSN
2422:2012
2411:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2325:2010
2257:2010
2231:2010
2205:2007
2178:2010
2152:2010
2126:2010
2100:2010
2070:2010
2041:2010
2029:Time
2000:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1915:ISBN
1896:2010
1865:2020
1847:ISBN
1826:2020
1808:ISBN
1783:2020
1765:ISBN
1685:OCLC
1675:ISBN
1558:and
1547:and
1520:zine
1460:and
1407:and
1303:and
1268:and
1206:and
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1064:Gola
870:macs
721:any
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679:, a
651:Hair
479:and
425:or “
421:, “l
385:soul
354:mods
342:soul
299:and
287:and
278:punk
249:and
247:soul
225:and
193:and
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137:skin
3989:Ska
3964:Oi!
3750:Oi!
3682:Mod
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3611:doi
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1219:Oi!
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