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The prognosis for the casualties depends on the degree of the pulmonary damage. All exposed individuals should be kept under observation for 8 hours. Most affected individuals recover within several days, with some symptoms persisting for up to 1-2 weeks. Severe cases can suffer of reduced pulmonary
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of the upper airways. Damage of the lower airways can manifest itself later as well, due to fine particles of zinc chloride and traces of phosgene. In high concentrations the smoke can be very dangerous when inhaled. Symptoms include
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of other materials than dyes. Generally the same type of pyrotechnic composition as for colored smokes is used, with the dye being replaced by the desired chemical. The devices usually have the form of
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Its toxicity is caused mainly by the content of strongly acidic hydrochloric acid, but also due to thermal effects of reaction of zinc chloride with water. These effects cause
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Smoke compositions used as obscurants generate large amount of thick, usually white, smoke. The most common smoke composition for pyrotechnic generation of
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composition can be used for signalling. These are usually based on a low-temperature burning pyrotechnic composition, mixed with a
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that gets vaporized and creates large, colored smoke particles. The composition is often based on an oxidizer (e.g.
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28:. Smoke compositions are used as obscurants or for generation of signaling smokes. Some are used as a payload of
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function for some months, the worst cases developing marked dyspnea and cyanosis leading to death.
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is a popular base for smoke production. It is used in artillery shells, bombs, and grenades.
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Respirators are required for people coming into contact with the zinc chloride smoke.
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in the air. The smoke also contains traces of organic chlorinated compounds,
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Zinc chloride smoke is grey-white and consists of tiny particles of
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may develop. The smoke and the spent canisters contain suspected
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94:. The smoke consists of zinc chloride, zinc oxychlorides, and
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The best known such application of smoke compositions is in
262:, which has fire extinguishing properties. Two-kilograms
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In agriculture, smoke compositions are used to disperse
258:, generates thick smoke composed of particles of mainly
74:. The most common mixture for generating these is the
238:Smoke with a suitable composition can be used as a
278:Smoke compositions can be used also for creating
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351:Smoke compositions can be also used for
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325:. Some agents used in this manner are
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363:for the moisture to precipitate.
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298:. The agent used is most often
24:designed primarily to generate
385:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
302:, with less used alternatives
1:
226:), an optional coolant (e.g.
379:Russell, Michael S. (2009).
76:zinc chloride smoke mixture
56:zinc chloride smoke mixture
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382:The Chemistry of Fireworks
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43:
361:cloud condensation nuclei
230:), and one or more dyes.
412:Pyrotechnic compositions
422:Fire suppression agents
274:Dispersion of chemicals
244:pyrotechnic composition
22:pyrotechnic composition
240:fire suppression agent
220:potassium perchlorate
130:, retrosternal pain,
353:weather modification
294:, for dispersion of
150:, and in some cases
296:lachrymatory agents
260:potassium carbonate
98:, which absorb the
66:Zinc chloride smoke
250:, composed of 15%
234:Fire extinguishing
228:sodium bicarbonate
212:potassium chlorate
256:potassium nitrate
216:potassium nitrate
96:hydrochloric acid
82:), consisting of
18:smoke composition
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397:
396:
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222:), a fuel (e.g.
186:White phosphorus
181:White phosphorus
164:bronchopneumonia
123:mucous membranes
84:hexachloroethane
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108:carbon monoxide
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44:Main article:
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34:smoke grenades
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148:expectoration
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72:zinc chloride
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52:smoke screens
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335:chlorpyrifos
331:cypermethrin
319:insecticides
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292:riot control
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268:firefighters
248:black powder
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140:lachrymation
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46:Smoke screen
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344:, and some
285:smoke bombs
246:similar to
168:carcinogens
152:haemoptysis
30:smoke bombs
406:Categories
367:References
346:fumigation
327:permethrin
323:fungicides
196:See also:
192:Signalling
154:. Delayed
132:hoarseness
92:zinc oxide
86:, grained
40:Obscurants
355:, namely
88:aluminium
348:agents.
339:imazalil
312:Adamsite
254:and 85%
252:charcoal
160:cyanosis
112:chlorine
104:phosgene
100:moisture
280:aerosol
224:lactose
136:stridor
128:dyspnea
121:of the
119:lesions
54:is the
389:
341:, etc.
308:CN gas
304:CR gas
300:CS gas
110:, and
417:Smoke
218:, or
144:cough
26:smoke
20:is a
387:ISBN
321:and
310:and
242:. A
90:and
32:and
208:dye
162:or
62:).
408::
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287:.
270:.
214:,
202:A
170:.
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114:.
106:,
80:HC
60:HC
36:.
16:A
395:.
78:(
58:(
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