Smart meter - Knowledge (XXG)

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information on gas and electricity consumption and in doing so help people to manage their energy use and reduce their energy bills. With regards to consumption reduction, this is critical for understanding the benefits of smart meters because the relatively small percentage benefits in terms of savings are multiplied by millions of users. Smart meters for water consumption can also provide detailed and timely information about customer water use and early notification of possible water leaks in their premises. Electricity pricing usually peaks at certain predictable times of the day and the season. In particular, if generation is constrained, prices can rise if power from other jurisdictions or more costly generation is brought online. Proponents assert that billing customers at a higher rate for peak times encourages consumers to adjust their consumption habits to be more responsive to market prices and assert further, that regulatory and market design agencies hope these "

975: 991: 955: 916:(NAO), which watches over public spending, opened an investigation into the smart meter program, which had cost £11bn by then, paid for by electricity users through higher bills. The National Audit Office published the findings of its investigation in a report titled "Rolling out smart meters" published in November 2018. The report, amongst other findings, indicated that the number of smart meters installed in the UK would fall materially short of the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) original ambitions of all UK consumers having a smart meter installed by 2020. In September 2019, smart meter rollout in the UK was delayed for four years. 811:

prepay tariffs instantly in case of difficulties paying. In the UK during a period of very high energy prices from 2022, companies were remotely switching smart meters from a credit tariff to an expensive prepay tariff which disconnects supplies unless credit has been purchased. While regulations do not permit this without appropriate precautions to help those in financial difficulties and to protect the vulnerable, the rules were often flouted. (Prepaid tariffs could also be levied without smart meters, but this required a dedicated prepay meter to be installed.) In 2022, 3.2 million people were left without power at some point after running out of prepay credit.

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trends are to increase the frequency of reports. A solution that benefits both provider and user privacy would be to adapt the interval dynamically. Another solution involves energy storage installed at the household used to reshape the energy consumption profile. In British Columbia the electric utility is government-owned and as such must comply with privacy laws that prevent the sale of data collected by smart meters; many parts of the world are serviced by private companies that are able to sell their data. In Australia debt collectors can make use of the data to know when people are at home. Used as evidence in a court case in

683:(CCST) to study the issue of potential health impacts from smart meters, in particular whether current FCC standards are protective of public health. The CCST report in April 2011 found no health impacts, based both on lack of scientific evidence of harmful effects from radio frequency (RF) waves and that the RF exposure of people in their homes to smart meters is likely to be minuscule compared to RF exposure to cell phones and microwave ovens. Daniel Hirsch, retired director of the Program on Environmental and Nuclear Policy at 38: 640:(IDS). By identifying exploits as they are being leveraged by attackers, an IDS mitigates the suppliers' risks of energy theft by consumers and denial-of-service attacks by hackers. Energy utilities must choose between a centralized IDS, embedded IDS, or dedicated IDS depending on the individual needs of the utility. Researchers have found that for a typical advanced metering infrastructure, the centralized IDS architecture is superior in terms of cost efficiency and security gains. 607:, both by cutting off people's electricity and by overloading the grid. However many cyber security experts state that smart meters of UK and Germany have relatively high cybersecurity and that any such attack there would thus require extraordinarily high efforts or financial resources. The EU Cyber security Act took effect in June 2019, which includes Directive on Security Network and Information Systems establishing notification and security requirements for 687:, criticized the CCST report on the grounds that it did not consider studies that suggest the potential for non-thermal health effects such as latent cancers from RF exposure. Hirsch also stated that the CCST report failed to correct errors in its comparison to cell phones and microwave ovens and that, when these errors are corrected, smart meters "may produce cumulative whole-body exposures far higher than that of cell phones or microwave ovens." 269:

system disruptions more quickly, allowing immediate corrective action to minimize customer impact such as blackouts. Smart meters also help utilities understand the power grid needs with more granularity than legacy meters. This greater understanding facilitates system planning to meet customer energy needs while reducing the likelihood of additional infrastructure investments, which eliminates unnecessary spending or energy cost increases.

429:(ETSI) used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 14908 control networking standard for smart metering and smart grid applications. Millions of smart meters based on OSGP are deployed worldwide. On July 15, 2015, the OSGP Alliance announced the release of a new security protocol (OSGP-AES-128-PSK) and its availability from OSGP vendors. This deprecated the original OSGP-RC4-PSK security protocol which had been identified to be vulnerable. 1013: 901:

of metering by energy industry incumbents whose financial interests are in selling more energy rather than less," and urged ministers "to kill the project and instead promote competition in domestic energy metering, as the Germans do – and as the UK already has in industrial metering. Every consumer should have the right to appoint the meter operator of their choice."

460:(HAN), are standardized and compatible. The HAN allows HVAC systems and other household appliances to communicate with the smart meter, and from there to the utility. Currently there are several broadband or narrowband standards in place, or being developed, that are not yet compatible. To address this issue, the National Institute for Standards and Technology ( 3758: 574:" that is included with most of them. Many of these concerns regard wireless-only smart meters with no home energy monitoring or control or safety features. Metering-only solutions, while popular with utilities because they fit existing business models and have cheap up-front capital costs, often result in such "backlash". Often the entire 522:) refers to systems that measure, collect, and analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. These systems include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, 437:

grid devices prior to the communication standards being set, and then for the relevant communication modules to be easily added or switched when they are. This would lower the risk of investing in the wrong standard as well as permit a single product to be used globally even if regional communication standards vary.

464:) established the PAP15 group, which studies and recommends coexistence mechanisms with a focus on the harmonization of PLC Standards for the HAN. The objective of the group is to ensure that all PLC technologies selected for the HAN coexist as a minimum. The two leading broadband PLC technologies selected are the 779:

said that once the smart grid installation project is nearing completion, KIUC may convert the deferral policy to an opt-out policy or program and may charge a fee to those members to cover the costs of servicing the traditional meters. Any fee would require approval from the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission.

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electricity consumption in near real-time. This allows utility companies to charge different prices for consumption according to the time of day and the season. It also facilitates more accurate cash-flow models for utilities. Since smart meters can be read remotely, labor costs are reduced for utilities.

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An indirect potential for harm to health by smart meters is that they enable energy companies to disconnect consumers remotely, typically in response to difficulties with payment. This can cause health problems to vulnerable people in financial difficulty; in addition to denial of heat, lighting, and

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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted recommended Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for all RF transmitters (including smart meters) operating at frequencies of 300 kHz to 100 GHz. These limits, based on field strength and power density, are below the levels of RF radiation

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cooked the books" to make a case for smart meters appear economically viable. They say that the first three cost-benefit analyses of residential smart meters found that it would cost more than it would save, but "ministers kept on trying until they got a positive result... To achieve 'profitability'

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technology as a common communication platform for Smart Meter applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform. A universal metering interface would allow for development and mass production of smart meters and smart

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The installed base of smart meters in Europe at the end of 2008 was about 39 million units, according to analyst firm Berg Insight. Globally, Pike Research found that smart meter shipments were 17.4 million units for the first quarter of 2011. Visiongain determined that the value of the global smart

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The high number of SMETS1 meters installed has been criticized by Peter Earl, head of energy at the price comparison website comparethemarket.com. He said, "The Government expected there would only be a small number of the first-generation of smart meters before Smets II came in, but the reality is

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Ross Anderson of the Foundation for Information Policy Research has criticised the UK's program on the grounds that it is unlikely to lower energy consumption, is rushed and expensive, and does not promote metering competition. Anderson writes, "the proposed architecture ensures continued dominance

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The Australian Victorian Auditor-General found in 2015 that 'Victoria's electricity consumers will have paid an estimated $ 2.239 billion for metering services, including the rollout and connection of smart meters. In contrast, while a few benefits have accrued to consumers, benefits realisation is

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Smart meters allow dynamic pricing; it has been pointed out that, while this allows prices to be reduced at times of low demand, it can also be used to increase prices at peak times if all consumers have smart meters. Additionally smart meters allow energy suppliers to switch customers to expensive

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Reviews of smart meter programs, moratoriums, delays, and "opt-out" programs are some responses to the concerns of customers and government officials. In response to residents who did not want a smart meter, in June 2012 a utility in Hawaii changed its smart meter program to "opt out". The utility

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In 1974, Paraskevakos was awarded a U.S. patent for this technology. In 1977, he launched Metretek, Inc., which developed and produced the first smart meters. Since this system was developed pre-Internet, Metretek utilized the IBM series 1 mini-computer. For this approach, Paraskevakos and Metretek

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for the occupants of a house, such as when the members of the household are probably asleep or absent. Furthermore, the fine-grained information collected by smart meters raises growing concerns of privacy invasion due to personal behavior exposure (private activity, daily routine, etc.). Current

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Ross Anderson wrote about privacy concerns "It is not necessary for my meter to tell the power company, let alone the government, how much I used in every half-hour period last month"; that meters can provide "targeting information for burglars"; that detailed energy usage history can help energy

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Government agencies and utilities are turning toward advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems as part of larger "smart grid" initiatives. AMI extends automatic meter reading (AMR) technology by providing two-way meter communications, allowing commands to be sent toward the home for multiple

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Though the task of meeting national electricity demand with accurate supply is becoming ever more challenging as intermittent renewable generation sources make up a greater proportion of the energy mix, the real-time data provided by smart meters allow grid operators to integrate renewable energy

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Smart meters can allow real-time pricing, and in theory this could help smooth power consumption as consumers adjust their demand in response to price changes. However, modelling by researchers at the University of Bremen suggests that in certain circumstances, "power demand fluctuations are not

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Institute, a utility industry think tank who conducted the study and prepared the report. Susan Satter, senior assistant Illinois attorney general for public utilities said "It's devastating to their plan......The report shows zero statistically different result compared to business as usual."

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As Smart Meter devices are Intelligent Measurement Devices which periodically record the measured values and send the data encrypted to the Service Provider, therefore in Switzerland these devices need to be evaluated by an evaluation Laboratory, and need to be certified by METAS from 01.01.2020

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Another advantage of smart meters that benefits both customers and the utility is the monitoring capability they provide for the whole electrical system. As part of an AMI, utilities can use the real-time data from smart meters measurements related to current, voltage, and power factor to detect

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Smart metering offers potential benefits to customers. These include, a) an end to estimated bills, which are a major source of complaints for many customers b) a tool to help consumers better manage their energy purchases—smart meters with a display outside their homes could provide up-to-date

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article "Smart grid test underwhelms. In the pilot, few power down to save money.", it was reported that fewer than 9% exhibited any amount of peak usage reduction and that the overall amount of reduction was "statistically insignificant". This was from a report by the Electric Power Research

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One technical reason for privacy concerns is that these meters send detailed information about how much electricity is being used each time. More frequent reports provide more detailed information. Infrequent reports may be of little benefit for the provider, as it doesn't allow as good demand

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after similar reports. The company noted that it had been aware of the issues since at least 2013, and they were limited to specific models it had installed between 2010 and 2012. On July 30, 2014, after a total of eight recent fire incidents involving the meters, SaskPower was ordered by the

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Communication is a critical technological requirement for smart meters. Each meter must be able to reliably and securely communicate the information collected to a central location. Considering the varying environments and places where meters are found, that problem can be daunting. Among the

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to investigate large-scale thefts of electricity related to its smart meters. The FBI found that former employees of the power company and the company that made the meters were being paid by consumers to reprogram the devices to show incorrect results, as well as teaching people how to do it

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Through the Smartgrid Cybersecurity Committee, the U.S. Department of Energy published cybersecurity guidelines for grid operators in 2010 and updated them in 2014. The guidelines "...present an analytical framework that organizations can use to develop effective cybersecurity strategies..."

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and market-driven pricing throughout the world, utilities have been looking for a means to match consumption with generation. Non-smart electrical and gas meters only measure total consumption, providing no information of when the energy was consumed. Smart meters provide a way of measuring

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A report from a parliamentary group in the UK suggests people who have smart meters installed are expected to save an average of £11 annually on their energy bills, much less than originally hoped. The 2016 cost-benefit analysis was updated in 2019 and estimated a similar average saving.

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performed a study to gauge human exposure to smart meters as compared to the FCC PEL. The report found that most smart meters only transmit RF signals 1% of the time or less. At this rate, and at a distance of 1 foot from the meter, RF exposure would be at a rate of 0.14% of the FCC PEL.

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wrote that Ofgem was "making all the classic mistakes which have been known for years to lead to public-sector IT project failures" and that the "most critical part of the project—how smart meters will talk to domestic appliances to facilitate demand response—is essentially ignored."

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said in August 2018 that 80% of people with smart meters were happy with them. Still, it had 3,000 calls in 2017 about problems. These related to first-generation smart meters losing their functionality, aggressive sales practices, and still having to send smart meter readings.

546:, and service providers. This enables these businesses to participate in demand response services. Consumers can use the information provided by the system to change their normal consumption patterns to take advantage of lower prices. Pricing can be used to curb the growth of 861:, an independent Canadian documentary directed by Josh del Sol was released describing "dirty electricity" and the aforementioned issues with smart meters. The film explores the various contexts of the health, legal, and economic concerns. It features narration from the 133:

for system monitoring and customer billing. Smart meters typically record energy near real-time, and report regularly, short intervals throughout the day. Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Smart meters may be part of a

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Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Galli, Stefano; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M.; Lioe, Hidayat (February 2014). "Current Power Line Communication Systems: A Survey". In Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M. (eds.).

214:, developed a sensor monitoring system that used digital transmission for security, fire, and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities. This technology was a spin-off from the automatic telephone line identification system, now known as 765:

Smart meter power data usage patterns can reveal much more than how much power is being used. Research has demonstrated that smart meters sampling power levels at two-second intervals can reliably identify when different electrical devices are in use.

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technology and AMI. The (now former) attorney general of Connecticut has stated that he does not believe smart meters provide any financial benefit to consumers, however, the cost of the installation of the new system is absorbed by those customers.

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ratio of time-shifting of loads is poor. In the Chicago area, Commonwealth Edison ran a test installing smart meters on 8,000 randomly selected households together with variable rates and rebates to encourage cutting back during peak usage. In

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use of appliances, there are people who depend on power to use medical equipment essential for life. While there may be legal protections in place to protect the vulnerable, many people in the UK were disconnected in violation of the rules.

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The other critical technology for smart meter systems is the information technology at the utility that integrates the Smart Meter networks with utility applications, such as billing and CIS. This includes the Meter Data Management system.

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used for two-way communications with a meter, mostly used in North American markets. The C12.18 Standard is written specifically for meter communications via an ANSI Type 2 Optical Port, and specifies lower-level protocol details.

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By the end of 2018, the U.S. had over 86 million smart meters installed. In 2017, there were 665 million smart meters installed globally. Revenue generation is expected to grow from $ 12.8 billion in 2017 to $ 20 billion by 2022.

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UK smart meters in southern England and the Midlands use the mobile phone network to communicate, so they do not work correctly when phone coverage is weak. A solution has been proposed, but was not operational as of March 2017.

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actions, or remote service disconnects. Wireless technologies are critical elements of the neighborhood network, aggregating a mesh configuration of up to thousands of meters for back haul to the utility's IT headquarters.

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In the United Kingdom, the Data Communication Company, which transports the commands from the supplier to the smart meter, performs an additional anomaly check on commands issued (and signed) by the energy supplier.

1176: 1562: 798:, to install 1.2 million of the devices, arguing that the potential savings in electric bills do not justify the cost. CL&P already offers its customers time-based rates. The state's Attorney General 931:

with oversight of the roll-out of the smart meter program who raised concerns with his manager about many millions of pounds being misspent was threatened with imprisonment under section 105 of the

186:(AMI) meters. Interval and time-of-use meters historically have been installed to measure commercial and industrial customers, but may not have automatic reading. Research by the UK consumer group 2000: 233:

As of January 2018, over 99 million electricity meters were deployed across the European Union, with an estimated 24 million more to be installed by the end of 2020. The European Commission

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McKerracher, C. and Torriti, J. (2013) Energy consumption feedback in perspective: integrating Australian data to meta-analyses on in-home displays. Energy Efficiency, Volume 6 (2). pp 387-405

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technology. ITU-T commissioned in 2010 a new project called G.hnem, to address the home networking aspects of energy management, built upon existing Low Frequency Narrowband OFDM technologies.

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have very different communication problems from urban utilities or utilities located in difficult locations such as mountainous regions or areas ill-served by wireless and internet companies.

262:" could delay the construction of additional generation or at least the purchase of energy from higher-priced sources, thereby controlling the steady and rapid increase of electricity prices. 2990: 762:, police agencies secretly collected smart meter power usage data from thousands of residences to determine which used more power than "typical" to identify marijuana growing operations. 507:, until its demise in 2011, was able to use a smart meter for tracking electricity usage, as can eMeter' Energy Engage as in, for example, the PowerCentsDC(TM) demand response program. 3883: 802:

was quoted as saying the proposal would cause customers to spend upwards of $ 500 million on meters and get few benefits in return, a claim that Connecticut Light & Power disputed.

147:(AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier. Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless, or via fixed wired connections such as 3087: 2022: 1906: 618:

Implementing security protocols that protect these devices from malicious attacks has been problematic, due to their limited computational resources and long operational life.

334:, which can include an in-premises display and a hub to interface one or more meters with the head end. Technologies for this network vary from country to country, but include 265:

An academic study based on existing trials showed that homeowners' electricity consumption on average is reduced by approximately 3-5% when provided with real-time feedback.

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Cardenas, A.; Berthier; Bobba; Huh; Jetcheva; Grochocki (March 2014). "A framework for evaluating intrusion detection architectures in advanced metering infrastructures".

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Krause, Sebastian M.; Börries, Stefan; Bornholdt, Stefan (2015). "Econophysics of adaptive power markets: When a market does not dampen fluctuations but amplifies them".

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themselves. Several hacking tools that allow security researchers and penetration testers verify the security of electric utility smart meters have been released so far.

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estimates the 2020 installed base to have required €18.8 billion in investment, growing to €40.7 billion by 2030, with a total deployment of 266 million smart meters.

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companies to sell users exploitative contracts; and that there may be "a temptation for policymakers to use smart metering data to target any needed power cuts."

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onto the grid in order to balance the networks. As a result, smart meters are considered an essential technology to the decarbonisation of the energy system.

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Some smart meters may use a test IR LED to transmit non-encrypted usage data that bypasses meter security by transmitting lower level data in real-time.

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After receiving numerous complaints about health, hacking, and privacy concerns with the wireless digital devices, the Public Utility Commission of the

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The network between the measurement devices and business systems allows the collection and distribution of information to customers, suppliers,

307:. Not only the medium used for communication purposes, but also the type of network used, is critical. As such, one would find: fixed wireless, 4686: 4479: 4219: 913: 1503: 1289: 749:

management in the response of changing needs for electricity. On the other hand, widespread reports would allow the utility company to infer

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By 2016, the 7 million smart meters in Texas had not persuaded many people to check their energy data as the process was too complicated.

2721: 2439:"Comments on the Draft Report by the California Council on Science and Technology "Health Impacts of Radio Frequency from Smart Meters"" 940: 3847: 3711: 4313: 4184: 4114: 554:(AMR) in that it enables two-way communications with the meter. Systems only capable of meter readings do not qualify as AMI systems. 1914: 4291: 4124: 3806: 2619: 1839: 695: 3475: 1401: 636:

One proposed smart meter data verification method involves analyzing the network traffic in real-time to detect anomalies using an

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technologies. Technical working groups within these organizations are working to develop appropriate coexistence mechanisms. The

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according to Prüfmethodologie (Test Methodology for Execution of Data Security Evaluation of Swiss Smart Metering Components).

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There are questions about whether electricity is or should be primarily a "when you need it" service where the inconvenience/

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Issues surrounding smart meters causing fires have been reported, particularly involving the manufacturer Sensus. In 2012.

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Jin, M.; Jia, R.; Spanos, C. (2017-01-01). "Virtual Occupancy Sensing: Using Smart Meters to Indicate Your Presence".

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or time-of-use meters, have existed for years, but smart meters usually involve real-time or near real-time sensors,

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Salomons, E., Sela, L., Housh, M. Hedging for privacy in smart water meters. Water Resources Research; 2020;56(9)

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Other studies substantiate the finding of the California Council on Science and Technology (CCST). In 2011, the

4484: 4436: 4027: 3951: 2975: 1770: 1363: 1092: 1087: 453: 422: 335: 304: 148: 42: 2132: 2080: 2057: 794:, another US state to consider smart metering, regulators declined a request by the state's largest utility, 727:, halted its roll-out of Sensus meters after similar, isolated incidents were discovered. Shortly afterward, 4815: 4716: 4634: 4574: 4544: 4158: 4073: 4022: 2483: 965: 551: 372: 359: 339: 312: 179: 152: 144: 86: 2367:"Wireless Smart Meters and Public Acceptance: The Environment, Limited Choices, and Precautionary Politics" 1430: 877:

for best feature-length documentary and the Annual Humanitarian Award from Indie Fest the following year.

151:. Wireless communication options in common use include cellular communications, Wi-Fi (readily available), 4301: 4145: 2947: 2895: 2751:"APD Pot-Hunters Are Data-Mining at AE. Are you using 'too much' energy? Inquiring drug cops want to know" 1032: 3820: 2871:"Privacy Roundup: Mandatory Data Retention, Smart Meter Hacks, and Law Enforcement Usage of "Silent SMS"" 1647: 1279:

and Canadian Patent # 1,155,243 (Apparatus and Method for Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control)

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is an extension of C12.18 written for modem instead of optical communications, so it is better suited to

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Each local mesh networked smart meter has a hub such as this Elster A3 Type A30, which interfaces 900

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Suppliers now have until 2024 to fit them into homes, but it may mean higher costs for the industry.

2255:"Securing Advanced Metering Infrastructure Using Intrusion Detection System with Data Stream Mining" 2172: 719:, US region after reports that a number of the units had overheated and caused fires. In July 2014, 4820: 4446: 4296: 1107: 1102: 1047: 795: 712: 211: 191: 31: 3414: 2968: 873:, as well as American researcher De-Kun Li, journalist Blake Levitt, and Dr. Sam Milham. It won a 740:

to immediately end its smart meter program, and remove the 105,000 smart meters it had installed.

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Itron OpenWay electricity Smart meter with two-way communications for remote reading in use by

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In addition to communication with the head-end network, smart meters may need to be part of a

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia

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MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards, EMC, and Advanced Processing

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were early proponents of an interface standard that eventually became a sub-set of IEC1107.

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Jin, Ming; Jia, Ruoxi; Kang, Zhoayi; Konstantakopoulos, Ioannis C.; Spanos, Costas (2014).

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announced that it would replace 70,000 smart meters that had been deployed in the state of

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notification, and power quality monitoring. These additional features are more than simple

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Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings

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voted to allow customers to opt-out of the meter change at the cost of $ 12 a month. In

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there are now at least five million and perhaps as many as 10 million Smets I meters."

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Faisal1, Mustafa Amir; Aung, Zeyar; Williams, John R.; Sanchez, Abel Sanchez (2012).

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related networks. To date no one solution seems to be optimal for all applications.

4554: 4343: 4323: 4214: 4058: 3928: 3851: 2782:"Hintergrund und experimentelle Ergebnisse zum Thema "Smart Meter und Datenschutz"" 2629: 1986: 1481: 1072: 1057: 961: 820: 724: 716: 604: 583: 457: 410:. IEC 61107 is related to, and sometimes wrongly confused with, the FLAG protocol. 331: 288: 259: 250: 175: 126: 89:(AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier. 78: 58: 3861: 3068: 2239: 1155: 382:

that is widely used for utility meters in the European Union. It is superseded by

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Newer retrofitted U.S. domestic digital electricity meter Elster REX with 900MHz

415: 4678: 4592: 4587: 4281: 4017: 2681: 920: 791: 656: 652: 600: 571: 547: 391: 368: 364: 118: 106: 70: 3669: 3511: 3457: 3388: 3292: 2081:"Hackers could CRASH the electricity grid using this terrifyingly simple trick" 4403: 4388: 4251: 4032: 3976: 3923: 3628: 2926: 1275: 1269: 1205: 1097: 1042: 1008: 997: 575: 500: 399: 136: 3562: 3212: 3031: 2231: 1978: 1970: 4743: 4738: 4711: 4706: 4691: 4657: 4652: 4614: 4609: 4582: 4529: 4421: 4348: 4244: 2780:

Prof. Dr.-Ing U. Greveler; Dr. B. Justus; D. Löhr MSc. (20 September 2011).

2611: 2581: 2512:"British Gas vows to halt remote switches of customers to prepayment meters" 1648:"ETSI - ETSI Approves Open Smart Grid Protocol (OSGP) for Grid Technologies" 1062: 1012: 874: 720: 622: 489: 469: 383: 296: 215: 54: 3582:"Ofgem exploited national security law to silence us, whistleblowers claim" 3440:"My smart meter's so 'dumb' I have to press seven buttons to get a reading" 3300: 2180: 562:

Some groups have expressed concerns regarding the cost, health, fire risk,

484:

specification. It is interoperable and coexistent with the widely deployed

386:, but remains in wide use because it is simple and well-accepted. It sends 3134:"Stop forcing people on to prepayment meters, UK minister urges suppliers" 2261: 480:

has developed a new standard for smart grid HAN communications called the

167:(low power, low data rate wireless), and Wi-SUN (Smart Utility Networks). 4763: 4624: 4393: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4333: 4266: 4109: 3856: 2994: 1538: 582:

concept is discredited in part by confusion about the difference between

485: 481: 465: 411: 320: 3646: 3600:"Utilities Act Is Incompatible With European Convention on Human Rights" 3322: 2969:"Televisions, Video Privacy, and Powerline Electromagnetic Interference" 378:

IEC 61107 is a communication protocol for smart meters published by the

4728: 4696: 4519: 4494: 4464: 4398: 4358: 4338: 4239: 4234: 4169: 3349: 2932: 1711: 567: 403: 375:. ANSI C12.22 is the communication protocol for remote communications. 1831: 1785:"Elster suggests the benefits of a Universal Metering Interface (UMI)" 4779: 4667: 4662: 4619: 4564: 4559: 4524: 4459: 4454: 4353: 3056:"Kauai Island Utility Cooperative adopts smart meter deferral policy" 732: 433: 343: 207: 164: 46: 3708:

McMaster University Sustainable Developments in Communities Workshop

3647:

EnergyAxis LAN 900MHz Frequency-hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) radio

2821: 3787:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

3174:

Smart grid test underwhelms. In pilot, few power down to save money

2646:. IWSOS 2013: 7th International Workshop on Self-Organizing Systems 4733: 4489: 4474: 3275: 2594: 1961: 1697: 1431:"Global Smart Meter Total to Double by 2024 with Asia in the Lead" 1027: 928: 862: 787: 759: 387: 316: 300: 292: 163:(high radio penetration rate, open, using the frequency 169 MHz) 129:

to the consumer for greater clarity of consumption behavior, and

110: 36: 3375:"House of Commons - Public Accounts Committee - Written Evidence" 1563:"Laid off Hydro meter readers still looking for work, union says" 4599: 4534: 4363: 2967:

Enev, Miro; Gupta, Sidhant; Kohno, Tadayoshi; Patel, Shwetak N.

2644:"Towards Energy-Awareness in Managing Wireless LAN Applications" 1037: 924:

the previous government stretched the assumptions shamelessly".

493: 473: 461: 355: 190:, showed that as many as one in three confuse smart meters with 4173: 3865: 3476:"Rolling out smart meters - National Audit Office (NAO) Report" 1826:. Devices, Circuits, and Systems. CRC Press. pp. 253–270. 723:, the province-run utility company of the Canadian province of 227: 4514: 3751: 2530:"PGE replacing 70,000 electricity meters because of fire risk" 2421:"Health Impacts of Radio Frequency Exposure from Smart Meters" 984:

smart meters to the metering automation server via a landline.

981: 660: 395: 394:. The physical media are either modulated light, sent with an 85:. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from 3833:

Demand Response and Advanced Metering Coalition. Definitions.

2818:"Researchers claim smart meters can reveal TV viewing habits" 2314:"FBI: Smart Meter Hacks Likely to Spread — Krebs on Security" 1290:"Berg Insight's Smart Metering in Western Europe report 2009" 1177:"Energy Monitors: Smart Meters and Energy Monitors Explained" 2667:", Proc. 41st IEEE ICASSP 2016, Shanghai, China, March 2016. 1385:"EU 28 Smart Metering Benchmark Revised Final Report, pg 52" 143:

Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from

3088:"Connecticut Attorney General Tries to Derail Smart Meters" 1496:

Smart Building Systems for Architects, Owners, and Builders

1456:"Global Smart Meters Market Value to Reach $ 19.98 Billion" 3069:

State regulators to vote on PG&E smart meter "opt-out"

2720:

Cook, Vince Chadwick, Craig Butt, Henrietta (2012-09-22).

2556:"SaskPower to remove 105,000 smart meters following fires" 840:

behind schedule and most benefits are yet to be realised'

125:, voltage levels, current, and power factor. Smart meters 3821:

TIA Smart Utility Networks - U.S. Standardization Process

3494:"National Audit Office. Report: Rolling out smart meters" 935:, a provision intended to protect national security. The 452:

It also is essential for smart grid implementations that

1935:

BC Hydro offers free fix if meter installers find hazard

3776: 3771:

may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

3433: 3431: 2845:"New "Smart Meters" for Energy Use Put Privacy at Risk" 1698:"Structural Weaknesses in the Open Smart Grid Protocol" 885:

In a 2011 submission to the Public Accounts Committee,

121:

device that records information such as consumption of

73:

device that records information—such as consumption of

425:(OSGP) is a family of specifications published by the 2665:

Privacy-preserving energy flow control in smart grids

1672: 672:

Most health concerns about the meters arise from the

570:

effects of smart meters and the remote controllable "

2001:"States weighing pros, cons of utility smart meters" 4676: 4633: 4573: 4445: 4412: 4207: 4087: 4041: 3990: 3942: 3900: 1326:"Another Reason We Need The Smart Grid Record Heat" 1246:"How M2M technology spawned the internet of things" 679:Members of the California State Assembly asked the 3541:"Smart Metering – Ed Milliband's Poisoned Chalice" 3234:"Smart meter roll-out: cost-benefit analysis 2019" 2991:"Technologist wins 'genius' award for sensor tech" 1907:"Smart Grid Energy Definitions and Glossary (A-J)" 1856:"An update on Google Health and Google PowerMeter" 1767:"Why the Smart Grid must be based on IP standards" 1158:. Getting Smarter About the Smart Grid. 2012-11-26 715:replaced the Sensus meters it had deployed in the 53:, disconnect-reconnect remotely, and interface to 3848:Mad about metered billing? They were in 1886, too 3561:Curwen, Lesley; Lewis, David (13 November 2018). 2820:. Metering.com. 21 September 2011. Archived from 2125:"Smart metering security – Germany leads the way" 2003:. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011 1561:Morton, TIFFANY CRAWFORD and Brian (2001-11-24). 676:(RF) radiation emitted by wireless smart meters. 303:, combination licensed and unlicensed radio, and 140:, but do not themselves constitute a smart grid. 117:consumption. More generally, a smart meter is an 77:, voltage levels, current, and power factor—and 3415:"The Foundation for Information Policy Research" 3021:"The Foundation for Information Policy Research" 2678:"COnsumer-centric Privacy in smart Energy gridS" 2021:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1904:Glossary provided by U.S. Department of Energy 939:found that the law was in contravention of the 456:(PLC) technologies used within the home over a 427:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2341:"Researcher releases smart meter hacking tool" 1882:"Google plans meter to detail home energy use" 4185: 3877: 1700:. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2015/088. 1529: 1527: 1482:"Peak energy demand and Demand Side Response" 8: 3512:"Smart meter rollout delayed for four years" 2734:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2155:"The EU Cybersecurity Act is Now Applicable" 1717:. Cryptology ePrint Archive: Report 2015/428 681:California Council on Science and Technology 182:(AMR). They are similar in many respects to 3563:"Millions 'misspent on green energy abuse'" 3458:"Watchdog to review UK smart meter rollout" 2952:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2663:Z. Li, T. J. Oechtering, and M. Skoglund, " 1221:"Inventor reveals the names behind numbers" 881:Criticism of smart meter roll-out in the UK 432:There is a growing trend toward the use of 402:, or a pair of wires, usually modulated by 4192: 4178: 4170: 3884: 3870: 3862: 3389:"Smart meter deadline 'should be extended" 3028:Foundation For Information Policy Research 2401:. The Board of Supervisors of Marin County 1518:"Appraising the Economics of Smart Meters" 919:Ross Anderson and Alex Henney wrote that " 550:consumption. AMI differs from traditional 492:global Standard and is based on Broadband 194:, also known as in-home display monitors. 105:, but it also may mean a device measuring 3843:Smart Metering Projects Map - Google Maps 3807:Learn how and when to remove this message 3274: 3213:"Smart meters to cut bills 'by just £11'" 3180:May 30, 2011 Retrieved September 3, 2012 3151: 3149: 3147: 2593: 2505: 2503: 1960: 1880:Kopytoff, Verne; Kim, Ryan (2009-02-11). 1696:Klaus Kursawe; Christiane Peters (2015). 1356:"The Global Smart Meter Market 2012-2022" 526:software, and supplier business systems. 367:specifies the data tables that are used. 3248:"Realising the Benefits of Smart Meters" 2365:Hess, David J.; Coley, Jonathan (2013). 2298:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1937:. 2012-08-09. CBC. Retrieved 2012-08-09. 159:, low power long-range wireless (LoRa), 1119: 950: 170:Similar meters, usually referred to as 2945: 2727: 2722:"Smart meter data shared far and wide" 2288: 2277: 2197: 2186: 2014: 1811:video "Why is my smart meter blinking" 1156:"Getting Smarter About the Smart Grid" 968:and "EnergyAxis" time-of-use metering. 599:Smart meters expose the power grid to 3728:"A3 ALPHA Meter/Collector Data Sheet" 2213: 2211: 1949:IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 625:includes the possibility to encrypt, 7: 3510:Simon Gompertz (17 September 2019). 3348:B. Blake Levitt (12 November 2014). 2058:"Hackers threaten smart power grids" 691:that are hazardous to human health. 3666:""EnergyAxis" time-of-use metering" 3132:Brignall, Miles (22 January 2023). 2869:Reitman, Rainey (10 January 2012). 2791:of Applied Sciences. Archived from 2103:"Blackout - Deutschland ohne Strom" 2079:Hamill, Jasper (10 February 2016). 941:European Convention on Human Rights 651:According to a report published by 287:solutions proposed are: the use of 249:Since the inception of electricity 4115:Renewable energy commercialization 3606:. 10 December 2018. Archived from 3580:Nick Hopkins (17 September 2018). 2339:Vijayan, Jaikumar (20 July 2012). 41:Example of a smart meter based on 25: 4125:United States energy independence 3113:Thomas, Steve (31 January 2023). 3090:. Smartmeters.com. Archived from 2989:Roach, John (20 September 2011). 2394:Arnold, Judy (October 26, 2010). 1219:Milani, Kate (10 November 2003). 849:dampened but amplified instead." 696:Electric Power Research Institute 4724:Factory Instrumentation Protocol 4605:Factory Instrumentation Protocol 4287:Factory Instrumentation Protocol 3756: 2510:Lawson, Alex (18 January 2023). 1462:. Clarion Energy. 19 August 2019 1011: 989: 973: 953: 516:Advanced metering infrastructure 511:Advanced metering infrastructure 184:Advanced Metering Infrastructure 27:Online recorder of utility usage 3998:Flexible AC transmission system 2928:28c3: Smart Hacking for Privacy 2757:. Austin, Texas. Archived from 2409:– via EMF Safety Network. 2374:Public Understanding of Science 2220:IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 1332:. 30 March 2016. Archived from 659:electricity supplier asked the 609:operators of essential services 488:technology and with the latest 222:were awarded multiple patents. 49:that has the ability to reduce 4647: 4642: 3911:Smartgrids Technology Platform 2875:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2849:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2037:"Who controls the off switch?" 1: 4064:Renewable Energy Certificates 3684:"SRP: How to read your meter" 3323:"Take Back Your Power (2013)" 3157:"Smart grid test underwhelms" 2749:SMITH, JORDAN (16 Nov 2007). 1743:. 18 May 2009. Archived from 796:Connecticut Light & Power 3972:Nonintrusive load monitoring 3438:Brodbeck, Sam (2017-03-21). 3350:"My Works - B. Blake Levitt" 2923:Chaos Communication Congress 2900:Chaos Communication Congress 1244:Kennedy, John (2016-05-18). 1078:Nonintrusive load monitoring 79:communicates the information 4811:Electric power distribution 4754:Unified Diagnostic Services 4225:CC-Link Industrial Networks 3991:Other technologies/concepts 3714:September 10, 2008, at the 2896:"Smart Hacking For Privacy" 2446:Committee to Bridge the Gap 1886:The San Francisco Chronicle 1402:"Energy Information Agency" 927:A counter-fraud officer at 478:HomePlug Powerline Alliance 127:communicate the information 4842: 4272:Ethernet Global Data (EGD) 4049:Carbon capture and storage 3293:10.1103/PhysRevE.92.012815 2060:. POLITICO. 4 January 2017 1460:Smart Energy International 1209:(Sensor Monitoring Device) 937:Employment Appeal Tribunal 738:Government of Saskatchewan 638:Intrusion Detection System 358:Standard that describes a 29: 4414:Industrial control system 4133: 4069:Renewable Energy Payments 2843:Tien, Lee (10 Mar 2010). 2787:(in English and German). 1911:SynaptitudeConsulting.com 729:Portland General Electric 226:meter market would reach 4028:Power-line communication 3178:Crain's Chicago Business 2976:University of Washington 2703:"Page or File Not Found" 2232:10.1109/TSG.2013.2291004 1971:10.1109/TMC.2017.2684806 1093:Power line communication 1088:Open smart grid protocol 826:Crain's Chicago Business 806:Abuse of dynamic pricing 454:power line communication 423:Open Smart Grid Protocol 336:power line communication 313:wireless ad hoc networks 305:power line communication 230:7 billion in 2012. 153:wireless ad hoc networks 149:power line carrier (PLC) 43:Open Smart Grid Protocol 30:Not to be confused with 4635:Automatic meter reading 4575:Power-system automation 4074:Renewable energy policy 4023:Phasor measurement unit 3929:Pickens Plan super grid 3634:April 25, 2008, at the 3548:University of Cambridge 3422:University of Cambridge 3327:Internet Movie Database 2612:10.1145/2674061.2674073 2044:University of Cambridge 1737:"Feature - The Network" 966:automatic meter reading 621:The current version of 558:Opposition and concerns 552:automatic meter reading 373:automatic meter reading 340:wireless ad hoc network 180:automated meter reading 145:automatic meter reading 87:automatic meter reading 4003:HVDC bulk transmission 2789:Fachhochschule Münster 2287:Cite journal requires 2196:Cite journal requires 2181:10.6028/NIST.IR.7628r1 1494:James Sinopoli (ed), 1033:Distributed generation 157:wireless mesh networks 62: 4749:Keyword Protocol 2000 4141:Electricity economics 4120:Rural electrification 3074:San Jose Mercury News 1797:on December 29, 2010. 1276:U.S. patent 4,455,453 1270:U.S. patent 4,241,237 1206:U.S. patent 3,842,208 1068:Meter data management 914:National Audit Office 867:Peterborough, Ontario 674:pulsed radiofrequency 524:meter data management 309:wireless mesh network 206:, while working with 204:Theodore Paraskevakos 131:electricity suppliers 83:electricity suppliers 40: 4201:Automation protocols 3944:Efficient energy use 3777:improve this article 3652:May 9, 2009, at the 2755:The Austin Chronicle 1860:Official Google Blog 1539:10.1029/2020WR027917 1083:Open metering system 859:Take Back Your Power 530:purposes, including 398:and received with a 81:to the consumer and 4447:Building automation 4297:FOUNDATION fieldbus 3789:footnote references 3285:2015PhRvE..92a2815K 3001:on 15 February 2015 2824:on 15 February 2015 2798:on 17 November 2012 2604:2014arXiv1407.4395J 2318:krebsonsecurity.com 2135:on 11 February 2017 1741:Cisco's The Network 1225:www.bizjournals.com 1108:Virtual power plant 1103:Utility submetering 1048:Home energy monitor 751:behavioral patterns 713:PECO Energy Company 603:that could lead to 212:Huntsville, Alabama 101:often refers to an 32:Home energy monitor 4826:Internet of things 4806:Energy measurement 4277:Ethernet Powerlink 4208:Process automation 3934:Unified Smart Grid 3826:2014-02-10 at the 3710:November 26, 2007 3482:on March 31, 2018. 3094:on 17 January 2012 2902:. 30 December 2011 1747:on 28 January 2015 1336:on 12 October 2012 933:Utilities Act 2000 912:In March 2018 the 532:time-based pricing 482:HomePlug Green PHY 406:. The protocol is 354:ANSI C12.18 is an 63: 18:Smart energy meter 4788: 4787: 4167: 4166: 3952:Demand management 3817: 3816: 3809: 3263:Physical Review E 3176:by Paul Merrion 2588:. pp. 1–10. 1955:(99): 3264–3277. 1832:10.1201/b16540-14 1516:Torriti, Jacopo. 1504:978-1-85617-653-8 1480:Torriti, Jacopo. 588:home area network 544:utility companies 458:Home Area Network 332:home area network 103:electricity meter 45:(OSGP) in use in 16:(Redirected from 4833: 4384:SERCOS interface 4194: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4159:Renewable energy 4079:Soft energy path 3892:Modernizing the 3886: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3733:. Archived from 3732: 3724: 3718: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3668:. Archived from 3662: 3656: 3644: 3638: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3610:on 28 March 2019 3596: 3590: 3589: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3478:. Archived from 3472: 3466: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3395:. 10 August 2018 3385: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3278: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3163:on March 7, 2013 3159:. Archived from 3153: 3142: 3141: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3030:. Archived from 3025: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2997:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2797: 2786: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2705:. Archived from 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2689: 2680:. 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Archived from 1173: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1132: 1124: 1021: 1016: 1015: 993: 977: 957: 815:Limited benefits 744:Privacy concerns 633:the meter data. 115:district heating 21: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4672: 4629: 4569: 4441: 4408: 4203: 4198: 4168: 4163: 4129: 4105:Energy security 4095:Electrification 4083: 4037: 4013:Load management 3986: 3957:Demand response 3938: 3916:SuperSmart Grid 3896: 3894:electrical grid 3890: 3857:UK Smart Meters 3828:Wayback Machine 3813: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3774: 3765:This article's 3761: 3757: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3716:Wayback Machine 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3654:Wayback Machine 3645: 3641: 3636:Wayback Machine 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3521: 3519: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3354:blakelevitt.com 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3218: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2761:on 16 July 2010 2748: 2747: 2743: 2726: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2622: 2582:"PresenceSense" 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2490: 2489:. December 2011 2486: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2286: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2195: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2013: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1918: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1560: 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4777: 4772: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4681: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4653:DLMS/IEC 62056 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4418: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4088:Related issues 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054:Feed-in tariff 4051: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4008:Load following 4005: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3962:Dynamic demand 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3815: 3814: 3769:external links 3764: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3748:External links 3746: 3744: 3743: 3740:on 2008-09-10. 3719: 3700: 3675: 3672:on 2008-04-20. 3657: 3639: 3621: 3591: 3572: 3553: 3532: 3502: 3485: 3467: 3449: 3427: 3406: 3380: 3366: 3340: 3314: 3253: 3239: 3225: 3204: 3182: 3143: 3124: 3105: 3079: 3061: 3047: 3012: 2981: 2959: 2913: 2887: 2861: 2835: 2809: 2772: 2741: 2712: 2709:on 2015-02-13. 2694: 2669: 2656: 2635: 2620: 2572: 2547: 2536:. 24 July 2014 2521: 2499: 2475: 2467:"FCC, Page 15" 2458: 2429: 2412: 2386: 2383:on 2013-11-03. 2357: 2331: 2320:. 9 April 2012 2305: 2289:|journal= 2245: 2226:(2): 906–915. 2207: 2198:|journal= 2173:"NIST article" 2164: 2146: 2116: 2094: 2071: 2049: 2028: 1992: 1939: 1927: 1897: 1872: 1847: 1840: 1813: 1800: 1776: 1773:on 2011-07-20. 1758: 1728: 1703: 1688: 1664: 1639: 1608: 1579: 1553: 1542: 1523: 1508: 1498:Elsevier 2010 1487: 1472: 1447: 1437:. 30 July 2019 1435:Wood Mackenzie 1422: 1393: 1376: 1347: 1317: 1281: 1261: 1236: 1211: 1197: 1168: 1147: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1053:Home idle load 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 995: 988: 986: 979: 972: 970: 959: 952: 948: 945: 882: 879: 854: 851: 845: 844:Erratic demand 842: 816: 813: 807: 804: 775: 772: 745: 742: 708: 705: 669: 666: 596: 593: 580:smart building 559: 556: 512: 509: 445: 442: 351: 348: 283: 280: 278: 275: 246: 243: 199: 196: 94: 91: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4838: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 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3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3077:, 2012-02-01. 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3037:on 2016-03-13 3033: 3029: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2948:cite AV media 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2773: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2684:on 2020-08-07 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2621:9781450331449 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2535: 2534:The Oregonian 2531: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2346: 2345:Computerworld 2342: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2281: 2267:on 2016-09-10 2263: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1917:on 2012-01-07 1916: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1841:9781466557529 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1729: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1692: 1689: 1678: 1674: 1673:"news events" 1668: 1665: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1629:on 2015-09-23 1625: 1618: 1617:"ANSI C12.22" 1612: 1609: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1569:on 2018-09-03 1568: 1564: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1473: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1412:on 2020-06-10 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1366:on 2017-06-30 1365: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1187:on 2014-07-11 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019:Energy portal 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 992: 987: 983: 976: 971: 967: 964:topology for 963: 956: 951: 946: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 922: 917: 915: 910: 906: 902: 898: 895: 891: 888: 887:Ross Anderson 880: 878: 876: 872: 871:Daryl Bennett 868: 864: 860: 852: 850: 843: 841: 837: 833: 830: 827: 822: 814: 812: 805: 803: 801: 800:George Jepsen 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 773: 771: 767: 763: 761: 757: 752: 743: 741: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 706: 704: 700: 697: 692: 688: 686: 685:UC Santa Cruz 682: 677: 675: 667: 665: 662: 658: 654: 649: 645: 641: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 619: 616: 612: 610: 606: 605:power outages 602: 594: 592: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 540: 537: 534:information, 533: 527: 525: 521: 517: 510: 508: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 443: 441: 438: 435: 430: 428: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 390:data using a 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 361: 357: 349: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 263: 261: 260:price signals 255: 252: 244: 242: 238: 236: 231: 229: 223: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 197: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 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