2562:, which states that the quantity of money multiplied by its velocity of circulation equals total purchasing power. Douglas was quite critical of this theory stating, "The velocity of the circulation of money in the ordinary sense of the phrase, is – if I may put it that way – a complete myth. No additional purchasing power at all is created by the velocity of the circulation of money. The rate of transfer from hand-to-hand, as you might say, of goods is increased, of course, by the rate of spending, but no more costs can be canceled by one unit of purchasing power than one unit of cost. Every time a unit of purchasing power passes through the costing system it creates a cost, and when it comes back again to the same costing system by the buying and transfer of the unit of production to the consuming system it may be cancelled, but that process is quite irrespective of what is called the velocity of money, so the categorical answer is that I do not take any account of the velocity of money in that sense." The Alberta Social Credit government published in a committee report what was perceived as an error in regards to this theory: "The fallacy in the theory lies in the incorrect assumption that money 'circulates', whereas it is issued against production, and withdrawn as purchasing power as the goods are bought for consumption."
2114:
rate of overhead charges in production due to the replacement of labour by capital in industry combined with a policy of full employment. Douglas did not suggest that inflation cannot be caused by too much money chasing too few consumer goods, but according to his analysis this is not the only cause of inflation, and inflation is systemic according to the rules of cost accountancy given overhead charges are constantly increasing relative to income. In other words, inflation can exist even if consumers have insufficient purchasing power to buy back all of production. Douglas claimed that there were two limits which governed prices, a lower limit governed by the cost of production, and an upper limit governed by what an article will fetch on the open market. Douglas suggested that this is the reason why deflation is regarded as a problem in orthodox economics because bankers and businessmen were very apt to forget the lower limit of prices.
3169:. Douglas did not believe that religion should be mandated by law or external compulsion. Practical Christian society is Trinitarian in structure, based upon a constitution where the constitution is an organism changing in relation to our knowledge of the nature of the universe. "The progress of human society is best measured by the extent of its creative ability. Imbued with a number of natural gifts, notably reason, memory, understanding and free will, man has learned gradually to master the secrets of nature, and to build for himself a world wherein lie the potentialities of peace, security, liberty and abundance." Douglas said that social crediters want to build a new civilization based upon absolute economic security for the individual – where "they shall sit every man under his vine and under his
1675:
goods and services, i.e., payment for work in progress. In other words, if production stops, distribution stops, and, as a consequence, a clear incentive exists to produce useless or superfluous articles in order that useful commodities already existing may be distributed. This perfectly simple reason is the explanation of the increasing necessity of what has come to be called economic sabotage; the colossal waste of effort which goes on in every walk of life quite unobserved by the majority of people because they are so familiar with it; a waste which yet so over-taxed the ingenuity of society to extend it that the climax of war only occurred in the moment when a culminating exhibition of organised sabotage was necessary to preserve the system from spontaneous combustion.
1700:
with the least amount of effort, then the ability to deliver goods and services with the least amount of employment is actually desirable. Douglas proposed that unemployment is a logical consequence of machines replacing labour in the productive process, and any attempt to reverse this process through policies designed to attain full employment directly sabotages our cultural inheritance. Douglas also believed that the people displaced from the industrial system through the process of mechanization should still have the ability to consume the fruits of the system, because he suggested that we are all inheritors of the cultural inheritance, and his proposal for a national dividend is directly related to this belief.
2541:
manufacture, all of these incomes would have to be saved until the product's completion. Douglas argued that incomes are typically spent on past production to meet the present needs of living, and will not be available to purchase goods completed in the future – goods which must include the sum of incomes paid out during their period of manufacture in their price. Consequently, this does not liquidate the financial cost of production inasmuch as it merely passes charges of one accountancy period on as mounting charges against future periods. In other words, according to
Douglas, supply does not create enough demand to liquidate all the costs of production. Douglas denied the validity of
1777:' – and there is something we call a price opposite to it." Money is effective demand, and the means of reclaiming that money are prices and taxes. As real capital replaces labour in the process of modernization, money should become increasingly an instrument of distribution. The idea that money is a medium of exchange is related to the belief that all wealth is created by the current labour of the world, and Douglas clearly rejected this belief, stating that the cultural inheritance of society is the primary factor in the creation of wealth, which makes money a distribution mechanism, not a medium of exchange.
1904:
1850:
2516:
corresponding costs of factories producing capital equipment. The money distributed to individuals is A1+A2 and the cost of the final consumable goods is A1+B1. If money in the hands of the public is to be equal to the costs of consumable articles produced then A1+A2 = A1+B1 and therefore A2=B1. Now modern science has brought us to the stage where machines are more and more taking the place of human labour in producing goods, i.e. A1 is becoming less important relatively to B1 and A2 less important relatively to B2.
1816:
2589:
individual voter must be made individually responsible, not collectively taxable, for his vote." Douglas believed that party politics should be replaced by a "union of electors" in which the only role of an elected official would be to implement the popular will. Douglas believed that the implementation of such a system was necessary as otherwise the government would be controlled by international financiers. Douglas also opposed the
2010:
intermediate product of no use to individuals but only to a subsequent manufacture; but since A will not purchase A+B; a proportion of the product at least equivalent to B must be distributed by a form of purchasing-power which is not comprised in the description grouped under A. It will be necessary at a later stage to show that this additional purchasing power is provided by loan credit (bank overdrafts) or export credit.
3695:
2059:
instance, on a railway which was constructed a year, two years, three years, five or ten years ago, where charges are still extant), cannot be liquidated by a stream of purchasing power which does not increase in volume and which has a period of three weeks. The consequence is, you have a piling up of debt, you have in many cases a diminution of purchasing power being equivalent to the price of the goods for sale.
2080:. The former represents excessive capital production and/or military build-up. Military buildup necessitates either the violent use of weapons or a superfluous accumulation of them. Douglas believed that excessive capital production is only a temporary correction, because the cost of the capital appears in the cost of consumer goods, or taxes, which will further exacerbate future gaps between income and prices.
3158:, and is therefore incompatible with any variant of the doctrine of salvation through works. Works need not be of Purity in intent or of desirable consequence and in themselves alone are as "filthy rags". For instance, the present system makes destructive, obscenely wasteful wars a virtual certainty – which provides much "work" for everyone. Social credit has been called the Third Alternative to the futile
3195:– "the Devil is God upside down." Social credit is designed to give the individual the maximum freedom allowable given the need for association in economic, political and social matters. Social Credit elevates the importance of the individual and holds that all institutions exist to serve the individual – that the State exists to serve its citizens, not that individuals exist to serve the State.
917:
3140:(to "bind back"), was intended to be a binding back to reality. Social Credit is concerned with the incarnation of Christian principles in our organic affairs. Specifically, it is concerned with the principles of association and how to maximize the increments of association which redound to satisfaction of the individual in society – while minimizing any decrements of association.
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organizations," they will not necessarily be lost to the flow of available purchasing power. A and B payments overlap through time. Even if the B payments are received and spent before the finished product is available for purchase, current purchasing power will be boosted by B payments received in the current production of goods that will be available for purchase in the future."
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849:
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from the calm assumption of the book-keeper and the accountant that he and he alone was in a position to assign positive or negative values to the quantities represented by his figures is one of the outstanding curiosities of the industrial system; and the attempt to mould the activities of a great empire on such a basis is surely the final condemnation of an out-worn method.
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1712:, whereas the modern economy is a monetary one. Initially, money originated from the productive system, when cattle owners punched leather discs which represented a head of cattle. These discs could then be exchanged for corn, and the corn producers could then exchange the disc for a head of cattle at a later date. The word "pecuniary" comes from the Latin
2812:, where he suggested: "That we are living under a system of accountancy which renders the delivery of the nation's goods and services to itself a technical impossibility." He later formalized this observation in his A+B theorem. Douglas proposed to eliminate this difference between total prices and total incomes by augmenting consumers'
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deliver policy results desired by the populace. According to
Douglas, "the proper function of Parliament is to force all activities of a public nature to be carried on so that the individuals who comprise the public may derive the maximum benefit from them. Once the idea is grasped, the criminal absurdity of the
2100:
sculptor producing a work of art with the aid of simple tools and a block of marble has next to no overhead charges, but a very low rate of production, while a modern screw-making plant using automatic machines may have very high overhead charges and very low direct labour cost, or high rates of production.
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philosophy. "The tendency to argue from the particular to the general is a special case of the sequence from materialism to collectivism. If the universe is reduced to molecules, ultimately we can dispense with a catalogue and a dictionary; all things are the same thing, and all words are just sounds
2553:
Thus the problem of providing that new capital-investment shall always outrun capital-disinvestment sufficiently to fill the gap between net income and consumption, presents a problem which is increasingly difficult as capital increases. New capital-investment can only take place in excess of current
2548:
While John
Maynard Keynes referred to Douglas as a "private, perhaps, but not a major in the brave army of heretics", he did state that Douglas "is entitled to claim, as against some of his orthodox adversaries, that he at least has not been wholly oblivious of the outstanding problem of our economic
2486:
For example, if the money cost of a good is $ 100, and the ratio of consumption to production is 3/4, then the real cost of the good is $ 100(3/4) = $ 75. As a result, if a consumer spent $ 100 for a good, the
National Credit Authority would rebate the consumer $ 25. The good costs the consumer $ 75,
2041:
In 1932, Douglas estimated the cyclic rate of circulation of money to be approximately three weeks. The cyclic rate of circulation of money measures the amount of time required for a loan to pass through the productive system and return to the bank. This can be calculated by determining the amount of
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Douglas believed that money should not be regarded as a commodity but rather as a ticket, a means of distribution of production. "There are two sides to this question of a ticket representing something that we can call, if we like, a value. There is the ticket itself – the money which forms the thing
2531:
Thus in order that the economic system should keep working it is essential that capital goods should be produced in ever increasing quantity relatively to consumable goods. As soon as the ratio of capital goods to consumable goods slackens, costs exceed money distributed, i.e. the consumer is unable
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Based on his conclusion that the real cost of production is less than the financial cost of production, the
Douglas price rebate (Compensated Price) is determined by the ratio of consumption to production. Since consumption over a period of time is typically less than production over the same period
2478:
Since fewer inputs are consumed to produce a unit of output with every improvement in process, the real cost of production falls over time. As a result, prices should also decrease with the progression of time. "As society's capacity to deliver goods and services is increased by the use of plant and
2113:
demonstrates, inflation and unemployment are trade-offs, unless prices are reduced from monies derived from outside the productive system. According to
Douglas's A+B theorem, the systemic problem of increasing prices, or inflation, is not "too much money chasing too few goods", but is the increasing
1989:
A factory or other productive organization has, besides its economic function as a producer of goods, a financial aspect – it may be regarded on the one hand as a device for the distribution of purchasing-power to individuals through the media of wages, salaries, and dividends; and on the other hand
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Douglas believed that it was the third policy alternative upon which an economic system should be based, but confusion of thought has allowed the industrial system to be governed by the first two objectives. If the purpose of our economic system is to deliver the maximum amount of goods and services
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By modern methods of accounting, the consumer is forced to pay for all the costs of production, including waste. The economic effect of charging the consumer with all waste in industry is that the consumer is forced to do much more work than is necessary. Douglas believed that wasted effort could be
3019:
Gesell's theory was that the trouble with the world was that people saved money so that what you had to do was to make them spend it faster. Disappearing money is the heaviest form of continuous taxation ever devised. The theory behind this idea of Gesell's was that what is required is to stimulate
2122:
Douglas proposed to eliminate the gap between purchasing power and prices by increasing consumer purchasing power with credits which do not appear in prices in the form of a price rebate and a dividend. Formally called a "Compensated Price" and a "National (or
Consumer) Dividend", a National Credit
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In the first place, these capital goods have to be sold to someone. They form a reservoir of forced exports. They must, as intermediate products, enter somehow into the price of subsequent ultimate products and they produce a position of most unstable equilibrium, since the life of capital goods is
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Now we know there are an increasing number of charges which originated from a period much anterior to three weeks, and included in those charges, as a matter of fact, are most of the charges made in, respect of purchases from one organization to another, but all such charges as capital charges (for
2036:
I think that a little consideration will make it clear that in this sense an overhead charge is any charge in respect of which the actual distributed purchasing power does not still exist, and that practically this means any charge created at a further distance in the past than the period of cyclic
2009:
Now the rate of flow of purchasing-power to individuals is represented by A, but since all payments go into prices, the rate of flow of prices cannot be less than A+B. The product of any factory may be considered as something which the public ought to be able to buy, although in many cases it is an
1976:
It is not the purpose of this short article to depreciate the services of accountants; in fact, under the existing conditions probably no body of men has done more to crystallise the data on which we carry on the business of the world; but the utter confusion of thought which has undoubtedly arisen
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The economic effect of charging all the waste in industry to the consumer so curtails his purchasing power that an increasing percentage of the product of industry must be exported. The effect of this on the worker is that he has to do many times the amount of work which should be necessary to keep
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for the last two thousand years has been
Trinitarian. Whether we look on this Trinitarianism under the names of King, Lords and Commons or as Policy, Sanctions and Administration, the Trinity-in-Unity has existed, and our national success has been greatest when the balance (never perfect) has been
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democracy is incompatible with Social Credit, which assumes the right of individuals to choose freely one choice at a time, and to contract out of unsatisfactory associations. Douglas advocated what he called the "responsible vote", where anonymity in the voting process would no longer exist. "The
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C.H. Douglas defined democracy as the "will of the people", not rule by the majority, suggesting that social credit could be implemented by any political party supported by effective public demand. Once implemented to achieve a realistic integration of means and ends, party politics would cease to
2536:
And in a reply to Dr. Hobson, Douglas restated his central thesis: "To reiterate categorically, the theorem criticised by Mr. Hobson: the wages, salaries and dividends distributed during a given period do not, and cannot, buy the production of that period; that production can only be bought, i.e.,
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argue there is no difference between A and B payments. Other critics, such as Gary North, argue that social credit policies are inflationary. "The A + B theorem has met with almost universal rejection from academic economists on the grounds that, although B payments may be made initially to "other
2573:
What people who say that forget is that we were piling up debt at that time at the rate of ten millions sterling a day and if it can be shown, and it can be shown, that we are increasing debt continuously by normal operation of the banking system and the financial system at the present time, then
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The factory cost – not the selling price – of any article under our present industrial and financial system is made up of three main divisions-direct labor cost, material cost and overhead charges, the ratio of which varies widely, with the "modernity" of the method of production. For instance, a
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But it may be advisable to glance at some of the proximate causes operating to reduce the return for effort; and to realise the origin of most of the specific instances, it must be borne in mind that the existing economic system distributes goods and services through the same agency which induces
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The writings of C. H. Douglas spawned a worldwide movement, most prominent in the
British Commonwealth, with a presence in Europe and activities in the United States where Orage, during his sojourn there, promoted Douglas's ideas. In the United States, the New Democracy group was directed by the
2628:
Opposing the formation of Social Credit parties, C.H. Douglas believed a group of elected amateurs should never direct a group of competent experts in technical matters. While experts are ultimately responsible for achieving results, the goal of politicians should be to pressure those experts to
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If overhead charges are constantly increasing relative to income, any attempt to stabilize or increase income results in increasing prices. If income is constant or increasing, and overhead charges are continuously increasing due to technological advancement, then prices, which equal income plus
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splits production into multiple processes, and wealth is produced by people working in association with each other. For instance, an automobile worker does not produce any wealth (i.e., the automobile) by himself, but only in conjunction with other auto workers, the producers of roads, gasoline,
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Closely associated with the concept of cultural inheritance as a factor of production is the social credit theory of economic sabotage. While
Douglas believed the cultural heritage factor of production is primary in increasing wealth, he also believed that economic sabotage is the primary factor
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provincial government in Alberta, but the UFA saw only difficulties in trying to bring in Social Credit. Douglas became an advisor to Aberhart, but withdrew after a short time and never visited Alberta after 1935 due to strategic differences. Aberhart sought orthodox counsel with respect to the
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Since increased industrial output per individual depends mainly on tools and method, it may almost be stated as a law that intensified production means a progressively higher ratio of overhead charges to direct labour cost, and, apart from artificial reasons, this is simply an indication of the
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Social credit society recognizes the fact that the relationship between man and God is unique. In this view, it is essential to allow man the greatest possible freedom in order to pursue this relationship. Douglas defined freedom as the ability to choose and refuse one choice at a time, and to
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The National Dividend is justified by the displacement of labour in the productive process due to technological increases in productivity. As human labour is increasingly replaced by machines in the productive process, Douglas believed people should be free to consume while enjoying increasing
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This seems to be a suitable occasion on which to emphasise the proposition that a Balanced Budget is quite inconsistent with the use of Social Credit (i.e., Real Credit – the ability to deliver goods and services 'as, when and where required') in the modern world, and is simply a statement in
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Let A1+B1 be the costs in a period to time of articles produced by factories making consumable goods divided up into A1 costs which refer to money paid to individuals by means of salaries, wages, dividends, etc., and B1 costs which refer to money paid to other institutions. Let A2, B2 be the
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as a legitimate theory of values, he also considered values as subjective and not capable of being measured in an objective manner. Thus he rejected the idea of the role of money as a standard, or measure, of value. Douglas believed that money should act as a medium of communication by which
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Incomes are paid to workers during a multi-stage program of production. According to the convention of accepted orthodox rules of accountancy, those incomes are part of the financial cost and price of the final product. For the product to be purchased with incomes earned in respect of its
1784:, had long been solved. The new problem was one of distribution. However, so long as orthodox economics makes scarcity a value, banks will continue to believe that they are creating value for the money they produce by making it scarce. Douglas criticized the banking system on two counts:
2063:
According to Douglas, the major consequence of the problem he identified in his A+B theorem is exponentially increasing debt. Further, he believed that society is forced to produce goods that consumers either do not want or cannot afford to purchase. The latter represents a favorable
2068:, meaning a country exports more than it imports. But not every country can pursue this objective at the same time, as one country must import more than it exports when another country exports more than it imports. Douglas proposed that the long-term consequence of this policy is a
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had electoral successes with "social credit" political parties, the efforts in England and Australia were devoted primarily to pressuring existing parties to implement social credit. This function was performed especially by Douglas's social credit secretariat in England and the
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still more by scientific progress, and decreased by the production, maintenance, or depreciation of it, we can issue credit, in costs, at a greater rate than the rate at which we take it back through prices of ultimate products, if capacity to supply individuals exceeds desire."
2094:
The replacement of labour by capital in the productive process implies that overhead charges (B) increase in relation to income (A), because "'B' is the financial representation of the lever of capital". As Douglas stated in his first article, "The Delusion of Superproduction":
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described the implementation by the President of an alternate future United States of an altered form of social credit, in which the government issues a National Dividend to all citizens in the form of "trade aids", which can be spent like money but which cannot be lent at
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describes a similar system in less detail. In Heinlein's future society, government is not funded by taxation. Instead, government controls the currency and prevents inflation by providing a price rebate to participating business and a guaranteed income to every citizen.
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Other critics argue that if the gap between income and prices exists as Douglas claimed, the economy would have collapsed in short order. They also argue that there are periods of time in which purchasing power is in excess of the price of consumer goods for sale.
3269:, Finlay argues that, "It must also be noted that while Douglas was critical of some aspects of Jewish thought, Douglas did not seek to discriminate against Jews as a people or race. It was never suggested that the National Dividend be withheld from them."
3086:, Douglas published a critical analysis of the Social Credit movement in Alberta, in which he said, "The Manning administration is no more a Social Credit administration than the British government is Labour". Manning accused Douglas and his followers of
2970:" was inconsistent with Social Credit principles. Douglas stated that, under existing rules of financial cost accountancy, balancing all budgets within an economy simultaneously is an arithmetic impossibility. In a letter to Aberhart, Douglas stated:
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distributed, under present conditions by a draft, and an increasing draft, on the purchasing power distributed in respect of future production, and this latter is mainly and increasingly derived from financial credit created by the banks."
3535:
As lack of finance has been a constant impediment to the development of the arts and literature, the concept of economic democracy through social credit had immediate appeal in literary circles. Names associated with social credit include
2642:
3265:, wrote, "Anti-Semitism of the Douglas kind, if it can be called anti-Semitism at all, may be fantastic, may be dangerous even, in that it may be twisted into a dreadful form, but it is not itself vicious nor evil." In his 1972 book,
1636:. He claimed that one of the factors resulting in a misdirection of thought in terms of the nature and function of money was economists' near-obsession about values and their relation to prices and incomes. While Douglas recognized
3117:
Douglas described Social Credit as "the policy of a philosophy", and warned against considering it solely as a scheme for monetary reform. He called this philosophy "practical Christianity" and stated that its central issue is the
1510:
in the economy, Douglas prescribed government intervention in the form of the issuance of debt-free money directly to consumers or producers (if they sold their product below cost to consumers) in order to combat such discrepancy.
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in general longer than that of consumable goods, or ultimate products, and yet in order to meet the requirements for money to buy the consumable goods, the rate of production of capital goods must be continuously increased.
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saw a major revival, with a post-war economic boom and high oil revenues helping the party retain power for a quarter of a century. However, the party soon departed from its origins and became popularly identified as a
1624:. While Douglas did not deny that all costs ultimately relate to labour charges of some sort (past or present), he denied that the present labour of the world creates all wealth. Douglas carefully distinguished between
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capital-disinvestment if future expenditure on consumption is expected to increase. Each time we secure to-day's equilibrium by increased investment we are aggravating the difficulty of securing equilibrium to-morrow.
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him in the highest standard of living, as a result of an artificial inducement to produce things he does not want, which he cannot buy, and which are of no use to the attainment of his internal standard of well-being.
2827:, and production must serve the genuine, freely expressed interests of consumers. In order to accomplish this objective, he believed that each citizen should have a beneficial, not direct, inheritance in the communal
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3. And the third, which is essentially simpler still, in fact, so simple that it appears entirely unintelligible to the majority, is that the object of the industrial system is merely to provide goods and services.
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contract out of unsatisfactory associations. Douglas believed that if people were given the economic security and leisure achievable in the context of a social credit dispensation, most would end their service to
1660:, or "well-being", and Douglas believed that all production should increase personal well-being. Therefore, production that does not directly increase personal well-being is waste, or economic sabotage.
3173:; and none shall make them afraid." In keeping with this goal, Douglas was opposed to all forms of taxation on real property. This set social credit at variance from the land-taxing recommendations of
2771:
It was while he was reorganising the work at Farnborough, during World War I, that Douglas noticed that the weekly total costs of goods produced was greater than the sums paid to individuals for
4489:
Douglas, C.H. (1934). "The Douglas System of Social Credit: Evidence taken by the Agricultural Committee of the Alberta Legislature, Session 1934". Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta: 90.
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directly linked to confusion in regard to the purpose of the economic system, and the belief that the economic system exists to provide employment in order to distribute goods and services.
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that were consumed in its production, plus that amount of consumer goods labour consumed during its production. This total consumption represents the physical, or real, cost of production.
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3518:
2987:
Douglas sent two social credit technical advisors from the United Kingdom, L. Denis Byrne and George F. Powell, to Alberta. But early attempts to pass social credit legislation were ruled
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4680:
1736:
Bank credit comprises the vast majority of money, and is created every time a bank makes a loan. Douglas was also one of the first to understand the creditary nature of money. The word
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of association" – historic accumulations of which constitute what Douglas called the cultural heritage. The means of drawing upon this pool is money distributed by the banking system.
1753:. Douglas argued that this may have once been the case when the majority of wealth was produced by individuals who subsequently exchanged it with each other. But in modern economies,
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that is proof that we are not distributing purchasing power sufficient to buy the goods for sale at that time; otherwise we should not be increasing debt, and that is the situation.
2451:{\displaystyle {\text{true price }}(\$ )={\text{cost }}(\$ )\cdot {\dfrac {{\text{consumption }}(\$ )+{\text{depreciation }}(\$ )}{{\text{credit }}(\$ )+{\text{production }}(\$ )}}}
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1. The first of these is that it is a disguised Government, of which the primary, though admittedly not the only, object is to impose upon the world a system of thought and action.
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respectively. Douglas was critical of both schools of thought, but believed that "the truth lies in appreciation of the fact that neither conception is useful without the other".
2134:
The price rebate is based upon the observation that the real cost of production is the mean rate of consumption over the mean rate of production for an equivalent period of time.
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4569:
1799:
The former Douglas identified as being anti-social in policy. The latter he claimed was equivalent to claiming ownership of the nation. According to Douglas, money is merely an
1600:" as the primary factor. He defined cultural inheritance as the knowledge, techniques and processes that have accrued to us incrementally from the origins of civilization (i.e.
1691:
2. The second alternative has a certain similarity to the first, but is simpler. It assumes that the primary objective of the industrial system is the provision of employment.
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2791:. Troubled by the seeming difference between the way money flowed and the objectives of industry ("delivery of goods and services", in his opinion), Douglas decided to apply
3038:
In 1938, Aberhart's Alberta Social Credit Party had 41,000 paid members, forming a broad coalition ranging from those who believed in Douglas' monetary policies to moderate
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represents this pyramid and is the antithesis of social credit. It turns the government into an end instead of a means, and the individual into a means instead of an end –
3630:
Life and Money: Being a Critical Examination of the Principles and Practice of Orthodox Economics with A Practical Scheme to End the Muddle it has made of our Civilisation
879:
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3230:. Douglas was critical of "international Jewry", especially in his later writings. He asserted that such Jews controlled many of the major banks and were involved in an
2763:(which continues to be published by the Secretariat) for the remainder of his lifetime, concentrating more on political and philosophical issues during his later years.
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groups in various local and provincial elections. However, as it became apparent that the party was failing to deliver on its promises to control prices and distribute
2714:. Of considerable interest is the evidence he presented to the Canadian House of Commons Select Committee on Banking and Commerce in 1923, to the British Parliamentary
3210:
Douglas divided philosophy into two schools of thought that he termed the "classical school" and the "modern school", which are broadly represented by philosophies of
2947:
influence. However, some historians believe that neither Aberhart nor his supporters understood the works of Douglas, and simply rallied around Aberhart's charisma.
4612:
3257:, over the individual. He also believed that what Jews considered as abstractionist thought tended to encourage them to endorse communist ideals and an emphasis on
2831:
conferred by complete access to consumer goods assured by the National Dividend and Compensated Price. Douglas thought that consumers, fully provided with adequate
3185:
and use their free time to pursue spiritual, intellectual or cultural goals resulting in self-development. Douglas opposed what he termed "the pyramid of power".
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to centralize the power of finance. Some people have claimed that Douglas was antisemitic because he was quite critical of pre-Christian philosophy. In his book
1608:". "We are merely the administrators of that cultural inheritance, and to that extent the cultural inheritance is the property of all of us, without exception."
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overhead charges, must also increase. Further, any attempt to stabilize or decrease prices must be met by decreasing incomes according to this analysis. As the
5077:
5749:
6128:
6186:
6138:
5830:
3426:
2295:{\displaystyle {\text{real cost (production)}}=M\cdot {\cfrac {\int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}{\frac {dC}{dt}}\,dt}{\int _{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}{\frac {dP}{dt}}\,dt}}}
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system". While Keynes said that Douglas's A+B theorem "includes much mere mystification", he reaches a similar conclusion to Douglas when he states:
1518:, is above all systems, whether theological, political or economic." Douglas said that Social Crediters want to build a new civilization based upon "
2037:
rate of circulation of money. There is no fundamental difference between tools and intermediate products, and the latter may therefore be included.
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5776:
5618:
3640:
3238:, he wrote that, "It is not too much to say that one of the root ideas through which Christianity comes into conflict with the conceptions of the
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becomes quite automatically the property of those who create and issue of money and the necessary unbalancing of the Budget is covered by Debts.
1189:
1746:, meaning "to believe". "The essential quality of money, therefore, is that a man shall believe that he can get what he wants by the aid of it."
2798:
Douglas collected data from more than a hundred large British businesses and found that in nearly every case, except that of companies becoming
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to discrepancies between the cost of goods and the compensation of the workers who made them. To combat what he saw as a chronic deficiency of
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won power in 1952 in the province to Alberta's west, but had little in common with Social Credit bank reform, Major Douglas or his theories.
2072:, typically resulting in real war – hence, the social credit admonition, "He who calls for Full-Employment calls for War!", expressed by the
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2887:, is said to have declared that he did not care whether Douglas was technically correct or not – he simply did not like his policy. In the
1724:, meaning "beast"). Today, the productive system and the monetary system are two separate entities. Douglas demonstrated that loans create
5594:, by John W. Hughes, Edmonton, Brightest Pebble Publishing Company, 2004; first published in Great Britain by Wedderspoon Associates, 2002
3020:
trade – that you have to get people frantically buying goods – a perfectly sound idea so long as the objective of life is merely trading.
3031:, still in operation today and now among the very few government-owned banks in North America that serve the public. (See for comparison
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the retailer receives $ 100, and the consumer receives the difference of $ 25 via new credits created by the National Credit Authority.
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3245:
Douglas was opposed to abstractionist philosophies because he believed that these philosophies inevitably resulted in the elevation of
2806:
did not have enough income to buy back what they had made. He published his observations and conclusions in an article in the magazine
1526:; and none shall make them afraid." In his words, "what we really demand of existence is not that we shall be put into somebody else's
6595:
4467:
3471:
307:
2802:, the sums paid out in salaries, wages and dividends were always less than the total costs of goods and services produced each week:
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to the Albertan populace. However, Douglas opposed the distribution of prosperity certificates which were based upon the theories of
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3873:. The Fig Tree, New Series. Vol. 1, no. June. Belfast, Northern Ireland: K.R.P. Publications (published 1954–1955). Cover.
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242:
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1985:, in critique of accounting methodology pertinent to income and prices. In the fourth, Australian Edition of 1933, Douglas states:
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In defence of his ideas, Douglas wrote that "Systems were made for men, and not men for systems, and the interest of man which is
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accounting figures that the progress of the country is stationary, i.e., that it consumes exactly what it produces, including
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to the promulgation of Douglas's ideas until his death on the eve of his BBC speech on social credit, 5 November 1934, in the
2511:
A. W. Joseph replied to this specific criticism in a paper given to the Birmingham Actuarial Society, "Banking and Industry":
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held at the banks (which varies very little). The result is the number of times money must turnover in order to produce these
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was the Incarnation of this Canon. However, he also believed that Christianity remained ineffective so long as it remained
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468:
458:
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Pullen, J. M.; Smith, G. 0. (1997). "Major Douglas and Social Credit: A Reappraisal". Duke University Press. p. 219.
1964:
In January 1919, "A Mechanical View of Economics" by C. H. Douglas was the first article to be published in the magazine
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Frances Hutchinson, Chairperson of the Social Credit Secretariat, has co-authored, with Brian Burkitt, a book entitled
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1549:. Douglas' theory of social credit has been disputed and rejected by most economists and bankers. Prominent economist
1538:
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4370:"FIRST INTERIM REPORT ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE APPLICATION OF SOCIAL CREDIT PRINCIPLES TO THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA"
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figures. In a testimony before the Alberta Agricultural Committee of the Alberta Legislature in 1934, Douglas said:
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Aberhart did bring in a measure of social credit, with the establishment of a government-owned banking system, the
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Office would be charged with the task of calculating the size of the rebate and dividend by determining a national
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1990:
as a manufactory of prices – financial values. From this standpoint, its payments may be divided into two groups:
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Although Douglas defined social credit as a philosophy with Christian origins, he did not envision a Christian
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representation of the real credit of the community, which is the ability of the community to deliver goods and
1362:
1337:
1065:
966:
237:
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5700:
Hilderic Cousens, "A New Policy for Labour; an essay on the relevance of credit control" at American Libraries
4653:
4183:
Pollock, Fredrick (1996). "The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I". Lawbook Exchange Ltd: 151.
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1849:
3886:
2931:, had convinced Aberhart that the theories of Major Douglas would facilitate for Alberta's recovery from the
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3673:(in order to mollify the banking industry) and which eventually expire (to prevent inflation and hoarding).
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906:
803:
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1765:. The efficiency gained by individuals cooperating in the productive process was named by Douglas as the "
1621:
1542:
1342:
1312:
1304:
1075:
813:
212:
4268:
4134:
3198:
Douglas emphasized that all policy derives from its respective philosophy and that "Society is primarily
2526:
Since A2=B1 this means that (A2+B2)/(A1+B1)= (1+k2)*A2/(1+1/k1)*B1 = (1+k2)/(1+1/k1) which is increasing.
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arguing that it resulted in electoral irresponsibility, calling it a "Jewish" technique used to ensure
2032:
In his pamphlet entitled "The New and the Old Economics", Douglas describes the cause of "B" payments:
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intentionally depreciated in value the longer they were held, and Douglas openly criticized the idea:
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They did provide spending power to many impoverished Albertans in the time they were in circulation.
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Douglas considered the constitution an organism, not an organization. In this view, establishing the
1969:
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38:
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5186:. Vol. 21, no. 1, 2. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 4–11 September 1947).
4169:
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2944:
2844:
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Douglas claimed there were three possible policy alternatives with respect to the economic system:
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3638:
described a social credit economy in his 2003 posthumously published first novel written in 1938,
3628:, a science fiction fantasy exploration of social credit themes. His social credit economics book
2755:
in Australia. Douglas continued writing and contributing to the secretariat's journals, initially
2558:
The criticism that social credit policies are inflationary is based upon what economists call the
2483:
of time in any industrial society, the real cost of goods should be less than the financial cost.
6460:
6403:
6062:
5634:
5623:
5035:
5027:
4606:
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Douglas, C.H. (1933). "Major C.H. Douglas Speaks". Sydney: Douglas Social Credit Association: 41.
3635:
3242:
and the ideals of the pre-Christians' era is in respect of this dethronement of abstractionism."
2963:
2871:
resisted pressure from some trade unionists to implement social credit, as hierarchical views of
2840:
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2043:
2004:
All payments made to other organizations (raw materials, bank charges, and other external costs).
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828:
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564:
183:
165:
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148:
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suggested by Douglas. In an effort to discredit the social credit movement, one leading Fabian,
2569:
Douglas replied to these criticisms in his testimony before the Alberta Agricultural Committee:
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5403:
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Province's finances, and the correspondence between them was published by Douglas in his book,
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4062:. 1373. Vol. XXIV, no. 9. 38 Cursitor Street, London: The New Age Press. p. 136
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Social credit parties also enjoyed some electoral success at the federal level in Canada. The
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1327:
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1080:
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433:
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200:
193:
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5156:. Vol. 17, no. 23. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 8 February 1947).
5104:
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4216:
3202:, and must have regard to the organic relationships of its prototype." Social credit rejects
6538:
6032:
6027:
6012:
5997:
5941:
5171:. Vol. 20, no. 26. Liverpool: K.R.P. Publications Ltd. (published 28 August 1947).
5011:
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3714:
3621:
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2932:
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2888:
2872:
2832:
2813:
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1507:
1426:
1416:
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259:
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1837:. In this case the time between present and the future time where the accumulated total of
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6620:
6465:
6413:
6371:
6289:
6158:
6002:
5709:
5694:
5690:
C.H. Douglas's work "The Douglas Theory, A Reply to Mr. J.A. Hobson" at American Libraries
5675:
5666:
4507:
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4201:
3916:
3761:
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3700:
3679:
3601:
3541:
3186:
3051:
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2047:
1800:
1725:
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758:
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387:
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332:
312:
247:
133:
58:
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1596:. While Douglas did not deny the role of these factors in production, he considered the "
5721:
The Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit Social Credit Party of Great Britain archives
3796:
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5657:
5357:
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party, focusing much of its efforts on combatting Alberta's unions, and implementing a
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of industry, but democratic control of credit. Removing the policy of production from
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6336:
6226:
6087:
6067:
6057:
6037:
6007:
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5281:
5039:
4709:"The Alberta Post-War Reconstruction Committee Report of the Subcommittee on Finance"
4627:
3776:
3771:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3250:
3239:
3215:
3101:
was initiated mostly by Albertans, and eventually created another base of support in
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3000:
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2856:
2836:
2739:
2621:
2590:
2124:
2077:
2025:
demonstrates that total prices increase faster than total incomes when regarded as a
1845:
grows ever larger, which results in the accumulation of loan credit or export credit.
1708:
Douglas criticized classical economics because many of the theories are based upon a
1613:
1546:
1499:
1210:
1145:
1105:
1070:
996:
833:
818:
624:
614:
604:
589:
569:
498:
342:
175:
138:
128:
118:
4052:
6311:
6256:
6107:
6092:
5820:
5152:
Douglas, C.H. (1947). "An Act for the Better Management of the Credit of Alberta".
3746:
3736:
3589:
3577:
3537:
3340:
3246:
3227:
3174:
3127:
2880:
2630:
1522:" for the individual, where "they shall sit every man under his vine and under his
1519:
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1290:
1255:
1238:
1135:
1120:
1085:
1035:
1030:
1022:
956:
708:
584:
448:
443:
438:
423:
377:
352:
327:
322:
269:
123:
2542:
1761:
In this opinion, wealth is a pool upon which people can draw, and money becomes a
6346:
6261:
6112:
6052:
6047:
6022:
5699:
3834:(Fifth Authorised ed.). Epsom, Surrey, England: Bloomfield Books. pp.
3569:
3561:
3557:
3258:
3199:
3147:
2990:
2852:
2792:
2747:
2663:
1651:
1164:
991:
961:
941:
773:
728:
691:
669:
664:
277:
252:
5299:
Alberta Post-War Reconstruction Committee Report of the Subcommittee on Finance
4647:
4645:
4643:
2661:. His early writings appeared most notably in the British intellectual journal
6516:
6418:
6251:
6171:
6097:
6082:
6042:
5645:
5640:
3690:
3549:
2892:
2799:
2605:
2585:
1609:
1436:
1130:
1125:
916:
103:
71:
5023:
17:
6665:
3996:, Melbourne Town Hall, Melbourne, Australia: The Australian League of Rights
3211:
3166:
3151:
3144:
3079:
3047:
3039:
2966:, wanted to balance the provincial budget, Douglas argued the concept of a "
2612:
from an all-powerful parliament. Douglas also believed the effectiveness of
2069:
2019:
2015:
1637:
1617:
1503:
1245:
986:
981:
793:
317:
282:
217:
81:
76:
1972:, critiquing the methods by which economic activity is typically measured:
3708:
3489:
2616:
is determined structurally by application of a Christian concept known as
848:
6690:
6326:
3670:
3075:
3042:. The latter group helped influence the party to form alliances with the
2803:
2780:
2594:
1781:
1100:
170:
5258:. Vancouver: Institute of Economic Democracy, Sixth Printing, Dec.1978.
5031:
4999:
3722:
2641:
5730:
4803:
Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit, and the Jewish Response
2920:
2022:
1762:
1530:, but we shall be put in a position to construct a Utopia of our own."
1275:
526:
302:
5695:
C.H. Douglas's work, "These Present Discontents" at American Libraries
2521:
In symbols if B1/A1 = k1 and B2/A2 = k2 both k1 and k2 are increasing.
5745:
5015:
3182:
3102:
2776:
1709:
1527:
1223:
654:
5409:. Melbourne: Heritage for Institute of Economic Democracy. pp.
3054:, the party's membership fell rapidly, totaling just 3,500 by 1942.
4913:
Douglas, C.H. (December 1918). "The Delusion of Super-Production".
3012:
2645:
C. H. Douglas, founder of the "social credit" economic theory, in
1996:
All payments made to individuals (wages, salaries, and dividends).
1902:
1848:
1814:
1633:
1233:
5725:
1533:
The idea of social credit attracted considerable interest in the
5754:
4951:"Maud Gonne and the 1930s' movement for basic income in Ireland"
3226:
Social crediters and Douglas have been criticized for spreading
2943:, which was largely nurtured in Alberta, thus acquired a strong
2879:, were incompatible with the National Dividend and abolition of
2839:
through exercise of their monetary vote. In this view, the term
2772:
2104:
extent to which machinery replaces manual labour, as it should.
1655:
6175:
5758:
5720:
2979:. The result of the acceptance of this proposition is that all
2816:
through a National Dividend and a Compensated Price Mechanism.
5735:
4970:
The Age of Unreason: a Short History of Democracy in our Times
3109:, where it was the country's third party for almost 30 years.
2328:
The physical cost of producing something is the materials and
2491:
amounts of leisure, and that the Dividend would provide this
5000:"The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime"
4274:. Institution of Mechanical Engineers: Warning Democracy: 15
3150:. Social credit is consonant with the Christian doctrine of
3090:, and purged "Douglasites" from the Alberta government. The
2867:
During early years of the philosophy, the management of the
2046:
through the bank in a year divided by the average amount of
1939:
accumulated by next period are able to cover past payments
1878:
accumulated by next period are able to cover past payments
4563:
4561:
2503:
Critics of the theorem, such as J. M. Pullen, Hawtrey and
1981:
In 1920, Douglas presented the A + B theorem in his book,
5973:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
5740:
3519:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3084:
An Act for the Better Management of the Credit of Alberta
3007:, William Aberhart issued a currency substitute known as
2090:
The A + B theorem and a cost accounting view of inflation
2074:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
4320:
address at St. James' Theatre, Christchurch, New Zealand
3624:
espoused similar ideas. In 1933 Eimar O'Duffy published
3261:
over individuals. Historian John L. Finlay, in his book
2851:, government, and industry, social credit envisages an "
2532:
to purchase the consumable goods coming on the market."
2312:= money distributed for a given programme of production,
1718:, originally and literally meaning "cattle" (related to
2226:
2161:
5746:
Catalogue of the social credit publications collection
5548:
Political Economy of Social Credit and Guild Socialism
3066:, who succeeded Aberhart after his death in 1943, the
2229:
2164:
5581:(1920) new edition: December 1974; Bloomfield Books;
5521:. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. pp.
4484:
4482:
4101:. Epsom, Surrey, England: Bloomfield Books. pp.
2742:
who contributed a major book on social credit titled
2377:
2341:
2143:
4655:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
3959:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
1556:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
6643:
6387:
6275:
6242:
6235:
6209:
6121:
5990:
5955:
5909:
5801:
5794:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
2787:, that all costs are distributed simultaneously as
1780:Douglas also claimed the problem of production, or
5514:
5402:
5280:
5182:Douglas, C.H. (1947). "Social Credit in Alberta".
5167:Douglas, C.H. (1947). "Social Credit in Alberta".
2783:. This seemed to contradict the theory of classic
2450:
2294:
1563:to explain differences in output and consumption.
5283:Aladdin's Lamp: The Wealth of the American People
2744:Aladdin’s Lamp: The Wealth of the American People
2718:in 1930, which included exchanges with economist
1641:consumers direct the distribution of production.
5436:C.H. Douglas letter to L.D. Byrne, 28 March 1940
5071:
5069:
2690:, was published in 1920, soon after his article
1795:for claiming ownership of the money they create.
1650:decreasing it. The word wealth derives from the
1604:). Consequently, mankind does not have to keep "
4532:. 38 Cursitor Street, London: The New Age Press
4447:. Melbourne, Australia: The Social Credit Press
3003:in London. Drawing on the monetary theories of
5705:Bryan Monahan, "Introduction to Social Credit"
4629:The Douglas Theory; a reply to Mr. J.A. Hobson
3134:. Religion, which derives from the Latin word
1918:payments with an increasing ratio of payments
1788:for being a form of government which has been
6187:
5770:
5432:
5430:
5201:. Australian League of Rights. Archived from
4312:
4310:
2620:: "In some form or other, sovereignty in the
1468:
873:
8:
5750:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
5685:C.H. Douglas's book "The Monopoly of Credit"
4690:. Vol. LII, no. 23. Archived from
4410:, Melbourne: The Australian League of Rights
4323:, Melbourne: The Australian League of Rights
4098:Economic Democracy, Fifth Authorised Edition
3882:
3880:
3105:. Social Credit also did well nationally in
2468:Depreciation = depreciation of real capital,
4658:. London, England: MacMillan & Co Ltd.
4611:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4375:. Social Credit Secretariat. Archived from
3962:. London: MacMillan & Co Ltd. pp.
3678:The Political Economy of Social Credit and
3487:New Zealand Social Credit Association (Inc)
3190:
3135:
2988:
2722:, and to the Agricultural Committee of the
2716:Macmillan Committee on Finance and Industry
1741:
1719:
1713:
6239:
6194:
6180:
6172:
5798:
5777:
5763:
5755:
5678:The Control and Distribution of Production
4882:"Select Committee on Banking and Commerce"
4243:"The Bank in Brief: Canada's Money Supply"
2819:According to Douglas, the true purpose of
2700:The Control and Distribution of Production
2597:was freed leaving Christ to be crucified.
1475:
1461:
891:
880:
866:
45:
6139:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
5831:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
5508:
5506:
5336:. Sydney: Tidal Publications. p. 3.
4935:. Australian League of Rights. p. 6.
3864:
3862:
3427:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
3143:The goal of Social Credit is to maximize
2698:. Among Douglas's other early works were
2499:Critics of the A + B theorem and rebuttal
2430:
2413:
2397:
2380:
2376:
2359:
2342:
2340:
2280:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2215:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2144:
2142:
5222:
5220:
4863:, Melbourne: Australian League of Rights
4836:, Melbourne: Australian League of Rights
2927:. A book by Maurice Colbourne, entitled
2640:
6129:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
5619:For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs
5598:Major Douglas and Alberta Social Credit
5592:Major Douglas: The Policy of Philosophy
5314:The Land for the (Chosen) People Racket
4795:
4793:
3788:
3641:For Us, The Living: A Comedy of Customs
2950:Douglas was consulted by the 1921–1935
2903:. Confused in the public mind with the
2131:production and consumption statistics.
2118:Compensated price and national dividend
1946:, however, this requires that payments
1885:, however, this requires that payments
1553:references Douglas's ideas in his book
905:
57:
5710:M. Gordon-Cumming, "Money in Industry"
5482:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 22.
4944:
4942:
4604:
4543:
4503:
4492:
4347:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 47.
4296:
4285:
4197:
4186:
4073:
4023:. New York: Gordon Press. p. 60.
3912:
3901:
3363:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
2899:, Douglas's ideas briefly spawned the
6357:Marxian critique of political economy
5927:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4930:"C.H. Douglas The Man and the Vision"
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
3809:from the original on 6 September 2021
2608:is essential to ensure protection of
2474:Production = cost of total production
2465:Consumption = cost of consumer goods,
7:
5891:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
5816:British Columbia Social Credit Party
4800:Stingel, Janine (24 February 2000).
4575:. The English Review. Archived from
3379:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
3369:British Columbia Social Credit Party
3122:. Douglas believed that there was a
3092:British Columbia Social Credit Party
3044:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
2657:who pursued his higher education at
1807:, when and where they are required.
1749:According to economists, money is a
1498:developed in the 1920s and 1930s by
5947:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
5901:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
5233:. Veritas Publishing Co. Pty, Ltd.
4949:Warren, Gordon (24 November 2020).
4475:. Sydney, n.d.: Tidal Publications.
3501:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
3410:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
1151:Workers' right to access the toilet
5517:Social Credit: The English Origins
5078:"The Fallacy of a Balanced Budget"
4857:address at Central Hall, Liverpool
4401:Douglas, C.H. (24 November 1936),
4317:Douglas, C.H. (13 February 1934),
3472:New Democratic Party (New Zealand)
3273:Groups influenced by social credit
3267:Social Credit: The English Origins
3263:Social Credit: The English Origins
3126:which permeated the universe, and
2667:. The editor of that publication,
2438:
2421:
2405:
2388:
2367:
2350:
1857:with a constant ratio of payments
25:
5968:Irish Monetary Reform Association
5937:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
5380:. Tidal Publications. p. 7.
5133:. The Australian League of Rights
4854:Douglas, C.H. (30 October 1936),
4632:. London: Cecil Palmer. pp.
4570:"The Delusion of Superproduction"
4217:"The Working of the Money System"
3987:Douglas, C.H. (22 January 1934),
3937:. The Australian League of Rights
3514:Douglas Social Credit Secretariat
3482:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
3445:Irish Monetary Reform Association
2935:. Aberhart added a heavy dose of
854:Business and economics portal
6661:History of macroeconomic thought
6486:Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
5103:. Glenbow Museum. Archived from
5084:. pp. 346–7. Archived from
5062:. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
4053:"A Mechanical View of Economics"
3721:
3707:
3693:
3082:. In the Secretariat's journal,
2795:methods to the economic system.
2692:The Delusion of Super-Production
1046:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
915:
847:
37:Not to be confused with China's
5871:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
5741:Clifford Hugh Douglas Institute
5726:Social Credit School of Studies
5316:. London: KRP Publications Ltd.
5287:. New York: Creative Age Press.
4806:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
4568:Douglas, C.H. (December 1918).
4404:address at Ulster Hall, Belfast
4269:"Engineering, Money and Prices"
4267:Douglas, C.H. (22 April 1927).
3869:Douglas, C.H. (1954). "Cover".
3395:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
3310:Canadian social credit movement
2941:Canadian social credit movement
2835:, will establish the policy of
2726:in 1934 during the term of the
1841:can cover the current total of
1598:cultural inheritance of society
1572:Factors of production and value
5978:Social Credit Party of Ireland
5896:Social Credit Party of Ontario
5448:"Static and Dynamic Sociology"
5076:Douglas, C.H. (28 July 1932).
4827:Douglas, C.H. (7 March 1936),
3384:Social Credit Party of Ontario
2939:to Douglas' theories, and the
2907:, its meetings were attacked.
2859:by a democracy of consumers".
2753:Commonwealth Leagues of Rights
2441:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2018:evidence, Douglas claims this
1096:Occupational safety and health
1091:Occupational safety and health
32:Social credit (disambiguation)
1:
6651:Critique of political economy
5886:Social Credit Party of Canada
4972:. Dublin: Abbey Publications.
4778:. Australian League of Rights
4773:"Realistic Constitutionalism"
4745:. Australian League of Rights
4469:The New and the Old Economics
4142:. Australian League of Rights
3450:Social Credit Party (Ireland)
3306:Social Credit Party of Canada
3099:Social Credit Party of Canada
1960:rise exponentially over time.
1823:with steady payments of both
1704:The creditary nature of money
1561:principle of effective demand
1219:Chronological list of strikes
749:Commons-based peer production
469:Socialism of the 21st century
6559:Rational expectations theory
5841:Manitoba Social Credit Party
5811:Abolitionist Party of Canada
5546:Hutchinson, Frances (1997).
5199:"The Policy of a Philosophy"
3871:The Douglas Quarterly Review
3374:Manitoba Social Credit Party
3352:Provincial political parties
3322:Abolitionist Party of Canada
2929:The Meaning of Social Credit
1899:rise exponentially over time
1792:its power for centuries, and
6727:Schools of economic thought
6656:History of economic thought
6203:Schools of economic thought
5922:Country Party (New Zealand)
5917:Australian League of Rights
5881:Alberta Social Credit Party
5715:Australian League of Rights
3632:, was endorsed by Douglas.
3612:and the American publisher
3358:Alberta Social Credit Party
3284:Australian League of Rights
3068:Alberta Social Credit Party
2937:fundamentalist Christianity
2915:In 1935, the world's first
1539:Alberta Social Credit Party
6753:
6576:New neoclassical synthesis
6564:Real business-cycle theory
5669:Credit-Power and Democracy
5374:Why I am a Social Crediter
5358:"The Use of Social Credit"
5330:Why I am a Social Crediter
4444:Credit-Power and Democracy
3222:Criticism for antisemitism
2919:government was elected in
2905:Communist Party of Ireland
2855:of producers, serving and
2704:Credit-Power and Democracy
1983:Credit-Power and Democracy
1580:who recognised only three
1520:absolute economic security
36:
29:
6147:
5861:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
5731:Social Credit Secretariat
5230:Brief for the Prosecution
5128:"The Approach to Reality"
4928:Lee, Jeremy (July 1972).
4740:"The Nature of Democracy"
3932:"The Approach to Reality"
3661:Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy
3422:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
3300:Federal political parties
3249:, such as the state, and
3204:dialectical materialistic
3029:Alberta Treasury Branches
2952:United Farmers of Alberta
2901:Irish Social Credit Party
2728:United Farmers of Alberta
1543:"prosperity certificates"
1182:International comparisons
1116:Right to rest and leisure
1056:Employment discrimination
243:Socialist-oriented market
5256:The ABC of Social Credit
5101:"Prosperity Certificate"
4652:Keynes, John M. (1936).
4550:: CS1 maint: location (
4080:: CS1 maint: location (
3956:Keynes, John M. (1936).
3232:international conspiracy
3207:– molecules in motion."
3033:the Bank of North Dakota
2694:appeared in 1918 in the
2671:, devoted the magazines
2560:quantity theory of money
2471:Credit = Credit Created,
1622:labour creates all value
1559:, but instead poses the
967:Social movement unionism
6686:Post-autistic economics
5856:Parti crédit social uni
5851:Pauper Party of Ontario
5513:Finlay, John L (1972).
5473:Douglas, C. H. (1973).
5371:Monahan, Bryan (1971).
5327:Monahan, Bryan (1971).
5279:Munson, Gorham (1945).
4968:Ireland, Denis (1944).
4681:"The Birmingham Debate"
4523:"A + B AND THE BANKERS"
3802:Encyclopædia Britannica
3729:Organized Labour portal
3546:William Carlos Williams
3477:Real Democracy Movement
3467:Democratic Labour Party
3405:Parti crédit social uni
3389:Pauper Party of Ontario
3192:Demon est deus inversus
3009:prosperity certificates
2997:Supreme Court of Canada
2911:Aberhart administration
1740:derives from the Latin
1656:
1576:Douglas disagreed with
1177:Trade union federations
1172:Trade unions by country
6424:Modern Monetary Theory
6134:Prosperity certificate
5963:British People's Party
5826:Christian Credit Party
5401:Douglas, C.H. (1920).
5312:Douglas, C.H. (1943).
5254:Holter, E. S. (1978).
5227:Douglas, C.H. (1983).
5082:The New English Weekly
5056:The Alberta Experiment
5053:Douglas, C.H. (1937).
4998:Finkel, Alvin (1988).
4887:. 1923. Archived from
4830:address at Westminster
4679:Douglas, C.H. (1933).
4626:Douglas, C.H. (1922).
4521:Douglas, C.H. (1925).
4502:Cite journal requires
4441:Douglas, C.H. (1933).
4341:Douglas, C.H. (1973).
4295:Cite journal requires
4196:Cite journal requires
4133:Douglas, C.H. (1935).
4095:Douglas, C.H. (1974).
4051:Douglas, C.H. (1919).
4014:Douglas, C.H. (1973).
3911:Cite journal requires
3828:Douglas, C.H. (1974).
3433:Prosperity Certificate
3336:Global Party of Canada
3326:Christian Credit Party
3191:
3136:
3022:
2989:
2985:
2957:The Alberta Experiment
2895:, and subsequently by
2875:, economic growth and
2712:The Monopoly of Credit
2686:Douglas's first book,
2677:The New English Weekly
2650:
2576:
2556:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2452:
2296:
2146:real cost (production)
2106:
2087:
2061:
2039:
2012:
1979:
1961:
1900:
1846:
1742:
1720:
1714:
1697:
1677:
1667:
1076:Freedom of association
947:Exploitation of labour
6508:Keynes–Marx synthesis
5866:Ralliement créditiste
5736:Social Credit Website
5680:at American Libraries
5671:at American Libraries
5662:at American Libraries
3990:The Monopolistic Idea
3644:, and his 1942 novel
3331:Canadian Action Party
3316:Ralliement créditiste
3017:
2972:
2644:
2571:
2551:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2453:
2297:
2097:
2082:
2056:
2034:
1987:
1974:
1906:
1852:
1818:
1686:
1680:Purpose of an economy
1672:
1662:
1606:reinventing the wheel
1582:factors of production
1541:briefly distributing
1502:. Douglas attributed
1061:Employment protection
1041:Collective bargaining
6737:Political philosophy
6696:World-systems theory
6676:Mainstream economics
6616:Technocracy movement
6596:Saltwater/freshwater
6018:John Horne Blackmore
5932:Douglas Credit Party
5676:C.H. Douglas's book
5667:C.H. Douglas's book
5658:C.H. Douglas's book
4162:"Cow Words Part # 1"
3289:Douglas Credit Party
3255:corporate personhood
2981:capital appreciation
2962:While Aberhart, the
2869:British Labour Party
2849:banking institutions
2759:and soon thereafter
2659:Cambridge University
2653:C. H. Douglas was a
2339:
2141:
1970:Alfred Richard Orage
1853:Cumulative payments
1819:Cumulative payments
1578:classical economists
1422:Industrial relations
1411:Academic disciplines
1007:National-syndicalism
977:Democratic socialism
779:Newly industrialized
522:Collective ownership
383:Vertical archipelago
41:for trustworthiness.
39:Social Credit System
30:For other uses, see
6681:Heterodox economics
6409:Capability approach
6285:American (National)
6267:School of Salamanca
5876:Social Credit Board
5630:Beyond This Horizon
5499:on 9 February 2010.
5205:on 4 September 2007
5184:The Social Crediter
5169:The Social Crediter
5154:The Social Crediter
5004:Labour / Le Travail
4582:on 20 November 2008
4382:on 20 November 2008
4040:on 9 February 2010.
3966:, 98–100, 370–371.
3666:Robert Anton Wilson
3658:, part of his 1979
3647:Beyond This Horizon
2945:social conservative
2785:Ricardian economics
2761:The Social Crediter
2746:. While Canada and
2730:Government in that
2724:Alberta Legislature
2720:John Maynard Keynes
2584:exist. Traditional
2259:
2228:
2194:
2163:
1551:John Maynard Keynes
1002:Anarcho-syndicalism
764:Inclusive Democracy
6732:Monetary economics
6317:English historical
6063:Robert A. Heinlein
5660:Economic Democracy
5635:Robert A. Heinlein
5624:Robert A. Heinlein
5612:Fiction and poetry
5600:, by Bob Hesketh,
5575:Economic Democracy
5405:Economic Democracy
4894:on 3 February 2009
4719:on 26 October 2009
3831:Economic Democracy
3797:"Clifford Douglas"
3742:Citizen's dividend
3636:Robert A. Heinlein
3160:Left-Right Duality
2841:economic democracy
2809:The English Review
2688:Economic Democracy
2651:
2633:becomes evident."
2614:British government
2448:
2446:
2399:depreciation
2292:
2288:
2231:
2223:
2166:
2127:, and calculating
1962:
1901:
1847:
1767:unearned increment
1755:division of labour
1751:medium of exchange
1730:mathematical proof
1504:economic downturns
1111:Professional abuse
702:Material balancing
184:Buddhist economics
6709:
6708:
6671:Political economy
6639:
6638:
6571:New institutional
6544:Neo-Schumpeterian
6352:Marxist economics
6332:German historical
6169:
6168:
6103:Manasseh Sogavare
5986:
5985:
5557:978-0-415-14709-5
5550:. UK: Routledge.
5532:978-0-7735-0111-9
5489:978-0-9501126-1-9
5420:978-0-904656-00-8
5387:978-0-85855-001-8
5343:978-0-85855-001-8
5265:978-0-920392-24-9
5240:978-0-949667-80-9
5107:on 2 October 2008
4665:978-1-56000-149-2
4354:978-0-9501126-1-9
4166:billcasselman.com
4136:Warning Democracy
4112:978-0-904656-06-0
4030:978-0-9501126-1-9
3973:978-1-56000-149-2
3887:Micah 4:4
3845:978-0-904656-06-0
3656:The Trick Top Hat
3600:, Eimar O'Duffy,
3566:Flannery O'Connor
3524:Populist Alliance
2863:Political history
2732:Canadian province
2708:Warning Democracy
2681:Poverty in Plenty
2647:Edmonton, Alberta
2610:individual rights
2445:
2433:
2416:
2400:
2383:
2382:consumption
2362:
2345:
2290:
2278:
2227:
2213:
2162:
2147:
1811:The A + B theorem
1645:Economic sabotage
1496:political economy
1485:
1484:
1442:Post-work society
1271:Solidarity action
1081:Legal working age
937:Conflict theories
890:
889:
400:By regional model
194:Sabbath economics
16:(Redirected from
6744:
6701:Economic systems
6240:
6222:Medieval Islamic
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6161:
6154:
6033:Vernon Cracknell
6013:W. A. C. Bennett
5998:William Aberhart
5942:Social Credit-NZ
5799:
5788:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5756:
5717:– online library
5562:
5561:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5520:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5492:. Archived from
5481:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5454:. Mondo Politico
5443:
5437:
5434:
5425:
5424:
5408:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5379:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5224:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5099:Glenbow Museum.
5096:
5090:
5089:
5088:on 20 June 2010.
5073:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5016:10.2307/25142941
4995:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4835:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4768:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4715:. Archived from
4705:
4699:
4698:
4697:on 22 July 2011.
4696:
4685:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4649:
4638:
4637:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4549:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4527:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4438:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4248:. Bank of Canada
4247:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4223:. Mondo Politico
4212:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4172:on 8 March 2016.
4168:. Archived from
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4057:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4033:. Archived from
4022:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3793:
3757:Social democracy
3731:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3715:Economics portal
3712:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3622:G. K. Chesterton
3554:J. R. R. Tolkien
3531:Literary figures
3194:
3139:
3058:Later activities
3052:social dividends
2994:
2933:Great Depression
2925:William Aberhart
2923:, Canada led by
2889:Irish Free State
2873:Fabian socialism
2833:purchasing power
2814:purchasing power
2789:purchasing power
2738:American author
2579:Political theory
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2434:
2432:production
2431:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2363:
2360:
2346:
2344:true price
2343:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2066:balance of trade
1775:effective demand
1763:ticketing system
1758:insurance, etc.
1745:
1728:, and presented
1723:
1717:
1659:
1516:self-development
1508:purchasing power
1477:
1470:
1463:
1427:Labour economics
1417:Critique of work
1261:Pen-down strikes
972:Social democracy
919:
909:
908:Organized labour
899:
892:
882:
875:
868:
852:
851:
610:Municipalization
595:Financialization
565:Collectivization
547:Social ownership
537:Private property
531:Common ownership
489:Common ownership
303:Closed (autarky)
260:State capitalism
238:Socialist market
223:Market socialist
59:Economic systems
46:
21:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6635:
6621:Thermoeconomics
6392:21st centuries)
6391:
6389:
6383:
6271:
6231:
6217:Ancient schools
6205:
6200:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6143:
6117:
6003:Lavern Ahlstrom
5982:
5951:
5905:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5654:
5614:
5571:
5569:Further reading
5566:
5565:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5377:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5333:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5126:Douglas, C. H.
5125:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5059:
5052:
5051:
5047:
4997:
4996:
4977:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4758:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4651:
4650:
4641:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4603:
4600:
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4595:
4585:
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4579:
4572:
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4472:
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4422:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4294:
4284:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4214:
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4209:
4195:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4072:
4065:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3930:Douglas, C. H.
3929:
3928:
3924:
3910:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3762:Social dividend
3752:Monetary reform
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3701:Politics portal
3699:
3692:
3689:
3680:Guild Socialism
3626:Asses in Clover
3602:Sybil Thorndike
3542:Charlie Chaplin
3533:
3510:
3497:
3495:Solomon Islands
3458:
3441:
3297:
3280:
3275:
3224:
3187:Totalitarianism
3115:
3060:
2968:balanced budget
2913:
2877:full employment
2865:
2769:
2639:
2581:
2501:
2412:
2379:
2337:
2336:
2270:
2262:
2248:
2236:
2225:
2205:
2197:
2183:
2171:
2160:
2139:
2138:
2120:
2092:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1706:
1682:
1647:
1574:
1569:
1567:Economic theory
1535:interwar period
1481:
1452:
1451:
1447:Refusal of work
1412:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1286:Wildcat strikes
1281:Whipsaw strikes
1266:Sitdown strikes
1213:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1141:Toxic workplace
1025:
1015:
1014:
1011:
929:
927:Labour movement
907:
897:
886:
846:
839:
838:
804:Post-industrial
799:Post-capitalist
759:Hunter-gatherer
744:
736:
735:
650:
642:
641:
620:Nationalization
580:Demutualization
575:Corporatization
560:
552:
551:
542:State ownership
517:
509:
508:
484:
476:
475:
401:
393:
392:
363:Robinson Crusoe
298:
297:By coordination
290:
289:
274:Traditionalist
134:Neomercantilist
94:
86:
67:
42:
35:
28:
27:Economic theory
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6750:
6748:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:Organizational
6578:
6573:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6529:Neo-Malthusian
6526:
6525:
6524:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6446:Disequilibrium
6443:
6438:
6436:Constitutional
6433:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6322:French liberal
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6237:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6156:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6078:Ernest Manning
6075:
6073:Solon Earl Low
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5836:Les Démocrates
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5748:, held at the
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5653:
5652:External links
5650:
5649:
5648:
5637:
5626:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5595:
5589:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5538:
5531:
5502:
5488:
5465:
5446:Douglas, C.H.
5438:
5426:
5419:
5393:
5386:
5363:
5349:
5342:
5319:
5304:
5290:
5271:
5264:
5246:
5239:
5216:
5197:Douglas, C.H.
5189:
5174:
5159:
5144:
5118:
5091:
5065:
5045:
4975:
4960:
4938:
4920:
4915:English Review
4905:
4873:
4846:
4819:
4812:
4789:
4771:Douglas, C.H.
4756:
4738:Douglas, C.H.
4730:
4700:
4671:
4664:
4639:
4618:
4593:
4557:
4513:
4504:|journal=
4478:
4466:Douglas, C.H.
4458:
4420:
4393:
4368:Douglas, C.H.
4360:
4353:
4333:
4306:
4297:|journal=
4259:
4234:
4215:Douglas, C.H.
4207:
4198:|journal=
4175:
4153:
4125:
4111:
4087:
4043:
4029:
4006:
3979:
3972:
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3922:
3913:|journal=
3890:
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3858:
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3820:
3787:
3786:
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3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Stock and flow
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3718:
3704:
3688:
3685:
3618:Hilaire Belloc
3614:James Laughlin
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3508:United Kingdom
3506:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3484:
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3474:
3469:
3464:
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3447:
3440:
3437:
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3435:
3429:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Les Démocrates
3397:
3392:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3312:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3251:legal fictions
3223:
3220:
3156:unearned grace
3132:transcendental
3114:
3111:
3064:Ernest Manning
3059:
3056:
2977:capital assets
2912:
2909:
2864:
2861:
2845:worker control
2843:does not mean
2768:
2765:
2696:English Review
2655:civil engineer
2638:
2635:
2618:Trinitarianism
2580:
2577:
2545:in economics.
2500:
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2358:
2355:
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2349:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2318:= consumption,
2313:
2303:
2302:
2286:
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2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2119:
2116:
2111:Phillips Curve
2091:
2088:
2052:clearing house
2007:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1925:over payments
1921:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1864:over payments
1860:
1833:
1826:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1734:Social Credit.
1710:barter economy
1705:
1702:
1681:
1678:
1646:
1643:
1638:"value in use"
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1494:philosophy of
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Labour history
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1393:United Kingdom
1390:
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1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:Labour parties
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1229:General strike
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
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1201:
1200:
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1192:
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1128:
1123:
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1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:Eight-hour day
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
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989:
984:
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814:Resource-based
811:
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771:
766:
761:
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751:
745:
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651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
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627:
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600:Liberalization
597:
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572:
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558:
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516:Property types
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465:Latin America
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55:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6749:
6738:
6735:
6733:
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6725:
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6722:Social credit
6720:
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6717:
6702:
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6697:
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6631:Social credit
6629:
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6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:Structuralist
6604:
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6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:Public choice
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6554:New classical
6552:
6550:
6549:Neoliberalism
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Neo-Ricardian
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6471:Institutional
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6228:
6227:Scholasticism
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6088:Neil Morrison
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:Norman Jaques
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:John Hargrave
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:C. H. Douglas
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Réal Caouette
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:Bruce Beetham
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:New Democracy
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5787:Social Credit
5780:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5606:0-8020-4148-5
5603:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:0-904656-06-3
5584:
5580:
5579:C. H. Douglas
5576:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5476:Social Credit
5469:
5466:
5453:
5452:Social Credit
5449:
5442:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5145:
5129:
5122:
5119:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4906:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4847:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4813:9780773520103
4809:
4805:
4804:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4774:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4741:
4734:
4731:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4597:
4594:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4459:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4394:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:Social Credit
4337:
4334:
4322:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4289:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4221:Social Credit
4218:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4190:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4126:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4017:Social Credit
4010:
4007:
3992:
3991:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3949:
3933:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3824:
3821:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3782:
3778:
3777:Welfare state
3775:
3773:
3772:Surplus value
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3654:In his novel
3652:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3606:Bonamy Dobrée
3603:
3599:
3598:Storm Jameson
3595:
3594:Denis Ireland
3591:
3587:
3586:Aldous Huxley
3583:
3582:George Orwell
3579:
3575:
3574:Thomas Merton
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Country Party
3460:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:Organizations
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3346:New Democracy
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3240:Old Testament
3237:
3236:Social Credit
3233:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:Francis Bacon
3213:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:anti-Semitism
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:Silvio Gesell
3002:
3001:Privy Council
2998:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Social Credit
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Denis Ireland
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:Social Credit
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:Gorham Munson
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:approached."
2623:
2622:British Isles
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:secret ballot
2587:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2427:
2394:
2373:
2356:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2324:= production.
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:balance sheet
2117:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2078:John Hargrave
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:claimed that
1619:
1615:
1614:David Ricardo
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:Silvio Gesell
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:C. H. Douglas
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Social credit
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:New Caledonia
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Overtime bans
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:Strike action
1207:
1206:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1146:Unfree labour
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Paid time off
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:Four-day week
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:Labour rights
1019:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Union busting
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
931:
928:
923:
922:
918:
914:
913:
910:
904:
900:
894:
893:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
842:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:Post-scarcity
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:Expeditionary
752:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
710:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
646:
645:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:Socialization
628:
626:
625:Privatization
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Mutualization
613:
611:
608:
606:
605:Marketization
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:Expropriation
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Communization
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265:Social credit
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119:Laissez-faire
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6630:
6456:Evolutionary
6388:Contemporary
6367:Neoclassical
6312:Distributist
6257:Mercantilism
6244:Early modern
6108:Ken Sweigard
6093:Al Overfield
5821:Canada Party
5785:
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3925:
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3893:
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3830:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3800:
3791:
3747:Distributism
3737:Basic income
3677:
3675:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3610:Eric de Maré
3590:Ray Bradbury
3578:Herbert Read
3538:C. M. Grieve
3534:
3415:
3414:
3351:
3350:
3341:Canada Party
3314:
3299:
3298:
3266:
3262:
3247:abstractions
3244:
3235:
3228:antisemitism
3225:
3209:
3200:metaphysical
3197:
3179:
3175:Henry George
3164:
3142:
3128:Jesus Christ
3116:
3096:
3083:
3061:
3046:and various
3037:
3026:
3023:
3018:
2986:
2973:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2928:
2914:
2891:promoted by
2881:wage slavery
2866:
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2699:
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2669:Alfred Orage
2662:
2652:
2631:party system
2627:
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2568:
2564:
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2552:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:J. M. Keynes
2502:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2460:
2415:credit
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2304:
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2121:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2062:
2057:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1968:, edited by
1965:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1908:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1798:
1790:centralizing
1779:
1771:
1760:
1748:
1733:
1732:in his book
1707:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1648:
1575:
1554:
1532:
1513:
1492:distributive
1487:
1486:
1291:Work-to-rule
1165:Trade unions
1136:Six-hour day
1121:Right to sit
1086:Minimum wage
1036:Child labour
1031:Annual leave
957:New unionism
719:Peer-to-peer
714:Self-managed
649:Coordination
585:Deregulation
270:Distributist
264:
124:Mercantilist
43:
6611:Supply-side
6534:Neo-Marxian
6347:Marginalism
6277:Late modern
6262:Physiocrats
6113:John Turmel
6053:Ron Gostick
6048:A. N. Field
6023:Eric Butler
5137:27 February
5111:27 February
5010:: 123–152.
4898:11 December
4867:28 February
4840:28 February
4713:Simple Text
4688:The New Age
4586:11 December
4530:The New Age
4451:12 November
4414:28 February
4386:18 December
4327:28 February
4278:28 February
4252:28 February
4227:27 February
4146:18 December
4118:11 December
4060:The New Age
4000:28 February
3941:27 February
3851:12 November
3813:6 September
3570:Dorothy Day
3562:T. S. Eliot
3558:C. S. Lewis
3456:New Zealand
3259:collectives
3148:sovereignty
3120:Incarnation
3107:New Zealand
2999:and/or the
2991:ultra vires
2885:Sidney Webb
2853:aristocracy
2825:consumption
2793:engineering
2748:New Zealand
2673:The New Age
2664:The New Age
1932:. Payments
1907:Cumulative
1871:. Payments
1652:Old English
1537:, with the
1388:South Korea
1368:Netherlands
1363:New Zealand
992:Syndicalism
962:Proletariat
942:Decent work
824:Traditional
774:Manorialism
769:Information
743:Other types
729:Open access
692:Cybernetics
434:Anglo-Saxon
419:Singaporean
378:Underground
373:Subsistence
278:Corporatist
253:Syndicalist
213:Communalist
99:Associative
93:By ideology
66:Major types
6716:Categories
6591:Regulation
6517:Monetarism
6503:Circuitism
6451:Ecological
6419:Chartalism
6399:Behavioral
6342:Manchester
6337:Malthusian
6295:Birmingham
6252:Cameralism
6236:Modern era
6210:Pre-modern
6098:Ezra Pound
6083:Roly Marks
6043:Louis Even
5646:Ezra Pound
5641:The Cantos
3550:Ezra Pound
3431:See also:
3253:, such as
3113:Philosophy
3073:right wing
3040:socialists
2893:Maud Gonne
2857:accredited
2837:production
2821:production
2675:and later
2606:common law
2586:ballot box
2361:cost
1610:Adam Smith
1437:Labour law
1246:Green bans
1239:newspapers
1131:Sick leave
1126:Sabbatical
829:Transition
789:Plantation
697:Indicative
559:Transition
409:East Asian
180:Religious
156:Democratic
129:Neoliberal
114:Democratic
104:Capitalist
72:Capitalism
6666:Economics
6601:Stockholm
6476:Keynesian
6441:Cracovian
6390:(20th and
6379:Socialist
6362:Mutualism
6305:Ricardian
6300:Classical
5795:Movements
5040:143059425
5024:0700-3862
4607:cite news
4546:cite news
4076:cite news
3278:Australia
3212:Aristotle
3167:theocracy
3152:salvation
3080:red scare
3048:communist
2804:consumers
2781:dividends
2649:, Canada.
2602:supremacy
2543:Say's Law
2439:$
2422:$
2406:$
2389:$
2374:⋅
2368:$
2351:$
2233:∫
2168:∫
2156:⋅
2129:aggregate
2076:, led by
2070:trade war
2044:clearings
2020:deductive
2016:empirical
2002:Group B:
1994:Group A:
1773:we call '
1618:Karl Marx
1383:Singapore
1338:Hong Kong
1313:Australia
1066:Equal pay
987:Communism
982:Socialism
794:Plutonomy
675:Regulated
504:Voluntary
430:European
283:Feudalism
228:Mutualist
218:Communist
208:Socialist
189:Christian
109:Corporate
82:Communism
77:Socialism
6691:Degrowth
6626:Virginia
6466:Freiburg
6461:Feminist
6414:Carnegie
6404:Buddhist
6372:Lausanne
6327:Georgism
6290:Austrian
6160:Politics
6153:Category
5032:25142941
4536:8 August
4066:14 March
3807:Archived
3687:See also
3671:interest
3526:(active)
3503:(active)
3391:(active)
3365:(active)
3171:fig tree
3154:through
3145:immanent
3137:religare
3076:populist
3011:. These
2800:bankrupt
2777:salaries
2683:Series.
2595:Barabbas
2048:deposits
1805:services
1801:abstract
1782:scarcity
1726:deposits
1602:progress
1524:fig tree
1378:Portugal
1318:Barbados
1276:Walkouts
1251:Lockouts
1101:Overwork
952:Timeline
898:a series
895:Part of
682:Planning
333:Informal
318:Dirigist
171:Georgist
166:Feminist
51:a series
49:Part of
6644:Related
6431:Chicago
6122:History
5910:Oceania
5458:1 March
5301:. 1945.
5209:1 March
4723:1 March
3439:Ireland
2995:by the
2964:Premier
2921:Alberta
2829:capital
2767:Origins
2637:History
2493:freedom
2330:capital
2023:theorem
2014:Beyond
1966:New Age
1743:credere
1715:pecunia
1594:capital
1343:Ireland
1333:Georgia
724:Sharing
687:In kind
635:Marxist
527:Commons
494:Private
483:Sectors
454:Rhenish
424:Keralan
414:Chinese
388:Virtual
368:Sharing
358:Planned
348:Natural
313:Digital
201:Islamic
161:Fascist
149:Welfare
6522:Market
5991:People
5956:Europe
5803:Canada
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3295:Canada
3183:Mammon
3103:Quebec
3062:Under
3013:scrips
2461:where
2305:where
1738:credit
1634:prices
1590:labour
1528:Utopia
1398:Sweden
1373:Norway
1348:Israel
1323:Brazil
1224:Hartal
784:Palace
660:Market
655:Barter
499:Public
459:Soviet
444:Nordic
439:German
405:Asian
338:Market
6498:Post-
5644:, by
5633:, by
5622:, by
5577:, by
5497:(PDF)
5480:(PDF)
5378:(PDF)
5334:(PDF)
5131:(PDF)
5060:(PDF)
5036:S2CID
5028:JSTOR
4933:(PDF)
4892:(PDF)
4885:(PDF)
4861:(PDF)
4834:(PDF)
4776:(PDF)
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3994:(PDF)
3935:(PDF)
3783:Notes
3124:Canon
2773:wages
1721:pecus
1654:word
1630:costs
1626:value
1490:is a
1353:Malta
1234:Bandh
834:World
819:Token
709:Price
449:Dutch
343:Mixed
248:State
176:Green
6481:Neo-
5602:ISBN
5583:ISBN
5552:ISBN
5527:ISBN
5484:ISBN
5460:2008
5415:ISBN
5382:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5235:ISBN
5211:2008
5139:2008
5113:2008
5020:ISSN
4900:2008
4869:2008
4842:2008
4808:ISBN
4784:2023
4751:2023
4725:2008
4660:ISBN
4613:link
4588:2008
4552:link
4538:2010
4508:help
4453:2008
4416:2008
4388:2008
4349:ISBN
4329:2008
4301:help
4280:2008
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4229:2008
4202:help
4148:2008
4120:2008
4107:ISBN
4082:link
4068:2008
4025:ISBN
4002:2008
3968:ISBN
3943:2008
3917:help
3853:2008
3840:ISBN
3815:2021
3620:and
3214:and
2779:and
2710:and
2027:flow
1953:and
1892:and
1830:and
1657:wela
1632:and
1616:and
1592:and
1586:land
1328:Fiji
1195:WFTU
1190:ITUC
670:Open
665:Free
353:Open
328:Gift
323:Dual
6493:New
5523:105
5012:doi
4955:RTÉ
3035:.)
2823:is
2604:of
1943:n-1
1882:n-1
1855:A+B
1843:A+B
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1957:n
1955:B
1950:n
1948:A
1941:B
1936:n
1934:A
1929:n
1927:A
1922:n
1920:B
1915:n
1911:n
1909:A
1896:n
1894:B
1889:n
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1880:B
1875:n
1873:A
1868:n
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