558:
763:
life history studies should be carried out, monitor population numbers should be monitored, the attributes of suitable habitat should be determined (qualities like the exact nature of the preferred substrate, the water temperature limits, pH, hardness, alkalinity etc.) and that long-term monitoring of discharge and temperature should be set up. If on the other hand, access continues to be denied, the recommendation was to attempt to set up a one-time visit to the spring in order to collect individuals for a captive
114:
67:
89:
31:
643:. In 1981, the colony of Socorro springsnails was found to occupy not only the source, but also the outflow tributary about 2.5 m (8 ft) long to an irrigation ditch. No snails were found in the irrigation flow itself however. In 1991, the total population of the Socorro springsnail in the spring outflow was estimated at 5,000 individuals.
724:
The population of the
Socorro springsnail is thought to be limited to a single pool which is less than 1 m in area, and an outflow ditch about 2.5 m (8 ft) in length. Several of the springs that formerly contained the Socorro springsnail have been impounded, and this has eliminated the
338:, USA. Its survival is seriously endangered because its habitat is both vulnerable and severely threatened. The current status of the population of this snail and its habitat area is unknown. The Socorro springsnail has been listed as endangered by the governments of the United States and New Mexico.
728:
Perhaps the greatest threat facing this species is the potential loss of water flow. Excessive pumping from the aquifer that supplies water to the springs could destroy both the springs themselves and the species along with them. Potential pollution of the spring could negatively impact this species
774:
which allows the authorities to acquire land as necessary if it is "critical habitat" for the conservation of a listed species, because it was felt in this situation that making the land public would actually expose the remaining population to an even greater risk of extinction from threats such as
762:
and impacts caused by their actions were not specifically identified as a threat. However the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service recommendations for further actions suggested that efforts should continue in an attempt to gain access to the spring. If and when access is granted, it was recommended that
753:
of 1973. Because of the extremely limited distribution, the recovery strategy for this species has its foundation in the maintenance of their habitat. While it is possible that additional populations might be established in other thermal springs, this possibility is contingent upon finding springs
624:
The principal spring source where the
Socorro springsnail is currently found has been impounded (artificially enclosed, blocked off or dammed), and this has reduced the flowing-water habitat to a very small pool. Only one tiny spring source remains, and this has a small improved pool (less than
596:, but the date and cause of the extinction are uncertain. The species has been reported from other springs in Socorro County (Landye 1981), although there is disagreement on whether the species historically occurred there. Currently, the Socorro springsnail is known from only one spring: the
757:
The locality is on private land and access to the spring has been denied since 1995. Because of this, the recent population numbers are unknown, the status of the habitat is unknown, and the magnitude of current threats is also unknown. Lack of cooperation by the private
514:
range from black or dark gray at the base, to pale gray at the tips. Female snails are larger than males. In the male, the penis has a long glandular strip on the terminal lobe, a long penial gland, and three shorter dorsal glandular strips. A detailed description of the
716:
capabilities, which means it has little or no ability to find, and disperse to, other suitable habitats, or to move out of a habitat where the conditions have changed such that it is no longer suitable. Consequently, these snails are unable to avoid
625:
1 m in area), with a water temperature of 17 °C. The species is abundant on rootlets in this pool, but is not found in the ditches and ponds radiating from the spring into irrigation structures. Other mollusks found in the vicinity include
754:
within the species’ presumed historic range that have the physical and biologic attributes, including terrestrial habitat components, that the springsnail requires to survive, and which do not support their own endemic fauna.
613:
The
Socorro springsnail is entirely aquatic, occurring in low-velocity (slow-moving) water near spring sources in a thermal habitat, i.e. near hot springs. More precisely, it is found in the uppermost layer of an organic
700:
or alteration. Potential threats to the species include all activities that would significantly reduce either spring flow or availability of the food source that supports this springsnail species. Alterations to the
341:
Very little is known about this snail in general, because of its minute size, its very restricted range, and the fact that the places where it currently lives are on private property which allows no access.
1364:
545:(a strong rasping feeding ribbon covered in microscopic teeth) is of taenioglossan type (seven teeth in each row, i.e. one middle, two laterals and 4 marginals.) The radula of
745:
The State of New Mexico listed the
Socorro springsnail as endangered, group 2, on March 28, 1985 (Section 17—2—37 through 17—2—46 NMSA 1978). On October 30, 1991, the
1132:
Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final rule to list the
Alamosa springsnail and the Socorro springsnail as endangered. Federal Register 56:49646—49649
1258:
1399:
362:(1822 Essex, England - 1882, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) and were likely collected in the 19th century. The species was formally described and named
409:
continuous, the outer margin regularly arched, inner margin straight, slightly thickened. Length 1.6, diam. 1.3 mm.; longest axis of aperture about 1 mm.
483:
that is light tan and short-spired, in other words the shell is low and rounded, without much of a pointed "tip" to it. The shell has 3.5–4.5
1034:
1232:
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787:. The 1994 recovery plan is out of date and needs to be revised and updated. It was recommended that a separate plan should be created.
448:
516:
456:
1336:
1369:
737:, decreased spring discharge, or a change in water chemistry, are a newly recognized threat that could eliminate the species.
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780:
746:
709:, or could modify the habitat or food source. This could have a devastating impact on the existing populations of the snail.
358:. The collector and date of the unique first sample are unknown. Specimens came from the collection of American mineralogist
1276:
764:
71:
652:
416:
113:
821:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 10 March 2015.
574:
427:, with a narrow aperture, straight inner lip and less impressed suture. Nearly all of the shells are eroded, the
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being deeply corroded in fully adult individuals. This gives an abrupt outline of the suture, in front view.
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The limited range and precise habitat demands of the
Socorro springsnail makes this species vulnerable to
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975:
North
American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): redescription and the systematic relationships of
966:
705:, springs, or associated runs could cause a reduction in water flow, a change in water temperature or
534:(a comb-like respiratory apparatus) which in this species has 20 tall and narrow ctenidial filaments.
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A decision was made by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service not to implement the part of the
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957:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Coctract No. 68-03-1280, EPA-600/3-82-026, 294 pp.
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1069:. New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin 116, Socorro, New Mexico.
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Report to the state of New Mexico on a status investigation of mollusks in New Mexico
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1099:
Socorro
Springsnail (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation
836:
1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. 50 CFR Part 17.11 & 17.12.
697:
646:
The snail had formerly occurred throughout the thermal springs west of the city of
415:, in warm springs. Types no. 121,113 in the Wheatley collection, deposited in Mus.
367:
320:
688:, in other words, they lay eggs. They probably deposit eggs in spring and summer.
381:, the text where the species is officially named and described, reads as follows:
779:
had not yet been written for the species as of 2008, as was directed by the 1994
1323:
1297:
1245:
718:
665:
615:
351:
324:
195:
185:
1187:
1031:
A review of the North American freshwater snail genus Pyrgulopsis (Hydrobiidae)
941:. New Mexico Ecological Services State Office, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 24 pp.
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585:. The original specimen of the Socorro springsnail reportedly came from a
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This article incorporates public domain text from reference and a
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is pale. The height of the shell is 1.6–2.3 mm, and its
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1112:“List of Threatened and Endangered Species” NMAC 19.33.6.8(G)(1)
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in Socorro County, New Mexico, where it was located in 1979.
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and perhaps could also cause its extinction. The effects of
725:
precise habitat that is critical for the species’ survival.
1006:
Handbook of Species Endangered in New Mexico, Santa Fe, NM
955:
Freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of North America
519:
of this snail species was provided by Hershler in 1994.
886:. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, NM.
421:
This species, known by many specimens, is smaller than
479:
The Socorro springsnail has an elongate-ovate conical
350:
The Socorro springsnail was originally described from
330:
This tiny snail previously inhabited a small group of
1041:. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 554: 115 pp.
775:
vandalism and collection by unauthorized parties. A
676:
which is found on the surface of plants and debris.
650:, living in the same habitats as the Socorro isopod
1171:
510:and tentacles are dark gray to black in color. The
1067:Fresh-water mollusks from New Mexico and vicinity
749:also listed this species as endangered under the
855:New species of Amnicola from New Mexico and Utah
721:or other unfavorable changes to their habitat.
383:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1004:New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 1985.
1152:) at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service webpage
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
938:Socorro and Alamosa Springsnail recovery plan
8:
549:was described in detail by Hershler (1994).
393:, rather solid. Surface smooth, not glossy.
389:is very small, minutely perforate, globose,
1365:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
684:The females of the Socorro springsnail are
1159:
783:, which also covered another species, the
443:. In 1987, two other American zoologists,
87:
65:
29:
20:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
846:
844:
842:
712:This snail species has extremely limited
1148:Species profile of Socorro springsnail (
1121:, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
829:
827:
439:reclassified the Socorro springsnail as
405:ovate, strongly oblique, angular above.
1130:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991.
933:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
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806:
455:from the Florida State Museum (now the
672:and other materials that occur in the
1400:Endangered fauna of the United States
7:
800:work of the United States Government
865:-112.; Pilsbry H. A. (April) 1917.
813:Cordeiro J. & Perez K. (2011).
537:In all of the species in the genus
495:is reddish brown to amber, and the
449:National Museum of Natural History
14:
1102:. Albuquerque, New Mexico, 10 pp.
457:Florida Museum of Natural History
459:) assigned members of the genus
112:
1094:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
747:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1380:Molluscs of the United States
733:, if they include widespread
1395:Gastropods described in 1916
653:Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
435:In 1982, American zoologist
1385:Endemic fauna of New Mexico
561:Map of the distribution of
1416:
1390:Socorro County, New Mexico
589:near Socorro, New Mexico.
397:3, moderately convex, the
592:It is now extinct at the
250:
243:
224:
217:
109:Scientific classification
107:
85:
63:
54:
37:
28:
23:
441:Fontelicella neomexicana
264:Fontelicella neomexicana
1173:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
1150:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
1043:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
867:The Nautilus, volume 30
859:The Nautilus, volume 29
817:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
777:habitat management plan
563:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
547:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
491:is usually eroded. The
290:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
228:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
48:Pyrgulopsis neomexicana
1370:ESA endangered species
985:Call and Pilsbry, 1886
772:Endangered Species Act
751:Endangered Species Act
566:
433:
401:not deeply impressed.
372:Henry Augustus Pilsbry
360:Charles Moore Wheatley
560:
453:Fred Gilbert Thompson
72:Critically Endangered
581:in the southwestern
424:Amnicola micrococcus
364:Amnicola neomexicana
254:Amnicola neomexicana
24:Socorro springsnail
16:Species of gastropod
1096:(10 October) 2008.
1065:Taylor D. W. 1987.
981:Stimpson, 1865 and
882:Taylor D. W. 1983.
785:Alamosa springsnail
765:refugium population
640:Pisidium casertanum
526:by using a type of
517:reproductive system
413:Socorro, New Mexico
377:Pilsbry's original
356:Socorro, New Mexico
282:Socorro springsnail
210:P. neomexicana
57:Conservation status
1117:2016-03-04 at the
1037:2011-07-18 at the
1028:Hershler R. 1994.
567:
327:, the mud snails.
295:endangered species
1352:
1351:
1311:Open Tree of Life
1165:Taxon identifiers
989:The Nautilus, 101
853:(February) 1916.
834:Federal Register
802:from references.
634:Lymnaea modicella
370:(mollusk expert)
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166:Caenogastropoda
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575:Socorro County
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719:contaminants
711:
698:habitat loss
695:
683:
674:organic film
663:
651:
645:
638:
632:
626:
623:
621:or surface.
612:
591:
568:
562:
553:Distribution
546:
538:
536:
521:
505:
478:
468:
464:
463:, including
461:Fontelicella
460:
440:
434:
422:
420:
411:
384:
376:
368:malacologist
366:by American
363:
352:warm springs
349:
340:
329:
321:micromollusk
289:
288:
281:
279:
263:
253:
227:
225:
209:
208:
196:
47:
18:
1375:Pyrgulopsis
1324:SeaLifeBase
1298:NatureServe
1246:iNaturalist
983:Pyrgulopsis
967:Hershler R.
951:Burch J. B.
873:, figure 4.
666:herbivorous
577:in central
539:Pyrgulopsis
530:known as a
522:The animal
475:Description
469:Pyrgulopsis
417:A. N. S. P.
325:Hydrobiidae
197:Pyrgulopsis
186:Hydrobiidae
1359:Categories
791:References
760:land owner
703:watersheds
680:Life cycle
579:New Mexico
503:is ovate.
489:protoconch
336:New Mexico
297:of minute
162:Subclass:
156:Gastropoda
94:Endangered
42:view of a
714:dispersal
686:oviparous
619:substrate
532:ctenidium
512:tentacles
497:operculum
447:from the
407:Peristome
374:in 1916.
314:gastropod
307:operculum
204:Species:
132:Kingdom:
126:Eukaryota
40:apertural
1303:2.119723
1264:11294014
1188:Q2594262
1182:Wikidata
1115:Archived
1035:Archived
524:respires
501:aperture
403:Aperture
391:corneous
346:Taxonomy
293:, is an
245:Synonyms
182:Family:
146:Mollusca
142:Phylum:
136:Animalia
122:Domain:
77:IUCN 3.1
1342:1349887
1316:2892666
1238:2300036
978:Tryonia
871:plate V
735:drought
692:Threats
648:Socorro
609:Habitat
604:Ecology
571:endemic
317:mollusk
311:aquatic
305:and an
301:with a
269:Pilsbry
258:Pilsbry
238:, 1916)
236:Pilsbry
192:Genus:
172:Order:
152:Class:
97: (
75: (
1277:198378
1251:151087
1225:589011
1209:ECOS:
973:1987.
969:&
953:1982.
637:, and
543:radula
541:, the
487:. The
485:whorls
399:suture
395:Whorls
1337:WoRMS
1290:18977
1259:IRMNG
1202:7SYWH
991:(1):
670:algae
508:snout
481:shell
429:spire
387:shell
309:, an
44:shell
1329:1234
1285:IUCN
1272:ITIS
1233:GBIF
1212:2806
995:-32.
616:muck
528:gill
451:and
385:The
303:gill
280:The
1220:EoL
1197:CoL
863:111
573:to
354:in
319:or
99:ESA
46:of
1361::
1339::
1326::
1313::
1300::
1287::
1274::
1261::
1248::
1235::
1222::
1199::
1184::
1074:^
1050:^
1013:^
993:25
987:.
891:^
857:.
841:^
826:^
767:.
656:.
631:,
471:.
284:,
50:.
1134:.
1008:.
819:"
815:"
565:.
271:)
267:(
234:(
101:)
79:)
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