694:, or via analysis of small bowel aspirate fluid. Nevertheless, as of 2020, the definition of SIBO as a clinical entity lacks precision and consistency; it is a term generally applied to a clinical disorder where symptoms, clinical signs, and/or laboratory abnormalities are attributed to changes in the numbers of bacteria or in the composition of the bacterial population in the small intestine. The main obstacle to accurately define SIBO is limited understanding of the normal intestinal microbial population. Future advances in sampling technology and techniques for counting bacterial populations and their metabolites should provide much-needed clarity.
777:
one week of antibiotics is usually sufficient to treat the condition. However, if the condition recurs, antibiotics can be given in a cyclical fashion in order to prevent tolerance. For example, antibiotics may be given for a week, followed by three weeks off antibiotics, followed by another week of treatment. Alternatively, the choice of antibiotic used can be cycled. There is still limited data to guide the clinician in developing antibiotic strategies for SIBO. Therapy remains, for the most part, empiric. However, concerns exist about the potential risks of long-term broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.
76:
427:
612:
colonic type bacteria as these types of bacteria are considered pathological in excessive numbers in the small intestine. The reliability of aspiration in the diagnosis of SIBO has been questioned as SIBO can be patchy and the reproducibility can be as low as 38 percent. Breath tests have their own reliability problems with a high rate of false positive. Some doctors factor in a patients' response to treatment as part of the diagnosis.
565:
616:
227:
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has been shown to respond to the treatment of poorly-absorbed antibiotics, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of such treatment in cases of SIBO, and as of 2020, randomized controlled trials are still needed to further confirm the eradicating effect of such treatment in SIBO. A course of
840:
has been shown to be highly effective for eliminating SIBO with a two-week diet demonstrating 80% efficacy and a three-week diet demonstrating 85% efficacy. An elemental diet works via providing nutrition for the individual while depriving the bacteria of a food source. Additional treatment options
475:
and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the pathophysiology of the three conditions and also SIBO can similarly sometimes be triggered by an acute gastrointestinal infection. As of 2020, there is still controversy about the role of SIBO in the pathogenesis of common functional symptoms such as
783:
are bacterial preparations that alter the bacterial flora in the bowel to cause a beneficial effect. Animal research has demonstrated that probiotics have barrier enhancing, antibacterial, immune modulating and anti-inflammatory effects which may have a positive effect in the management of SIBO in
611:
The gold standard for detection of bacterial overgrowth is the aspiration of more than 10 bacteria per millilitre from the small bowel. The normal small bowel has less than 10 bacteria per millilitre. Some experts however, consider aspiration of more than 10 positive if the flora is predominately
417:
There is a lack of consensus however, regarding the suggested link between IBS and SIBO. Other authors concluded that the abnormal breath results so common in IBS patients do not suggest SIBO, and state that "abnormal fermentation timing and dynamics of the breath test findings support a role for
735:
Treatment strategies should focus on identifying and correcting the root causes, where possible, resolving nutritional deficiencies, and administering antibiotics. This is especially important for patients with indigestion and malabsorption. Although whether antibiotics should be a first line
857:
agonists to extend the SIBO free period after treatment with an elemental diet or antibiotics. A diet void of certain foods that feed the bacteria can help alleviate the symptoms. For example, if the symptoms are caused by bacterial overgrowth feeding on indigestible carbohydrate rich foods,
382:). IBS-D is associated with elevated hydrogen numbers on breath tests while IBS-C is associated with elevated methane numbers on breath tests. Subsequent studies demonstrated statistically significant reduction in IBS symptoms following therapy for SIBO.
48:
2563:
2548:
2533:
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However, some physicians suggest that if the suspicion of bacterial overgrowth is high enough, the best diagnostic test is a trial of treatment. If the symptoms improve, an empiric diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth can be made.
460:(MMC), a cyclical motility pattern in the small intestine, and phase III of the MMC in particular, is associated with the development of SIBO. Problems with motility may either be diffuse, or localized to particular areas.
306:
Patients with bacterial overgrowth that is longstanding can develop complications of their illness as a result of malabsorption of nutrients. Laboratory test results may include elevated folate, and, less commonly, vitamin
453:. In some people, methanogens may reside in the oral cavity, as evidenced by reductions in breath methane levels following mouthwash with chlorhexidine. This may affect results from hydrogen-methane breath testing.
385:
Various mechanisms are involved in the development of diarrhea and IBS-D in bacterial overgrowth. First, the excessive bacterial concentrations can cause direct inflammation of the small bowel cells, leading to an
116:(or large bowel), which is rich with bacteria, the small bowel usually has fewer than 100,000 organisms per millilitre. Patients with bacterial overgrowth typically develop symptoms which may include
3474:
790:
has been found to be effective in improving breath hydrogen scores after 6 weeks of treatment presumably by suppressing levels of a small intestinal bacterial overgrowth of fermenting bacteria.
418:
abnormal intestinal bacterial distribution in IBS." There is general consensus that breath tests are abnormal in IBS; however, the disagreement lies in whether this is representative of SIBO.
655:, then measuring expired hydrogen and methane concentrations typically over a period of several hours. It compares well to jejunal aspirates in making the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth.
723:
genus. Production of methane therefore, may not be bacterial, nor limited to the small intestine, and it has been proposed that the condition should be classified as a separate 'intestinal
271:
of nutrients due to the effects of bacteria which either metabolize nutrients or cause inflammation of the small bowel, impairing absorption. The symptoms of bacterial overgrowth include
4078:
663:(C) based tests have also been developed based on the bacterial metabolism of D-xylose. Increased bacterial concentrations are also involved in the deconjugation of bile acids. The
1632:
484:
cause diffuse slowing of the bowel, leading to increased bacterial concentrations. More commonly, the small bowel may have anatomical problems, such as out-pouchings known as
2652:
3952:
441:
disorders, impaired movement of the small bowel, or anatomical changes that lead to stasis (a state in which the normal flow of a body liquid stops); (2) disorders of the
437:
Certain people are more predisposed to the development of bacterial overgrowth because of certain risk factors. These factors can be grouped into four categories: (1)
3156:
366:
as an indirect investigation for SIBO. Breath testing has been criticized by some authors for being an imperfect test for SIBO, with multiple known false positives.
995:"Utility of hydrogen breath tests in diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in malabsorption syndrome and its relationship with oro-cecal transit time"
1889:
4042:
2751:
362:
In recent years, several proposed links between SIBO and other disorders have been made. However, the usual methodology of these studies involves the use of
2790:
4073:
513:
Systemic or metabolic disorders may lead to conditions allowing bacterial overgrowth as well. For example, diabetes can cause intestinal neuropathy,
2645:
4011:
3945:
1580:
Deloose E, Janssen P, Depoortere I, Tack J (March 2012). "The migrating motor complex: control mechanisms and its role in health and disease".
4083:
2455:
2417:
2485:
Gibson PR, Barrett JS (2010). "The concept of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders".
445:; (3) interference with the production of proteolytic enzymes, gastric acid, or bile; and (4) conditions that cause more bacteria from the
2423:
2322:
Rezaie A, Pimentel M, Rao SS (February 2016). "How to Test and Treat Small
Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: an Evidence-Based Approach".
2273:"Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: from Metchnikoff to modern advances: part III – convergence toward clinical trials"
1846:
Kongara KR, Soffer EE (January 2000). "Intestinal motility in small bowel diverticulosis: a case report and review of the literature".
572:
is the gold standard for diagnosis. A bacterial load of greater than 10 bacteria per millilitre is diagnostic for bacterial overgrowth
3231:
2638:
1412:
3938:
3903:
3750:
1624:
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518:
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SIBO may be defined as an increased number of bacteria measured via exhaled hydrogen and/or methane gas following the ingestion of
3648:
1559:
3789:
3401:
3384:
2889:
2884:
2761:
1951:
Lo WK, Chan WW (May 2013). "Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a meta-analysis".
826:
has been found to be effective in suppressing bacterial overgrowth of abnormal gas producing organisms in the small intestine.
283:, bloating, abdominal distension, abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhea, fatigue, and weakness. SIBO also causes an increased
2914:
3643:
3599:
3493:
3315:
3854:
2461:
1741:
631:
Breath tests have been developed to test for bacterial overgrowth. These tests are either based on bacterial metabolism of
608:, it suggests that the small bowel is not absorbing properly (as opposed to problems with enzymes required for digestion).
3700:
765:
59:
prevents reflux of bacteria from the colon into the small bowel. Resection of the valve can lead to bacterial overgrowth.
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3609:
3128:
2736:
2823:
1014:
438:
172:
2719:
1881:
4047:
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3118:
707:
829:
A combination of probiotic strains has been found to produce better results than therapy with the antibiotic drug
3462:
3418:
3371:
3177:
2795:
2067:
Singh VV, Toskes PP (February 2004). "Small Bowel
Bacterial Overgrowth: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment".
651:
involves having the patient fast for a minimum of 12 hours then having them drink a substrate usually glucose or
3488:
1986:
Abell TL, Minocha A (April 2006). "Gastrointestinal complications of bariatric surgery: diagnosis and therapy".
740:
as first line therapy with antibiotics being reserved as a second line treatment for more severe cases of SIBO.
548:
connecting the small and large bowel; this leads to an increased reflux of bacteria into the small bowel. After
4006:
3961:
3808:
3123:
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2894:
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2756:
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711:, has been associated with symptoms of SIBO which result in a positive methane breath test. In addition to the
647:, or based on the detection of by-products of digestion of carbohydrates that are not usually metabolized. The
589:
581:
477:
472:
464:
375:
156:
2726:
1428:
Shah ED, Basseri RJ, Chong K, Pimentel M (September 2010). "Abnormal breath testing in IBS: a meta-analysis".
529:, a class of medication used to reduce stomach acid, is associated with an increased risk of developing SIBO.
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may be formed, leading to stasis of flow of intestinal contents. This can cause overgrowth, and is termed
230:
200:
467:, drug use, or intestinal pseudo-obstruction among other causes. There is an overlap in findings between
3745:
3653:
3614:
3542:
1473:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis"
214:, which may be given in a cyclic fashion to prevent tolerance to the antibiotics, sometimes followed by
3664:
2845:
3784:
3728:
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3445:
3028:
3023:
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897:"Intestinal Bacteria — The Role They Play in Normal Physiology, Pathologic Physiology, and Infection"
648:
379:
363:
351:
152:
1232:
Eksperimental'naia i
Klinicheskaia Gastroenterologiia = Experimental & Clinical Gastroenterology
667:
breath test involves the administration of the bile acid C glycocholic acid, and the detection of CO
75:
17:
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3013:
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786:
506:
188:
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1811:
Rose S, Young MA, Reynolds JC (September 1998). "Gastrointestinal manifestations of scleroderma".
536:-rich colon and the small bowel can increase the bacterial load in the small bowel. Patients with
3890:
3755:
3738:
3723:
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3693:
3559:
3086:
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2011:
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1502:
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2992:
537:
1142:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome"
433:, shown in this electron micrograph, is commonly isolated in patients with bacterial overgrowth
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1354:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: are there any predictors?"
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involves having a patient drink a certain quantity of D-xylose, and measuring levels in the
426:
215:
192:
69:
315:
may occur from a variety of mechanisms, as many of the nutrients involved in production of
199:-induced alterations to the small intestine; and the use of certain medications, including
3976:
3873:
3803:
3669:
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3569:
3440:
3305:
3241:
3143:
3062:
3053:
3003:
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2828:
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1764:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Korea, 2017 Revised Edition"
564:
545:
446:
403:
196:
113:
109:
56:
2630:
1405:
A new IBS solution : bacteria, the missing link in treating irritable bowel syndrome
939:
Bures J, Cyrany J, Kohoutova D, Förstl M, Rejchrt S, Kvetina J, et al. (June 2010).
804:
have all demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment and management of SIBO. Conversely,
744:
are other options but research in humans is limited. A variety of antibiotics, including
3910:
3825:
3379:
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316:
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1824:
1064:"AGA Clinical Practice Update on Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Expert Review"
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4001:
3996:
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3427:
3172:
2999:
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2042:
1999:
1859:
1671:
1654:
830:
753:
632:
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268:
141:
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2015:
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1609:
1457:
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3333:
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There is insufficient evidence to support the use of inflammatory markers, such as
514:
399:
288:
280:
249:
133:
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3930:
2447:
Practical
Gastroenterology and Hepatology: Small and Large Intestine and Pancreas
2445:
2383:
2366:
1721:
1080:
1063:
576:
The diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth can be made by physicians in various ways.
4021:
3898:
3660:
3638:
3469:
3389:
3033:
2934:
2687:
2602:
2115:"Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome – An Update"
497:
485:
481:
450:
336:
296:
287:. Some patients may lose weight. Children with bacterial overgrowth may develop
253:
184:
168:
137:
2583:
1704:
1537:
1183:"Gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth: pathogenesis and clinical significance"
3674:
3347:
3325:
2970:
2909:
2557:
2498:
2335:
2080:
1964:
1762:
Song KH, Jung HK, Kim HJ, Koo HS, Kwon YH, Shin HD, et al. (April 2018).
1489:
1472:
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842:
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724:
211:
47:
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1521:
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994:
780:
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can impair digestive enzyme production, and bile may be affected as part of
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2216:
2193:
2158:
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2007:
1972:
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1389:
1335:
1239:
1216:
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1158:
1141:
1089:
1010:
976:
2289:
2232:"The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health"
2050:
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615:
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125:
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854:
712:
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640:
569:
489:
395:
328:
260:
180:
176:
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41:
bacterial overgrowth, small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SBBOS)
3776:
3394:
3280:
2552:
2537:
1779:
859:
585:
556:
can be formed, which may increase bacterial load in the small bowel.
312:
276:
272:
117:
1522:"Hydrogen–methane breath testing results influenced by oral hygiene"
303:
are not properly absorbed and spill into the stool, may also occur.
226:
151:
of bacterial overgrowth is made by a number of techniques, with the
1655:"Bugs and irritable bowel syndrome: The good, the bad and the ugly"
1520:
Erdrich S, Tan Edwin CK, Hawrelak JA, Myers SP, Harnett JE (2021).
488:
that can cause bacteria to accumulate. After surgery involving the
3226:
2956:
1625:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Etiology and pathogenesis"
1230:
Lykova EA, Bondarenko VM, Parfenov AI, Matsulevich TV (2005). "".
715:, a few bacteria can also produce methane, such as members of the
614:
605:
601:
597:
593:
563:
553:
541:
425:
391:
343:
300:
225:
2029:
Craig RM, Atkinson AJ (July 1988). "D-xylose testing: a review".
320:
3934:
2634:
1912:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a comprehensive review"
993:
Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Das K, Misra A (January–February 2006).
323:
is absorbed in the more proximal parts of the small bowel, the
263:, many of which are also found in other conditions, making the
2367:"Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Primary Care Review"
619:
Biopsies of the small bowel in bacterial overgrowth can mimic
1705:"Alterations in intestinal microbial flora and human disease"
768:
have been used; however, the best evidence is for the use of
588:
is a sugar that does not require enzymes to be digested. The
206:
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome is treated with an
1471:
Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P (December 2009).
1255:"The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences"
218:
to prevent recurrence if dysmotility is a suspected cause.
1352:
Reddymasu SC, Sostarich S, McCallum RW (February 2010).
736:
treatment is a matter of debate. Some experts recommend
331:, and patients with malabsorption of iron can develop a
1623:
Pimentel M (31 July 2018). Lamont JT, Grover S (eds.).
402:
may cause poorly digestible products to enter into the
171:
for the development of bacterial overgrowth include dys
2209:
267:
challenging at times. Many of the symptoms are due to
2207:
Bondarenko VM, Lykova EA, Matsulevich TV (2006). "".
552:
for obesity, connections between the stomach and the
342:
is absorbed in the last part of the small bowel, the
2515:
816:
have been found to be ineffective. A combination of
4030:
3969:
3889:
3775:
3768:
3709:
3623:
3580:
3426:
3417:
3370:
3324:
3279:
3165:
3052:
2942:
2929:
2804:
2678:
2669:
2593:
2519:
671:, which would be elevated in bacterial overgrowth.
63:
37:
32:
1703:
463:MMC impairment may be a result of post-infectious
1910:Dukowicz AC, Lacy BE, Levine GM (February 2007).
1582:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
374:Some studies reported up to 80% of patients with
1062:Quigley E, Murray J, Pimentel M (October 2020).
941:"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome"
1347:
1345:
1110:Kirsch M (March 1990). "Bacterial overgrowth".
4079:Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract
2409:Clinical nutrition in gastrointestinal disease
311:deficiency or other nutritional deficiencies.
240:Symptoms traditionally linked to SIBO include
3946:
2646:
2271:Bested AC, Logan AC, Selhub EM (March 2013).
2113:Takakura, Will; Pimentel, Mark (2020-07-10).
2069:Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology
1768:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
1653:Ghoshal UC, Park H, Gwee KA (February 2010).
600:; if there is no evidence of D-xylose in the
8:
2752:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2450:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
1988:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
934:
932:
259:Bacterial overgrowth can cause a variety of
191:created after surgery, and resection of the
1702:Othman M, AgĂĽero R, Lin HC (January 2008).
3953:
3939:
3931:
3772:
3423:
2939:
2791:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2675:
2653:
2639:
2631:
2516:
2480:
2478:
1659:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1135:
1133:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
532:Finally, abnormal connections between the
410:or stimulate the colonic cells to cause a
319:are absorbed in the affected small bowel.
74:
29:
2382:
2298:
2288:
2247:
2148:
2130:
1927:
1813:Gastroenterology Clinics of North America
1787:
1670:
1545:
1488:
1379:
1369:
1325:
1284:
1206:
1181:Sachdev AH, Pimentel M (September 2013).
1157:
1079:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
966:
956:
912:
772:, a poorly-absorbed antibiotic. Although
98:small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
2365:Krajicek EJ, Hansel SL (December 2016).
2174:Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique
2062:
2060:
1953:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1477:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1407:. Sherman Oaks, CA: Health Point Press.
1302:"Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests"
1112:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
988:
986:
2172:Goulet O, Joly F (September 2010). "".
1187:Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease
887:
2444:Talley NJ, Kane S, Wallace MB (2010).
346:, and patients who malabsorb vitamin B
3019:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2412:. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK. p. 277.
2108:
2106:
580:can be detected by a test called the
544:may require surgery that removes the
476:those considered to be components of
179:disturbances in the bowel, including
86:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
33:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
7:
1848:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
18:Small intestine bacterial overgrowth
4043:Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
1710:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
1300:Simrén M, Stotzer PO (March 2006).
285:permeability of the small intestine
1267:10.1016/B978-0-12-386456-7.03804-1
999:Indian Journal of Gastroenterology
299:, a sticky type of diarrhea where
256:may be seen in more severe cases.
25:
3904:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3751:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1916:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
945:World Journal of Gastroenterology
252:, and abdominal pain/discomfort.
236:can occur in bacterial overgrowth
4074:Gastrointestinal tract disorders
3649:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2324:Current Gastroenterology Reports
2000:10.1097/00000441-200604000-00008
1860:10.1097/00004836-200001000-00017
1672:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06133.x
568:Aspiration of bacteria from the
46:
2890:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2885:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2762:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2464:from the original on 2023-01-11
2426:from the original on 2023-01-11
1892:from the original on 2023-01-03
1744:from the original on 2021-04-22
1635:from the original on 2019-12-12
1562:from the original on 2022-07-29
1430:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
1017:from the original on 2022-06-10
3644:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3494:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3316:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
335:, with small red blood cells.
291:and have difficulty attaining
104:), is a disorder of excessive
1:
3701:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2186:10.1016/S0399-8320(10)70019-1
1825:10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70021-2
1259:Pathobiology of Human Disease
1234:(in Russian) (6): 51–7, 113.
766:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
456:Absence or impairment of the
4084:Steatorrhea-related diseases
3610:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3129:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2737:Esophageal motility disorder
2384:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.07.025
2043:10.1016/0016-5085(88)90318-6
1722:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2b0d7
1081:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.090
354:with large red blood cells.
901:Western Journal of Medicine
862:restriction diet may help.
378:(IBS) have SIBO (using the
163:that grows in excess of 10
4100:
4048:Sympathetic nervous system
3595:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3119:Functional colonic disease
2915:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
2230:Rolfe RD (February 2000).
1538:10.1038/s41598-020-79554-x
708:Methanobrevibacter smithii
4007:Tricyclic antidepressants
2796:Acute esophageal necrosis
2499:10.1016/j.nut.2010.01.005
2336:10.1007/s11894-015-0482-9
2211:(in Russian) (6): 57–63.
2081:10.1007/s11938-004-0022-4
1965:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.011
1490:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.031
1442:10.1007/s10620-010-1276-4
895:Finegold SM (June 1969).
798:Lactobacillus acidophilus
540:or other diseases of the
54:
45:
3962:Irritable bowel syndrome
2895:Gastric dumping syndrome
2770:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2757:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2236:The Journal of Nutrition
2132:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00664
1594:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.57
1253:Ensari A (21 Aug 2014).
1199:10.1177/2040622313496126
958:10.3748/wjg.v16.i24.2978
877:Irritable Bowel Syndrome
774:irritable bowel syndrome
582:D-xylose absorption test
519:pancreatic insufficiency
478:irritable bowel syndrome
473:irritable bowel syndrome
465:irritable bowel syndrome
376:irritable bowel syndrome
370:Irritable bowel syndrome
3511:Alcoholic liver disease
3044:Bile acid malabsorption
2988:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2371:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2242:(2S Suppl): 396S–402S.
2119:Frontiers in Psychiatry
1886:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1371:10.1186/1471-230X-10-23
1318:10.1136/gut.2005.075127
823:Lactobacillus rhamnosus
818:Lactobacillus plantarum
813:Saccharomyces boulardii
807:Lactobacillus fermentum
793:Lactobacillus plantarum
750:amoxicillin-clavulanate
458:migrating motor complex
390:. The malabsorption of
231:Deficiency of vitamin B
144:by various mechanisms.
3521:Hepatic encephalopathy
2905:Buried bumper syndrome
2836:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2720:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2663:human digestive system
1159:10.1001/jama.292.7.852
1140:Lin HC (August 2004).
628:
573:
527:proton pump inhibitors
523:cirrhosis of the liver
434:
237:
201:proton pump inhibitors
3746:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3615:Porcelain gallbladder
2727:Zenker's diverticulum
2290:10.1186/1757-4749-5-4
2249:10.1093/jn/130.2.396S
1882:"Blind Loop Syndrome"
698:Methane-dominant SIBO
618:
567:
429:
388:inflammatory diarrhea
229:
3550:Hepatorenal syndrome
3489:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3446:Autoimmune hepatitis
3271:Intestinal adhesions
3029:Short bowel syndrome
2858:Functional dyspepsia
2776:Esophageal stricture
2742:Nutcracker esophagus
649:hydrogen breath test
496:(most commonly with
406:. This can cause an
380:hydrogen breath test
352:megaloblastic anemia
94:bacterial overgrowth
4069:Bacteria and humans
3689:Choledocholithiasis
3560:Metabolic disorders
3526:Acute liver failure
3499:Portal hypertension
3451:Alcoholic hepatitis
3294:Radiation proctitis
3213:Mesenteric ischemia
3185:Gastroenterocolitis
3014:Blind loop syndrome
2824:Ménétrier's disease
2732:Barrett's esophagus
2180:(Suppl 1): S37-43.
1403:Pimentel M (2006).
841:include the use of
802:Lactobacillus casei
787:Lactobacillus casei
727:overgrowth' (IMO).
507:blind loop syndrome
3864:Undefined location
3855:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3756:Pancreatic fistula
3739:Pancreatic abscess
3694:Biliary dyskinesia
3665:Mirizzi's syndrome
3166:Large and/or small
2846:Dieulafoy's lesion
2715:Boerhaave syndrome
2594:External resources
2493:(11–12): 1038–43.
2406:Buchman A (2006).
1526:Scientific Reports
682:, to detect SIBO.
680:fecal calprotectin
629:
574:
471:, post-infectious
435:
412:secretory diarrhea
358:Related conditions
238:
222:Signs and symptoms
4056:
4055:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3764:
3763:
3366:
3365:
3223:Bowel obstruction
2925:
2924:
2628:
2627:
2457:978-1-4051-8274-4
2419:978-1-55642-697-1
2377:(12): 1828–1833.
1358:BMC Gastroenterol
550:bariatric surgery
333:microcytic anemia
83:
82:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4091:
3982:Gluten-free diet
3955:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3916:Pneumoperitoneum
3773:
3683:Common bile duct
3565:Wilson's disease
3555:Peliosis hepatis
3424:
3301:Proctalgia fugax
3208:Abdominal angina
3133:Ogilvie syndrome
3082:Pseudomembranous
2940:
2900:Gastric volvulus
2865:Pyloric stenosis
2676:
2661:Diseases of the
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2134:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2031:Gastroenterology
2026:
2020:
2019:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1791:
1780:10.5056/jnm17145
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1074:(4): 1526–1532.
1068:Gastroenterology
1059:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
990:
981:
980:
970:
960:
936:
927:
926:
916:
907:(6): 455 –4 59.
892:
742:Prokinetic drugs
665:glycocholic acid
645:hydrogen sulfide
480:. Diseases like
408:osmotic diarrhea
216:prokinetic drugs
193:ileo-cecal valve
167:per millilitre.
79:
78:
70:Gastroenterology
50:
30:
21:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4026:
3977:Low-FODMAP diet
3965:
3959:
3929:
3920:
3885:
3874:Internal hernia
3760:
3705:
3670:Biliary fistula
3628:
3619:
3605:Adenomyomatosis
3600:Cholesterolosis
3576:
3570:Hemochromatosis
3441:Viral hepatitis
3413:
3362:
3320:
3306:Rectal prolapse
3275:
3242:Fecal impaction
3232:Intussusception
3195:Crohn's disease
3161:
3144:Toxic megacolon
3056:
3054:Large intestine
3048:
2993:Curling's ulcer
2946:
2944:Small intestine
2933:
2921:
2829:Gastroenteritis
2800:
2665:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2589:
2588:
2528:
2514:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1483:(12): 1279–86.
1470:
1469:
1465:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1277:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1061:
1060:
1029:
1020:
1018:
992:
991:
984:
951:(24): 2978–90.
938:
937:
930:
894:
893:
889:
885:
868:
850:
733:
700:
688:
670:
623:, with partial
562:
546:ileocecal valve
538:Crohn's disease
500:antrectomy), a
424:
372:
360:
349:
340:
317:red blood cells
310:
234:
224:
197:gastroenteritis
110:small intestine
92:), also termed
73:
57:ileocecal valve
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4097:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Gut–brain axis
4034:
4032:
4031:Related topics
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Antispasmodics
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3911:Hemoperitoneum
3908:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3380:Blood in stool
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:Anal dysplasia
3350:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3220:
3218:Angiodysplasia
3215:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3153:Diverticulosis
3149:Diverticulitis
3146:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3039:Milroy disease
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Tropical sprue
3006:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2937:
2931:Lower GI tract
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2671:Upper GI tract
2667:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2575:
2560:
2545:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:Classification
2513:
2512:
2474:
2456:
2436:
2418:
2398:
2357:
2314:
2263:
2222:
2199:
2164:
2102:
2056:
2021:
1978:
1943:
1902:
1888:. 2019-11-19.
1873:
1838:
1803:
1774:(2): 197–215.
1754:
1694:
1645:
1615:
1572:
1512:
1463:
1420:
1414:978-0977435609
1413:
1395:
1341:
1312:(3): 297–303.
1292:
1275:
1245:
1222:
1173:
1129:
1095:
1027:
982:
928:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
867:
864:
848:
845:drugs such as
838:elemental diet
732:
729:
699:
696:
687:
684:
668:
621:celiac disease
561:
558:
469:tropical sprue
423:
420:
371:
368:
364:breath testing
359:
356:
350:can develop a
347:
338:
308:
232:
223:
220:
208:elemental diet
108:growth in the
81:
80:
67:
61:
60:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Psychotherapy
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Soluble fiber
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:Diaphragmatic
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Cholecystitis
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:Liver abscess
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:Liver failure
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:Enterocolitis
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:Malabsorption
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Gastroparesis
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Cushing ulcer
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Megaesophagus
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2437:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Gut Pathogens
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:(1): 223–31.
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:(5): 483–90.
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:(2): 112–22.
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:(3): 563–94.
1818:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1665:(2): 244–51.
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:(5): 271–85.
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:(9): 2441–9.
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1276:9780123864574
1272:
1268:
1264:
1261:: 1266–1287.
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:(5): 223–31.
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
983:
978:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
929:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
888:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
861:
856:
852:
844:
839:
834:
832:
831:metronidazole
827:
825:
824:
819:
815:
814:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:metronidazole
751:
747:
743:
739:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
685:
683:
681:
676:
672:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:carbohydrates
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:D-xylose test
587:
583:
579:
578:Malabsorption
571:
566:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
525:. The use of
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
449:to enter the
448:
444:
443:immune system
440:
432:
428:
421:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:carbohydrates
397:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
357:
355:
353:
345:
341:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:proper growth
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:malabsorption
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
235:
228:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:gold standard
150:
145:
143:
142:malabsorption
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:. Unlike the
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3863:
3842:
3719:Pancreatitis
3681:
3631:biliary tree
3504:Nutmeg liver
3481:
3407:Hematochezia
3358:Pruritus ani
3343:Anal abscess
3338:Anal fistula
3334:Anal fissure
3247:Constipation
3201:
3072:Appendicitis
3018:
2880:Gastroptosis
2870:Achlorhydria
2709:
2698:Eosinophilic
2612:
2601:
2577:
2562:
2547:
2532:
2490:
2486:
2466:. Retrieved
2446:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2408:
2401:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2122:
2118:
2075:(1): 19–28.
2072:
2068:
2034:
2030:
2024:
1994:(4): 214–8.
1991:
1987:
1981:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1713:
1709:
1697:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1529:
1525:
1515:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1404:
1398:
1361:
1357:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1258:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1152:(7): 852–8.
1149:
1145:
1118:(3): 231–7.
1115:
1111:
1071:
1067:
1019:. Retrieved
1002:
998:
948:
944:
904:
900:
890:
872:Achlorhydria
858:following a
853:agonists or
835:
828:
821:
817:
811:
805:
801:
797:
791:
785:
779:
746:tetracycline
734:
720:
716:
706:
701:
689:
677:
673:
630:
610:
575:
531:
515:pancreatitis
512:
505:
501:
462:
455:
436:
430:
416:
384:
373:
361:
305:
289:malnutrition
281:constipation
258:
250:constipation
239:
205:
169:Risk factors
146:
134:malnutrition
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
4022:Eluxadoline
3899:Peritonitis
3661:Cholestasis
3639:Cholangitis
3582:Gallbladder
3470:Fatty liver
3390:Hematemesis
3372:GI bleeding
3178:Necrotizing
3107:Lymphocytic
3102:Collagenous
3097:Microscopic
3034:Steatorrhea
2935:Enteropathy
2781:Inlet patch
2703:Herpetiform
2688:Esophagitis
2603:MedlinePlus
1854:(1): 84–6.
1716:(1): 11–6.
1005:(1): 6–10.
721:Bacteroides
717:Clostridium
517:leading to
498:Billroth II
486:diverticula
482:scleroderma
451:small bowel
297:Steatorrhea
254:Steatorrhea
212:antibiotics
189:blind loops
185:diverticula
138:weight loss
38:Other names
4063:Categories
4017:Probiotics
3970:Management
3891:Peritoneal
3869:Incisional
3790:Congenital
3734:Hereditary
3711:Pancreatic
3675:Haemobilia
3348:Hemorrhoid
3326:Anal canal
3264:Infectious
3252:Functional
3087:Ulcerative
2971:Duodenitis
2910:Gastrinoma
2579:DiseasesDB
2468:2016-05-18
2430:2016-05-18
1896:2023-01-03
1748:2014-02-01
1639:2019-12-11
1566:2021-05-22
1532:(26): 26.
1021:2021-05-22
883:References
843:prokinetic
781:Probiotics
762:cephalexin
738:probiotics
725:methanogen
686:Definition
502:blind loop
177:anatomical
3992:Laxatives
3879:Richter's
3836:Spigelian
3831:Obturator
3821:Umbilical
3654:Ascending
3625:Bile duct
3458:Cirrhosis
3436:Hepatitis
3419:Accessory
3289:Proctitis
3140:Megacolon
3114:Dysentery
3024:Whipple's
2976:Jejunitis
2966:Enteritis
2853:Dyspepsia
2814:Gastritis
2747:Achalasia
2680:Esophagus
2614:eMedicine
2487:Nutrition
2352:207329305
2141:1664-0640
770:rifaximin
731:Treatment
661:carbon-14
657:Carbon-13
653:lactulose
560:Diagnosis
337:Vitamin B
265:diagnosis
159:from the
155:being an
149:diagnosis
106:bacterial
65:Specialty
3809:Indirect
3804:Inguinal
3538:Pyogenic
3483:Vascular
3259:Diarrhea
3237:Volvulus
3203:Vascular
3142: /
3131: /
3092:Ischemic
3059:Appendix
2949:Duodenum
2819:Atrophic
2693:Candidal
2507:20418060
2462:Archived
2424:Archived
2393:27916156
2344:26780631
2330:(2): 8.
2309:23497650
2283:(1): 4.
2258:10721914
2217:17163142
2194:20889003
2159:32754068
2097:10045342
2089:14723835
2016:25920218
2008:16617237
1973:23270866
1938:21960820
1890:Archived
1868:10636218
1798:29605976
1742:Archived
1738:20329070
1730:18043226
1689:22023086
1681:20074148
1633:Archived
1629:UpToDate
1610:22753804
1602:22450306
1560:Archived
1556:33420116
1499:19602448
1458:38690372
1450:20467896
1390:20175924
1336:16474100
1240:17378388
1217:23997926
1168:15316000
1090:32679220
1015:Archived
1011:16567886
977:20572300
866:See also
851:receptor
784:humans.
758:neomycin
713:archaeon
704:archaeon
659:(C) and
637:hydrogen
627:atrophy.
534:bacteria
494:duodenum
439:motility
396:proteins
325:duodenum
261:symptoms
246:diarrhea
242:bloating
181:fistulae
173:motility
165:bacteria
157:aspirate
130:diarrhea
126:vomiting
122:bloating
3850:Petit's
3826:Femoral
3729:Chronic
3543:Amoebic
3311:Anismus
3077:Colitis
3004:Coeliac
2981:Ileitis
2953:Jejunum
2806:Stomach
2710:Rupture
2619:med/198
2543:DA96.00
2300:3605358
2150:7366247
2125:: 664.
2051:3286361
1929:3099351
1833:9891698
1789:5885719
1547:7794545
1507:2637076
1381:2838757
1327:1856094
1286:7149679
1208:3752184
1124:2178395
968:2890937
923:5789139
914:1503548
855:motilin
692:glucose
641:methane
625:villous
570:jejunum
490:stomach
431:E. coli
329:jejunum
161:jejunum
3844:Lumbar
3814:Direct
3797:Hiatus
3777:Hernia
3629:Other
3395:Melena
3281:Rectum
2764:(GERD)
2608:000222
2505:
2454:
2416:
2391:
2350:
2342:
2307:
2297:
2256:
2215:
2192:
2157:
2147:
2139:
2095:
2087:
2049:
2014:
2006:
1971:
1936:
1926:
1866:
1831:
1796:
1786:
1736:
1728:
1687:
1679:
1608:
1600:
1554:
1544:
1505:
1497:
1456:
1448:
1411:
1388:
1378:
1364:: 23.
1334:
1324:
1283:
1273:
1238:
1215:
1205:
1166:
1122:
1088:
1009:
975:
965:
921:
911:
860:FODMAP
800:, and
586:Xylose
392:lipids
313:Anemia
277:flatus
273:nausea
140:, and
118:nausea
72:
4012:SSRIs
3964:(IBS)
3769:Other
3724:Acute
3475:MASLD
3428:Liver
3402:Lower
3385:Upper
3227:Ileus
3063:Colon
2957:Ileum
2772:(LPR)
2584:29209
2573:579.8
2558:K63.8
2348:S2CID
2093:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1503:S2CID
1454:S2CID
643:, or
606:blood
602:urine
598:blood
594:urine
554:ileum
542:ileum
447:colon
422:Cause
404:colon
344:ileum
114:colon
102:SBBOS
96:, or
3157:SCAD
2568:9-CM
2503:PMID
2452:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2389:PMID
2340:PMID
2305:PMID
2254:PMID
2213:PMID
2190:PMID
2155:PMID
2137:ISSN
2085:PMID
2047:PMID
2004:PMID
1969:PMID
1934:PMID
1864:PMID
1829:PMID
1794:PMID
1726:PMID
1677:PMID
1598:PMID
1552:PMID
1495:PMID
1446:PMID
1409:ISBN
1386:PMID
1332:PMID
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