550:
784:
1273:, around 430 million years ago. The specimen was a complete and articulated series of telsonal, postabdominal and preabdominal segments, and it showed a very strong lateral curvature in the postabdomen. Persons and Acorn admitted that it might have experienced some disarticulation postmortem or could represent a partial molt (exuviae), but concluded that since there was no apparent disarticulation in the metasoma, it was likely that the articulation seen in the postabdominal segments (which is also seen in some other eurypterid fossils, such as of
453:
1637:
147:
758:) comprises a well-preserved telson typical of the genus, being laterally inflated and with a dagger-like terminal point. It was anteriorly covered with small scales semilunar to mucronitic ("spined") grouped into a single row of large marginal scales that form a linear serrated edge. A slight dorsal keel is present along the telson. There was a triangular area at the base of the telson which could have been a point of union with the muscles.
1246:
3028:
3331:
122:
803:
1372:
2438:
1314:
1296:, had revealed that the body was very stiff, and that the flattened telson would likely have served as a rudder that would have allowed the animals to be agile and capable of quick turns when chasing after prey, contradicting previous hypotheses that the telson would have served a propulsive function. Whilst the postabdomen of
1305:
both tergite 8 and 10 clearly overlapped the other tergites in an unnatural way. Furthermore, they noted that the specimen was definitely a molt rather than a carcass, and argued that this meant that the pose the fossil was in did not represent a possible life position. They further argued that since the telson of
1309:
also possessed a keel, this would have created significant drag on it while
Slimonia was trying to laterally sweep the telson to stab its prey. Lastly, they argued that the serrations on the telson would most likely be attachment points for setae that would have aided the animal in sensing the water
1304:
However, the
Persons and Acorn theory was challenged in 2018 by James Lamsdell, David Marshall, and Derek Briggs. Even though the Persons and Acorn study claimed that the fossil didn't show any signs of disarticulation, Lamsdell, Marshall, and Briggs showed this is likely not true. They argued that
1300:
was likely similarly stiff and inflexible dorsally (up and down), Persons and Acorn claimed that their specimen suggested that it was highly flexible laterally (side to side). As such, they theorised that the tail may have been used as a weapon. The telson spine, serrated along the sides and
680:
when described by John
William Salter in 1859, and the highly fragmentary nature of the known fossils make a precise identification difficult and problematic. Only one specimen, the anterior part of a carapace with the compound eyes placed on the margin, is known and though it does resemble
1332:
and the interommatidial angle (shortened as IOA and referring to the angle between the optical axes of the adjacent lenses). The IOA is especially important as it can be used to distinguish different ecological roles in arthropods, being low in modern active arthropod predators.
1987:
766:
in having the keel much less developed, narrower and not reaching the terminal spike. The latter was wider, not as pointed and with less developed serrations. The telson itself was wider and shorter than in the type species. This species was the third
Silurian eurypterid in the
660:
is a badly preserved carapace, with fragments of various degrees of completion of the first eleven segments found associated. Despite its fragmentary nature, the quadrangular (square) shape of the carapace and the eyes placed at its corners allowed zoologist and paleontologist
651:
by the more elongated telson (also not as broad in the parts furthest back), thinner telson spike and a slightly different, tapering, body shape that tapers evenly the whole way instead of suddenly narrowing near the seventh segment as in
2530:
2273:
James C. Lamsdell; David J. Marshall; Derek E. G. Briggs (2018). "Hit and Miss: (A Comment on
Persons and Acorn, "A Sea Scorpion's Strike: New Evidence of Extreme Lateral Flexibility in the Opisthosoma of Eurypterids")".
624:. The generic name is derived from and honors Robert Slimon, a fossil collector and surgeon from Lesmahagow. Slimon was the first to discover eurypterid fossils in Lesmahagow, bringing them to the attention of
1572:
likely preyed on smaller fish, as it lacked the enlarged cheliceral claws of the pterygotids and was smaller in size than the largest members of that group. Prey likely included jawless fish such as
515:
would be exceeded in length by later and more derived (more "advanced") members of the closely related pterygotid family of eurypterids, which would become the largest known arthropods to ever live.
541:(frontal appendages) were small in comparison to those of the pterygotids and the walking legs had denticles, but no spines. Genital appendages were long and narrow in both males and females.
853:
is one of the most closely related genera to the pterygotid family and the
Slimonidae is often interpreted as a sister-taxon to the Pterygotidae. The other Pterygotioid family, the
2439:"The first Silurian chasmataspid, Loganamaraspis dunlopi gen. et sp. nov. (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from Lesmahagow, Scotland, and its implications for eurypterid phylogeny"
1588:
traversed its living environment on spindly legs or through using its swimming appendages. The lungs of the genus were located on the underside of the body in a series of folds.
871:(the appendages are particularly similar) and of more derived pterygotids, revealed that the Slimonidae is more closely related to the Pterygotidae than the Hughmilleriidae is.
499:
was much longer than any seen in the
Pterygotidae (constituting just over half of the total telson length) however, serrated and ending in a fine point. The largest species of
2214:
2092:
Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider
Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at
3422:
2206:
755:
612:
erected a new genus to contain the species, as several distinctive characteristics made the species considerably different from other known species of
3409:
1603:, including rows of pustules (bulges) along the marginal rim of the body and appendages. In some arthropods, pustules serve as attachment points of
549:
1718:
Persons, W. Scott; Acorn, John (2017). "A Sea
Scorpion's Strike: New Evidence of Extreme Lateral Flexibility in the Opisthosoma of Eurypterids".
783:
3531:
2248:
3516:
3107:
3097:
2619:
2544:
2005:
533:
on the frontal corners. The bodies were large and cordate (heart-shaped), with a narrow postabdomen and a telson with a strongly expanded
432:
was larger, with the largest specimens measuring 100 centimetres (39 in) in length. Though this is large for a predatory arthropod,
3486:
3059:
1621:
had setae, these pustules may have functioned as tactile and sensory organs used for locating and identifying prey, together with the
669:
when describing it in 1899. The size of the carapace suggests that the species would have grown to 12 cm (5 in) in length.
3074:
1595:
requires a modern re-description to properly establish defining traits and characteristics. Some traits that appear to be unique to
2314:"All the better to see you with: eyes and claws reveal the evolution of divergent ecological roles in giant pterygotid eurypterids"
1301:
exceeding the flattened telson in length, ends in a sharp tip, and they proposed that it could have been capable of piercing prey.
3501:
2412:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota, Platyschisma Beds, Downton Castle Sst., Herefordsh. (Silurian of the United Kingdom) - Fossilworks"
1600:
2362:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Patrick Burn Fm., Lesmahagow (Siltstones) (Silurian to of the United Kingdom) - Fossilworks"
3318:
3102:
3044:
1655:
1395:
have been recovered in deposits home to diverse eurypterid faunas. Telychian deposits in the
Pentland Hills, where remains of
3496:
3092:
3082:
3036:
1607:(bristle- or hair-like structures with sensory functions). Similar pustule rows have been discovered in the other eurypterid
3491:
3481:
3054:
3049:
2411:
2386:
2361:
2387:"Eurypterid-Associated Biota of the Kip Burn Fm., Lesmahagow, Scotland (Silurian to of the United Kingdom) - Fossilworks"
3511:
3087:
3064:
491:
eurypterids (where the feature convergently evolved). The pterygotid telson was in general slightly larger than that of
3526:
3506:
2170:
Tetlie, O. Erik; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2009-09-01). "The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)".
2143:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1964). "A Synopsis of the Family Pterygotidae Clarke and Ruedemann, 1912 (Eurypterida)".
639:, would be referred to the genus. This species was recovered from slightly earlier deposits (Llandovery age) in the
840:
632:
remains the largest known species, with the largest specimens measuring up to 100 cm (39 in) in length.
3521:
2720:
2612:
1650:
701:, a large plate part of the abdomen). The fossils were recovered from deposits of Pridoli (Late Silurian) age in
146:
2312:
McCoy, Victoria E.; Lamsdell, James C.; Poschmann, Markus; Anderson, Ross P.; Briggs, Derek E. G. (2015-08-01).
2231:
1772:"Cope's rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates"
3027:
421:. The generic name is derived from and honors Robert Slimon, a fossil collector and surgeon from Lesmahagow.
3476:
2116:
134:
3349:
1947:
Clarkson, Euan N.K.; Harper, David A.T. (2016). "Silurian of the Midland Valley of Scotland and Ireland".
1565:
1266:
857:, has also been interpreted as the most closely related sister-taxon to the pterygotids. The discovery of
609:
3448:
887:
874:
The cladogram below is simplified from a study by O. Erik Tetlie (2007), and showcases the position of
709:
and suggest that the species grew to 12 cm (5 in) in length. Due to its problematic nature,
452:
3396:
3334:
2605:
1819:
1678:
Plotnick, Roy E.; Baumiller, Tomasz K. (1988-01-01). "The pterygotid telson as a biological rudder".
1451:. Similar levels of eurypterid diversity are also observed in fossil deposits where other species of
727:
1642:
1614:
768:
726:
was named by Kjellesvig-Waering based on one single fossil recovered by Eduardo Rodriguez from the
589:
511:, grew to 12 cm (5 in) in length. Though 100 cm is large for a predatory arthropod,
1328:, the clarity of vision, can be determined in arthropods by determining number of lenses in their
1288:
Biomechanical studies on the telsons and postabdominal segments of eurypterids closely related to
2583:
2467:
2291:
2152:
2125:
2070:
2043:
1964:
1929:
1743:
625:
597:
141:
3453:
475:. In particular, the expanded and flattened telson (the most posterior segment of the body) of
3435:
3427:
2923:
2856:
2848:
2540:
2536:
2508:
2459:
2343:
2187:
2035:
1921:
1866:
1811:
1793:
1735:
1695:
1039:
1017:
995:
3440:
1988:
XIX.βOn a Silurian Scorpion and some additional Eurypterid Remains from the Pentland Hills".
3263:
2977:
2969:
2959:
2951:
2931:
2902:
2818:
2767:
2573:
2498:
2451:
2333:
2325:
2283:
2223:
2179:
2027:
1998:
1956:
1913:
1856:
1848:
1801:
1785:
1727:
1687:
1501:
1461:
951:
791:
593:
488:
2097:
1548:
The living environment of the pterygotids differed from genus to genus, with some (such as
1245:
3292:
3138:
2995:
2936:
2892:
2795:
2782:
1839:
1776:
1437:
1431:
1089:
854:
836:
1568:
for example is estimated to be non-marine or marginal marine or just marine environment.
2061:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1961). "The Silurian Eurypterida of the Welsh Borderland".
3387:
3208:
3166:
3124:
2987:
2914:
2874:
2866:
2790:
2526:
2338:
2313:
1861:
1834:
1806:
1691:
1479:
1413:
1051:
829:
was first considered a member of the Pterygotidae, until it was reclassified alongside
822:
662:
640:
472:
398:
214:
3470:
3215:
3187:
3180:
3152:
3131:
2884:
2823:
2813:
2805:
2759:
2749:
2741:
2697:
2661:
2587:
2561:
2183:
2047:
1968:
1933:
1609:
1556:
1513:
1467:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1329:
1325:
973:
735:
702:
693:
530:
468:
444:
family of eurypterids, which would become the largest known arthropods to ever live.
437:
414:
365:
352:
79:
2471:
2295:
1771:
1399:
have been found, preserve fossils of a large amount of other eurypterids, including
121:
3173:
3005:
2941:
2897:
2772:
1747:
1573:
1529:
1519:
1491:
1447:
1339:
1293:
1281:
1136:
1065:
859:
831:
798:. Note the ventral view is missing the short chelicerae that were actually present.
731:
715:
687:
561:
480:
441:
406:
253:
1343:
in terms of visual acuity, with the number of lenses being comparable to those of
17:
2487:"Pictorial Atlas of Fossil and Extant Horseshoe Crabs, With Focus on Xiphosurida"
2227:
3381:
3270:
3247:
3145:
2839:
2732:
2670:
2652:
2562:"A collection of eurypterids from the Silurian of Lesmahagow collected pre 1900"
1577:
1485:
1442:
1425:
938:
917:
897:
883:
879:
802:
188:
54:
3372:
1564:
has been found in environments which appear to have been intertidal to marine,
3236:
3222:
3201:
3194:
3159:
3000:
2688:
2679:
2628:
2455:
2444:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2002:
1990:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh
1632:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1275:
818:
739:
601:
538:
522:
386:
374:
360:
336:
227:
201:
99:
64:
2512:
2503:
2486:
2463:
2249:"A killer tail spine likely helped this ancient sea scorpion subdue its prey"
2191:
2039:
2031:
1925:
1797:
1699:
428:, three measured below or up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length. Only
3313:
3297:
3287:
2646:
1902:"III. On the Occurrence of Fossils in the Old Red Sandstone of Westmoreland"
1507:
1473:
1270:
772:
698:
507:, reached a maximum length of 100 cm (39 in) whilst the smallest,
340:
178:
158:
104:
48:
2347:
2329:
1917:
1870:
1852:
1815:
1789:
1739:
1371:
775:. The fossil suggest a total body length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).
3366:
3256:
1622:
751:
644:
605:
534:
402:
378:
348:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
41:
2532:
Life: A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth
3414:
2156:
2129:
2074:
1888:
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part P Arthropoda 2, Chelicerata
1351:
and possessing an IOA between 2 and 3 (which is higher than the IOA of
787:
743:
706:
526:
418:
390:
109:
84:
1960:
697:(a closely related slimonid eurypterid known only from the telson and
2640:
1254:
356:
168:
3343:
1901:
1313:
2287:
1731:
2578:
1312:
1244:
863:, the most primitive known pterygotid, and studies revealing that
801:
585:
548:
451:
2207:"Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata)"
3401:
1625:(the gracile second pair of appendages, behind the chelicerae).
1604:
1261:
In 2017, W. Scott Persons IV and John Acorn reported finding an
3347:
2601:
2597:
2018:
Lamont, Archie (1955-01-01). "Scottish Silurian Chelicerata".
1833:
Braddy, Simon J.; Poschmann, Markus; Tetlie, O. Erik (2007).
2560:
Lomax, Dean; Lamsdell, James; Ciurca, Samuel (2011-01-01).
521:
can be distinguished from other members of its family, the
1613:, a sweep-feeder that used the marginal rim to search the
1363:
was good, but not as good as in the derived pterygotids).
529:(head) is quadrate (square-shaped) in shape and had small
2098:
http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/resources/fossils/Fossils16.0.pdf
810:. Note the short chelicerae are hidden beneath the head.
1617:
of its living environment for prey. If the pustules of
471:(more "advanced") eurypterids of its superfamily, the
2093:
1599:
have been described based on specimens housed at the
592:
in 1856, based on fossils recovered from deposits of
2110:
Kjellesvig-Waering, Erik N. (1973). "A new Silurian
3356:
3306:
3280:
3246:
3116:
3073:
3035:
2986:
2968:
2950:
2922:
2911:
2883:
2865:
2847:
2836:
2804:
2781:
2758:
2740:
2729:
2713:
2706:
460:. The short chelicerae are hidden beneath the head.
2437:
2215:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1554:) being found in estuaries, while other (such as
487:and the pterygotids only share with some derived
440:(more "advanced") members of the closely related
2485:Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (2020).
2020:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
1906:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
1835:"Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod"
1584:would have seized with its frontal appendages.
817:is classified as part of the eurypterid family
620:lacking the large cheliceral claws known from
436:would be exceeded in length by later and more
2613:
1770:Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009).
8:
756:National Museum of Natural History of France
771:to be described, the other two coming from
685:, it could also potentially be referred to
616:, among them the shape of the carapace and
3344:
2919:
2844:
2737:
2710:
2620:
2606:
2598:
2436:Tetlie, O. Erik; Braddy, Simon J. (2003).
1321:featuring short chelicerae below the head.
495:and was more slender. The telson spike of
369:, the genus contains three valid species,
120:
31:
2577:
2502:
2337:
1860:
1805:
1560:) were found in freshwater environments;
1337:was very similar to the basal pterygotid
1370:
847:as part of a family of its own in 1968.
782:
1900:Nicholson, Henry Alleyne (1868-01-01).
1667:
1359:, suggesting that the visual acuity of
839:in 1951 by Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering.
525:, by a variety of characteristics. The
2535:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.
2307:
2305:
572:, was first described as a species of
2088:
2086:
2084:
424:Out of the four described species of
7:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1673:
1671:
1285:) would have been possible in life.
676:, was first considered a species of
467:is in many ways similar to the more
347:have been discovered in deposits of
1310:flow to make steering much easier.
1292:, particularly those of the family
1129:
1105:
1081:
1057:
1032:
1010:
988:
966:
944:
910:
903:
893:
359:. Classified as part of the family
1692:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb01746.x
882:suborder of eurypterids, with the
691:or even represent the carapace of
600:(Early to Middle Silurian) age in
483:eurypterids and is a feature that
25:
3330:
3329:
3026:
2184:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00907.x
1635:
1601:Doncaster Museum and Art Gallery
1499:have been found associated with
1441:. Also preserved are fossils of
647:and could be distinguished from
635:In 1899, an additional species,
145:
3319:Timeline of eurypterid research
1656:Timeline of eurypterid research
1459:has been found associated with
835:and other genera to the family
588:for "sharp" or "tapering"), by
135:Senckenberg Museum of Frankfurt
1591:Like many eurypterid species,
339:, an extinct group of aquatic
1:
3532:Fossil taxa described in 1856
2114:(Eurypterida) from Bolivia".
3517:Eurypterids of South America
2228:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.011
1420:Hardieopterus macrophthalmus
878:relative to the rest of the
722:In 1973, another species of
1462:Nanahughmilleria lanceolata
1265:specimen, MB.A 863, in the
1249:Drawing of the holotype of
27:Extinct genus of arthropods
3548:
3487:Silurian first appearances
2491:Frontiers in Earth Science
1480:Parastylonurus sigmoidalis
1402:Drepanopterus pentlandicus
1269:of Scotland, dated to the
841:Nestor Ivanovich Novojilov
479:is similar to that of the
3327:
3024:
2721:List of eurypterid genera
2635:
2456:10.1017/S0263593300000638
2003:10.1017/S0080456800035109
1986:Laurie, Malcolm (1900). "
1651:List of eurypterid genera
1468:Hardieopterus lanarkensis
1375:The size of the largest (
1134:
1127:
1110:
1103:
1086:
1079:
1062:
1055:
1037:
1030:
1015:
1008:
993:
986:
971:
964:
949:
942:
915:
908:
901:
821:, within the superfamily
754:(BLV15, deposited at the
694:Salteropterus abbreviatus
278:
273:
259:
252:
142:Scientific classification
140:
128:
119:
34:
2504:10.3389/feart.2020.00098
2032:10.1144/transed.16.2.200
1502:Nanahughmilleria pygmaea
738:(Late Silurian) age, in
299:Kjellesvig-Waering, 1973
3502:Silurian United Kingdom
2276:The American Naturalist
2205:O. Erik Tetlie (2007).
2145:Journal of Paleontology
2117:Journal of Paleontology
2063:Journal of Paleontology
1720:The American Naturalist
1610:Drepanopterus abonensis
1432:Stoermeropterus conicus
719:by modern researchers.
656:. The type specimen of
2330:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0564
1918:10.1144/transed.1.1.15
1853:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0491
1790:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
1566:Patrick Burn Formation
1536:Eurypterus cephalaspis
1514:Hardieopterus megalops
1486:Carcinosoma scorpionis
1448:Geisonoceras maclareni
1414:Parastylonurus ornatus
1388:
1322:
1267:Patrick Burn Formation
1258:
811:
799:
557:
461:
363:alongside the related
3497:Eurypterids of Europe
3449:Paleobiology Database
1820:Supplemental material
1438:Pentlandopterus minor
1408:Laurieipterus elegans
1374:
1316:
1248:
867:combines features of
805:
786:
552:
455:
3492:Silurian extinctions
3482:Silurian eurypterids
1520:Erettopterus brodiei
1492:Erettopterus bilobus
1426:Carcinosoma scoticus
1387:compared to a human.
806:Life restoration of
728:Kirusillas Formation
578:Pterygotus acuminata
456:Life restoration of
3512:Fossils of Scotland
1886:1955. Merostomata.
1643:Paleontology portal
1542:Pterygotus ludensis
1530:Hughmilleria banksi
769:Southern Hemisphere
665:to place it within
590:John William Salter
545:History of research
3527:Fossils of Bolivia
3507:Fossils of England
2849:Onychopterelloidea
2566:Geological Curator
2527:Fortey, Richard A.
2094:http://wsc.nmbe.ch
1593:Slimonia acuminata
1389:
1323:
1319:Slimonia acuminata
1317:Reconstruction of
1259:
812:
800:
626:Roderick Murchison
558:
462:
263:Slimonia acuminata
18:Slimonia acuminata
3464:
3463:
3436:Open Tree of Life
3350:Taxon identifiers
3341:
3340:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
2970:Adelophthalmoidea
2952:Waeringopteroidea
2924:Carcinosomatoidea
2857:Onychopterellidae
2832:
2831:
2546:978-0-375-40119-0
1961:10.1111/gto.12152
1508:Eusarcana salteri
1455:have been found.
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1040:Adelophthalmoidea
1018:Waeringopteroidea
996:Carcinosomatoidea
928:
927:
672:Another species,
608:. That same year
328:
327:
322:
311:
300:
289:
248:
16:(Redirected from
3539:
3522:Silurian Bolivia
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3307:Related articles
3264:Merostomichnites
3030:
2978:Adelophthalmidae
2960:Waeringopteridae
2932:Carcinosomatidae
2920:
2903:Strobilopteridae
2845:
2819:Hibbertopteridae
2768:Parastylonuridae
2738:
2711:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2230:. Archived from
2222:(3β4): 557β574.
2211:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2178:(5): 1141β1148.
2167:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2107:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2078:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2015:
2009:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1809:
1767:
1752:
1751:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1474:Eusarcana obesus
1379:) and smallest (
1130:
1106:
1082:
1058:
1033:
1011:
989:
967:
952:Megalograptoidea
945:
911:
904:
894:
320:
309:
298:
287:
246:
239:
226:
213:
200:
150:
149:
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3352:
3342:
3337:
3323:
3302:
3293:Chasmataspidida
3276:
3242:
3139:Campylocephalus
3112:
3069:
3031:
3010:
2996:Hughmilleriidae
2982:
2964:
2946:
2937:Megalograptidae
2913:
2907:
2893:Dolichopteridae
2879:
2867:Moselopteroidea
2861:
2838:
2828:
2814:Drepanopteridae
2800:
2796:Hardieopteridae
2783:Kokomopteroidea
2777:
2754:
2731:
2725:
2702:
2631:
2626:
2596:
2595:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2416:fossilworks.org
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2391:fossilworks.org
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2366:fossilworks.org
2360:
2359:
2355:
2324:(8): 20150564.
2318:Biology Letters
2311:
2310:
2303:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2096:, version 16.0
2091:
2082:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008: 2053-5945
1985:
1976:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1840:Biology Letters
1832:
1831:
1827:
1777:Biology Letters
1769:
1768:
1755:
1717:
1716:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1369:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1090:Herefordopterus
929:
886:suborder as an
855:Hughmilleriidae
837:Hughmilleriidae
825:. Historically
781:
547:
450:
269:
266:
245:
237:
224:
211:
198:
144:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3545:
3543:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Pterygotioidea
3469:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3378:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:Related groups
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3209:Onychopterella
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3167:Hibbertopterus
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3125:Adelophthalmus
3120:
3118:
3117:Notable genera
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2988:Pterygotioidea
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2915:Diploperculata
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2875:Moselopteridae
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2791:Kokomopteridae
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2742:Rhenopteroidea
2735:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2572:(6): 331β348.
2552:
2545:
2518:
2477:
2450:(3): 227β234.
2428:
2403:
2378:
2353:
2301:
2288:10.1086/695955
2282:(3): 352β354.
2265:
2253:Science | AAAS
2240:
2237:on 2011-07-18.
2197:
2162:
2151:(2): 331β361.
2135:
2124:(3): 549β550.
2102:
2080:
2069:(4): 789β835.
2053:
2026:(2): 200β216.
2010:
1997:(3): 575β590.
1974:
1939:
1892:
1876:
1847:(1): 106β109.
1825:
1784:(2): 265β269.
1753:
1732:10.1086/691967
1726:(1): 152β156.
1705:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1627:
1574:heterostracans
1368:
1365:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1052:Pterygotioidea
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
970:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
948:
943:
941:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
892:
823:Pterygotioidea
780:
779:Classification
777:
762:differed from
663:Malcolm Laurie
641:Pentland Hills
546:
543:
489:hibbertopterid
473:Pterygotioidea
449:
446:
399:Pentland Hills
335:is a genus of
326:
325:
324:
323:
312:
301:
290:
276:
275:
271:
270:
267:
257:
256:
250:
249:
235:
231:
230:
222:
218:
217:
215:Pterygotioidea
209:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
138:
137:
133:housed at the
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:Pentecopterus
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:Megalograptus
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:Jaekelopterus
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:Drepanopterus
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:Brachyopterus
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3108:South America
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:North America
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Carboniferous
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3037:Geochronology
3034:
3029:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2885:Eurypteroidea
2882:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2824:Mycteroptidae
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:Mycteropoidea
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:Stylonuroidea
2757:
2751:
2750:Rhenopteridae
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2698:Sclerophorata
2695:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Euchelicerata
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2579:10.55468/GC75
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:Palaeontology
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:Geology Today
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:osteostracans
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:Jaekelopterus
1553:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1383:) species of
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:Jaekelopterus
1354:
1350:
1349:Jaekelopterus
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1330:compound eyes
1327:
1326:Visual acuity
1320:
1315:
1311:
1308:
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1299:
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1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
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974:Eurypteroidea
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749:
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741:
737:
733:
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725:
720:
718:
717:
713:is seen as a
712:
708:
704:
703:Herefordshire
700:
696:
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689:
684:
679:
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664:
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579:
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571:
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544:
542:
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536:
532:
531:compound eyes
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502:
498:
494:
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486:
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478:
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459:
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427:
422:
420:
416:
415:Herefordshire
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
366:Salteropterus
362:
358:
354:
353:South America
350:
346:
343:. Fossils of
342:
338:
334:
333:
319:
318:
313:
308:
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297:
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291:
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285:
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264:
258:
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208:Superfamily:
207:
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174:
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127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:436β420
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3357:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3174:Hughmilleria
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3006:Pterygotidae
2942:Mixopteridae
2898:Eurypteridae
2773:Stylonuridae
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2531:
2521:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2447:
2443:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2255:. 2017-04-17
2252:
2243:
2232:the original
2219:
2213:
2200:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2023:
2019:
2013:
1994:
1989:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1912:(1): 15β18.
1909:
1905:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1781:
1775:
1723:
1719:
1686:(1): 13β27.
1683:
1679:
1619:S. acuminata
1618:
1608:
1597:S. acuminata
1596:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1457:S. acuminata
1456:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1377:S. acuminata
1376:
1367:Paleoecology
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:Erettopterus
1338:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:Pterygotidae
1289:
1287:
1282:Alkenopterus
1280:
1274:
1263:S. acuminata
1262:
1260:
1251:S. boliviana
1250:
1241:Paleobiology
1137:Pterygotidae
1135:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1087:
1066:Hughmilleria
1064:
1063:
1038:
1016:
994:
972:
950:
916:
875:
873:
868:
865:Ciurcopterus
864:
860:Ciurcopterus
858:
850:
849:
844:
832:Hughmilleria
830:
826:
814:
813:
808:S. acuminata
807:
796:S. acuminata
795:
764:S. acuminata
763:
760:S. boliviana
759:
748:S. boliviana
747:
723:
721:
716:nomen dubium
714:
710:
692:
688:Hughmilleria
686:
682:
677:
673:
671:
666:
657:
654:S. acuminata
653:
649:S. acuminata
648:
636:
634:
630:S. acuminata
629:
621:
618:S. acuminata
617:
613:
581:
577:
573:
570:S. acuminata
569:
565:
562:type species
559:
555:S. acuminata
554:
518:
517:
512:
508:
505:S. acuminata
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
476:
464:
463:
458:S. acuminata
457:
433:
430:S. acuminata
429:
425:
423:
410:
394:
383:S. boliviana
382:
371:S. acuminata
370:
364:
344:
331:
330:
329:
321:Salter, 1859
316:
315:
310:Laurie, 1899
305:
304:
295:S. boliviana
294:
293:
288:Salter, 1856
284:S. acuminata
283:
282:
268:Salter, 1856
262:
261:
254:Type species
241:
240:
131:S. acuminata
130:
35:
29:
3382:Wikispecies
3271:Palmichnium
3248:Ichnogenera
3146:Carcinosoma
2840:Eurypterina
2733:Stylonurina
2671:Prosomapoda
2653:Chelicerata
2651:Subphylum:
2629:Eurypterids
2421:17 December
2396:17 December
2371:17 December
1443:orthocerids
1391:Fossils of
939:Eurypterina
918:Stylonurina
898:Eurypterida
884:Stylonurina
880:Eurypterina
843:classified
448:Description
202:Eurypterida
189:Chelicerata
185:Subphylum:
3471:Categories
3237:Stylonurus
3223:Pterygotus
3202:Mixopterus
3195:Megarachne
3160:Eurypterus
3045:Ordovician
3001:Slimonidae
2912:Infraorder
2689:Dekatriata
2680:Planaterga
2647:Arthropoda
2259:2018-03-18
1955:(5): 195.
1884:StΓΈrmer, L
1662:References
1576:and early
1551:Pterygotus
1497:S. stylops
1445:, such as
1353:Pterygotus
1345:Pterygotus
1276:Eurypterus
819:Slimonidae
740:Cochabamba
711:S. stylops
678:Pterygotus
674:S. stylops
622:Pterygotus
614:Pterygotus
610:David Page
602:Lesmahagow
594:Llandovery
574:Pterygotus
553:Fossil of
539:chelicerae
537:half. The
523:Slimonidae
481:pterygotid
442:pterygotid
411:S. stylops
387:Cochabamba
375:Lesmahagow
361:Slimonidae
341:arthropods
337:eurypterid
317:S. stylops
247:Page, 1856
228:Slimonidae
179:Arthropoda
129:Fossil of
3314:Metastoma
3298:Xiphosura
3288:Arachnida
3075:Geography
2639:Kingdom:
2588:251123684
2513:2296-6463
2464:1473-7116
2192:1475-4983
2048:131492354
2040:0371-6260
1969:132275962
1934:131539776
1926:0371-6260
1798:1744-9561
1700:1502-3931
1623:pedipalps
1615:substrate
1271:Telychian
794:views of
773:Australia
699:metastoma
628:in 1851.
582:acuminata
409:species,
397:from the
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
3388:Slimonia
3373:Q1448323
3367:Wikidata
3358:Slimonia
3335:Category
3257:Arcuites
3230:Slimonia
3055:Devonian
3050:Silurian
2837:Suborder
2730:Suborder
2707:Taxonomy
2645:Phylum:
2641:Animalia
2529:(1998).
2472:73596575
2348:26289442
2296:90575897
2112:Slimonia
1890:, P: 30.
1871:18029297
1816:19828493
1740:28617636
1629:See also
1586:Slimonia
1582:Slimonia
1580:, which
1570:Slimonia
1562:Slimonia
1525:E. gigas
1453:Slimonia
1397:S. dubia
1393:Slimonia
1385:Slimonia
1381:S. dubia
1361:Slimonia
1335:Slimonia
1307:Slimonia
1298:Slimonia
1290:Slimonia
1114:Slimonia
888:outgroup
876:Slimonia
869:Slimonia
851:Slimonia
845:Slimonia
827:Slimonia
815:Slimonia
752:holotype
746:. Named
724:Slimonia
683:Slimonia
667:Slimonia
658:S. dubia
645:Scotland
637:S. dubia
606:Scotland
566:Slimonia
535:anterior
519:Slimonia
513:Slimonia
509:S. dubia
501:Slimonia
497:Slimonia
493:Slimonia
485:Slimonia
477:Slimonia
465:Slimonia
434:Slimonia
426:Slimonia
405:and one
403:Scotland
395:S. dubia
379:Scotland
349:Silurian
345:Slimonia
332:Slimonia
306:S. dubia
274:Species
242:Slimonia
221:Family:
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
42:Silurian
36:Slimonia
3441:4704215
3428:1353936
3415:4650062
3402:4305721
3103:Oceania
3065:Permian
2339:4571687
2157:1301554
2130:1303202
2075:1301214
1862:2412931
1807:2865068
1748:3891482
1680:Lethaia
788:Ventral
744:Bolivia
736:Pridoli
707:England
598:Wenlock
527:prosoma
469:derived
438:derived
419:England
413:, from
407:dubious
391:Bolivia
351:age in
234:Genus:
195:Order:
3093:Europe
3083:Africa
2714:Genera
2586:
2543:
2511:
2470:
2462:
2346:
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2100:(PDF).
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1967:
1932:
1924:
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1796:
1746:
1738:
1698:
1255:telson
792:dorsal
750:, the
732:Ludlow
584:being
357:Europe
3454:18997
3423:IRMNG
2694:Clade
2685:Clade
2676:Clade
2667:Clade
2658:Clade
2584:S2CID
2537:146β7
2468:S2CID
2292:S2CID
2235:(PDF)
2210:(PDF)
2153:JSTOR
2126:JSTOR
2071:JSTOR
2044:S2CID
1965:S2CID
1930:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1605:setae
730:, of
586:Latin
385:from
373:from
3410:GBIF
3088:Asia
2541:ISBN
2509:ISSN
2460:ISSN
2423:2021
2398:2021
2373:2021
2344:PMID
2188:ISSN
2036:ISSN
2006:ISSN
1922:ISSN
1867:PMID
1812:PMID
1794:ISSN
1736:PMID
1696:ISSN
1539:and
1495:and
1489:and
1435:and
1355:and
1347:and
1279:and
1253:, a
790:and
560:The
393:and
355:and
55:Preκ
3397:EoL
2574:doi
2499:doi
2452:doi
2334:PMC
2326:doi
2284:doi
2280:191
2224:doi
2220:252
2180:doi
2028:doi
1999:doi
1957:doi
1914:doi
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1802:PMC
1786:doi
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1688:doi
643:of
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576:, "
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