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When an asperity plows into the opposing rock, it wears itself and the opposing rock down and produces fine debris. This debris, or wear product, accumulates both in front of and behind the asperity in a long, elongated shape. If the asperity is relatively hard, the debris will accumulate in front of
87:
Slickensides have conspicuous shapes that can be used to determine the direction of movement along the fault. Straight slickenlines indicate linear-translational fault motion. They are parallel to the direction of fault motion and serve as a kinematic indicator. Curved slickenlines have recently been
121:
The unique geometry of a slickenside can be created in a variety of ways, but the precise mechanisms that create them is not well understood. The grinding between two rocks produces granular material, and there is a change in the behaviour of wear material when the particle size is reduced to
104:
on a slip surface. Fault surface roughness (or topography) is characterized by the aspect ratio of asperity height to scale of observation, and this roughness is a key parameter in the study of fault slip. In general, a fault surface appears rougher at smaller scales (i.e. rough and bumpy at
145:
on a fault surface is a bump or point with higher relief than the area around it. The asperity, when pressed into the opposing rock surface and then moved, digs into the opposing rock, forming troughs, grooves, and scratches. Asperity plowing is thus a result of permanent deformation in the
75:
slip surfaces that host slickensides. These slip surfaces are on the order of 100 micrometers thick, and the size of the grains that constitute the surface are ultra-fine (0.01-1 micrometers in diameter). These grains are unlike typical grains of fault rock in that they have irregular
105:
approximately millimetre scales and smaller, and increasingly smooth with larger fields of view). This smoothing with larger observation scales is more pronounced in the slip-parallel direction than the slip-perpendicular direction and is commonly a result of slickenside formation.
242:
as well as the orientation of stress acting on the fault. It has also been suggested that when multiple slickenfibre or slickensteps orientations are present, it can indicate that the ongoing shear is not strain softening so slip does not have a constant direction.
807:
Toy, Virginia G.; Niemeijer, André; Renard, Francois; Morales, Luiz; Wirth, Richard (May 2017). "Striation and slickenline development on quartz fault surfaces at crustal conditions: Origin and effect on friction".
961:
Sarkarinejad, Khalil; Mottahedi, Maryam; Nori, Maryam (November 2021). "Aseismic slip on the active Sabz-Pushan and
Sepidar thrusts, Iran: microstructural and kinematics evidence of the slickenline fibre creep".
429:
393:
246:
In addition to the direction of slip, slickenlines have also been used to constrain the timing of fault slip. They also preserve any complexity in the geometry of the earthquake rupture.
167:
Some rocks may contain particles that are harder than the rest of the rock. When these rocks are worn, the harder particles will resist wear more than the softer rock, the rock on the
725:
Candela, Thibault; Renard, François; Klinger, Yann; Mair, Karen; Schmittbuhl, Jean; Brodsky, Emily E. (August 2012). "Roughness of fault surfaces over nine decades of length scales".
409:
1032:
Macklin, Clarrie; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Kearse, Jesse (June 2021). "Coseismic slickenlines record the emergence of multiple rupture fronts during a surface-breaking earthquake".
203:. Due to irregularities in the fault plane, exposed slickenfibres typically have a stepped appearance that can be used to determine the sense of movement across the fault.
370:
1094:
Apollo Image Atlas (Lunar and
Planetary Institute), 70 mm Hasselblad Image Catalog, Apollo 15 photographs AS15-82-11101, AS15-82-11102, AS15-82-11103 and AS15-82-11104
308:
1245:
332:
210:
Calcite-chlorite slickenfibres on a small fault cutting greenschist-facies metavolcanic rocks of the
Saddlebag Lake Roof Pendant, Sierra Nevada, California
159:
the asperity. If the asperity is relatively soft, the debris will trail behind. This debris hardens over time and is preserved as a form of slickenline.
690:
Brodsky, Emily E.; Kirkpatrick, James D.; Candela, Thibault (January 2016). "Constraints from fault roughness on the scale-dependent strength of rocks".
853:
Kirkpatrick, J.D.; Rowe, C.D.; White, J.C.; Brodsky, E.E. (September 2013). "Silica gel formation during fault slip: Evidence from the rock record".
655:
Kearse, Jesse; Kaneko, Yoshihiro; Little, Tim; Van Dissen, Russ (September 2019). "Curved slickenlines preserve direction of rupture propagation".
550:
Power, William L.; Tullis, Terry E. (January 1989). "The relationship between slickenside surfaces in fine-grained quartz and the seismic cycle".
214:
Slickenfibres are secondary minerals that make up the slickensides rather than the rock itself. Slickenfibres form in areas where the rock slowly
129:
A fault mirror may also be the result of fluid being present at the fault surface during slip. Once slip has stopped, this fluid solidifies as a
1191:
1164:
1145:
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496:
926:
Ishii, Eiichi (December 2017). "Estimation of the highest potential transmissivity of discrete shear fractures using the ductility index".
1488:
206:
1133:
997:
Norris, D.K. (June 2001). "Slickenlines and the kinematics of the
Crowsnest Deflection in the southern Rocky Mountains of Canada".
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147:
280:
27:
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nanometers. When the particle size is reduced so dramatically that the surface becomes shiny, it can be characterized as a
1273:
888:
Kirkpatrick, James D.; Brodsky, Emily E. (December 2014). "Slickenline orientations as a record of fault rock rheology".
222:. Unlike slickenlines, which give two possibilities for slip direction, slickenfibres preserve the true slip direction.
179:
where the hard particle was located and is elongated parallel to the direction of movement down-slip from the particle.
142:
1937:
1911:
1231:
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Mandal, Nibir; Chakraborty, Chandan (January 1989). "Fault motion and curved slickenlines: A theoretical analysis".
113:
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Sagy, Amir; Brodsky, Emily E. (February 2009). "Geometric and rheological asperities in an exposed fault zone".
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A slickenside can occur as a single surface at a fault between two hard surfaces. Alternatively, the
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303:, a boulder with slickensides, discovered in a debris-strewn small crater at Station 9 near
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is a surface of the cracks produced in soils containing a high proportion of swelling
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Means, W.D. (1987). "A newly recognized type of slickenside striation".
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Mirror slickenside on scarp of
Fairview Fault, Dixie Valley, Nevada, USA
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Doblas, Miguel (September 1998). "Slickenside kinematic indicators".
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is a smoothly polished surface caused by frictional movement between
1092:
https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/catalog/70mm/magazine/?82
1503:
416:
205:
186:
How slickenfibre steps form and show sense of movement on a fault.
182:
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112:
26:
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of the hard particle will be protected from wear. This creates a
1538:
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Calcite slickenfibres on the surface of a normal fault, east of
339:
300:
272:
264:
234:
slickenfibres have recently been used to constrain the depth of
218:
past one another rather than sliding suddenly as a result of an
1227:
230:
Slickensides provide useful insight into earthquake processes.
1106:
Apollo 15 Lunar
Surface Journal – Instant Rock at Station 9
928:
International
Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
88:
studied for their potential to preserve the direction of
458:
Tjia, H. D. (1964). "Slickensides and Fault
Movements".
338:
An exposed reverse fault plane with large slickenlines.
199:
fibres that grew in during the fault movement, known as
472:
10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[683:SAFM]2.0.CO;2
1116:
https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/A15SampleCat_1.pdf
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1118:Catalog of Apollo 15 Rocks – Part 1. 15015-15299
1174:Passchier, Cees W.; Trouw, Rudolph A. J. (2005).
376:Slickensides developed on the surface of a small
283:, slickensides, along with lenticular structural
31:Slickenlines at 500m depth in a Permian sandstone
802:
800:
798:
1157:Australian Soil and Land Survey: Field Handbook
1104:https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.sta9.html
133:, which appears shiny and hosts slickenlines.
1239:
921:
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762:
760:
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399:Slickensides on a fault plane, south wall of
8:
810:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
727:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
545:
543:
514:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
71:between the fault surfaces may contain many
491:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
1246:
1232:
1224:
1178:. Springer Science & Business Media.
837:
488:The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
100:Slickenside formation results in unique
964:International Journal of Earth Sciences
450:
328:
460:Geological Society of America Bulletin
7:
1489:List of tectonic plate interactions
890:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1069:The Australian Soil Classification
25:
435:Slickensides on a fault plane in
267:in their natural environments, a
195:The fault plane may be coated by
109:Mechanisms to create slickensides
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1906:
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392:
369:
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59:, in the direction of movement.
485:Scholz, Christopher H. (2019).
84:defects (termed dislocations).
1138:A Dictionary of Earth Sciences
281:Australian Soil Classification
275:. Slickensides are a type of
90:earthquake rupture propagation
1:
1132:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2008).
1019:10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00180-2
999:Journal of Structural Geology
769:Journal of Structural Geology
622:Journal of Structural Geology
607:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00120-6
552:Journal of Structural Geology
55:with linear features, called
1155:McDonald, Ronald C. (1998).
948:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.10.017
789:10.1016/0191-8141(87)90143-X
642:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90026-6
572:10.1016/0191-8141(89)90105-3
307:, was photographed during a
51:. This surface is typically
1140:. Oxford University Press.
1054:10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228834
250:Other types of slickensides
1954:
984:10.1007/s00531-021-02081-1
910:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.040
175:that starts abruptly as a
1902:
1574:Thick-skinned deformation
1579:Thin-skinned deformation
1355:Stereographic projection
295:Slickensides on the Moon
287:, are an indicator of a
63:Geometry of slickensides
1345:Orthographic projection
1328:Measurement conventions
1274:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
902:2014E&PSL.408...24K
1216:Encyclopedia Americana
1067:Isbell, R. F. (1996).
403:. Lens cap 5.8cm wide.
401:Bear Valley Strip Mine
211:
187:
118:
32:
1856:Paleostress inversion
1549:Strike-slip tectonics
1419:Extensional tectonics
1399:Continental collision
1269:Deformation mechanism
1184:10.1007/3-540-29359-0
255:Slickensides in soils
209:
185:
116:
30:
1434:Fold and thrust belt
1210:"Slickensides"
830:10.1002/2016JB013498
747:10.1029/2011JB009041
534:10.1029/2008JB005701
163:Erosional sheltering
1866:Section restoration
1742:Rock microstructure
1404:Convergent boundary
1304:Strain partitioning
1289:Overburden pressure
1279:Mohr–Coulomb theory
1071:. CSIRO Australia.
1046:2021Tectp.80828834M
1011:2001JSG....23.1089N
976:2021IJEaS.110.2831S
940:2017IJRMM.100...10I
867:2013Geo....41.1015K
822:2017JGRB..122.3497T
781:1987JSG.....9..585M
739:2012JGRB..117.8409C
704:2016Geo....44...19B
669:2019Geo....47..838K
634:1989JSG....11..497M
599:1998Tectp.295..187D
564:1989JSG....11..879P
526:2009JGRB..114.2301S
437:Corona Heights Park
1938:Structural geology
1843:Kinematic analysis
1499:Mountain formation
1414:Divergent boundary
1379:Accretionary wedge
1255:Structural geology
1005:(6–7): 1089–1102.
212:
188:
150:at a small scale.
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1920:
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1851:3D fold evolution
1737:Pressure solution
1732:Oblique foliation
1612:Exfoliation joint
1602:Columnar jointing
1262:Underlying theory
1193:978-3-540-64003-5
1166:978-0-643-06356-3
1147:978-0-19-921194-4
1078:978-0-643-05813-2
498:978-1-107-16348-5
96:Surface roughness
16:(Redirected from
1945:
1910:
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1655:Detachment fault
1650:Cataclastic rock
1584:Thrust tectonics
1554:Structural basin
1529:Pull-apart basin
1469:Horst and graben
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875:10.1130/G34483.1
861:(9): 1015–1018.
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78:grain boundaries
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1665:Fault mechanics
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1474:Intra-arc basin
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663:(9): 838–842.
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628:(4): 497–501.
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587:Tectonophysics
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1300:
1297:
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1287:
1285:
1284:Mohr's circle
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
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1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
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1226:
1218:
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1211:
1206:
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1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:"Slickenside"
1130:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1074:
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1063:
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1055:
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933:
929:
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916:
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903:
899:
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891:
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860:
856:
849:
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835:
831:
827:
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748:
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736:
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721:
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202:
201:slickenfibres
198:
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184:
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162:
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153:
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136:
134:
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127:
125:
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103:
95:
93:
91:
85:
83:
79:
74:
73:anastamosing
70:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
1746:
1680:Thrust fault
1369:Large-scale
1340:Inclinometer
1314:Stress field
1214:
1175:
1156:
1137:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1002:
998:
992:
967:
963:
956:
931:
927:
893:
889:
883:
858:
854:
848:
813:
809:
772:
768:
730:
726:
720:
698:(1): 19–22.
695:
691:
685:
660:
656:
650:
625:
621:
615:
590:
586:
580:
555:
551:
517:
513:
507:
487:
480:
463:
459:
453:
320:
317:
298:
268:
258:
245:
229:
226:Implications
213:
200:
194:
191:Fibre growth
176:
172:
166:
157:
140:
128:
124:fault mirror
123:
120:
101:
99:
86:
66:
57:slickenlines
56:
40:
34:
18:Slickensides
1861:Paleostress
1747:Slickenside
1722:Crenulation
1675:Fault trace
1670:Fault scarp
1660:Disturbance
1645:Cataclasite
1534:Rift valley
1454:Half-graben
1424:Fault block
1409:DĂ©collement
839:1874/351354
305:Rima Hadley
269:slickenside
41:slickenside
1927:Categories
1889:Pure shear
1876:Shear zone
1833:Competence
1717:Compaction
1594:Fracturing
1389:Autochthon
1384:Allochthon
1126:References
1040:: 228834.
386:Alpujarras
285:aggregates
220:earthquake
131:silica gel
1825:Boudinage
1805:Monocline
1800:Homocline
1780:Anticline
1762:Tectonite
1752:Stylolite
1727:Fissility
1704:lineation
1700:Foliation
1564:Syneclise
1509:Obduction
1479:Inversion
1371:tectonics
1159:. CSIRO.
934:: 10–22.
896:: 24–34.
382:quartzite
313:Apollo 15
279:. In the
102:roughness
1933:Pedology
1912:Category
1884:Mylonite
1815:Vergence
1810:Syncline
1712:Cleavage
1637:Faulting
421:Somerset
344:Mongolia
309:moonwalk
289:vertisol
261:pedology
169:lee side
143:asperity
80:and few
53:striated
47:along a
1785:Chevron
1772:Folding
1617:Fissure
1569:Terrane
1514:Orogeny
1494:MĂ©lange
1429:Fenster
1319:Tension
1219:. 1920.
1042:Bibcode
1007:Bibcode
972:Bibcode
936:Bibcode
898:Bibcode
863:Bibcode
855:Geology
818:Bibcode
777:Bibcode
735:Bibcode
700:Bibcode
692:Geology
665:Bibcode
657:Geology
630:Bibcode
595:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
522:Bibcode
384:in the
359:Dextral
325:Gallery
299:On the
238:in the
232:Calcite
197:mineral
37:geology
1559:Suture
1544:Saddle
1484:Klippe
1449:Graben
1309:Stress
1299:Strain
1190:
1163:
1144:
1075:
733:(B8).
520:(B2).
495:
363:pyrite
1894:Shear
1622:Joint
1504:Nappe
1464:Horst
1459:Horse
445:Notes
417:Kilve
378:fault
277:cutan
273:clays
265:soils
216:creep
69:gouge
49:fault
45:rocks
1795:Dome
1702:and
1627:Vein
1607:Dike
1539:Rift
1350:Rake
1188:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1073:ISBN
493:ISBN
340:Gobi
301:Moon
177:crag
173:tail
39:, a
1180:doi
1050:doi
1038:808
1015:doi
980:doi
968:110
944:doi
932:100
906:doi
894:408
871:doi
834:hdl
826:doi
814:122
785:doi
743:doi
731:117
708:doi
673:doi
638:doi
603:doi
591:295
568:doi
530:doi
518:114
468:doi
380:in
259:In
141:An
126:.
35:In
1929::
1213:.
1186:.
1136:.
1048:.
1036:.
1013:.
1003:23
1001:.
978:.
966:.
942:.
930:.
918:^
904:.
892:.
869:.
859:41
857:.
832:.
824:.
812:.
797:^
783:.
771:.
755:^
741:.
729:.
706:.
696:44
694:.
671:.
661:47
659:.
636:.
626:11
624:.
601:.
589:.
566:.
556:11
554:.
542:^
528:.
516:.
464:75
462:.
419:,
342:,
315:.
291:.
92:.
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1196:.
1182::
1169:.
1150:.
1081:.
1056:.
1052::
1044::
1021:.
1017::
1009::
986:.
982::
974::
950:.
946::
938::
912:.
908::
900::
877:.
873::
865::
842:.
836::
828::
820::
791:.
787::
779::
773:9
749:.
745::
737::
714:.
710::
702::
679:.
675::
667::
644:.
640::
632::
609:.
605::
597::
574:.
570::
562::
536:.
532::
524::
501:.
474:.
470::
423:.
346:.
20:)
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