668:, a nobleman of Persis, suspects that the king is not the brother of Cambyses, but rather the Smerdis whose ears Cyrus had commanded be cut off "for some grave reason" (3.69.6). To confirm his suspicion, Otanes asks his daughter Phaidyme – who is a member of the harem and thus has access to the king – to check whether the man has ears. Phaidyme does as asked, and one night while the king is asleep, confirms that the king does not in fact have ears. His suspicions confirmed, Otanes then gathers six noblemen and plots to get rid of the false Smerdis. A seventh nobleman, Darius, arrives at the capital shortly thereafter, and is then included in the group. The seven conspirators charge into the chambers of the king, and while five deal with the guards, Darius and
602:
618:
724:
Tanyoxarces, is on his way with the body of
Cambyses. Upon arriving at the capital and finding Sphendadates on the throne, Izabates exposes the fraud. Then, seven noblemen (among them Darius) conspire against Sphendadates. The seven are admitted to the palace by a co-conspirator, where Sphendadates is then killed. The seven then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius gets his horse to be the first to neigh (F13.17: "the result of a cunning stratagem") and he ascends the throne.
107:
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657:. That steward has a brother who greatly resembles Smerdis in appearance, and whose name is also Smerdis (3.61.1). The steward then puts his brother on the throne, and has him pretend that he is the brother of Cambyses. The false Smerdis succeeds in the deception by not allowing anyone who knew the real Smerdis into his presence (3.61).
661:
later (3.63–3.66). On his death bed, Cambyses perceives
Smerdis as favouring a return to Median hegemony (3.65). The false Smerdis then continues to rule at Susa for some time, and gains support from everyone except the Persians when he grants a three-year military draft and tax exemption to the various peoples of the empire (3.67).
734:
660:
Still in Egypt, Cambyses learns of the false
Smerdis, and knowing that the real Smerdis is dead, recognises the deception. Cambyses then readies his army to return to Susa, but while mounting his horse accidentally injures his thigh with the point of his sword. Cambyses dies from the wound a few days
745:
The key argument against a fabrication is that there is no evidence for it, and lacking further discoveries that view "must remain hypothetical". However, the idea that
Gaumata was a fabrication is nonetheless appealing because "it was vital for a man like Darius, who had no particular rights to the
675:
Five days later, after the tumult has died down, the seven meet again to discuss a suitable form of government (3.80–82). After some discussion over the merits of democracy (proposed by Otanes) and oligarchy (proposed by
Megabyzus) and monarchy (proposed by Darius), four of the seven vote in favour
551:
and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a tax relief for three years. Cambyses began to march against him, but died in the spring of 522 BC in disputed circumstances. Before his death he confessed to the murder of his brother, and publicly explained the whole
723:
Five years later, while in
Babylon, Cambyses accidentally wounds himself in the thigh, and dies eleven days later. Upon hearing of Cambyses death, Sphendadates (alias Tanyoxarces) returns to the capital and succeeds Cambyses. Meanwhile, Izabates, a confidant of Cambyses who knew of the killing of
649:
While in Egypt, Cambyses wounds the thigh of the sacred bull worshipped as the god Apis, and when the sacred bull dies from the wound, Cambyses loses his already tenuous grasp on sanity (3.27–3.30). Jealous of his brother
Smerdis' skill with a particular bow brought from the king of Ethiopia,
715:
When
Tanyoxarces does not immediately accede to the summons, Cambyses begins to believe Sphendadates, who then begins to slander Tanyoxarces more freely. By the time Tanyoxarces finally arrives, Cambyses is determined to put him to death, but hesitates. Sphendadates suggests that, since he
477:
The traditional view is based on several ancient sources, including the
Behistun inscription as well as Herodotus, in Ctesias, and Justin, although there are minor differences among them. The three oldest surviving sources agree that Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates was overthrown by
482:
and others in a coup d'état, and that Darius then ascended the throne. Most sources (including Darius himself, Herodotus and
Ctesias) have Darius as part of a group of seven conspirators. In Greek and Latin sources, Darius subsequently gained kingship by cheating in a contest.
770:) rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success, but he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed. Perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis "the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe, who occurs as successor in the list of Persian kings given by
741:
Most modern historians do not consider Darius' version of events convincing, and assume that the person who ruled for a few months was the real son of Cyrus, and that the story of his impersonation by a magus was an invention of Darius to justify his seizure of the throne.
609:, to check if King Smerdis has ears under his turban, as the suspected imposter was known to have had them cut off in punishment for a crime. She found that indeed the king did not have ears anymore, which proved that he was an imposter, and justified the coup in favour of
746:
throne, to invent a character (Gaumata) condemned for his acts against gods and men." There are some implausibilities in the official story, e.g. the impostor resembled the real Bardiya so closely that most of his wives did not spot the difference, except for queen
712:. Shortly after Cambyses ascends the throne, a certain Sphendadates who had been whipped by Tanyoxarces for some offence, informs Cambyses that his brother is plotting against him. As proof of this he declares that Tanyoxarces would refuse to come if summoned.
506:
out of envy, because "Bardiya alone could draw the bow brought from the Ethiopian king." Herodotus then states that "Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his brother sitting on the royal throne. As a result of this dream Cambyses sent his trusted counselor
590:, the prince and his imposter have the same name (Smerdis). For Ctesias, Sphendadates poses as 'Tanyoxarces'. Other Greek sources have various other names for the figure being impersonated, including 'Tanoxares', 'Mergis' and 'Mardos'.
563:
While the primary sources do not agree on the names and many other details, the three oldest surviving sources (Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) all portray Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates as an imposter who
650:
Cambyses sends Smerdis back to Persis. Cambyses then has a dream in which Smerdis would supplant him, so he sends a henchman to murder him secretly (3.30). The assassination succeeds and is meant to be kept secret.
834:. He is the only historical character that the protagonist is able to recognize when discovering the article on the fictitious nation of Uqbar, and it is stated that his name has been invoked mainly as a metaphor.
502:, killed Bardiya and kept this secret. However, according to Herodotus (who gives two detailed stories), Bardiya went to Egypt with Cambyses and was there for some time but later Cambyses sent him back to
552:
fraud, but this was not generally believed. Nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole empire. The new king transferred the seat of government to
792:. Darius says that Bardiya destroyed some temples, which Darius later restored. Bardiya also took away the herds and houses of the people, which Darius corrected once he gained the throne.
676:
of a monarchy. They then decide to hold a contest whereby whichever of them got his horse to neigh first after sunrise shall become king. Darius cheats and ascends the throne (3.84–3.87).
556:. A number of Persian nobles discovered that their new ruler was an impostor, and a group of seven nobles formed a plot to kill him. They surprised him at a castle in Nisa, home of the
5295:
1616:
5305:
514:
Bardiya's death was not known to the people, and so in the spring of 522 BC, a usurper pretended to be him and proclaimed himself king on a mountain near the Persian town of
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716:(Sphendadates) looks very much like Tanyoxarces, he could take the prince's place. Cambyses agrees, and Tanyoxarces is killed by being forced to drink
696:
King Cyrus, as he lay dying, appointed his elder son, Cambyses, to the throne and appointed his younger son, Tanyoxarces, governor of the provinces of
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498:(governor) of some of the far-eastern provinces. According to Darius the Great, Cambyses II, after becoming king of Persia but before setting out for
449:
In English-language histories he has traditionally been called Smerdis, following Herodotus' example, but recent histories tend to call him Bardiya.
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by Herodotus), who is said to have been the real promoter of the intrigue. According to Herodotus, the name of the Magian usurper was
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The despotic rule of Cambyses, coupled with his long absence in Egypt, contributed to the fact that "the whole people, Persians,
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The death of the false Bardiya was annually celebrated in Persia by a feast called "the killing of the magian," (
560:, and stabbed him to death in September 522 BC. One of the seven, Darius, was proclaimed as ruler shortly after.
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572:. In Darius' trilingual Behistun inscription, the prince being impersonated is named "Pirtiya" in
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One of the few that know of Smerdis' death is Patizeithes, the steward of Cambyses' palace at
645:, written c. 450 BC. That story there (3.1–38, 3.61–88) can be roughly summarized as follows:
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119:: he was either the legitimate Bardiya, or, as claimed by Darius, an imposter named Gaumāta.
112:
88:
784:
Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt
568:
the throne by posing as one of the sons of Cyrus the Great, i.e. as one of the brothers of
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2014:
1982:
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83:
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1503:
821:. He takes the view that the person who ruled for a few months was the real Bardiya.
688:
Ctesias' version (c. 400 BC) runs as follows (XI/F9.8 and XII/F13.11-17, via Photius
515:
125:
68:
390:
form of his name; the Persian name has been assimilated to the Greek (Asiatic) name
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17:
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762:
In the next year, another person claiming to be Bardiya, named Vahyazdāta (
720:. Sphendadates then takes the place as governor of the eastern provinces.
5104:
4561:
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1947:
1764:
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423:
35:
750:. Darius often accused rebels and opponents of being impostors (such as
316:. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the
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295:
278:
196:
1410:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 115.
1364:"Historical Persian Queens, Empresses, Warriors, Generals of Persia"
1351:, vol. X, fasc. 3, New York: Routledge, Kegan Paul, pp. 333–335
511:
from Egypt to Susa with the order to kill Smerdis" (i.e., Bardiya).
370:
The prince's name is listed variously in the historical sources. In
2886:
923:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 60.
854:(in Persian). Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati. p. 59.
754:) and it could be straining credibility to say that they all were.
733:
494:. According to Ctesias, on his deathbed Cyrus appointed Bardiya as
5109:
5099:
4711:
4521:
4262:
2789:
2626:
2371:
2302:
1502:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
732:
628:
616:
600:
548:
456:
824:"The impostor Magian Smerdis" is mentioned in the short story by
5249:
2809:
654:
523:
503:
321:
4813:
4525:
3871:
2890:
1834:
1823:
indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.
1598:
4809:
1089:
https://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica.html#%A78
641:
A longer version of the story appears in Book 3 of Herodotus'
1057:
Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation
2001:
1200:, University of Florida (PhD thesis), pp. 25, 90, 92–93
2871:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
1086:
Persica: Book 11, Fragment 9, taken from Photius' excerpt
1152:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1031:
1029:
518:. Darius claimed that the real name of the usurper was
1331:, vol. 3, fasc. 8, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 785–786
1168:
Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley
320:
for a few months in 522 BCE, or was impersonated by a
1010:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 B.C.
426:, who takes the name from Ctesias, and he is called
5205:
5148:
5040:
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4977:
4929:
4847:
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4609:
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4223:
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2300:
2225:
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2111:
2012:
1879:
1689:
1646:
526:priest from Media; this name has been preserved by
234:
224:
214:
202:
190:
180:
172:
168:
158:
148:
140:
124:
53:
1452:For the chronology, see Parker & Dubberstein,
1037:Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Books 3–4
1378:The Middle East: Cradle of Civilisation Revealed
777:The real Bardiya had only one daughter, called
633:Bardiya / Smerdis in relation to his successor
1298:, London: The British Museum press, p. 42
34:"Gaumata" redirects here. For Hindu term, see
5296:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
4825:
4537:
2902:
1846:
1610:
1408:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
921:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
852:The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)
8:
3874:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
1521:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1210:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1069:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
111:Portrait of the Achaemenid ruler toppled by
5306:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt
1198:The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus
781:, who eventually married Darius the Great.
625:and the false Smerdis", 19th century print.
398:, a name which also occurs in the poems of
4981:
4926:
4832:
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4810:
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4544:
4530:
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1196:Ctesias; Nicols, Andrew, ed., tr. (2008),
1126:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1002:
1000:
386:calls him Smerdis, which is the prevalent
105:
50:
1050:
1048:
873:
871:
672:kill the false Smerdis and a companion.
283:; possibly died 522 BCE), also named as
1406:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
1376:Bourke, Dr. Stephen (chief consultant)
1039:(Cambridge, MA 1921) pp. 38–41, 76–117
919:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
850:Akbarzadeh, D.; A. Yahyanezhad (2006).
842:
48:Son of Cyrus the Great (died c. 522 BC)
1203:
1173:
1166:Herodotus; Godley, A. D., tr. (1931),
1119:
1062:
1055:Ctesias; Stronk, Jan P., tr. (2010),
1012:2nd edition (Oxford 2007) pp. 290–291
337:), whose name is given by Ctesias as
7:
1311:Persians: The Age of the Great Kings
881:Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon
1041:Commons:File:Smerdis(Herodotus).pdf
1263:A History of the Ancient Near East
1022:livius.org/articles/place/behistun
993:Who's Who in the Ancient Near East
540:, but according to Ctesias it was
25:
530:but given to his brother (called
5321:6th-century BC murdered monarchs
5270:
5269:
4644:
4508:
4507:
1495:
1112:Dandamaev, M. (2001). "Bardia".
5311:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
605:Phaedyme is sent by her father
486:Bardiya was the younger son of
811:This episode is dealt with by
490:and a full or half-brother of
1:
5341:Persian masculine given names
1430:Behistun Inscription ~ 40 if.
1396:Behistun Inscription 4.1 (52)
1261:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2006),
1230:, University of Chicago Press
1228:History of the Persian Empire
803:was allowed to show himself.
414:, who also names Gaumāta as
354:
333:
296:
279:
264:
1765:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)
1760:Darius the Great (Darius I)
382:name is Bardiya or Bardia.
358:), until he was toppled by
308:and the younger brother of
5372:
5331:Deaths by stabbing in Iran
5175:Hanging Gardens of Babylon
1999:
1740:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)
1323:Dandamayev, M. A. (1988),
1059:, Wellem, pp. 323–325
896:"Bardiya | king of Persia"
831:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius
767:
737:Medieval image of Bardiya.
637:in the Achaemenid lineage.
348:
342:
329:
292:
288:
273:
258:
40:
33:
26:
5326:Murdered Persian monarchs
5265:
5185:Massacre of the Innocents
4953:Lectio difficilior potior
4794:
4642:
4581:
4559:
4505:
4080:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
3880:
3867:
2942:
2922:
2869:
2522:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
1869:
1818:
1637:
1576:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1528:
1465:Behistun Inscription i.14
1265:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
104:
60:
3374:Middle Babylonian period
2928:List of kings of Babylon
1247:Iran: Empire of the Mind
1226:Olmstead, A. T. (1959),
1116:. Vol. 3. New York.
878:Kent, Roland G. (1950).
593:
43:Bardiya (disambiguation)
29:Gautama (disambiguation)
27:Not to be confused with
5301:6th-century BC pharaohs
4914:Comparative linguistics
3544:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
1560:King of Kings of Persia
1518:Encyclopædia Britannica
1343:Briant, Pierre (2000),
1309:Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd
1294:Allen, Lindsay (2005),
1249:, New York: Basic Books
1150:Briant, Pierre (2002),
900:Encyclopedia Britannica
4937:Contextual credibility
4161:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
4154:Seleucus IV Philopator
4126:Seleucus II Callinicus
3498:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
2460:Alexander I of Macedon
2006:
738:
726:
680:
678:
638:
626:
621:"The struggle between
614:
474:
115:, as appearing on the
5163:Sources and parallels
4270:Antiochus VII Sidetes
4133:Seleucus III Ceraunus
4066:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3803:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3705:Marduk-apla-iddina II
3700:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
3681:Marduk-apla-iddina II
2997:Old Babylonian Empire
2117:Hellespontine Phrygia
2005:
1988:Darius III Codomannus
1805:Darius III Codomannus
1454:Babylonian Chronology
1114:Encyclopaedia Iranica
736:
694:
647:
632:
620:
604:
460:
5256:Vaticinium ex eventu
4997:Acts of the Apostles
4959:Multiple attestation
4210:Demetrius II Nicator
3569:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
3549:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
3493:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
3397:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
3350:Marduk-apla-iddina I
2723:Hydarnes the Younger
2455:Amyntas I of Macedon
1978:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1973:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1874:- Achaemenid Kingdom
1795:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1790:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1349:Encyclopedia Iranica
1329:Encyclopedia Iranica
1007:Van de Mieroop, Marc
467:Behistun Inscription
465:'s boot engraved at
406:. Bardiya is called
376:Behistun inscription
117:Behistun inscription
41:For other uses, see
5336:Impostor pretenders
4899:Cognitive philology
4768:Cyrus the Great Day
4175:Antiochus V Eupator
4140:Antiochus III Megas
3668:Tiglath-Pileser III
3633:Neo-Assyrian period
3574:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
3407:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
3315:Shagarakti-Shuriash
2873:Hellenistic satraps
2771:Other known satraps
2226:Greek Governors of
1993:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1983:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1810:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1800:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1170:, London: Heinemann
580:, and "Barziya" in
287:(Old Persian: *
5346:Achaemenid princes
5225:Hadith terminology
4860:Biblical criticism
4751:Cyrus in the Quran
4739:Cyrus in the Bible
4119:Antiochus II Theos
4100:Seleucus I Nicator
4035:Hellenistic period
3930:Nebuchadnezzar III
3521:Mar-biti-apla-usur
3503:Shirikti-shuqamuna
3427:Marduk-shapik-zeri
3402:Itti-Marduk-balatu
3355:Zababa-shuma-iddin
3330:Kadashman-Harbe II
3305:Kadashman-Enlil II
2879:from around 330 BC
2877:Hellenistic rulers
2007:
1535:Achaemenid dynasty
1296:The Persian Empire
1094:2016-11-23 at the
807:Bardiya in fiction
752:Nebuchadnezzar III
739:
639:
627:
615:
475:
5283:
5282:
5235:Religious studies
5201:
5200:
5190:Geography of the
5053:Bardiya / Smerdis
4973:
4972:
4909:Textual criticism
4884:Demythologization
4807:
4806:
4781:Ciro riconosciuto
4640:
4639:
4566:Achaemenid Empire
4519:
4518:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4230:(141 BC – AD 224)
4219:
4218:
4196:Demetrius I Soter
4182:Demetrius I Soter
4107:Antiochus I Soter
4029:
4028:
3942:Nebuchadnezzar IV
3875:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3831:Nebuchadnezzar II
3797:
3796:
3627:
3626:
3619:Nabu-suma-ukin II
3604:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
3559:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
3475:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
3437:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
3422:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
3368:
3367:
3335:Adad-shuma-iddina
3325:Enlil-nadin-shumi
3270:Kadashman-Enlil I
3260:Kadashman-Harbe I
3152:
3151:
2991:
2990:
2884:
2883:
2073:Cyrus the Younger
1884:Achaemenid Empire
1863:Achaemenid Empire
1828:
1827:
1593:
1592:
1567:Succeeded by
1386:978-0-500-25147-8
1243:Axworthy, Michael
1122:cite encyclopedia
991:Leick, Gwendolyn
826:Jorge Luis Borges
347:; Ancient Greek:
318:Achaemenid Empire
291:; Ancient Greek:
244:
243:
130:Achaemenid Empire
94:King of Countries
18:Smerdis of Persia
16:(Redirected from
5363:
5273:
5272:
5250:Myth § Mythology
5170:Founding of Rome
5063:Caligula's horse
4982:
4927:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4648:
4591:Mandane of Media
4579:
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4532:
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4236:
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4046:
4042:
4041:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3719:Aššur-nādin-šumi
3644:
3640:
3639:
3594:Marduk-apla-usur
3564:Nabu-apla-iddina
3554:Shamash-mudammiq
3432:Adad-apla-iddina
3417:Enlil-nadin-apli
3412:Nebuchadnezzar I
3385:
3381:
3380:
3275:Burna-Buriash II
3169:
3165:
3164:
3097:Unknown king (?)
3008:
3004:
3003:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2953:
2944:
2917:Kings of Babylon
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
1943:Darius the Great
1855:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1785:Darius II Nothus
1697:
1696:
1654:
1653:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1579:Pharaoh of Egypt
1570:Darius the Great
1550:Preceded by
1545:
1526:
1522:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1474:Herodotus III.79
1472:
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1140:Herodotus III.68
1138:
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1103:
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866:
865:
847:
769:
635:Darius the Great
584:. In Herodotus'
463:Darius the Great
453:Traditional view
372:Darius the Great
366:Name and sources
360:Darius the Great
357:
352:
346:
336:
331:
299:
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163:Darius the Great
135:Pharaoh of Egypt
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89:Pharaoh of Egypt
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5180:Kurukshetra War
5150:
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4808:
4803:
4790:
4774:Cyrus the Great
4700:
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4605:
4568:
4555:
4553:Cyrus the Great
4550:
4520:
4515:
4489:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4225:Parthian period
4215:
4203:Alexander Balas
4085:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4025:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3855:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3759:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
3731:Mushezib-Marduk
3662:Nabu-mukin-zeri
3655:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3614:Nabu-nadin-zeri
3589:Marduk-bel-zeri
3579:Baba-aha-iddina
3539:Nabû-mukin-apli
3525:
3507:
3479:
3451:
3447:Nabu-shum-libur
3378:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3360:Enlil-nadin-ahi
3340:Adad-shuma-usur
3300:Kadashman-Turgu
3242:Kashtiliash III
3162:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3124:Peshgaldaramesh
3074:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2949:
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2820:Greater Phrygia
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2669:
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2498:
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2440:
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2175:Pharnabazus III
2107:
2008:
1997:
1928:Cyrus the Great
1881:
1875:
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1511:, ed. (1911). "
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1366:. January 2023.
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1096:Wayback Machine
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840:
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760:
731:
686:
599:
576:, "Bardiya" in
488:Cyrus the Great
455:
418:; he is called
368:
306:Cyrus the Great
304:, was a son of
219:Cyrus the Great
133:
120:
98:
84:King of Babylon
55:
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5044:
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5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5021:
5019:Book of Mormon
5016:
5014:Book of Joshua
5011:
5009:Book of Esther
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4975:
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4906:
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4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:Hadith studies
4857:
4855:Bayes' theorem
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
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4744:Edict of Cyrus
4736:
4731:
4724:
4722:Cyrus Cylinder
4719:
4714:
4712:"Cyrus" (name)
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
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4698:
4693:
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4683:
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4671:Persian Border
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4661:Persian Revolt
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4456:Parthamaspates
4452:
4445:
4438:
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4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4303:Mithridates II
4299:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
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4242:
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4052:
4043:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
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4016:
4010:
4003:
4000:Artaxerxes III
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3886:Persian period
3878:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3846:Labashi-Marduk
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3784:
3781:Sîn-šumu-līšir
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3726:Nergal-ushezib
3723:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3678:
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3664:
3658:
3656:
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3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Ninurta-apla-X
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3527:
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3404:
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3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Kashtiliash IV
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:Nazi-Maruttash
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Burnaburiash I
3229:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Kashtiliash II
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3163:(1729–1157 BC)
3158:Kassite period
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
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3062:
3057:
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3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3002:(1894–1595 BC)
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2843:
2833:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Pherendates II
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:Abdashtart III
2578:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Baalshillem II
2555:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2504:Kings of Sidon
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Pharnabazus II
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Artaphernes II
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1880:Kings of Kings
1877:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1861:Rulers in the
1860:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1509:Chisholm, Hugh
1490:
1489:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1445:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1398:
1389:
1369:
1355:
1335:
1315:
1302:
1286:
1269:
1253:
1234:
1218:
1188:
1158:
1142:
1133:
1104:
1077:
1044:
1025:
1014:
996:
984:
971:
962:
949:
936:
929:
911:
887:
867:
860:
841:
839:
836:
808:
805:
799:) at which no
768:𐎺𐏃𐎹𐏀𐎭𐎠𐎫
759:
756:
730:
727:
685:
679:
598:
594:In Herodotus'
592:
461:Gaumata under
454:
451:
367:
364:
341:(Old Persian:
328:(Old Persian:
242:
241:
239:Zoroastrianism
236:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
122:
121:
110:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
79:King of Persia
76:
71:
63:
58:
57:
47:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5368:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:522 BC deaths
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5276:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:Embarrassment
4945:
4943:
4942:Dissimilarity
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Vologases III
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:Artabanus III
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4249:Mithridates I
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:Alexander III
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:Artaxerxes IV
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3993:Artaxerxes II
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Shamash-eriba
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3789:
3788:Sinsharishkun
3785:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3675:Shalmaneser V
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Ea-mukin-zeri
3468:
3466:
3465:Simbar-shipak
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:(1157–732 BC)
3375:
3371:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:Kadashman-Sah
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Kashtiliash I
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Melamkurkurra
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Ayadaragalama
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Itti-ili-nibi
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:foreign ruler
2964:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2826:Phrataphernes
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Syennesis III
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2577:Abdashtart II
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:Baalshillem I
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Eshmunazar II
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2470:Kings of Tyre
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Mithrobuzanes
2210:
2208:
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2176:
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2150:Pharnabazus I
2148:
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2128:
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1585:XXVII Dynasty
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1504:public domain
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1417:964-8499-05-5
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1153:
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1098:cf. Xenophon
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1035:A. D. Godley
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857:
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837:
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832:
827:
822:
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819:
815:in his novel
814:
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558:Nisean horses
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516:Paishiyauvada
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44:
37:
30:
19:
5254:
5191:
5140:William Tell
5120:Prester John
5052:
5025:
4962:
4961: /
4951:
4904:Decipherment
4889:Palaeography
4879:Bibliography
4871:Ilm al-rijāl
4870:
4862: /
4776:(screenplay)
4773:
4756:Dhul-Qarnayn
4726:
4621:
4484:Artabanus IV
4482:
4477:Vologases VI
4475:
4468:
4463:Vologases IV
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4393:Artabanus II
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:Phraates III
4339:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4208:
4201:
4194:
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4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4078:
4073:Alexander IV
4071:
4064:
4057:
4040:(331–141 BC)
4018:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3965:Artaxerxes I
3963:
3959:Bel-shimanni
3946:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3891:(539–331 BC)
3826:Nabopolassar
3808:(626–539 BC)
3786:
3779:
3772:
3767:Ashurbanipal
3765:
3757:
3756:
3751:Ashurbanipal
3749:
3742:
3735:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3692:
3685:
3673:
3666:
3638:(732–626 BC)
3599:Eriba-Marduk
3442:Marduk-zer-X
3290:Kurigalzu II
3280:Kara-hardash
3228:Unknown king
3219:Harba-Shipak
3209:Urzigurumash
3195:Unknown king
3101:Damqi-ilishu
3070:Samsu-Ditana
3040:Sin-Muballit
2975:
2968:
2965:Kings
2933:Royal titles
2836:Ariobarzanes
2806:Satibarzanes
2563:Abdashtart I
2545:Tetramnestos
2512:Eshmunazar I
2416:Artemisia II
2326:Teththiweibi
2272:Themistocles
2217:Ariarathes I
2170:Artabazus II
2165:Ariobarzanes
2155:Pharnaces II
2103:Spithridates
2078:Tissaphernes
2068:Tissaphernes
1953:Artaxerxes I
1937:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1820:
1770:Artaxerxes I
1749:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:(550–330 BC)
1652:(728–550 BC)
1583:
1577:
1558:
1541:
1533:
1516:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1377:
1372:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1289:
1283:Persian Fire
1282:
1280:Holland, Tom
1262:
1256:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1056:
1036:
1017:
1009:
992:
987:
980:The Persians
979:
974:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
920:
914:
903:. Retrieved
899:
890:
880:
851:
845:
829:
823:
816:
810:
796:
794:
789:
785:
783:
776:
761:
744:
740:
722:
718:bull's blood
714:
695:
689:
687:
682:
681:In Ctesias'
674:
663:
659:
652:
648:
642:
640:
595:
585:
562:
546:
542:Sphendadates
541:
537:
531:
519:
513:
485:
476:
448:
439:
431:
427:
419:
416:Sphendadates
415:
407:
395:
391:
369:
355:Sphendadátēs
344:*Spantadātah
339:Sphendadates
338:
325:
284:
250:
246:
245:
99:
64:
61:
5245:Linguistics
5095:King Arthur
5078:myth theory
4848:Methodology
4841:Historicity
4617:Cambyses II
4470:Vologases V
4421:Vologases I
4407:Gotarzes II
4365:Phraates IV
4296:Artabanus I
4289:Hyspaosines
4277:Phraates II
4256:Phraates II
3917:Cambyses II
3841:Neriglissar
3836:Amel-Marduk
3737:Sennacherib
3694:Sennacherib
3345:Meli-Shipak
3310:Kudur-Enlil
3285:Nazi-Bugash
3265:Kurigalzu I
3237:Ulamburiash
3224:Shipta'ulzi
3199:Abi-Rattash
3088:Ilum-ma-ili
3065:Ammi-Saduqa
3060:Ammi-Ditana
3050:Samsu-iluna
2976:vassal king
2737:Satraps of
2708:Satraps of
2674:Satraps of
2640:Pherendates
2625:Satraps of
2573:Evagoras II
2436:Orontobates
2395:Lygdamis II
2301:Dynasts of
2277:Archeptolis
2267:Aristagoras
2252:Eurysthenes
2145:Artabazus I
2083:Tithraustes
2013:Satraps of
1933:Cambyses II
1872:Family tree
1745:Cambyses II
1640:Family tree
1553:Cambyses II
1100:Cyrop. vin.
958:Cyrop. Vin.
764:Old Persian
729:Modern view
664:Meanwhile,
578:Old Persian
570:Cambyses II
533:Patizeithes
492:Cambyses II
408:Tanyoxarces
350:Σφενδαδάτης
310:Cambyses II
297:Tanuoxárkēs
293:Τανυοξάρκης
289:Tanūvazraka
285:Tanyoxarces
255:Old Persian
153:Cambyses II
149:Predecessor
5290:Categories
5158:The Exodus
5149:Events and
5125:Robin Hood
5100:King David
5058:The Buddha
4921:Provenance
4763:Kay Bahman
4728:Cyropaedia
4717:Pasargadae
4676:Pasargadae
4596:Cassandane
4586:Cambyses I
4428:Pacorus II
4414:Vonones II
4400:Vardanes I
4379:Orodes III
4372:Phraates V
4347:Piriustana
4334:Sinatruces
4316:Asi'abatar
4310:Gotarzes I
4020:Darius III
3744:Esarhaddon
3609:Nabonassar
3255:Karaindash
3025:Sumu-la-El
2645:Achaemenes
2616:Orontes II
2611:Darius III
2532:Bodashtart
2480:Boulomenus
2406:Hecatomnus
2390:Pisindelis
2380:Lygdamis I
2353:Mithrapata
2344:Artembares
2287:Amyntas II
2228:Asia Minor
2207:Ariamnes I
2194:Cappadocia
2140:Oebares II
2125:Mitrobates
2063:Pissuthnes
1923:Cambyses I
1900:Ariaramnes
1893:Achaemenes
1735:Cambyses I
1712:Ariaramnes
1705:Achaemenes
1691:Achaemenid
1630:Achaemenid
1439:Aeschylus
978:Aeschylus
969:Justin i.9
905:2020-08-14
838:References
813:Gore Vidal
797:Magiophani
471:Kermanshah
420:Tanooxares
330:𐎥𐎢𐎶𐎠𐎫
260:𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹
229:Cassandane
209:Achaemenid
74:Great King
56:𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹
5213:Apocrypha
4964:Mutawatir
4894:Philology
4786:Cyropolis
4632:Artystone
4386:Vonones I
4358:Orodes II
4352:Teleuniqe
4328:Ispubarza
4189:Timarchus
4168:Antiochus
4147:Antiochus
4013:Nidin-Bel
3986:Darius II
3979:Sogdianus
3972:Xerxes II
3851:Nabonidus
3774:Kandalanu
3687:Sargon II
3134:Akurduana
3116:Gulkishar
3111:Shushushi
3055:Abi-Eshuh
3045:Hammurabi
3020:Sumu-abum
2782:Abrocomas
2778:Megabyzus
2752:Camisares
2728:Atropates
2684:Hystaspes
2606:Orontes I
2601:Artasyrus
2537:Yatonmilk
2494:Azemilcus
2477:Mattan IV
2447:Macedonia
2445:Kings of
2431:Pixodarus
2385:Artemisia
2348:Artumpara
2292:Philiscus
2262:Histiaeus
2242:Demaratus
2237:Miltiades
2135:Megabates
2130:Megabazus
2088:Tiribazus
1968:Darius II
1963:Sogdianus
1958:Xerxes II
1780:Sogdianus
1775:Xerxes II
1666:Phraortes
1345:"Gaumāta"
1325:"Bardiya"
1313:pp 97-106
1084:Ctesias,
956:Xenophon
772:Aeschylus
758:Aftermath
702:Chorasmia
670:Megabyzus
643:Histories
596:Histories
587:Histories
538:Oropastes
509:Prexaspes
444:Aeschylus
384:Herodotus
185:Phaedymia
159:Successor
5356:Teispids
5275:Category
5130:Socrates
5115:Muhammad
5105:Lei Feng
4930:Criteria
4799:Category
4610:Children
4562:Teispids
4513:Category
4442:Osroes I
4322:Orodes I
4113:Seleucus
3948:Xerxes I
3936:Darius I
3910:Cyrus II
3711:Bel-ibni
3247:Agum III
3144:Ea-gamil
3120:DIŠ+U-EN
3106:Ishkibal
3035:Apil-Sin
2846:Abulites
2800:Hyrcania
2718:Hydarnes
2694:Masistes
2635:Aryandes
2489:Evagoras
2411:Mausolus
2402:(satrap)
2323:Harpagus
2314:Kybernis
2282:Aridolis
2247:Gongylos
2093:Struthas
2033:Harpagus
1948:Xerxes I
1681:Astyages
1676:Cyaxares
1530:Bardiya
1483:Ctesias
1380:p. 225,
1245:(2008),
1206:citation
1176:citation
1092:Archived
1065:citation
943:Ctesias
818:Creation
748:Phaidyme
710:Carmania
611:Darius I
582:Akkadian
424:Xenophon
404:Anacreon
396:Smerdies
235:Religion
36:Gau Mata
5240:Legends
5206:Related
5192:Odyssey
5135:Sun Tzu
5088:Sources
5048:Abraham
5002:Gospels
4705:Related
4686:Thymbra
4654:Battles
4622:Bardiya
3924:Bardiya
3214:Agum II
3181:Gandash
2982:female)
2957:Dynasty
2860:Babylon
2856:Mazaeus
2850:Susiana
2830:Parthia
2816:Atizyes
2786:Belesys
2762:Arsames
2757:Mazaeus
2739:Cilicia
2689:Dadarsi
2676:Bactria
2665:Mazaces
2660:Sabaces
2650:Arsames
2593:Armenia
2589:Satraps
2484:Abdemon
2421:Idrieus
2400:Adusius
2368:Dynasts
2358:Perikle
2340:Arbinas
2330:Kheriga
2319:Kuprlli
2310:Kheziga
2257:Prokles
2202:Datames
2190:Satraps
2180:Arsites
2113:Satraps
2043:Bagaeus
2038:Oroetus
2028:Mazares
2023:Tabalus
1938:Bardiya
1918:Cyrus I
1913:Teispes
1907:Arsames
1882:of the
1821:Italics
1755:Gaumata
1750:Smerdis
1730:Cyrus I
1725:Teispes
1719:Arsames
1661:Deioces
1589:522 BC
1564:522 BC
1513:Smerdis
1506::
945:Persica
790:Bardiya
786:Barziya
706:Parthia
698:Bactria
692:. 72):
683:Persica
623:Gobryas
574:Elamite
566:usurped
520:Gaumata
412:Ctesias
400:Alcaeus
392:Smerdis
380:Persian
334:Gaumāta
326:Gaumata
324:called
312:, both
302:Ctesias
280:Smérdis
275:Σμέρδις
265:Bardiya
251:Smerdis
247:Bardiya
204:Dynasty
128:of the
54:Bardiya
5151:places
5041:People
4978:Topics
4691:Sardis
4681:Pteria
4627:Atossa
4601:Amytis
4574:Family
4283:Ubulna
3186:Agum I
3030:Sabium
2948:Period
2840:Persis
2699:Bessus
2568:Tennes
2541:Anysos
2517:Tabnit
2335:Kherei
2230:cities
2048:Otanes
1671:Madyes
1648:Median
1626:Median
1544:522 BC
1540:
1500:
1414:
1384:
927:
858:
801:magian
779:Parmys
708:, and
666:Otanes
607:Otanes
528:Justin
524:Magian
496:satrap
480:Darius
440:Merdis
436:Justin
432:Merdis
428:Mergis
378:, his
225:Mother
215:Father
197:Parmys
181:Spouse
176:522 BC
173:Burial
144:522 BC
113:Darius
5110:Moses
5083:Quest
5073:Jesus
5068:Homer
5032:Quran
5026:Iliad
4992:Bible
4985:Texts
4666:Hyrba
4263:Rinnu
2796:Ochus
2790:Syria
2710:Media
2627:Egypt
2554:Baana
2372:Caria
2303:Lycia
2015:Lydia
1632:kings
1542:Died:
1485:Pers.
1441:Pers.
1102:7, if
554:Media
549:Medes
500:Egypt
388:Greek
322:magus
300:) by
192:Issue
141:Reign
5351:Magi
5024:The
4734:Tomb
4696:Opis
4091:XIII
3531:VIII
2875:and
2810:Aria
1628:and
1412:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1212:link
1182:link
1128:link
1071:link
960:7.ii
925:ISBN
856:ISBN
690:Bibl
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