211:
172:
29:
195:. Though there are accounts of oil obtained from the fat of various vipers in the Western world, the claims of its effectiveness as a medicine have never been thoroughly examined, and its efficacy is unknown. It is also likely that much of the snake oil sold by Western entrepreneurs was illegitimate, and did not contain ingredients derived from any kind of snake. Snake oil in the United Kingdom and the United States probably contained modified
146:
276:
1036:
Su, Hai-xia; Yao, Sheng; Zhao, Wen-Feng; Li, Min-jun; Liu, Jia; Shang, Wei-Juan; Xie, Hang; Ke, Chang-Qiang; Hu, Hang-Chen; Gao, Mei-na; Yu, Kun-Qian; Liu, Hong; Shen, Jing-Shan; Tang, Wei; Zhang, Lei-ke; Xiao, Geng-fu; Ni, Li; Wang, Dao-wen; Zuo, Jian-Ping; Jiang, Hua-Liang; Bai, Fang; Wu, Yan; Ye,
54:
is a common label used to describe someone who sells, promotes, or is a general proponent of some valueless or fraudulent cure, remedy, or solution. The term comes from the "snake oil" that used to be sold as a cure-all elixir for many kinds of physiological problems. Many 18th-century
European and
369:
has since been established in popular culture as a reference to any worthless concoction sold as medicine, and has been extended to describe a wide-ranging degree of fraudulent goods, services, ideas, and activities such as worthless rhetoric in politics. By further extension, a
153:), printed in Spain: "The viper oil of Mesues. Take 2 pounds of live snakes and 2 pounds 3 ounces of sesame oil. Cook slowly, covered in a glazed pot, until meat pulls away from the bone. Strain and store. Uses: Cleans the skin, removes pimples, impetigo, and other defects."
127:. It has been suggested that the use of snake oil in the United States may have originated with Chinese railway laborers in the mid-19th century, who worked long days of physical toil. Chinese snake oil may have had real benefits due to its high concentration of the
2240:
246:
or a "toadie") will often attest to the value of the product in an effort to provoke buying enthusiasm. The "doctor" will leave town before his customers realize they have been cheated. This trope is associated with the
445:, stimulating sales across the United States, Russia, and China. However, the clinical studies on its effectiveness have been inconclusive. Su et al. published a report that the herbal substance has been shown
983:
835:
459:, published a contrasting report urging citizens not to purchase the herbal remedy as it had not been recommended for coronavirus antiviral treatment and treatment measures had not passed clinical trials.
168:. Thus, the widespread marketing and availability of dubiously advertised patent medicines without known properties or origin persisted in the US for a much greater number of years than in Europe.
210:
1091:
960:
719:
804:
991:
259:
was discovered to contain no actual snake oil, creating the notion that bottles of snake oil (and their salesmen) were essentially a fraud. That case took place in
171:
1301:
1198:
1014:
790:
William
Rockefeller, father to the first billionaire John D. was a literal snake oil salesman and con artist who sold 'cancer cures' to women door-to-door.
79:
that claimed to be a panacea were extremely common from the 18th century until the 20th century, particularly among vendors masking addictive drugs such as
864:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
2306:
2247:
590:
2211:
1180:
330:
1087:
929:
1405:
1657:
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142:
sea-snake oil was found to significantly improve the ability of mice to learn mazes, and their swimming endurance, over mice fed lard.
2260:
556:
771:
290:'s Snake Oil Liniment – produced by Clark Stanley, the "Rattlesnake King" – was tested by the United States government's
952:
884:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1635:
1432:
711:
1760:
164:
in 1712. There were no federal regulations in the United States concerning the safety and effectiveness of drugs until the 1906
2285:
2227:
1943:
1422:
801:
689:
685:
1279:
746:
400:
False health products described by medical experts as "snake oil" continue to be marketed during the 21st century, including
1117:
777:
2080:
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1547:
891:
871:
715:
342:
295:
116:
1903:
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Zhang, Guihua; Higuchi, Tomoyuki; Shirai, Nobuya; Suzuki, Hiramitsu; Shimizu, Eiji (2007). "Effect of Erabu Sea Snake
2313:
829:
67:
household herbs, spices, drugs, and compounds, but containing no snake-derived substances whatsoever) as "snake oil
2299:
2030:
1973:
1497:
138:; the rattlesnake oil later sold by charlatans did not contain a significant amount of omega−3. In a modern study,
20:
1022:
2340:
1913:
1360:
1143:
Secret remedies, what they cost and what they contain, based on analyses made for the
British Medical Association
325:
in 1906, Clark
Stanley's Snake Oil Liniment was examined by the Bureau of Chemistry, and found to be drastically
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1088:"A traditional Chinese remedy said to help fight Wuhan coronavirus sparks skepticism -- and panic buying"
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A historical reenactor representing a traveling snake oil salesman from the United States in 2014.
183:
oil had been commonly recommended for many afflictions, including the ones for which oil from the
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1983:
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72:
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1039:"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro of Shuanghuanglian preparations and bioactive ingredients"
882:
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has been accused of "selling snake oil" in some of its health products and recommendations.
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2020:
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1038:
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88:
455:"against a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2". However, another government media outlet,
333:
prosecution for peddling mineral oil in a fraudulent manner as snake oil. In his 1916
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2329:
2254:
2050:
1881:
1825:
1704:
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508:
503:
409:
287:
283:, fining Clark Stanley $ 20 for "misbranding" its "Clark Stanley Snake Oil Liniment".
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100:
32:
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1998:
1938:
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1013:
Phillips, James; Selzer, Jordan; Noll, Samantha; Alptunaer, Timur (31 March 2020).
362:. His plea was accepted, and as a result, he was fined $ 20 (about $ 560 in 2023).
307:
280:
260:
187:(pit viper), a type of viper native to America, was subsequently favored to treat
761:
298:(FDA) in 1916. It was found to contain: mineral oil, 1% fatty oil (assumed to be
230:: a traveling salesman purports to be a doctor (with false credentials), selling
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84:
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2241:
An
Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
2150:
1968:
1918:
1886:
1861:
1726:
1532:
1507:
1472:
1217:
1015:"Opinion : Covid-19 Has Closed Stores, but Snake Oil Is Still for Sale"
513:
452:
383:
303:
180:
120:
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645:
1908:
1467:
1442:
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160:
originated in
England, where a patent was granted to Richard Stoughton's
124:
68:
2155:
2055:
1988:
1898:
1851:
1818:
493:
413:
315:
161:
80:
629:
279:
A report of the 1917 decision of the United States
District Court for
1963:
299:
135:
96:
1537:
274:
243:
209:
170:
144:
139:
92:
27:
1158:
1162:
984:"Chinese Media Is Selling Snake Oil to Fight the Wuhan Virus"
55:
19th-century United States entrepreneurs advertised and sold
1610:
242:
evidence. To increase sales, an accomplice in the crowd (a
255:
that sparked the most controversy happened in 1917, when
920:
Berman, Michele R.; Boguski, Mark S. (31 January 2019).
953:"NASA just debunked Gwyneth Paltrow's latest snake oil"
354:(no contest) to the allegations against him, giving no
149:
A snake oil recipe from 1719/1751 (Juan de
Loeches,
2220:
2184:
2011:
1844:
1774:
1578:
1313:
1300:
1205:
329:and of limited value. As a result, Stanley faced
823:
821:
819:
817:
766:. CCC Publishing (published 2021). p. 117.
396:COVID-19 misinformation § Herbal treatments
179:In 18th-century Europe, especially in Britain,
1199:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
1174:
267:, long after and far away from the Old West.
175:Itinerant salesman in Rome draped with snakes
8:
103:as medication or products promoting health.
828:Chemistry, United States Bureau of (1917).
616:Lipids on the Swimming Endurance of Mice".
226:films, selling snake oil is portrayed as a
1310:
1181:
1167:
1159:
665:
663:
374:is commonly used in English to describe a
321:In 1916, subsequent to the passage of the
2307:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
2248:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
1062:
672:"Peddling Snake Oil; Investigative Files"
583:"Snake Oil Salesmen Were on to Something"
576:
574:
263:, and involved snake oil manufactured in
71:", making claims about its efficacy as a
2212:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
900:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
763:Beyond Esoteric: Escaping Prison Planet
544:
692:from the original on 21 September 2017
963:from the original on 13 February 2022
932:from the original on 14 February 2022
898:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
593:from the original on 18 November 2007
559:from the original on 13 February 2022
441:can prevent or treat infections from
7:
1094:from the original on 5 February 2020
831:Service and Regulatory Announcements
1118:"A History Of 'Snake Oil Salesmen'"
834:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
581:Graber, Cynthia (1 November 2007).
2261:James Randi Educational Foundation
1116:Gandhi, Lakshmi (26 August 2013).
618:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
14:
838:from the original on 23 July 2024
811:, August 26, 2013, Lakshmi Gandhi
802:A History Of 'Snake Oil Salesmen'
780:from the original on 16 July 2022
1658:Strauss–Howe generational theory
1636:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1433:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
435:claimed that the herbal product
2286:The Natural History of Quackery
2228:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1086:Gan, Nectar (1 February 2020).
760:Olsen, Brad (14 January 2021).
722:from the original on 8 May 2021
712:"The Long Struggle for the Law"
686:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
115:has for centuries been used in
16:Euphemism for false advertising
951:Belluz, Julia (23 June 2017).
747:University of California Press
670:Nickell, J (1 December 1998).
337:hearing instigated by federal
1:
1146:. British Medical Association
922:"Gwyneth Paltrow's Snake Oil"
741:Klauber, Laurence M. (1997).
207:, peddled literal snake oil.
2293:The Psychology of the Occult
1548:Traditional Chinese medicine
1423:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
1280:Superseded scientific theory
892:American Antiquarian Society
872:American Antiquarian Society
716:Food and Drug Administration
296:Food and Drug Administration
119:to treat joint pain such as
117:Chinese traditional medicine
1904:Electronic voice phenomenon
1761:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
1621:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
42:is a term used to describe
2372:
2300:The Ragged Edge of Science
2031:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
1974:Pseudoscientific metrology
1498:Miracle Mineral Supplement
1043:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
1037:Yang; Xu, Ye-Chun (2020).
393:
345:for Rhode Island, Stanley
59:(often mixed with various
21:Snake oil (disambiguation)
18:
1914:Facilitated communication
1196:
1055:10.1038/s41401-020-0483-6
416:) and treatments such as
271:From cure-all to quackery
2314:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1872:Biological transmutation
1792:Faster-than-light travel
1766:Enneagram of Personality
1732:Recovered-memory therapy
1616:9/11 conspiracy theories
614:(Laticauda semifasciata)
151:Tyrocinium Pharmaceticum
134:(EPA)—more than that of
50:, or a scam. Similarly,
2279:The Demon-Haunted World
2197:Bourgeois pseudoscience
1631:COVID-19 misinformation
1570:Young blood transfusion
1341:Anthroposophic medicine
555:. The Free Dictionary.
294:, the precursor to the
201:William Rockefeller Sr.
2111:Corentin Louis Kervran
1979:Rapid prompting method
1867:Biodynamic agriculture
1857:Aquatic ape hypothesis
1715:Historical negationism
1418:Doctrine of signatures
1285:True-believer syndrome
323:Pure Food and Drug Act
284:
251:. However, the famous
215:
176:
166:Pure Food and Drug Act
154:
95:-based concoctions or
36:
2116:The Light (newspaper)
2101:William Donald Kelley
1994:Voice stress analysis
1626:Climate change denial
1565:Wind turbine syndrome
1560:Vertebral subluxation
1453:Germ theory denialism
1126:National Public Radio
807:21 April 2023 at the
410:Tibetan singing bowls
278:
213:
174:
148:
132:eicosapentaenoic acid
31:
2106:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
2066:Ignatius L. Donnelly
1737:Past life regression
1596:Arabian Judah theory
1543:Traditional medicine
1336:Alternative medicine
1265:Pathological science
1140:Behn, A. R. (1909).
926:www.medpagetoday.com
743:Rattlesnakes, vol II
553:"snake oil salesman"
113:Chinese water snakes
19:For other uses, see
2202:Demarcation problem
2036:Brigitte Boisselier
1665:Hollow Earth theory
1648:Generational theory
1346:Applied kinesiology
587:Scientific American
534:Turlington's Balsam
479:Dalby's Carminative
408:, products such as
406:dietary supplements
390:Modern implications
343:U.S. District Court
292:Bureau of Chemistry
257:Stanley's Snake Oil
238:, and supported by
205:John D. Rockefeller
44:deceptive marketing
2272:Skeptical Inquirer
2171:Paul Joseph Watson
2146:Hans Alfred Nieper
1984:Statement analysis
1934:Intelligent design
1809:Reactionless drive
1643:Conversion therapy
1591:Ancient astronauts
1478:Leaky gut syndrome
1458:HIV/AIDS denialism
1213:Cargo cult science
1019:The New York Times
994:on 5 February 2020
677:Skeptical Inquirer
433:Xinhua News Agency
372:snake oil salesman
285:
216:
177:
155:
129:omega−3 fatty acid
52:snake oil salesman
37:
2323:
2322:
2234:Cults of Unreason
2207:Scientific method
2136:Ministry of Ayush
2081:Nicholas Gonzalez
2007:
2006:
1944:Law of attraction
1924:Flat Earth theory
1804:Quantum mysticism
1744:Scientific racism
1700:Pseudoarchaeology
1606:Conspiracy theory
1304:characterized as
1248:Pseudomathematics
1238:Pseudoarchaeology
630:10.1159/000105450
529:Revalenta arabica
484:False advertising
429:COVID-19 pandemic
249:American Old West
240:pseudo-scientific
48:health care fraud
2363:
2341:Patent medicines
2176:Andrew Wakefield
1877:Creation science
1836:Water-fueled car
1798:Perpetual motion
1720:Holocaust denial
1690:Nibiru cataclysm
1685:Nazi archaeology
1488:Macrobiotic diet
1311:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1049:(9): 1167–1177.
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:on 1 April 2020.
1021:. Archived from
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
990:. Archived from
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
917:
911:
910:
908:
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658:
657:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
578:
569:
568:
566:
564:
549:
418:vaginal steaming
402:herbal medicines
234:with boisterous
228:confidence trick
203:, the father of
158:Patent medicines
99:, to be sold at
77:Patent medicines
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2216:
2192:Bogdanov affair
2180:
2160:Claude Vorilhon
2046:Robert Charroux
2021:Sucharit Bhakdi
2013:
2003:
1840:
1770:
1710:Genocide denial
1675:Japhetic theory
1670:Indigo children
1586:2012 phenomenon
1574:
1518:Patent medicine
1438:Energy medicine
1411:Colon cleansing
1396:Crystal healing
1331:Adrenal fatigue
1305:
1303:
1296:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1115:
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1095:
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1080:
1035:
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1007:
997:
995:
982:Palmer, James.
981:
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950:
949:
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935:
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919:
918:
914:
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902:
897:
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879:McCusker, J. J.
877:
867:
859:McCusker, J. J.
857:
855:
851:
841:
839:
827:
826:
815:
809:Wayback Machine
800:
796:
783:
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774:
759:
758:
754:
749:. p. 1050.
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546:
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524:Patent medicine
469:Beecham's Pills
465:
438:Shuanghuanglian
412:(when used for
398:
392:
351:nolo contendere
273:
109:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2185:Related topics
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2178:
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2168:
2166:Randolph Stone
2163:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Theodor Morell
2138:
2133:
2131:Joseph Mercola
2128:
2126:Jenny McCarthy
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:Graham Hancock
2088:
2086:Goop (company)
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Vernon Coleman
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2053:
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1826:Teleportation
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1754:Melanin theory
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1695:Parapsychology
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1579:Social science
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1528:Primal therapy
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1500:
1495:
1493:Magnet therapy
1490:
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232:fake medicines
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2121:Mike Lindell
2041:Rhonda Byrne
2012:Promoters of
1999:Water memory
1939:Laundry ball
1831:Tractor beam
1787:Cold fusion
1483:Lunar effect
1428:Ear candling
1376:Chiropractic
1366:Bloodletting
1356:Bates method
1326:Aromatherapy
1289:
1274:
1255:Junk science
1148:. Retrieved
1142:
1129:. Retrieved
1121:
1096:. Retrieved
1081:
1046:
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1031:
1023:the original
1018:
1008:
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992:the original
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965:. Retrieved
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925:
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840:. Retrieved
830:
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281:Rhode Island
261:Rhode Island
217:
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156:
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110:
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38:
35:'s Snake Oil
25:
2026:Del Bigtree
1513:Panchagavya
1503:Naturopathy
1371:Body memory
1321:Acupuncture
1206:Terminology
1122:Code Switch
905:29 February
876:1700–1799:
856:1634–1699:
427:During the
339:prosecutors
197:mineral oil
185:rattlesnake
85:amphetamine
57:mineral oil
2330:Categories
2266:Quackwatch
2096:David Icke
2076:Max Gerson
2071:Gaia, Inc.
1959:Numerology
1954:Lysenkoism
1949:Levitation
1929:Graphology
1814:Dean drive
1749:Aryan race
1680:Mediumship
1555:Trepanning
1523:Phrenology
1463:Homeopathy
1361:Biorhythms
1260:Paranormal
1098:6 February
842:20 October
726:4 December
696:4 December
540:References
499:Homeopathy
394:See also:
327:overpriced
312:turpentine
218:A popular
189:rheumatism
2346:Ointments
2221:Resources
2151:Mehmet Oz
1969:Polygraph
1919:Feng shui
1887:Dianetics
1862:Astrology
1727:Pseudolaw
1533:Radionics
1508:Palmistry
1473:Iridology
1275:Snake oil
1218:Charlatan
1150:25 August
638:0250-6807
514:Nine oils
453:cytotoxic
384:charlatan
367:snake oil
365:The term
356:admission
304:capsaicin
121:arthritis
111:Oil from
40:Snake oil
2351:Metaphor
1909:Eugenics
1892:Auditing
1468:Humorism
1443:Fad diet
1391:Cryonics
1351:Ayurveda
1314:Medicine
1270:Quackery
1092:Archived
1073:32737471
961:Archived
930:Archived
881:(1992).
861:(1997).
836:Archived
805:Archived
778:Archived
720:Archived
690:Archived
654:39274963
646:17622788
597:26 March
591:Archived
557:Archived
519:Orvietan
463:See also
448:in vitro
380:huckster
253:judgment
125:bursitis
69:liniment
65:inactive
2056:Clonaid
1989:Ufology
1899:Dowsing
1852:Alchemy
1819:EMDrive
1775:Physics
1401:Cupping
1302:Topics
1090:. CNN.
1064:7393338
998:3 April
967:15 June
936:15 June
784:16 July
563:29 June
494:Hadacol
414:healing
347:pleaded
341:in the
331:federal
316:camphor
224:Western
107:History
97:elixirs
89:alcohol
81:cocaine
73:panacea
1964:Orgone
1131:6 July
1071:
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644:
636:
451:to be
431:, the
314:, and
300:tallow
162:elixir
136:salmon
91:, and
61:active
2336:Fraud
1845:Other
1538:Reiki
1223:Crank
888:(PDF)
868:(PDF)
684:(4).
650:S2CID
382:, or
376:quack
360:guilt
335:civil
306:from
244:shill
220:trope
181:viper
140:erabu
93:opium
2356:Oils
2156:Raël
1152:2020
1133:2014
1100:2024
1069:PMID
1000:2020
969:2021
938:2021
907:2024
844:2020
786:2022
768:ISBN
728:2011
698:2011
642:PMID
634:ISSN
599:2021
565:2021
489:Goop
422:Goop
191:and
123:and
63:and
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1051:doi
957:Vox
626:doi
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