92:
3524:
277:
persists despite stopping smoking, this is usually then considered to be a true leukoplakia rather than a reactionary keratitis, and may trigger the decision to carry out a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. Since this condition almost always develops in the setting of long term heavy smoking, it usually indicates the need for regular observation for cancers associated with smoking, e.g. lung cancer.
148:
is normally worn while smoking, then the mucosa underneath the denture appears unaffected by the condition. In severe cases, the mucosa may show fissuring and develop a "dried lake bed" appearance. Other changes associated with tobacco use may be evident such as brown or black extrinsic staining of
276:
When the appearance is caused by heat, the lesion is usually completely reversible within a few weeks if the smoking habit is stopped. This is the case even if the condition has been present for decades. Without stopping smoking, spontaneous remission of the lesion is unlikely. If the lesion
173:
A similar, but more pronounced palatal keratosis occurs with reverse smoking. This is where the lit end of the cigar or cigarette is held in the mouth, another form of smoking associated with high levels of heat in the mouth. This form of the condition is sometimes termed "reverse smoker's
285:
The condition is uncommon. It occurs usually in elderly males who have a history of heavy pipe smoking, but it also can occur in cigar or cigarette smokers. The condition was once common, but has become more rare as habits such as pipe and cigar smoking have decreased in popularity.
189:). Some sources do not distinguish between reverse smoker's keratosis and smoker's palate that is caused by heat. As such, these sources tend to state that stomatitis nicotina is a premalignant condition. Some reports show that there is an increased risk of
736:
169:
can also cause a similar condition. The severity of the changes correlates with the frequency of the habit. The prevalence depends on a society's use of consuming hot beverages and of smoking in its various forms.
3300:
1938:
2120:
1167:
2125:
3558:
3290:
654:
3434:
779:
2752:
1950:
1901:
124:. While stomatitis nicotina that is caused by heat is not a premalignant condition (i.e. it does not carry an increased risk of transformation to
2789:
623:
485:
329:
2435:
2278:
3573:
3285:
1552:
1036:
2679:
395:
3419:
3235:
1312:
696:
523:
405:
375:
686:
3396:
2654:
2591:
2586:
2468:
1896:
1876:
788:
3568:
3484:
2500:
2137:
1591:
3537:
3459:
3355:
3335:
2485:
2320:
3401:
3071:
2325:
3270:
3133:
1849:
1458:
1162:
1147:
1085:
1031:
954:
772:
513:
3245:
2377:
2340:
2070:
1351:
1263:
300:
226:
3330:
3147:
2917:
2387:
2335:
2142:
2075:
1844:
1344:
1339:
1290:
3230:
3205:
2996:
2782:
2392:
2110:
2014:
1485:
949:
3160:
2699:
2478:
2463:
2159:
2115:
2060:
1933:
1891:
1659:
1505:
658:
2532:
1864:
161:. The chemicals in tobacco may act as irritants in this condition. Chronic heat exposure is also responsible.
3280:
2922:
2831:
2596:
2397:
2362:
2188:
2055:
1859:
1639:
1480:
1426:
1356:
1278:
1258:
1245:
1222:
765:
182:
140:
or nodules that are slightly elevated with red dots in their center. These red dots represent the ducts of
3424:
3295:
2968:
2897:
2892:
2847:
2742:
2709:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2309:
2236:
2192:
2088:
2083:
1869:
1699:
1694:
1669:
1515:
1446:
1273:
1182:
1100:
827:
547:
214:
1366:
1090:
3360:
3155:
2857:
2551:
2453:
2065:
1943:
1923:
1805:
1764:
1627:
1615:
1564:
1227:
141:
3255:
1300:
295:
3411:
3391:
3307:
3087:
2963:
2927:
2872:
2862:
2775:
2649:
2288:
2273:
1839:
1772:
1378:
1110:
221:
for a more complete discussion). Specific conditions which can produce a similar appearance include
91:
3532:
3214:
3097:
2912:
2907:
2704:
2440:
2420:
2410:
2283:
2216:
2098:
2093:
2019:
1918:
1571:
1495:
1334:
1283:
1232:
1212:
1125:
1115:
1016:
874:
245:
222:
981:
181:. That is, the condition is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation to oral
3504:
3464:
3209:
3107:
3102:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2975:
2947:
2826:
2747:
2601:
2405:
2221:
2169:
2130:
1827:
1743:
1674:
1383:
1207:
1187:
1140:
1026:
971:
934:
924:
909:
839:
578:
234:
165:
produces more heat on the palate than any other forms of smoking. Long-term drinking of very hot
2694:
2669:
2330:
655:"Frictional, Chemical, & Thermal Keratosis, from Bond's Book of Oral Diseases, 4th Edition"
256:
may fill some ducts. It is characterized as a "fissured" or "dried mud" appearance from excess
112:, usually pipe or cigar smoking. It is painless, and it is caused by a response of the palatal
3479:
3322:
3275:
3123:
3092:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3021:
3011:
2942:
2937:
2445:
2034:
1999:
1832:
1728:
1586:
1510:
1217:
1157:
1120:
1095:
944:
822:
817:
692:
619:
570:
519:
481:
455:
401:
371:
325:
80:
3563:
3527:
3509:
3386:
3350:
3250:
3240:
3225:
3041:
2932:
2902:
2887:
2867:
2852:
2821:
2415:
2050:
2040:
2004:
1913:
1664:
1603:
1537:
1527:
1475:
1373:
1268:
1105:
562:
445:
230:
190:
3340:
3220:
3170:
3128:
2882:
2877:
2798:
2571:
2357:
2152:
2045:
1881:
1800:
1780:
1704:
1689:
1559:
1463:
1431:
1402:
1324:
1250:
1046:
929:
919:
864:
849:
117:
109:
3489:
2737:
2689:
2659:
2527:
2458:
2425:
2147:
1886:
1620:
1500:
1295:
1080:
893:
261:
241:
17:
205:
The diagnosis is normally made based upon the clinical appearance and history. Tissue
3552:
3454:
3312:
3165:
2639:
2517:
2345:
2164:
1928:
1908:
1817:
1684:
1644:
1441:
1202:
1177:
1152:
1130:
914:
904:
869:
566:
210:
85:
582:
3499:
3494:
3180:
2490:
2266:
2261:
2246:
2226:
2196:
2029:
1738:
1679:
1610:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1453:
1414:
1406:
1021:
976:
961:
859:
854:
757:
197:
and tumors of the posterior oral cavity in people who develop stomatitis nicotina.
175:
162:
3469:
3429:
3374:
3265:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2581:
2576:
2507:
1581:
1542:
1361:
1237:
1197:
1065:
986:
966:
249:
218:
194:
186:
157:
The cause of nicotine stomatitis is thought to be chemical or thermally induced
125:
113:
105:
2644:
2430:
2256:
2024:
1854:
1795:
1733:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1649:
1632:
1576:
1547:
1468:
1329:
1307:
1192:
1172:
745:
450:
433:
253:
248:
of excretory ducts, which results in the visible papules if the ducts become
3345:
2512:
2495:
2231:
2009:
1812:
1436:
1319:
939:
834:
812:
265:
158:
574:
459:
368:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
209:
is not usually indicated unless there are areas of ulceration or localized
3474:
3185:
3175:
2522:
2473:
2241:
1994:
1975:
1955:
1776:
1654:
1598:
844:
657:. The Maxillofacial Center for Diagnostics & Research. Archived from
432:
Vellappally, S; Fiala, Z; Smejkalová, J; Jacob, V; Somanathan, R (2007).
166:
728:
710:
Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and
Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.
2608:
2566:
2251:
2211:
2105:
1979:
1768:
1135:
257:
145:
2350:
1822:
1410:
1005:
740:
206:
178:
137:
144:
which have become inflamed by heat. The condition is painless. If a
128:), the condition that is caused by reverse smoking is premalignant.
2767:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
320:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
2771:
2726:
2625:
2549:
2307:
2186:
1972:
1762:
1400:
1063:
1003:
891:
799:
761:
370:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 287.
240:
If a biopsy is taken, the histopathologic appearance is one of
120:, sometimes distinguished from stomatitis nicotina by the term
801:
116:
to chronic heat. A more pronounced appearance can occur with
515:
Oral cancer : diagnosis, management, and rehabilitation
476:
James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).
3301:
Protocol to
Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
149:
teeth from tar and other components of tobacco smoke.
400:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
136:
The palate may appear gray or white and contain many
718:
561:(4). The American Academy of Oral Medicine: 179–82.
3447:
3410:
3373:
3321:
3194:
3146:
3116:
3080:
2984:
2956:
2840:
2814:
2805:
722:
478:
79:
37:
32:
2201:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
397:Diagnostic surgical pathology of the head and neck
680:
678:
676:
2556:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1168:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
361:
2783:
2126:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
773:
541:
539:
537:
535:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
343:
341:
8:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
555:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
434:"Smoking related systemic and oral diseases"
389:
387:
3291:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
217:is with other causes of white lesions (see
3379:
3198:
2811:
2790:
2776:
2768:
2723:
2622:
2546:
2304:
2183:
1969:
1759:
1397:
1060:
1000:
888:
796:
780:
766:
758:
719:
548:"Oral Changes Associated with Tobacco Use"
90:
29:
471:
469:
449:
2753:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
1902:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
312:
1939:As a manifestation of systemic disease
618:. New York: Humana Press. p. 46.
7:
1785:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
616:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
2436:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2279:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
691:(2nd ed.). Stuttgart: Thieme.
3559:Conditions of the mucous membranes
3286:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1553:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1037:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
546:G Taybos; K Crews (28 July 2008).
480:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 800.
25:
3523:
3522:
3397:Smoking bans in private vehicles
2655:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
2592:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2587:Central hypoventilation syndrome
2469:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
1897:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
1877:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
789:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
567:10.1097/00000441-200310000-00005
518:. New York: Thieme. p. 12.
104:is a diffuse white patch on the
3485:Smoking in association football
2501:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2138:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
1592:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
3460:Tobacco consumption by country
3356:Smoking and female infertility
2486:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
2321:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
614:Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010).
58:Leukokeratosis nicotina palate
1:
3402:Tobacco-free college campuses
2680:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
2629:Soft tissues around the mouth
2326:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
688:Pocket atlas of oral diseases
244:and acanthosis. There may be
3271:Smoking and male infertility
1850:Gingival cyst of the newborn
1459:Failure of eruption of teeth
1163:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1148:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1086:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1032:Palatal cysts of the newborn
955:Transient lingual papillitis
3246:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2378:Salivary gland diverticulum
2341:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
1352:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1264:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
301:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
227:discoid lupus erythematosus
122:reverse smoker's stomatitis
3590:
3331:Breastfeeding difficulties
2388:Salivary gland hyperplasia
2336:HIV salivary gland disease
1845:Gingival cyst of the adult
1291:Oral florid papillomatosis
394:Gnepp, Douglas R. (2009).
3574:Health effects of tobacco
3518:
3382:
3236:Schizophrenia and smoking
3231:Prevalence of tobacco use
3206:Health effects of tobacco
3201:
2733:
2722:
2635:
2627:Orofacial soft tissues –
2621:
2562:
2545:
2393:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2316:
2303:
2207:
2182:
2121:Bisphosphonate-associated
2015:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
1990:
1968:
1791:
1758:
1486:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
1422:
1396:
1076:
1059:
1012:
999:
950:Median rhomboid glossitis
900:
887:
808:
795:
685:Laskaris, George (2006).
512:Werning, John W. (2007).
451:10.14712/18059694.2017.76
322:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
3161:Islamic views on tobacco
2700:Orofacial granulomatosis
2479:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
2464:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
2398:Salivary gland neoplasms
2189:Temporomandibular joints
2160:Periapical periodontitis
1892:Linear gingival erythema
1660:Regional odontodysplasia
1506:Enamel hypocalcification
3281:Tobacco-free pharmacies
2597:Obstructive sleep apnea
2363:Salivary duct stricture
2143:Paget's disease of bone
1640:Pulp canal obliteration
1481:Dentin hypersensitivity
1427:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1279:Squamous cell carcinoma
1259:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1246:Squamous cell papilloma
1223:Melanocytic oral lesion
183:squamous cell carcinoma
18:Smoker's keratosis
3569:Oral mucosal pathology
2743:Hemifacial hypertrophy
2710:Pyostomatitis vegetans
2383:Salivary gland fistula
2373:Salivary gland atresia
2368:Salivary gland aplasia
2222:Mandibular dislocation
2193:muscles of mastication
2071:Calcifying odontogenic
1700:Vertical root fracture
1695:Cracked tooth syndrome
1670:Shovel-shaped incisors
1565:Wisdom tooth impaction
1447:Early childhood caries
1313:Benign mucous membrane
1274:Spindle cell carcinoma
1183:Intraoral dental sinus
1101:Burning mouth syndrome
215:differential diagnosis
62:Palatal leukokeratosis
3538:Electronic cigarettes
3361:Smoking and pregnancy
3156:Smoking in Jewish law
2552:Stomatognathic system
2454:Acinic cell carcinoma
2076:Glandular odontogenic
1228:Molluscum contagiosum
174:keratosis", and is a
142:minor salivary glands
3392:List of smoking bans
3351:Ptosis of the breast
3308:World No Tobacco Day
2695:Oral Crohn's disease
2650:Basal cell carcinoma
2289:Condylar hyperplasia
2274:Maxillary hypoplasia
1840:Gingival enlargement
1773:periodontal ligament
1379:Verruciform xanthoma
1111:Condyloma acuminatum
324:. St. Louis: Mosby.
108:, usually caused by
46:Nicotinic stomatitis
3261:Stomatitis nicotina
3215:Nicotine withdrawal
2705:Perioral dermatitis
2441:Pleomorphic adenoma
2421:Monomorphic adenoma
2411:Canalicular adenoma
2284:Condylar hypoplasia
2217:Condylar resorption
2061:Lateral periodontal
2020:Mandibular fracture
1919:Periodontal abscess
1516:Turner's hypoplasia
1284:Verrucous carcinoma
1233:Morsicatio buccarum
1213:Lupus erythematosus
1126:Erythema multiforme
1042:Stomatitis nicotina
246:squamous metaplasia
213:(red patches). The
102:Stomatitis nicotina
54:Stomatitis palatini
42:Nicotine stomatitis
33:Stomatitis nicotina
3505:Nicotine marketing
3465:History of smoking
3412:Country and region
3256:Smoker's melanosis
3210:Nicotine poisoning
2748:Facial hemiatrophy
2602:Periodic breathing
2533:Sjögren's syndrome
2406:Basal cell adenoma
2170:Torus mandibularis
2148:Periapical abscess
2131:Osteoradionecrosis
2056:Buccal bifurcation
2035:Intraosseous cysts
1924:Periodontal trauma
1828:Pyogenic granuloma
1675:Supernumerary root
1628:Pulp calcification
1616:Premature eruption
1587:Odontogenic tumors
1384:White sponge nevus
1357:Submucous fibrosis
1301:Smoker's melanosis
1188:Irritation fibroma
1027:High-arched palate
935:Foliate papillitis
925:Cunnilingus tongue
910:Black hairy tongue
840:Congenital lip pit
296:Smoker's melanosis
235:oral lichen planus
132:Signs and symptoms
66:Smoker's keratosis
50:Nicotine palatinus
3546:
3545:
3480:Smoking fetishism
3443:
3442:
3369:
3368:
3323:Women and smoking
3276:Smoking cessation
3142:
3141:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2718:
2717:
2617:
2616:
2541:
2540:
2446:Sebaceous adenoma
2299:
2298:
2178:
2177:
2089:Median mandibular
2084:Nasopalatine duct
2000:Alveolar osteitis
1964:
1963:
1951:Perio-endo lesion
1833:Congenital epulis
1754:
1753:
1511:Enamel hypoplasia
1392:
1391:
1367:Riga–Fede disease
1218:Melanocytic nevus
1158:Hairy leukoplakia
1121:Epulis fissuratum
1055:
1054:
995:
994:
945:Geographic tongue
883:
882:
755:
754:
625:978-1-60327-519-4
487:978-0-7216-2921-6
366:Scully C (2013).
331:978-1-4160-2999-1
99:
98:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3581:
3526:
3525:
3510:Tobacco industry
3387:Inflight smoking
3380:
3241:Sidestream smoke
3226:Third-hand smoke
3199:
2812:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2769:
2724:
2623:
2547:
2416:Ductal papilloma
2305:
2184:
2081:Non-odontogenic:
2066:Globulomaxillary
2005:Buccal exostosis
1970:
1914:Peri-implantitis
1760:
1476:Dentin dysplasia
1398:
1374:Verruca vulgaris
1269:Mucosal melanoma
1116:Darier's disease
1091:Behçet's disease
1061:
1017:Bednar's aphthae
1001:
889:
875:Trumpeter's wart
797:
782:
775:
768:
759:
720:
703:
702:
682:
671:
670:
668:
666:
651:
630:
629:
611:
594:
593:
591:
589:
552:
543:
530:
529:
509:
492:
491:
473:
464:
463:
453:
429:
412:
411:
391:
382:
381:
363:
336:
335:
317:
268:is rarely seen.
231:oral candidiasis
223:Darier's disease
191:tonsillar cancer
95:
94:
74:Smoker's patches
30:
21:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3514:
3439:
3406:
3365:
3341:Cervical cancer
3317:
3221:Passive smoking
3190:
3171:Ceremonial pipe
3138:
3112:
3076:
2980:
2952:
2836:
2807:
2801:
2799:Tobacco smoking
2796:
2766:
2757:
2729:
2714:
2670:Ludwig's angina
2631:
2613:
2572:Mouth breathing
2558:
2537:
2358:Pneumoparotitis
2331:Frey's syndrome
2312:
2310:Salivary glands
2295:
2203:
2174:
2153:Phoenix abscess
1986:
1982:hard tissues –
1960:
1882:Hypercementosis
1801:Cementoblastoma
1787:
1750:
1464:Dens evaginatus
1418:
1388:
1340:Denture-related
1325:Plasmoacanthoma
1251:Keratoacanthoma
1072:
1070:Lining of mouth
1051:
1047:Torus palatinus
1008:
991:
972:Lingual thyroid
930:Fissured tongue
920:Crenated tongue
896:
879:
865:Nasolabial cyst
850:Herpes labialis
804:
791:
786:
756:
751:
750:
731:
717:
707:
706:
699:
684:
683:
674:
664:
662:
661:on 24 June 2013
653:
652:
633:
626:
613:
612:
597:
587:
585:
550:
545:
544:
533:
526:
511:
510:
495:
488:
475:
474:
467:
431:
430:
415:
408:
393:
392:
385:
378:
365:
364:
339:
332:
319:
318:
314:
309:
292:
283:
274:
203:
155:
134:
118:reverse smoking
110:tobacco smoking
89:
70:Smoker's palate
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3490:Smoking jacket
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3072:United Kingdom
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Eagle syndrome
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2660:Cystic hygroma
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:Sialolithiasis
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Adenocarcinoma
2456:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2426:Myoepithelioma
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:Traumatic bone
2096:
2094:Median palatal
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1887:Hypocementosis
1884:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1621:Neonatal teeth
1613:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1501:Ectopic enamel
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1296:Oral melanosis
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Bohn's nodules
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Amalgam tattoo
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
997:
996:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
898:
897:
892:
885:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
809:
806:
805:
800:
793:
792:
787:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
753:
752:
749:
748:
732:
727:
726:
724:
723:Classification
716:
715:External links
713:
712:
711:
705:
704:
697:
672:
631:
624:
595:
531:
524:
493:
486:
465:
413:
406:
383:
376:
337:
330:
311:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
298:
291:
288:
282:
279:
273:
270:
260:production by
242:hyperkeratosis
202:
199:
154:
151:
133:
130:
97:
96:
83:
77:
76:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3586:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Chain smoking
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3435:United States
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Breast cancer
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3313:Youth smoking
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Smoker's face
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Tobacco fatwa
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3134:United States
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:North America
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:South America
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Actinomycosis
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Sialodochitis
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:malocclusions
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Stafne defect
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:Osteonecrosis
2114:
2112:
2111:Osteomyelitis
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:Bones of jaws
1981:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:Periodontitis
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Pericoronitis
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Granulomatous
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Eruption cyst
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Pulp necrosis
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:Dens in dente
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1496:Discoloration
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Lichen planus
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
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1179:
1178:Herpes zoster
1176:
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1156:
1154:
1153:Fordyce spots
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:Erythroplakia
1129:
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915:Caviar tongue
913:
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905:Ankyloglossia
903:
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899:
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870:Sun poisoning
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86:Oral medicine
84:
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59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3500:Smoking room
3495:Tobacco pipe
3260:
3181:Kinnikinnick
2923:Saudi Arabia
2832:South Africa
2628:
2555:
2491:Sialadenitis
2450:
2402:
2267:Scissor bite
2262:Retrognathia
2247:Overeruption
2227:Malocclusion
2200:
2080:
2039:
2030:Micrognathia
1983:
1974:Periapical,
1860:Desquamative
1784:
1765:Periodontium
1739:Acid erosion
1680:Taurodontism
1611:Open contact
1523:Enamel pearl
1491:Dilaceration
1454:Concrescence
1255:
1242:
1069:
1041:
1022:Cleft palate
982:Microglossia
977:Macroglossia
962:Glossoptosis
860:Microcheilia
855:Macrocheilia
735:
687:
663:. Retrieved
659:the original
615:
586:. Retrieved
558:
554:
514:
477:
444:(3): 161–6.
441:
437:
396:
367:
321:
315:
284:
281:Epidemiology
275:
250:hyperplastic
239:
204:
176:premalignant
172:
163:Pipe smoking
156:
135:
121:
101:
100:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
3470:Smoking cap
3375:Smoking ban
3266:Smoking age
2969:New Zealand
2918:Philippines
2898:South Korea
2893:North Korea
2848:Afghanistan
2685:Microstomia
2675:Macrostomia
2665:Gnathophyma
2582:Catathrenia
2577:Sleep apnea
2508:Sialectasis
2051:Dentigerous
2041:Odontogenic
1870:Plasma cell
1806:Gigantiform
1582:Microdontia
1572:Macrodontia
1543:Hyperdontia
1238:Oral cancer
1198:Leukoplakia
1106:Candidiasis
1066:Oral mucosa
987:Rhabdomyoma
967:Hypoglossia
828:Plasma cell
665:1 September
438:Acta Medica
254:Neutrophils
219:leukoplakia
195:lung cancer
187:oral cancer
185:(a type of
126:oral cancer
114:oral mucosa
106:hard palate
38:Other names
3553:Categories
3533:Cigarettes
2858:East Timor
2808:and region
2645:Angioedema
2451:Malignant:
2431:Oncocytoma
2257:Prognathia
2046:periapical
2025:Microgenia
1976:mandibular
1934:Aggressive
1855:Gingivitis
1796:Cementicle
1734:Abfraction
1724:Tooth wear
1717:Edentulism
1712:Tooth loss
1665:Resorption
1650:Pulp polyp
1633:Pulp stone
1577:Meth mouth
1548:Hypodontia
1538:Gemination
1469:Talon cusp
1362:Ulceration
1330:Stomatitis
1308:Pemphigoid
1256:Malignant:
1208:Linea alba
1193:Leukoedema
1173:Herpangina
1141:Giant-cell
307:References
3420:Australia
3346:Menopause
3088:Argentina
2964:Australia
2928:Singapore
2873:Indonesia
2863:Hong Kong
2513:Sialocele
2496:Parotitis
2237:Open bite
2232:Crossbite
2010:Cherubism
1980:maxillary
1813:Cementoma
1744:Attrition
1560:Impaction
1528:Fluorosis
1437:Anodontia
1432:Ankylosis
1320:Pemphigus
940:Glossitis
835:Cleft lip
813:Cheilitis
588:31 August
272:Treatment
266:Dysplasia
201:Diagnosis
167:beverages
159:keratosis
81:Specialty
3528:Category
3475:Smokeasy
3186:Pipe bag
3176:Chanunpa
3148:Religion
3098:Colombia
2913:Pakistan
2908:Malaysia
2523:Sialosis
2474:Lymphoma
2346:Mucocele
2242:Overbite
1995:Agnathia
1956:Teething
1781:alveolus
1777:cementum
1729:Abrasion
1705:Occlusal
1690:Avulsion
1655:Pulpitis
1599:Odontoma
1345:Herpetic
1335:Aphthous
845:Eclabium
583:40189451
575:14557730
460:18254267
290:See also
3564:Smoking
3425:England
3108:Uruguay
3103:Ecuador
3037:Ireland
3032:Iceland
3027:Hungary
3017:Germany
3007:Finland
3002:Croatia
2997:Armenia
2992:Albania
2976:Tokelau
2957:Oceania
2948:Vietnam
2827:Nigeria
2806:Country
2609:Snoring
2567:Bruxism
2403:Benign:
2252:Overjet
2212:Bruxism
2106:Osteoma
1944:Chronic
1769:gingiva
1243:Benign:
1136:Fibroma
823:Angular
818:Actinic
258:keratin
146:denture
138:papules
3430:France
3296:MPOWER
3195:Health
3124:Canada
3093:Brazil
3067:Turkey
3062:Sweden
3057:Russia
3052:Norway
3047:Latvia
3022:Greece
3012:France
2985:Europe
2943:Turkey
2938:Taiwan
2815:Africa
2351:Ranula
1823:Epulis
1685:Trauma
1533:Fusion
1442:Caries
1415:enamel
1411:dentin
1006:Palate
894:Tongue
695:
622:
581:
573:
522:
484:
458:
404:
374:
328:
233:, and
207:biopsy
179:lesion
153:Causes
88:
72:, and
3448:Other
3042:Italy
2933:Syria
2903:Macau
2888:Japan
2868:India
2853:China
2822:Egypt
2728:Other
1403:Teeth
746:K13.2
579:S2CID
551:(PDF)
262:cells
3129:Cuba
2883:Iraq
2878:Iran
2841:Asia
2690:Noma
2195:and
1978:and
1783:) –
1407:pulp
802:Lips
693:ISBN
667:2013
620:ISBN
590:2013
571:PMID
520:ISBN
482:ISBN
456:PMID
402:ISBN
372:ISBN
326:ISBN
737:ICD
563:doi
559:326
446:doi
3555::
2554:–
2199:–
2191:,
1779:,
1775:,
1771:,
1413:,
1409:,
1068:–
744::
741:10
675:^
634:^
598:^
577:.
569:.
557:.
553:.
534:^
496:^
468:^
454:.
442:50
440:.
436:.
416:^
386:^
340:^
264:.
252:.
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229:,
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565::
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448::
410:.
380:.
334:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
