140:, Washington. Already distinguished as a warrior, Smohalla began to preach his revitalization doctrine, which emphasized a return to tribal traditions and beliefs around about 1850. The rapid spread of his teachings is said to have contributed to the confederation of tribes in the region against white expansionism in the
167:
Already known as a medicine man, the teachings he acquired at this time established him as a prophet. Smohalla exhorted his followers, eventually numbering about 2,000, to return to the ways of their ancestors and to relinquish the teachings and goods of the intruders. One of the best known of a
144:
of 1855–1856. Precipitated by government plans to confine Native people to small reservations, the war was fought by a coalition of
Indians opposed to the assault on their land base and traditional cultures. Shortly after the war, Smohalla is said to have fought with
168:
series of prophets in the area, he revived the
Washani Religion and the Washat Dance (religion) traditions while introducing other features from his dream or vision. Washani followers believed in the superiority of God and Mother Earth. Adherents included the famous
358:
156:
It is said that he then set forth on a journey. According to this account, he traveled as far south as Mexico, returning by way of
Arizona, Utah and Nevada where he is said to observed
363:
160:
priests "receiving commands directly from heaven". When he reached home, he reported to the people that he had been to the spirit world. However, this version was discounted by
179:
Despite government opposition and interference, Smohalla practiced his religion until the end of his life. After his death in 1895, he was succeeded by his son
Yoyouni (also
172:
and his Nez Percé followers as well as Native people from other tribes in the region, such as the
Wanapum. One of Smohalla's chief supporters and assistant was Kotiakan, a
164:
elders and descendants of
Smohalla, who argued instead that his communication with the spirits is said to have occurred while he was mourning the loss of a beloved child.
324:
33:
307:
293:
221:"Smohalla, the Washani, and Religion as a Factor in Northwestern Indian History." Clifford E. Trafzer and Margery Ann Beach.
285:
238:
84:, meaning “arising from the dust of earth mother.” After achieving prominence as a spiritual leader, he became known as
267:, Vol. 9, No. 3, American Indian Prophets: Religious Leaders and Revitalization Movements (Summer, 1985), pp. 325-333.
225:, Vol. 9, No. 3, American Indian Prophets: Religious Leaders and Revitalization Movements (Summer, 1985), pp. 309-324.
339:
202:
41:
368:
373:
183:), then by his nephew Puck Hyah Toot. They carried the Smohallan beliefs into the twentieth century.
125:
57:
263:"The Waptashi Prophet and the Feather Religion: Derivative of the Washani." Margery Ann Beach.
303:
289:
150:
37:
29:
132:), Smohalla and his followers moved to the more isolated area of P’na Village at the foot of
129:
73:
318:
352:
313:
137:
133:
254:. An Anthology edited by Margot Astrov. 1946. Capricorn Books Edition, 1962, p. 85.
169:
153:
chief, and was nearly killed. Presumed dead, he revived enough to escape by boat.
343:
192:
146:
141:
61:
113:), also defined as “preacher.” Still other names associated with him include
109:
328:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 275.
161:
53:
24:
197:
173:
157:
282:
Dreamer-Prophets of the
Columbia Plateau: Smohalla and Skolaskin
235:
Dreamer-Prophets of the
Columbia Plateau: Smohalla and Skolaskin
317:
359:
Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North
America
176:
prophet, who helped him in the revitalization movement.
252:
American Indian Prose and Poetry: The Winged
Serpent
364:Native American history of Washington (state)
237:.Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. Norman:
8:
300:Encyclopedia of Native American Religions
298:Hirschfelder, Arlene and Paulette Molin.
214:
124:Following political conflicts with the
76:) tribal group. At birth he was called
108:
7:
280:Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown.
28:dreamer-prophet associated with the
22:(Dreamer) (circa 1815 - 1895) was a
52:Born between 1815 and 1820 in the
14:
117:, “the shouting mountain” and
1:
286:University of Oklahoma Press
239:University of Oklahoma Press
250:See: "Smohalla Speaks" in:
60:, Smohalla belonged to the
390:
265:American Indian Quarterly
223:American Indian Quarterly
325:Encyclopædia Britannica
203:Revitalization movement
16:Wanapum dreamer-prophet
121:, “Rock carrier.”
56:area of present-day
302:. Checkmark Books.
110:[ˈʃmuχala]
151:Sinkiuse-Columbia
38:Pacific Northwest
30:Dreamers movement
381:
329:
321:
319:"Smohalla"
268:
261:
255:
248:
242:
232:
226:
219:
112:
107:
58:Washington state
42:Columbia Plateau
389:
388:
384:
383:
382:
380:
379:
378:
349:
348:
336:
312:
277:
272:
271:
262:
258:
249:
245:
233:
229:
220:
216:
211:
189:
136:in present-day
105:
74:Lewis and Clark
50:
34:Native American
17:
12:
11:
5:
387:
385:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
351:
350:
347:
346:
335:
334:External links
332:
331:
330:
316:, ed. (1911).
314:Chisholm, Hugh
310:
296:
276:
273:
270:
269:
256:
243:
241:, 1989, p. 27.
227:
213:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
188:
185:
128:chief Homily (
64:Wanapum (also
49:
46:
36:people in the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
386:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
354:
345:
341:
338:
337:
333:
327:
326:
320:
315:
311:
309:
308:0-8160-3949-6
305:
301:
297:
295:
294:0-8061-3430-5
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
274:
266:
260:
257:
253:
247:
244:
240:
236:
231:
228:
224:
218:
215:
208:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
182:
177:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
143:
139:
138:Yakima County
135:
134:Priest Rapids
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:Yuyunipitqana
111:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
45:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
21:
369:1810s births
323:
299:
281:
264:
259:
251:
246:
234:
230:
222:
217:
180:
178:
170:Chief Joseph
166:
155:
123:
118:
114:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
65:
51:
23:
19:
18:
374:1895 deaths
344:HistoryLink
193:John Slocum
126:Walla Walla
353:Categories
284:. Norman:
275:References
142:Yakima War
62:Shahaptian
340:Biography
90:Smo-halla
68:; called
48:Biography
288:, 1989.
187:See also
181:Yo-Yonan
119:Waipshwa
102:Smowalla
94:Shmoqula
86:Smohalla
44:region.
20:Smohalla
162:Wanapum
98:Smuxale
82:Kuk-kia
78:Wak-wei
66:Wanapam
54:Wallula
25:Wanapum
306:
292:
198:Wovoka
174:Yakama
158:Mormon
70:Sokulk
32:among
209:Notes
147:Moses
130:Homli
304:ISBN
290:ISBN
149:, a
106:IPA:
88:(or
342:at
80:or
72:by
40:’s
355::
322:.
104:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.