355:, which in some cases reserved space in the machines for the customers' own records. In the late 1950s, coffee bars were associated with jazz and blues, but in the early 1960s, they began playing more R&B music. Frith noted that although coffee bars were originally aimed at middle-class art school students, they began to facilitate an intermixing of youth from different backgrounds and classes. At these venues, which Frith called the "first sign of the youth movement", young people met collectors of R&B and blues records.
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846:. The paper interviewed a 17-year-old mod who went out clubbing seven nights a week and spent Saturday afternoons shopping for clothes and records. However, few British teens and young adults would have had the time and money to spend this much time going to nightclubs. Paul Jobling and David Crowley argued that most young mods worked 9 to 5 at semi-skilled jobs, which meant that they had much less leisure time and only a modest income to spend during their time off.
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821:. Mods rejected the "faulty pap" of 1950s pop music and sappy love songs. They aimed at being "cool, neat, sharp, hip, and smart" by embracing "all things sexy and streamlined", especially when they were new, exciting, controversial or modern. Hebdige claimed that the mod subculture came about as part of the participants' desire to understand the "mysterious complexity of the metropolis" and to get close to black culture of the
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attached to a man, and to the development of new occupations for young women, which gave them an income and made them more independent. Hall and
Jefferson noted the increasing number of jobs in boutiques and women's clothing stores, which, while poorly paid and lacking opportunities for advancement, gave young women disposable income, status and a glamorous sense of dressing up and going into town to work.
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1405:, which examined media coverage of the mod and rocker riots in the 1960s. Although Cohen acknowledged that mods and rockers had some fights in the mid-1960s, he argued that they were no different from the evening brawls that occurred between non-mod and non-rocker youths throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, both at seaside resorts and after football games.
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Small Faces began to change and, by the end of the decade, moved away from mod. Additionally, the original mods of the early 1960s were coming to the age of marriage and child-rearing, which meant many of them no longer had the time or money for their youthful pastimes of club-going, record-shopping, and buying clothes.
658:. Because of their fascination with black culture, the early skinheads were, except in isolated situations, largely devoid of the overt racism and fascism that would later become associated with whole wings of the movement in the mid to late 1970s. The early skinheads retained basic elements of mod fashion—such as
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After the seaside resort brawls, the media began to associate
Italian scooters with violent mods. Much later, writers described groups of mods riding scooters together as a "menacing symbol of group solidarity" that was "converted into a weapon". With events like the 6 November 1966, "scooter charge"
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collegiate style from the United States. A few male mods went against gender norms by using eye shadow, eye-pencil or even lipstick. Mods chose scooters over motorbikes partly because they were a symbol of
Italian style and because their body panels concealed moving parts and made them less likely to
1262:. Scooters were a practical and affordable form of transportation for 1960s teens, since until the early 1970s, public transport stopped relatively early in the night. For teens with low-paying jobs, scooters were cheaper and easier to park than cars, and they could be bought through newly available
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Jobling and
Crowley argued that for working class mods, the subculture's focus on fashion and music was a release from the "humdrum of daily existence" at their jobs. Jobling and Crowley noted that while the subculture had strong elements of consumerism and shopping, mods were not passive consumers;
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Shari
Benstock and Suzanne Ferriss claimed that the emphasis in the mod subculture on consumerism and shopping was the "ultimate affront to male working-class traditions" in the United Kingdom, because in the working-class tradition, shopping was usually done by women. They argued that British mods
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and Tony
Jefferson argued in 1993 that compared to other youth subcultures, the mod scene gave young women high visibility and relative autonomy. They wrote that this status may have been related both to the attitudes of the mod young men, who accepted the idea that a young woman did not have to be
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helped spread awareness of mod fashions to a larger audience. Mod-culture continues to influence fashion, with the ongoing trend for mod-inspired styles such as 3-button suits, Chelsea boots and mini dresses. The Mod
Revival of the 1980s and 1990s led to a new era of mod-inspired fashion, driven by
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districts. The streets' names became symbols of, one magazine later stated, "an endless frieze of mini-skirted, booted, fair-haired angular angels". Newspaper accounts from the mid-1960s focused on the mod obsession with clothes, often detailing the prices of the expensive suits worn by young mods,
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and
Suzanne Ferriss argued that at the "core of the British Mod rebellion was a blatant fetishising of the American consumer culture" that had "eroded the moral fiber of England." In doing so, the mods "mocked the class system that had gotten their fathers nowhere" and created a "rebellion based on
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remained active well into the late 1960s, but tended to become increasingly detached from the
Swinging London scene and the burgeoning hippie movement. By 1967, they considered most of the people in the Swinging London scene to be "soft mods" or "peacock mods", as styles, there, became increasingly
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and mingled with black rude boys at West Indian nightclubs like Ram Jam, A-Train and Sloopy's. Hebdige claimed that the hard mods were drawn to black culture and ska music in part because the educated, middle-class hippie movement's drug-orientated and intellectual music did not have any relevance
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subculture grew more popular in the United
Kingdom, much of mod, for a time, seemed intertwined with those movements. However, it dissipated after 1968, as tastes began to favor a less style-conscious, denim and tie-dyed look, along with a decreased interest in nightlife. Bands such as the Who and
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As numerous British rock bands of the mid-1960s began to adopt a mod look and following, the scope of the subculture grew beyond its original confines and the focus began to change. By 1966, proletarian aspects of the scene in London had waned as fashion and pop-culture elements continued to grow,
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According to Hebdige, by around 1963, the mod subculture had gradually accumulated the identifying symbols that later came to be associated with the scene, such as scooters, amphetamine pills and R&B music. While clothes were still important at that time, they could be ready-made. Dick Hebdige
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Scholars debate how much contact the two subcultures had during the 1960s. Hebdige argued that mods and rockers had little contact with each other because they tended to come from different regions of England (mods from London and rockers from rural areas), and because they had "totally disparate
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Paul Jobling and David Crowley called the mod subculture a "fashion-obsessed and hedonistic cult of the hyper-cool" young adults who lived in metropolitan London or the new towns of the south. Due to the increasing affluence of post-war Britain, the youths of the early 1960s were one of the first
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and overaccessorized with luggage racks, crash bars, and scores of mirrors and fog lights". Some mods added four, ten, or as many as 30 mirrors to their scooters. They often put their names on the small windscreen. They sometimes took their engine side panels and front bumpers to electroplating
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and other drugs. Andrew Wilson argued that for a significant minority, "amphetamines symbolised the smart, on-the-ball, cool image" and that they sought "stimulation not intoxication ... greater awareness, not escape" and "confidence and articulacy" rather than the "drunken rowdiness of previous
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Dick Hebdige argued that when trying to understand 1960s mod culture, one has to try and "penetrate and decipher the mythology of the mods". Terry Rawlings argued that the mod scene developed when British teenagers began to reject the "dull, timid, old-fashioned, and uninspired" British culture
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Hall and Jefferson argued that the presentable image of female mod fashions meant it was easier for young mod women to integrate with the non-subculture aspects of their lives (home, school and work) than for members of other subcultures. The emphasis on clothing and a stylised look for women
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As mod was going through transformation in England, it became all the rage in the United States and around the world, as many young people adopted its look. However, the worldwide experience differed from that of the early scene in London in that it was based mainly on the pop culture aspect,
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and spread throughout Great Britain, eventually influencing fashions and trends in other countries. It continues today on a smaller scale. Focused on music and fashion, the subculture has its roots in a small group of stylish London-based young men and women in the late 1950s who were termed
384:. After 1964, clashes between the two groups largely subsided, as mod expanded and came to be accepted by the larger youth generation throughout the UK as a symbol of all that was new. During this time London became a mecca for rock music, with popular bands such as the Who and
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A notable part of the mod subculture was recreational amphetamine use, which was used to fuel all-night dances at clubs. Newspaper reports described dancers emerging from clubs at 5 a.m. with dilated pupils. Some mods consumed a combined amphetamine/barbiturate called
2008:
Covach, John; Flory, Andrew (2012), "Chapter 4: 1964-1966 The Beatles and the british invasion | XII Other important British blues revival groups | E. The Who", in Covach, John; Flory, Andrew, What's that sound?: an introduction to rock and its history, New York: Norton,
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argued that the mods and rockers' purported lack of respect for law and order could cause violence to "surge and flame like a forest fire". As a result of this media coverage, two British Members of Parliament travelled to the seaside areas to survey the damage, and MP
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generations that did not have to contribute their money from after-school jobs to the family finances. As mod teens and young adults began using their disposable income to buy stylish clothes, the first youth-targeted boutique clothing stores opened in London in the
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argued that mods used amphetamines to extend their leisure time into the early hours of the morning and as a way of bridging the gap between their hostile and daunting everyday work lives and the "inner world" of dancing and dressing up in their off-hours.
1065:. The music scene of the Mods was a mix of modern jazz, R&B, psychedelic rock and soul. Terry Rawlings wrote that mods became "dedicated to R&B and their own dances." Black American servicemen, stationed in Britain during the early part of the
1355:. Mods were described in 2012 as "effeminate, stuck-up, emulating the middle classes, aspiring to a competitive sophistication, snobbish, phony", and rockers as "hopelessly naive, loutish, scruffy", emulating the motorcycle gang members in the film
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Newspapers of the time were eager to describe the mod and rocker clashes as being of "disastrous proportions", and labelled mods and rockers as "sawdust Caesars", "vermin" and "louts". Newspaper editorials fanned the flames of hysteria, such as a
1191:, nicknamed "purple hearts". Due to this association with amphetamines, Pete Meaden's "clean living" aphorism about the mod subculture may seem contradictory, but the drug was still legal in Britain in the early 1960s, and mods used the drug for
1166:. The Who's early promotional material tagged them as playing "maximum rhythm and blues", and a name change in 1964 from The Who to The High Numbers was an attempt to cater even more to the mod market. After the commercial failure of the single "
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Skinheads emerged from the Mod scene with a look that countered the majority of Mods' super-stylish appearance. Before they were known as Skinheads (or "Skins"), this group was known as "Hard Mods", implying an unrefined aspect to their
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look. The Teddy Boys paved the way for making male interest in fashion socially acceptable. Prior to the Teddy Boys, male interest in fashion in Britain was often associated with underground homosexuals' subculture and dressing style.
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Many female mods dressed androgynously, with short haircuts, men's trousers or shirts, flat shoes, and little makeup — often just pale foundation, brown eye shadow, white or pale lipstick and false eyelashes. British fashion designer
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claimed in 2006 that the "mods rejected the rocker's crude conception of masculinity, the transparency of his motivations, his clumsiness"; the rockers viewed the vanity and obsession with clothes of the mods as immasculine.
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started in the late 1970s in the United Kingdom, with thousands of mod revivalists attending scooter rallies in locations such as Scarborough and the Isle of Wight. This revival was partly inspired by the 1979 film
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was an umbrella term that covered several distinct sub-scenes. Terry Rawlings argued that mods are difficult to define because the subculture started out as a "mysterious semi-secret world", which the Who's manager
374:, motorcycles and leather jackets, and considered the mods effeminate because of their interest in fashion. There were some violent clashes between the two groups. This period was later immortalised by songwriter
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For young mods, Italian scooters were the "embodiment of continental style and a way to escape the working-class row houses of their upbringing". Mods customised their scooters by painting them in "two-tone and
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Covach, John; Flory, Andrew (2012), "Chapter 4: 1964-1966 The Beatles and the british invasion | XII Other important British blues revival groups | E. The Who", in Covach, John; Flory, Andrew (eds.),
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were "worshipping leisure and money ... scorning the masculine world of hard work and honest labour" by spending their time listening to music, collecting records, socialising, and dancing at all-night clubs.
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for them. He argued that the hard mods were attracted to ska because it was a secret, underground, non-commercialised music that was disseminated through informal channels such as house parties and clubs.
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argued that the subculture lost its vitality when it became commercialised and stylised to the point that mod clothing styles were being created "from above" by clothing companies and by TV shows like
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in Britain which attempted to replicate the "scooter" period look and styles of the early to mid-1960s. It was followed by a similar mod revival in North America in the early 1980s, particularly in
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6. The Rockers emulated Marlon Brando's motorcycle gang leader character in "The Wild One" film (a) wore leather clothes; (b) rode motorcycles; and (c) often engaged in brawls with the Mods
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can be difficult to pin down, because throughout the subculture's original era, it was "prone to continuous reinvention." They claimed that since the mod scene was so pluralist, the word
969:, is credited for popularizing mod subculture. Miniskirts became progressively shorter between the early and mid-1960s. As female mod fashion became more mainstream, slender models like
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influenced by British rock musicians. By now, mod was thought of more as a general youth-culture style rather than as a separate subgroup amongst different contentious factions.
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682:, some mods were seen wearing boots and braces and sporting close cropped haircuts (for practical reasons, as long hair was a liability in industrial jobs and street fights).
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1432:. One of the prosecutors in the trial of some of the Clacton brawlers argued that mods and rockers were youths with no serious views, who lacked respect for law and order.
138:". During this time, mod fashions spread to other countries; mod was then viewed less as an isolated subculture, but as emblematic of the larger youth culture of the era.
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scene, a subculture based on obscure 1960s and 1970s American soul records. Some mods evolved into, or merged with, subcultures such as individualists, stylists, and
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in London to hear the latest records and show off their dance moves. As the mod subculture spread across the United Kingdom, other clubs became popular, including
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scene in London. Steve Sparks, whose claim is to be one of the original mods, agrees that before mod became commercialised, it was essentially an extension of the
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young men insisting on clothes and shoes tailored to their style, who emerged during the modern jazz boom of the late 1950s. Early mods watched French and Italian
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It was Stanley Cohen's classic account, first published in the early 1970s and regularly revised, that brought the term 'moral panic' into widespread discussion.
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The influence of British newspapers on creating the public perception of mods as having a leisure-filled club-going lifestyle can be seen in a 1964 article in
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191:. The novel may be one of the earliest examples of the term being written to describe young British style-conscious modern jazz fans. This usage of the word
911:-style, and putting their personal signatures on their style. Mods adopted new Italian and French styles in part as a reaction to the rural and small-town
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News stories from May 1964 stated that mods and rockers were jailed after riots in seaside resort towns on the south and east coasts of England, such as
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records that were unavailable in Britain, and they often sold these to young people in London. Starting around 1960, mods embraced the off-beat,
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During the early to mid-1960s, as mod grew and spread throughout Britain, certain elements of the mod scene became engaged in well-publicised
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Hard mods (who later evolved into the skinheads) began riding scooters more for practical reasons. Their scooters were either unmodified or
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and Twiggy began to exemplify the mod look. Maverick fashion designers emerged, such as Quant, who was known for her miniskirt designs, and
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1970:, senior thesis presented To Prof. Anne Cook Saunders on 17 December 1998, online at: www.nh-scooters.com/filemanager/download/11/php1C.pdf
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Revolution in Men's Clothes: Mod Fashions from Britain are Making a Smash in the U.S., Life Magazine, 13 May 1966; pg. 82-86. Cover story.
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Mods also treated scooters as a fashion accessory. Italian scooters were preferred due to their clean-lined, curving shapes and gleaming
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provides a glimpse at mod's influence on the Sunset Strip and West Hollywood scene of late 1966. Mod increasingly became associated with
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Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain. By Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson. Published by Routledge, 1993.
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Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-war Britain. By Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson. Published by Routledge, 1993.
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Brown, Mick. Mods: A Very British Style provides definitive history of the 1960s movement, review. The Telegraph. 19 March 2013
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Encyclopedia of the 1960s: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture [2 volumes]: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture
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all had mod followings, and other bands emerged that were specifically mod-oriented. These included the Who, Small Faces,
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revival in England, and was unique in its racial diversity, with black, white, Hispanic and Asian participants. The 1990s
333:. Sparks argued that "Mod has been much misunderstood ... as this working-class, scooter-riding precursor of skinheads."
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Feldman, Christine J. (2009), "Chapter 1: Whose modern world?: mod culture in Britain", in Feldman, Christine J. (ed.),
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977:, who sold a line named "His Clothes" and whose clients included bands such as Small Faces. The television programme
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Male mods adopted a smooth, sophisticated look that included tailor-made suits with narrow lapels (sometimes made of
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instead they were very self-conscious and critical, customising "existing styles, symbols and artefacts" such as the
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appealing to a largely mod audience, as well as the preponderance of hip fashions, in a period often referred to as
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134:. London became synonymous with fashion, music, and pop culture in these years, a period often referred to as "
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and seeking out extreme cases such as a young mod who claimed that he would "go without food to buy clothes".
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and read Italian magazines to look for style ideas. They usually held semi-skilled manual jobs or low grade
173:, a term used in the 1950s to describe modern jazz musicians and fans. This usage contrasted with the term
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The British mod revival was followed by a revival in North America in the early 1980s, particularly in
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By 1965, conflicts between mods and rockers began to subside and mods increasingly gravitated towards
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1419:" in the United Kingdom who would "bring about disintegration of a nation's character". The magazine
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1551:"Mixing the Medicine: The Unintended Consequence of Amphetamine Control on the Northern Soul Scene"
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351:, which closed at about 11pm, they were open until the early hours of the morning. Coffee bars had
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2287:"Can You Dig It? the Mod Squad's Peggy Lipton, One Marriage and 15 Years Later, Returns to Acting"
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goals and lifestyles". Mark Gilman, however, claimed that both mods and rockers could be seen at
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John Covach wrote that in the United Kingdom, rockers were often engaged in brawls with mods.
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Wilson argued that the significance of amphetamines to the mod culture was similar to that of
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OnThisDay 4 April 1964 BBC Panorama Reported on Mods and Rockers. Can't we all just get along
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Mondo Mod. Dir. E. Beatty and P. Perry, orig. 1967. DVD: something Weird Video, rel. 2002 w/
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56:. Elements of the mod subculture include fashion (often tailor-made suits); music (including
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between the mods, often riding highly decorated motor scooters, and their main rivals, the
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The early mods listened to the "sophisticated smoother modern jazz" of musicians such as
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Revolution in Men' s Clothes: Mod Fashions from Britain are Making a Smash in the U.S.,
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demonstrated the "same fussiness for detail in clothes" as their male mod counterparts.
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Mary Anne Long argued that "first hand accounts and contemporary theorists point to the
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1497:"Revolution in Men's Clothes: Mod Fashions from Britain are Making a Smash in the U.S."
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film and TV series also kept mod fashion in the public eye. Today's mod icons include
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Two youth subcultures helped pave the way for mod fashion by breaking new ground: the
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in a wider sense to describe anything that was believed to be popular, fashionable or
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work boots. Hebdige claimed that as early as the Margate and Brighton brawls between
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came into vogue. Its trappings were reflected on popular American TV shows such as
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boutiques, live music, and discothèques. Many associate this era with fashion model
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UNDERSTANDING THE SNOBBERY BETWEEN ORIGINAL MODS, REVIVALISTS, AND MILLENNIAL MODS
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culture: "It comes from 'modernist', it was to do with modern jazz and to do with
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immigrants, so these mods favoured a different kind of attire, that emulated the
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53:
2954:
Mod: Clean Living Under Very Difficult Circumstances: a Very British Phenomenon
1840:
Mod: Clean Living Under Very Difficult Circumstances: a Very British Phenomenon
1686:
749:
336:
4013:
3780:
3694:
3039:
Hebdige, Dick, "The Meaning of Mod," in Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds.,
1439:
1175:
1155:
1124:
1081:
1070:
1058:
999:
962:
900:
801:
690:
671:
659:
651:
647:
589:
527:
509:
470:
367:
222:
202:
81:
80:). In the mid-1960s when they started to fade out, the subculture listened to
57:
40:
3153:
Hebdige, Dick, "The Meaning of Mod" in Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds.,
3140:
Hebdige, Dick. "The Meaning of Mod" in Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds.,
3066:
2695:
Hebdige, Dick. "The Meaning of Mod" in Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds.,
1565:
942:
desert boots, bowling shoes, and hairstyles that imitated the look of French
594:
Some street-oriented mods, usually of lesser means, sometimes referred to as
347:
Coffee bars were attractive to British youth because, in contrast to typical
3970:
3795:
3652:
2195:
1462:
1196:
1159:
1147:
1085:
966:
876:
805:
537:
485:
197:
178:
73:
21:
2353:
Peggy Lipton Style Evolution: The 'Mod Squad' Star Turned Hip Hollywood Mom
1269:
1174:
dressed like mods for a while (after dressing like rockers earlier), their
667:
1305:(monocoque)-design Vespas had their body panels slimmed down or reshaped.
610:
141:
As mod became more cosmopolitan during the "Swinging London" period, some
4128:
3704:
3684:
3647:
1386:
1101:
1097:
1066:
825:
643:
627:
585:
257:
217:. From the mid-to-late 1960s onwards, the mass media often used the term
187:
describes modernists as young modern jazz fans who dress in sharp modern
146:
3221:
Outcasts, Dropouts, and Provocateurs: Nonconformists Prepare the Terrain
2379:. Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds. London. Routledge, 1993. Page 174
2095:
Unterberger, R., "Mod", in V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine,
1708:"A rather disjointed narrative of the California mod scene(s) 1980–1983"
1246:
618:
Many of the hard mods lived in the same economically depressed areas of
317:
coffee bar culture, which catered to art school students in the radical
252:
wrote that mods were initially a small group of clothes-focused English
3831:
3790:
3709:
3672:
1382:
1302:
1298:
1188:
1074:
1030:
935:
908:
904:
868:
822:
781:
719:
670:
jeans—but mixed them with working class-orientated accessories such as
604:
600:
458:
352:
322:
314:
127:
85:
4113:
3805:
3570:
1220:
923:
817:
around them, with its repressed and class-obsessed mentality and its
655:
631:
567:
519:
466:
452:
210:
44:
3561:
2500:, James Procter, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)
2487:, James Procter, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)
2474:, James Procter, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)
2428:, James Procter, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)
2097:
All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul
818:
358:
As the mod subculture grew in London during the early-to-mid-1960s,
285:
exhibit at the Cotswold Motor Museum in Bourton-on-the-Water in 2007
268:, mods created a parody of the consumer society that they lived in.
3575:
3019:
Life After Dark: A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues
1715:
3734:
3630:
3192:
3190:
3188:
1428:
called for a resolution for intensified measures to control youth
1397:. The "mods and rockers" conflict was explored as an instance of "
1268:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1021:
954:
886:
880:
748:
609:
480:
414:
335:
77:
3155:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
3142:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
3041:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
2697:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
2377:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
2219:
2217:
1934:
Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain
1495:
Grossman, Henry; Spencer, Terrance; Saton, Ernest (13 May 1966).
915:, with their 1950s-style leather motorcycle clothes and American
264:
positions such as a clerk, messenger or office boy. According to
3534:
Weight, Richard. Mod: A Very British Style. Bodley Head (2013)
3391:"We Are the Mods": A Transnational History of a Youth Subculture
2498:
Writing Black Britain, 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
2485:
Writing Black Britain, 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
2472:
Writing Black Britain, 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
2426:
Writing Black Britain, 1948–1998: An Interdisciplinary Anthology
1794:
1792:
953:
stain clothes with oil or road dust. Many mods wore ex-military
646:, who, in their early days, would be known for the same love of
100:
69:
3846:
3587:
3236:, The International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 5, no. 1, 1994
2691:
2689:
2687:
1415:
editorial in May 1964 which warned that mods and rockers were "
145:"street mods" splintered off, forming other groups such as the
3367:
Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers
2567:
We are the mods: a transnational history of a youth subculture
1378:
1077:
948:
film actors. A big part of the Mod look was borrowed from the
777:
635:
302:
206:
65:
2771:
Born at the Right Time: A History of the Baby-Boom Generation
1672:
1670:
957:
while driving scooters in order to keep their clothes clean.
634:
hats and too-short trousers. These Mods listened to Jamaican
228:
Paul Jobling and David Crowley argued that the definition of
2648:"Miles Kane: "I don't know if it can get any more bonkers.""
313:
asserted that the mod subculture had its roots in the 1950s
241:
summarised as "clean living under difficult circumstances."
1604:
What's that sound?: an introduction to rock and its history
642:
By the end of the 1960s, the hard mods had become known as
4034:
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
2751:
Graphic Design: Reproduction and Representation Since 1800
2496:
Hebdige, Dick, "Reggae, Rasta and Rudies", pp. 162-163 in
1800:
Graphic Design: Reproduction and Representation Since 1800
784:
scene featured noticeable mod influences on bands such as
500:, adopted the look of mod clothes, longer hairstyles, and
3005:
The Beatles, Popular Music and Society: a Thousand Voices
3583:
1294:
shops to get them covered in highly reflective chrome.
1170:", the band changed its name back to The Who. Although
2992:
Performance and Popular Music: History, Place and Time
2874:"Mary Quant, Queen of British Mod Fashion, Dies at 93"
2842:"Mod Fashion: A Modern Man's Guide To A Timeless Look"
2745:
2743:
2741:
1111:
The original mods gathered at all-night clubs such as
294:
covered a number of styles including the emergence of
2785:"English Girls in New York: They Don't Go Home Again"
2569:, New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., p. 41,
2483:
Hebdige, Dick, "Reggae, Rasta and Rudies", p. 162 in
2470:
Hebdige, Dick, "Reggae, Rasta and Rudies", p. 163 in
1361:, by wearing leather jackets and riding motorcycles.
2004:
2002:
4096:
4073:
3979:
3916:
3885:
3819:
3743:
3623:
3247:"1964: Mods and Rockers jailed after seaside riots"
3432:My Favourite Shirt: A History of Ben Sherman Style
2773:(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), p. 3
2099:, 3rd. ed. (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 2002),
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2051:
2049:
1962:
1960:
1601:
1178:was not as popular as British R&B among mods.
3522:This Is a Modern Life: The 1980s London Mod Scene
2318:Debolt, Abbe A.; Baugess, James S., eds. (2011).
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
522:movement, and by 1967 more exotic looks, such as
2753:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996),
2030:(Media notes). Polydor. pp. 2–4. 531 971-2.
1802:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996)
3090:
3088:
2709:
2707:
2705:
1273:Vespa with characteristic collection of mirrors
875:image of berets and black turtlenecks, and the
3116:A Cultural History of the Italian Motorscooter
1968:A Cultural History of the Italian Motorscooter
1923:
1921:
1919:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
84:groups with jazz and blues influences such as
4195:Motorcycling subculture in the United Kingdom
3858:
3599:
2994:(Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), p. 95.
2860:A Concise History of the British Mod Movement
2829:A Concise History of the British Mod Movement
2823:
2821:
2819:
2811:A Concise History of the British Mod Movement
2441:liner notes (London: Trojan Records) TJETD169
2424:Hebdige, Dick, "Reggae, Rasta and Rudies" in
2039:
2037:
685:Mods and ex-mods were also part of the early
599:extravagant, often featuring highly ruffled,
92:. The original mod scene was associated with
25:Two mid-1960s mods on a customised Lambretta
8:
3339:Enlightenment and the Death of Michael Mouse
2405:
2403:
2387:
2385:
1701:
1699:
1401:" by sociologist Stanley Cohen in his study
4205:Working-class culture in the United Kingdom
3460:The Soul Stylists: Forty Years of Modernism
3865:
3851:
3843:
3606:
3592:
3584:
3524:, Enamel Verguren. Helter Skelter (2004),
2624:. Sozialismus-von-unten.de. Archived from
2454:(Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing, 1991)
2394:Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set liner notes
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1199:, which they viewed as different from the
808:are also followers of the mod subculture.
96:-fuelled all-night jazz dancing at clubs.
3157:(London: Routledge, 1993) pp. 173 and 166
2970:. London: Omnibus Press. pp. 91–98.
907:, and putting them on their jackets in a
2375:Hebdige, Dick. "The Meaning of Mod". In
2254:"Mod Squad: The Ladies of 1960s Fashion"
2148:Hal Leonard Corporation. 2001. pr. 136.
1744:. South Bay Scooter Club. Archived from
1254:Many mods drove motor scooters, usually
275:
20:
3558:- Cover story about mod boom in America
3096:"Vespa Scoots Sexily Back to Vancouver"
2184:from the original on 12 September 2010.
1735:
1733:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1480:
496:American musicians, in the wake of the
3234:Football and Drugs: Two Cultures Clash
3223:, www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-927666-8.pdf
3022:, London: Simon & Schuster, 2015,
3007:(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), p. 44.
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
3423:Hamblett, Charles and Jane Deverson.
3073:from the original on 14 November 2017
2934:from the original on 14 November 2017
2622:"REDSKINS — The Interview, 1986"
2546:from the original on 11 December 2013
2514:. Dunoon, Scotland: S.T. Publishing.
2412:Trojan Mod Reggae Box Set liner notes
2271:, who was member of original cast on
2223:Lobenthal, J. "Psychedelic Fashion."
1347:In early-1960s Britain, the two main
7:
2202:from the original on 23 January 2010
1523:from the original on 11 January 2009
433:not only in England, but elsewhere.
366:, a British subculture who favoured
103:with members of a rival subculture:
4210:Youth culture in the United Kingdom
3479:(2nd edition), Penguin (1966, 1961)
2680:from the original on 8 August 2014.
2414:. London: Trojan Records. TJETD020.
2396:. London: Trojan Records. TJETD169.
2068:from the original on 1 October 2017
769:. The mod scene in Los Angeles and
378:, in the Who's 1973 concept album,
3462:(1st edition). Mainstream (2000),
3448:Helter Skelter Publishing (2007),
2897:"Mary Quant, British Fashion Icon"
2872:Twersky, Carolyn (13 April 2023).
2783:Seebohm, Caroline (19 July 1971).
2235:from the original on 17 March 2015
1868:. Faber & Faber. p. 120.
1769:, Richard Barnes. Eel Pie (1979),
14:
3556:Magazine, 13 May. 1966, pg. 82-90
3446:The Sharper Word; A Mod Anthology
3434:(Paperback). Ben Sherman (2004),
3257:from the original on 6 March 2016
2749:Jobling, Paul and David Crowley,
2720:(Rutgers University Press, 1994)
2602:from the original on 17 July 2014
2594:Waters, John (6 September 2011).
2299:from the original on 19 June 2016
2285:Hutchings, David (4 April 1988).
2198:. Everything2.com. 27 July 2001.
2117:PDN Legends Online: David Bailey.
2056:Weight, Richard (26 March 2013).
1928:Dick Hebdige (24 November 2006).
1798:Jobling, Paul and David Crowley,
800:. Popular 21st century musicians
305:upper-working or middle-class of
181:players and fans. The 1959 novel
149:. In the late 1970s, there was a
3144:(London: Routledge, 1993) p. 172
3129:Subculture: The Meaning of Style
3043:(London: Routledge, 1993) p. 171
2966:Anderson, Paul "Smiler" (2013).
2699:(London. Routledge, 1993) p. 168
2512:Spirit of '69 - A Skinhead Bible
2452:Spirit of '69 – A Skinhead Bible
2196:"Nehru jacket - Everything2.com"
1685:, Film Education, archived from
1442:
3389:Feldman, Christine Jacqueline.
2952:Rawlings, Terry and R. Barnes,
2840:Maddison, Paddy (17 May 2021).
2058:"How Mod Became the Mainstream"
2028:Quadrophenia (1996 CD remaster)
1992:Frith, Simon and Howard Horne.
1979:Frith, Simon and Howard Horne,
1865:Revolt into Style: The Pop Arts
1558:Internet Journal of Criminology
1470:, a similar subculture in Japan
666:shirts, Sta-Prest trousers and
614:Mod graffiti in Italy from 2007
575:Later developments 1969–present
3502:Mod: A Very British Phenomenon
3131:(London: Methuen, 1979) p. 104
2439:Trojan Skinhead Reggae Box Set
1896:Muncie, John (18 March 2009).
1650:"Folk Devils and Moral Panics"
72:) and motor scooters (usually
1:
3377:Len Deighton's London Dossier
3053:Brown, Mick (19 March 2013).
2956:(Omnibus Press, 2000), p. 89.
2895:Do Je-Hae (10 October 2012).
2295:. Vol. 29, no. 13.
1679:British Film Commission (BFC)
1517:"Jeff Noon on The Modernists"
1080:music of artists such as the
1057:(R&B) of artists such as
773:was partly influenced by the
423:
119:" in his study about the two
3277:Folk Devils and Moral Panics
2924:"The Best Mod Bands/Artists"
1515:Jaquest, Oonagh (May 2003).
1403:Folk Devils and Moral Panics
965:, who helped popularize the
742:, who drew on the energy of
697:Revivals and later influence
195:should not be confused with
4225:Counterculture of the 1970s
4220:Counterculture of the 1960s
4051:Women's liberation movement
3874:Counterculture of the 1960s
3369:, Oxford: Martin Robertson.
3105:, Straight.com. 3 June 2004
2536:"Street the look Skinheads"
1549:Wilson, Dr. Andrew (2008).
1069:, brought over R&B and
477:United States and elsewhere
4241:
2596:"Hard mods by John Waters"
1340:
1235:
1053:, as well as the American
700:
583:
436:This period, portrayed by
404:
3999:Back-to-the-land movement
3924:San Francisco Renaissance
2510:Marshall, George (1991).
2324:. ABC-CLIO. p. 629.
2122:14 September 2017 at the
1936:. Routledge. p. 71.
1902:. SAGE Publications Ltd.
1096:on record labels such as
111:conflict led sociologist
52:because they listened to
43:that began in late 1950s
3989:American Indian Movement
3299:, Omnibus Press (2014),
2267:3 March 2013. Photos of
1712:california-mod-scene.com
994:. The popularity of the
903:and the Royal Air Force
757:, England, in April 2007
448:Michelangelo Antonioni's
3576:Mods Of Your Generation
2126:Retrieved 28 July 2012.
1740:Artavia, Mario (2006).
892:Royal Air Force roundel
765:, led by bands such as
603:d, or laced fabrics in
3297:Mods: The New Religion
2968:Mods: The New Religion
2598:. Modculture website.
1842:(Omnibus Press, 2000)
1706:Page, Michael (2006).
1337:Conflicts with rockers
1274:
1251:
1219:within the subsequent
1168:Zoot Suit/I'm the Face
1034:
895:
837:consuming pleasures".
758:
615:
489:
488:-wearing woman in 1966
429:
344:
286:
29:
4180:1980s fads and trends
4175:1970s fads and trends
4165:1960s fads and trends
4009:Civil rights movement
3994:Anti-nuclear movement
3477:England, Half English
2827:Casburn, Melissa M.,
2809:Casburn, Melissa M.,
2716:and Suzanne Ferriss,
2676:. 24 September 2013.
2259:16 April 2015 at the
2229:"Psychedelic Fashion"
1629:22 April 2016 at the
1272:
1250:1963 VBB Standard 150
1249:
1025:
890:
752:
613:
484:
422:in "Swinging London"
418:
339:
279:
24:
16:Subculture in England
4046:Second-wave feminism
4024:Free Speech Movement
4019:Free school movement
4004:Black Power movement
3980:Social and political
3508:Diary Of A Teddy Boy
3400:, Chainline (1995),
3393:. Peter Lang (2009).
2858:Casburn, Melissa M,
2540:British Style Genius
1930:"The Meaning of Mod"
1608:, New York: Norton,
1238:Scooter (motorcycle)
4200:Musical subcultures
3893:Black Arts Movement
3679:Quadrophenia (film)
3520:Verguren, Enamel .
3365:Cohen, S. (1972 ).
3355:, Eel Pie (1979),
3341:Mainstream (2001),
3327:Mainstream (1999),
3101:22 May 2011 at the
3059:The Daily Telegraph
2628:on 26 February 2010
2364:The Huffington Post
2358:16 May 2015 at the
1051:Modern Jazz Quartet
1014:, 'The ModFather'.
1004:Last Shadow Puppets
763:Southern California
753:Mod revivalists at
443:Thank you very much
161:Etymology and usage
155:southern California
3725:Twisted Wheel Club
3488:Absolute Beginners
3313:, Balafon (1999),
2450:Marshall, George,
2146:The Beatles' Gear.
1780:Absolute Beginners
1748:on 9 December 2008
1275:
1252:
1140:the Rolling Stones
1121:Twisted Wheel Club
1035:
896:
794:Ocean Colour Scene
759:
616:
490:
430:
411:peacock revolution
345:
287:
201:in the context of
184:Absolute Beginners
177:, which described
30:
4147:
4146:
4081:Underground press
4058:Sexual revolution
3966:Bed-Ins for Peace
3903:Psychedelic music
3840:
3839:
3510:. Sitric (2000),
3500:Rawlings, Terry.
3493:Newton, Francis.
3454:978-1-900924-34-4
3417:Green, Jonathan.
3410:Green, Jonathan.
3406:978-0-9526105-0-2
3210:978-0-415-09916-5
3180:978-0-415-09916-5
3114:Long, Mary Anne,
2977:978-1-78038-549-5
2759:978-0-7190-4467-0
2734:978-0-8135-2033-9
2658:on 23 March 2014.
2521:978-1-898927-10-5
2366:. 29 August 2012.
1983:(1987), pp. 86–87
1966:Long, Mary Anne,
1838:Rawlings, Terry,
1816:978-0-7190-4467-0
1504:. pp. 82–88.
1349:youth subcultures
1311:Buckingham Palace
1002:(frontman of the
307:London's East End
245:History 1958–1969
121:youth subcultures
115:to use the term "
4232:
4160:Mod (subculture)
3944:Swinging Sixties
3939:Mods and rockers
3934:British Invasion
3867:
3860:
3853:
3844:
3730:Youth subculture
3663:Mods and rockers
3617:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3412:Days In The Life
3396:Fletcher, Alan.
3351:Barnes, Richard.
3280:
3275:Cohen, Stanley.
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3194:
3183:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2846:Ape to Gentleman
2837:
2831:
2825:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2747:
2736:
2711:
2700:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2654:. Archived from
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2507:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2468:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2282:
2276:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2166:The Hippy Revolt
2162:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1862:(5 April 2012).
1856:
1850:
1836:
1819:
1796:
1787:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1714:. Archived from
1703:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1633:
1622:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1568:. Archived from
1555:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1492:
1458:1960s in fashion
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1417:internal enemies
1343:Mods and rockers
1223:counterculture.
1055:rhythm and blues
979:Ready Steady Go!
843:The Sunday Times
767:the Untouchables
755:Box Hill, Surrey
680:mods and rockers
564:psychedelic rock
556:Ready Steady Go!
516:psychedelic rock
498:British Invasion
457:was typified by
428:
425:
179:traditional jazz
109:mods and rockers
62:rhythm and blues
35:, from the word
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4092:
4069:
3981:
3975:
3949:Hippie movement
3917:Cultural events
3912:
3898:Psychedelic art
3881:
3871:
3841:
3836:
3832:"Purple hearts"
3815:
3739:
3720:Swinging London
3619:
3615:
3612:
3548:
3483:MacInnes, Colin
3473:MacInnes, Colin
3458:Hewitt, Paolo.
3444:Hewitt, Paolo.
3430:Hewitt, Paolo.
3398:Mod Crop Series
3384:The Way We Wore
3337:Baker, Howard.
3323:Baker, Howard.
3289:
3287:Further reading
3284:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3253:. 18 May 1964.
3245:
3244:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3195:
3186:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3127:Hebdige, Dick.
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3103:Wayback Machine
3093:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3034:
3015:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2902:The Korea Times
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2876:. wmagazine.com
2871:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2764:
2748:
2739:
2714:Benstock, Shari
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2449:
2445:
2437:Old Skool Jim,
2436:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2410:Edwards, Dave.
2409:
2408:
2401:
2392:Old Skool Jim.
2391:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2360:Wayback Machine
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2265:Need Supply Co.
2261:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:Wayback Machine
2115:
2111:
2094:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1899:Youth and Crime
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1837:
1822:
1797:
1790:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1719:
1718:on 20 June 2009
1705:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1631:Wayback Machine
1616:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:on 13 July 2011
1572:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1477:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1412:Birmingham Post
1345:
1339:
1319:
1244:
1234:
1184:
1164:John's Children
1132:British R&B
1020:
1008:Bradley Wiggins
996:This Is England
852:
814:
812:Characteristics
705:
699:
592:
582:
577:
548:
479:
426:
413:
407:Swinging London
403:
401:Swinging London
398:
390:Swinging London
296:Swinging London
290:wrote the term
274:
247:
189:Italian clothes
163:
136:Swinging London
17:
12:
11:
5:
4238:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4134:UK underground
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4029:Gay liberation
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3959:Summer of Love
3956:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Fishtail parka
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Carnaby Street
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3567:Mod Subculture
3564:
3559:
3547:
3546:External links
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:978-0224073912
3532:
3518:
3504:
3498:
3495:The Jazz Scene
3491:
3480:
3470:
3456:
3442:
3428:
3421:
3419:All Dressed Up
3415:
3408:
3394:
3387:
3382:Elms, Robert.
3380:
3370:
3363:
3349:
3335:
3325:Sawdust Caesar
3321:
3307:
3305:978-1780385495
3293:Anderson, Paul
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3268:
3238:
3232:Gilman, Mark,
3225:
3213:
3184:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3084:
3045:
3032:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2976:
2958:
2945:
2915:
2887:
2864:
2851:
2832:
2815:
2802:
2775:
2762:
2737:
2701:
2683:
2661:
2652:Cambridge News
2639:
2613:
2586:
2575:
2557:
2527:
2520:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2399:
2381:
2368:
2351:Oliver, Dana.
2344:
2330:
2310:
2277:
2246:
2213:
2187:
2178:"Nehru Jacket"
2169:
2157:
2137:
2128:
2109:
2079:
2045:
2033:
2019:
1998:
1996:(1987), pp. 87
1985:
1972:
1956:
1942:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1874:
1851:
1820:
1788:
1785:Colin MacInnes
1759:
1729:
1695:
1692:on 4 July 2008
1666:
1634:
1614:
1586:
1534:
1507:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1351:were mods and
1341:Main article:
1338:
1335:
1318:
1315:
1233:
1230:
1208:generations".
1183:
1180:
1090:Derrick Morgan
1043:Charlie Parker
1027:Pete Townshend
1019:
1016:
982:bands such as
971:Jean Shrimpton
945:Nouvelle Vague
894:, a mod symbol
857:Carnaby Street
851:
848:
834:Shari Benstock
813:
810:
744:new wave music
728:the Lambrettas
701:Main article:
698:
695:
581:
578:
576:
573:
547:
544:
518:and the early
478:
475:
463:Carnaby Street
420:Carnaby Street
402:
399:
397:
396:Mid-late 1960s
394:
376:Pete Townshend
360:tensions arose
331:existentialism
309:and suburbs."
273:
270:
246:
243:
162:
159:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4237:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:1960s fashion
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Discordianism
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4063:United States
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
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4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
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4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
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3899:
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3854:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3811:Winklepickers
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
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3597:
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3565:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:1-900924-77-3
3527:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:0-7472-7068-6
3513:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:1-84018-228-8
3465:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:0-9548106-0-0
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:Deighton, Len
3371:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:0-85965-173-8
3358:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3347:1-84018-460-4
3344:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:1-84018-223-7
3330:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:1-871547-80-6
3316:
3312:
3309:Bacon, Tony.
3308:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:0-415-09916-1
3199:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:0-415-09916-1
3169:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:Sarti, Doug,
3091:
3089:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:9780857206992
3025:
3021:
3020:
3016:Dave Haslam,
3013:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:Owram, Doug,
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:0-8135-2033-9
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:9781433103704
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:1-898927-10-3
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2421:
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2413:
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2331:9781440801020
2327:
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2274:
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2255:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Love to Know.
2220:
2218:
2214:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
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2154:0-87930-662-9
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2107:, pp. 1321–2.
2106:
2105:0-87930-653-X
2102:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2063:
2062:The Telegraph
2059:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:9780393912043
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
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1963:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1943:9780203357057
1939:
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1931:
1924:
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1916:
1911:
1909:9781446246870
1905:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1875:9780571281114
1871:
1867:
1866:
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1855:
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1849:
1848:0-7119-6813-6
1845:
1841:
1835:
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1825:
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1808:0-7190-4467-7
1805:
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1775:0-85965-173-8
1772:
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1641:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:Book preview.
1621:
1617:
1615:9780393912043
1611:
1606:
1605:
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1440:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:Harold Gurden
1422:
1421:Police Review
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3771:Crombie coat
3766:Chelsea boot
3756:Beatle boots
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3506:Scala, Mim.
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3259:. Retrieved
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3075:. Retrieved
3058:
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3012:
3004:
3003:Inglis, I.,
2999:
2991:
2990:Inglis, I.,
2986:
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2953:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2927:
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2906:. Retrieved
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2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2867:
2859:
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2845:
2835:
2828:
2810:
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2793:. Retrieved
2791:. p. 34
2788:
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2765:
2750:
2717:
2696:
2673:
2664:
2656:the original
2651:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2626:the original
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
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2560:
2548:. Retrieved
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2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2320:
2313:
2303:29 September
2301:. Retrieved
2290:
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2272:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2224:
2204:. Retrieved
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2165:
2160:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2112:
2096:
2072:29 September
2070:. Retrieved
2061:
2027:
2022:
1994:Art into Pop
1993:
1988:
1981:Art into Pop
1980:
1975:
1967:
1947:. Retrieved
1933:
1898:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1864:
1860:George Melly
1854:
1839:
1799:
1778:
1766:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1742:"SoCal Mods"
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1711:
1687:the original
1678:
1661:
1654:. Retrieved
1619:
1603:
1577:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1557:
1525:. Retrieved
1510:
1499:
1450:1960s portal
1420:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1376:
1368:
1363:Dick Hebdige
1358:The Wild One
1356:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:Gender roles
1307:
1296:
1287:
1283:Ace of Herts
1276:
1253:
1225:Dick Hebdige
1210:
1201:intoxication
1185:
1182:Amphetamines
1152:the Creation
1129:
1113:The Flamingo
1110:
1063:Muddy Waters
1047:Dave Brubeck
1036:
988:the Specials
978:
975:John Stephen
959:
943:
932:Beatle boots
921:
897:
866:
853:
841:
839:
830:savoir faire
815:
760:
736:the Specials
715:Quadrophenia
713:
706:
684:
641:
620:South London
617:
595:
593:
561:
554:
551:Dick Hebdige
549:
538:
532:
510:
508:documentary
506:exploitation
502:Beatle boots
495:
491:
451:
441:
435:
431:
381:Quadrophenia
379:
357:
346:
300:
291:
288:
282:Quadrophenia
280:
266:Dick Hebdige
262:white-collar
250:George Melly
248:
239:Peter Meaden
233:
229:
227:
218:
215:architecture
196:
192:
182:
174:
170:
166:
164:
140:
125:
98:
49:
36:
32:
31:
18:
4215:Subcultures
4109:Freak scene
4097:Subcultures
3954:Human Be-In
3929:Beatlemania
3827:Amphetamine
3751:Ben Sherman
3668:Mod haircut
3658:Pete Meaden
3311:London Live
3077:14 November
2938:14 November
2269:Goldie Hawn
2144:Babiuk, A.
1652:. Routledge
1430:hooliganism
1399:moral panic
1391:Bournemouth
1322:Stuart Hall
1193:stimulation
1172:the Beatles
1117:The Marquee
1039:Miles Davis
1012:Paul Weller
1006:), cyclist
861:King's Road
709:mod revival
703:Mod revival
691:scooterboys
676:Dr. Martens
664:Ben Sherman
624:West Indian
440:'s film in
427: 1966
386:Small Faces
372:rock'n'roll
341:Small Faces
311:Simon Frith
272:Early 1960s
151:mod revival
132:psychedelia
117:moral panic
94:amphetamine
90:Small Faces
68:and mainly
54:modern jazz
4154:Categories
4086:newspapers
4014:Dialoguero
3908:Youthquake
3786:Harrington
3781:Fred Perry
3695:Scooterboy
2718:On Fashion
2206:11 January
1752:11 October
1722:11 October
1579:11 October
1527:11 October
1475:References
1291:candyflake
1260:Lambrettas
1236:See also:
1203:caused by
1176:beat music
1156:the Action
1125:Manchester
1082:Skatalites
1059:Bo Diddley
1000:Miles Kane
963:Mary Quant
950:Ivy League
901:Union flag
877:Teddy Boys
819:"naffness"
802:Miles Kane
740:the Chords
660:Fred Perry
654:and early
652:rocksteady
596:hard mods,
590:Scooterboy
584:See also:
528:love beads
471:miniskirts
450:1966 film
405:See also:
368:rockabilly
203:literature
50:modernists
41:subculture
4190:Modernism
3982:movements
3971:Woodstock
3796:Miniskirt
3715:Suedehead
3653:Lambretta
3379:, (1967)
3279:. page 27
3182:, p. 217.
3067:0307-1235
2795:6 January
2674:Vanyaland
2632:31 August
1949:15 August
1881:15 August
1566:2045-6743
1463:Freakbeat
1374:matches.
1197:alertness
1160:the Smoke
1148:the Kinks
1086:Owen Gray
967:miniskirt
806:Jake Bugg
644:skinheads
607:colours.
580:Offshoots
511:Mondo Mod
486:Miniskirt
446:, and in
353:jukeboxes
258:art films
198:modernism
193:modernist
171:modernist
165:The term
147:skinheads
74:Lambretta
37:modernist
4129:Rude boy
4039:protests
3878:timeline
3744:Clothing
3705:Skinhead
3700:Sharpies
3685:Rude boy
3648:Crew cut
3255:Archived
3251:BBC News
3099:Archived
3071:Archived
2932:Archived
2908:13 April
2880:13 April
2789:New York
2678:Archived
2600:Archived
2544:Archived
2356:Archived
2297:Archived
2273:Laugh-In
2257:Archived
2233:Archived
2200:Archived
2182:Archived
2120:Archived
2066:Archived
1818:, p. 213
1627:Archived
1521:Archived
1468:BĹŤsĹŤzoku
1436:See also
1387:Brighton
1372:football
1232:Scooters
1217:cannabis
1189:Drinamyl
1106:Bluebeat
1102:Starlite
1098:Melodisc
1075:Jamaican
1067:Cold War
1049:and the
873:Bohemian
869:beatniks
826:rude boy
823:Jamaican
630:look of
628:rude boy
586:Skinhead
566:and the
533:Laugh-In
370:, early
319:Bohemian
4185:Fashion
4139:Yippies
3791:Loafers
3710:Soulboy
3690:Scooter
3673:Pop art
3643:Casuals
3637:Blow-Up
3624:General
2862:, p. 4.
2813:, p. 2.
2606:30 June
2550:30 June
2542:. BBC.
2337:10 June
2239:8 April
1656:18 June
1519:. BBC.
1395:Clacton
1383:Margate
1353:rockers
1303:unibody
1299:cutdown
1266:plans.
1205:alcohol
1033:in 1967
1031:The Who
984:Madness
936:loafers
928:Chelsea
917:greaser
913:rockers
909:pop art
905:roundel
850:Fashion
782:Britpop
720:the Jam
605:Day-Glo
601:brocade
546:Decline
459:pop art
364:rockers
343:in 1965
323:beatnik
315:beatnik
128:pop art
105:rockers
101:clashes
86:the Who
39:, is a
27:scooter
4124:Rocker
4114:Hippie
3806:Mohair
3571:Curlie
3538:
3528:
3514:
3466:
3452:
3438:
3427:(1964)
3404:
3359:
3345:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3261:13 May
3208:
3200:
3178:
3170:
3065:
3026:
2974:
2928:Ranker
2757:
2732:
2724:
2573:
2518:
2458:
2328:
2292:People
2152:
2103:
2013:
1940:
1906:
1872:
1846:
1814:
1806:
1773:
1612:
1564:
1279:chrome
1256:Vespas
1221:hippie
1138:bands
955:parkas
940:Clarks
924:mohair
919:look.
775:2 Tone
672:braces
668:Levi's
656:reggae
632:Trilby
568:hippie
520:hippie
504:. The
467:Twiggy
453:Blowup
329:" and
327:Sartre
303:Jewish
223:modern
211:design
107:. The
45:London
4074:Media
3820:Drugs
3735:Vespa
3631:1960s
3353:Mods!
2582:look.
2017:, "6.
1767:Mods!
1690:(PDF)
1683:(PDF)
1573:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1242:Vespa
1018:Music
992:Oasis
881:dandy
786:Oasis
78:Vespa
3886:Arts
3616:Mods
3554:Life
3536:ISBN
3526:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3436:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3263:2010
3206:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3079:2017
3063:ISSN
3024:ISBN
2972:ISBN
2940:2017
2910:2023
2882:2023
2797:2015
2755:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2634:2010
2608:2014
2571:ISBN
2552:2014
2516:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2339:2014
2326:ISBN
2305:2017
2241:2015
2208:2010
2150:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2074:2017
2011:ISBN
1951:2013
1938:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1883:2013
1870:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1754:2008
1724:2008
1658:2023
1610:ISBN
1581:2008
1562:ISSN
1529:2008
1501:Life
1393:and
1240:and
1215:and
1195:and
1162:and
1146:and
1136:rock
1130:The
1115:and
1104:and
1092:and
1071:soul
1061:and
1010:and
990:and
859:and
804:and
796:and
790:Blur
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648:soul
588:and
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3569:at
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