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than social loafing, as offering a monetary incentive have been evidenced to fail to produce an increase in memory for groups. Further evidence from this study suggest something other than social loafing is at work, as reducing evaluation apprehension – the focus on one's performance amongst other people – assisted in individuals' memories but did not produce a gain in memory for groups. Personal accountability – drawing attention to one's own performance and contribution in a group – also did not reduce collaborative inhibition. Therefore, group members' motivation to overcome the interference of group recall cannot be achieved by several motivational factors.
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that demonstrate which years are particularly strongly remembered in the context of different countries (commonly, exponential shape of memory curves with occasional peaks that relate to commemorating important past events) and how the attention to more distant years declines in news. Based on a topic modelling and analysis they then detected major topics portraying how particular years are remembered. Rather than news, Knowledge was also the target of analysis. Viewership statistics of
Knowledge articles on aircraft crashes were analyzed to study the relation between recent events and past events, particularly for understanding memory-triggering patterns.
834:. During the encoding of information, individuals form their own idiosyncratic organization of the information. This organization is later used when trying to recall the information. In a group setting as members exchange information, the information recalled by group members disrupts the idiosyncratic organization one had developed. As each member's organization is disrupted, this results in the less information recalled by the group compared to the pooled recall of participants who had individually recalled (an equal number of participants as in the group).
773:'s aphorism "those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", pointing out that strong cultural emphasis on certain historical events (often wrongs against the group) can prevent resolution of armed conflicts, especially when the conflict has been previously fought to a draw. The sociologist David Leupold draws attention to the problem of structural nationalism inherent in the notion of collective memory, arguing in favor of "emancipating the notion of collective memory from being subjected to the national collective" by employing a
757:, which assume a homogeneity that is rarely, if ever, present, and maintain that, since memory is constructed, it is entirely subject to the manipulations of those invested in its maintenance, denying that there can be limits to the malleability of memory or to the extent to which artificial constructions of memory can be inculcated. In practice, the construction of a completely collective memory is at best an aspiration of politicians, which is never entirely fulfilled and is always subject to contestations.
867:. In a 2003 study done in the Claremont Graduate University, results demonstrated that during a stressful event and the actual event are managed by the brain differently. Other instances of false memories may occur when remembering something on an object that is not actually there or mistaking how someone looks in a crime scene (Legge, 2018). It is possible for people to remember the same false memories; some people call it the "
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provided a percentage estimation from 0% to 100%, evidence for collective narcissism was found as many countries gave responses exaggerating their country's contribution. In another study where
American's from the 50 states were asked similar questions regarding their state's contribution to the history of the United States, patterns of overestimation and collective narcissism were also found.
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perspectives and the integration of these perspectives and details to provide a complete and accurate account. In contrast, collective memory focuses on a single perspective, for instance, the perspective of one social group, nation, or community. Consequently, collective memory represents past events as associated with the values, narratives and biases specific to that group.
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increase the similarity between the interactional partners' memories When these dyadic interactions occur in a social network, one can understand how large communities converge on a similar memory of the past. Research on larger interactions show that collective memory in larger social networks can emerge due to cognitive mechanisms involved in small group interactions.
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990:, which encompasses the ways in social and collective memory has shifted after the digital turn, has grown substantially responding to rising proliferation of memorial content not only on the internet, but also the increased use of digital formats and tools in heritage institutions, classrooms, and among individual users worldwide.
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individual might not remember as much as they would on their own, as their memory recall cues may be distorted because of other team members. Nevertheless, this has enhanced benefits, team members can remember something specific to the disruption of the group. Cross-cueing plays a role in formulation of group recall (Barber, 2011).
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863:. The clock was later set at 10.25 to remember the tragic bomb (de Vito et al. 2009). The individuals were asked to remember if the clock at Bologna central station in Italy had remained functioning, everyone said no, in fact it was the opposite (Legge, 2018). There have been many instances in history where people create a
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patterns of conflict and errors are proposed functions of why groups form social representations of history. This research has focused on surveying different groups or comparing differences in recollections of historical events, such as the examples given earlier when comparing history and collective memory.
732:, in a tour of the United States as an attempt to rally support and funding for the reconstruction of his Memorial Methodist Church in Hiroshima. He theorized that the use of the atomic bomb had forever added to the world's collective memory and would serve in the future as a warning against such devices. See
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Other studies focused on the analysis of collective memory in social networks such as investigation of over 2 million tweets (both quantitively and qualitatively) that are related to history to uncover their characteristics and ways in which history-related content is disseminated in social networks.
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whom many people falsely believed was dead. (Legge, 2018). The
Pandora Box experiment explains that language complexes the mind more when it comes to false memories. Language plays a role with imaginative experiences, because it makes it hard for humans to gather correct information (Jablonka, 2017).
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Studies have found that people from different nations can have major differences in their recollections of the past. In one study where
American and Russian students were instructed to recall significant events from World War II and these lists of events were compared, the majority of events recalled
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it has become possible to study how online users refer to the past and what they focus at. In an early study in 2010 researchers extracted absolute year references from large amounts of news articles collected for queries denoting particular countries. This allowed to portray so-called memory curves
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with individuals. The brain has many important brain regions that are directed at memory, the cerebral cortex, the fornix and the structures that they contain. These structures in the brain are required for attaining new information, and if any of these structures are damaged you can get anterograde
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Bottom-up approaches to the formation of collective memories investigate how cognitive-level phenomena allow for people to synchronize their memories following conversational remembering. Due to the malleability of human memory, talking with one another about the past results in memory changes that
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James E. Young has introduced the notion of 'collected memory' (opposed to collective memory), marking memory's inherently fragmented, collected and individual character, while Jan
Assmann develops the notion of 'communicative memory', a variety of collective memory based on everyday communication.
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Early speculations about collaborative inhibition have included explanations, such as diminished personal accountability, social loafing and the diffusion of responsibility, however retrieval disruption remains the leading explanation. Studies have found that collective inhibition to sources other
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Research on collective memory have taken the approach to compare how different social groups form their own representations of history and how such collective memories can impact ideals, values, behaviors and vice versa. Developing social identity and evaluating the past in order to prevent past
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The difference between history and collective memory is best understood when comparing the aims and characteristics of each. A goal of history broadly is to provide a comprehensive, accurate, and unbiased portrayal of past events. This often includes the representation and comparison of multiple
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Differences in collective memories between social groups, such as nations or states, have been attributed to collective narcissism and egocentric/ethnocentric bias. In one related study where participants from 35 countries were questioned about their country's contribution to world history and
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Though traditionally a topic studied in the humanities, collective memory has become an area of interest in psychology. Common approaches taken in psychology to study collective memory have included investigating the cognitive mechanisms involved in the formation and transmission of collective
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Studies have shown that information forgotten and excluded during group recall can promote the forgetting of related information compared to information unrelated to that which was excluded during group recall. Selective forgetting has been suggested to be a critical mechanism involved in the
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When groups collaborate to recall information, they experience collaborative inhibition, a decrease in performance compared to the pooled memory recall of an equal number of individuals. Weldon and
Bellinger (1997) and Basden, Basden, Bryner, and Thomas (1997) provided evidence that retrieval
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Information exchange among group members often helps individuals to remember things that they would not have remembered had they been working alone. In other words, the information provided by person A may 'cue' memories in person B. This results in enhanced recall. During a group recall, an
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Collective memory has been conceptualized in several ways and proposed to have certain attributes. For instance, collective memory can refer to a shared body of knowledge (e.g., memory of a nation's past leaders or presidents); the image, narrative, values and ideas of a social group; or the
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Despite the problem of collaborative inhibition, working in groups may benefit an individual's memory in the long run, as group discussion exposes one to many different ideas over time. Working alone initially prior to collaboration seems to be the optimal way to increase memory.
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Certain cognitive mechanisms involved during group recall and the interactions between these mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the formation of collective memory. Below are some mechanisms involved during when groups of individuals recall collaboratively.
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or retrograde amnesia (Anastasio et al.,p. 26, 2012). Amnesia could be anything that disrupts your memory or affects you psychologically. Over time, memory loss becomes a natural part of amnesia. Sometimes you can get retrograde memory of a recent or past event.
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by the
American and Russian students were not shared. Differences in the events recalled and emotional views towards the Civil War, World War II and the Iraq War have also been found in a study comparing collective memory between generations of Americans.
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that is significantly associated with the group's identity. The
English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philosopher and sociologist
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takes issue with the term "collective memory", distinguishing between memories of people who were actually alive during the events in question, and people who only know about them from culture or media. Rieff writes in opposition to
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formation of collective memories and what details are ultimately included and excluded by group members. This mechanism has been studied using the socially-shared retrieval induced forgetting paradigm, a variation of the
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Bayer, Yaakov M. (2016). Memory and belonging: The social construction of a collective memory during the intercultural transition of immigrants from
Argentina in Israel. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(1),
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Zaromb, Franklin M.; Liu, James H.; Páez, Dario; Hanke, Katja; Putnam, Adam L.; Roediger, Henry L. (1 December 2018). "We Made
History: Citizens of 35 Countries Overestimate Their Nation's Role in World History".
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hashtags that serve for commemorating or recalling a certain day or period (often somehow related to the day of tweet posting), or unspecified entities, such as #todaywe remember, #otd, #onthisday, #4yearsago and
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Kanhabua, N., Nguyen, T.N., Niederée, C.: What triggers human remembering of events?: A large-scale analysis of catalysts for collective memory in wikipedia. In: JCDL'14, pp. 341–350. London, United Kingdom
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Choi, Hae-Yoon; Blumen, Helena M.; Congleton, Adam R.; Rajaram, Suparna (2014). "The role of group configuration in the social transmission of memory: Evidence from identical and reconfigured groups".
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interference underlies collaborative inhibition, as hearing other members' thoughts and discussion about the topic at hand interferes with one's own organization of thoughts and impairs memory.
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Choi, H. Y., Blumen, H. M., Congleton, A. R., & Rajaram, S. (2014). The role of group configuration in the social transmission of memory: Evidence from identical and reconfigured groups.
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Erinnerungspolitik der DDR. Dargestellt an der Berichterstattung der Tageszeitung „Neues Deutschland" über die Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätten Buchenwald, Ravensbrück und Sachsenhausen.
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GarcĂa-Gavilanes, R., Mollgaard, A., Tsvetkova, M., & Yasseri, T. (2017). The memory remains: Understanding collective memory in the digital age. Science advances, 3(4), e1602368.
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Roediger, Henry L.; Agarwal, Pooja K.; Butler, Andrew C.; Zaromb, Franklin (1 April 2014). "Collective memories of three wars in United States history in younger and older adults".
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Collective memory can be constructed, shared, and passed on by large and small social groups. Examples of these groups can include nations, generations, communities, among others.
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Coman, Alin; Manier, David; Hirst, William (May 2009). "Forgetting the unforgettable through conversation: socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting of September 11 memories".
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Compared to recalling individually, group members can provide opportunities for error pruning during recall to detect errors that would otherwise be uncorrected by an individual.
725:. As another subform of collective memories, Assmann mentions forms detached from the everyday; they can be particular materialized and fixed points as, e.g. texts and monuments.
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Basden, B. H.; Basden, D. R.; Bryner, S.; Thomas, R. L. (September 1997). "A comparison of group and individual remembering: does collaboration disrupt retrieval strategies?".
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Congleton, Adam R.; Rajaram, Suparna (August 2014). "Collaboration changes both the content and the structure of memory: Building the architecture of shared representations".
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Congleton, A. R., & Rajaram, S. (2014). Collaboration changes both the content and the structure of memory: Building the architecture of shared representations.
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hashtags which relate to national or regional histories, for example, #ushistory or #canadianhistory including also past names of locations (e.g., #ancientgreece).
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Coman, A. & Momennejad, I, Geana, A, Drach, D.R. (2016). Mnemonic convergence in social networks: the emergent properties of cognition at a collective level.
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Ferron, M., Massa, P.: Collective memory building in wikipedia: The case of north african uprisings. In: WikiSym'11, pp. 114–123. Mountain View, California (2011)
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that highlights the mutual interaction of other memory collectives that form around generational belonging, family, locality or socio-political world-views.
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In its place, Beiner has promoted the term "social memory" and has also demonstrated its limitations by developing a related concept of "social forgetting".
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749:(1968- ), an authority on memory and the history of Ireland, has criticized the unreflective use of the adjective "collective" in many studies of memory:
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Listening to group members recall the previously encoded information can enhance memory as it provides a second exposure opportunity to the information.
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Harris, Celia B.; Paterson, Helen M.; Kemp, Richard I. (2008). "Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together?".
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Cuc, Alexandru; Koppel, Jonathan; Hirst, William (August 2007). "Silence is not golden: a case for socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting".
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Coman, Alin; Hirst, William (August 2015). "Social identity and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting: The effects of group membership".
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Hoskins A. Media, memory, metaphor: remembering and the connective turn. Parallax. 2011;17:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2011.605573.
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de Vito, Stefania; Cubelli, Roberto; Della Sala, Sergio (May 2009). "Collective representations elicit widespread individual false memories".
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Group settings can also provide opportunities for exposure to erroneous information that may be mistaken to be correct or previously studied.
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hashtags used in general to broadly identify history-related tweets that do not fall into any specific type (e.g., #history, #historyfacts).
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Hirst, William; Rajaram, Suparna (1 December 2014). "Toward a social turn in memory: An introduction to a special issue on social memory".
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short discussion with bibliography of French works by Marie-Claire Lavabre, Research Director at CNRS – Centre Marc Bloch (CEVIPOF)
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Zucker EM, Simon DJ (eds). Mass violence and memory in the digital age: memorialization unmoored. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan; 2020.
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Weldon, M.S.; Blair, C.; Huebsch, P.D. (2000). "Group Remembering: Does Social Loafing Underlie Collaborative Inhibition?".
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Wertsch, James V.; Roediger, Henry L. (April 2008). "Collective memory: conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches".
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by Harold Marcuse, History Department, University of California, Santa Barbara. With bibliography and links to readings.
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Weldon, M. S., & Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering.
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hashtags denoting references to specific entities such as persons, organizations or objects (e.g., #stalin, #napoleon).
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Jablonka, Eva (1 December 2017). "Collective narratives, false memories, and the origins of autobiographical memory".
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Rajaram, Suparna; Pereira-Pasarin, Luciane P. (November 2010). "Collaborative Memory: Cognitive Research and Theory".
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This form of memory resembles the exchanges in oral cultures or the memories collected (and made collective) through
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Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (1 May 2016). "Recognizing the Presidents: Was Alexander Hamilton President?".
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Wertsch, J. V., & Roediger, H. L. (2008). Collective memory: Conceptual foundations and theoretical approaches.
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Hirst, William; Yamashiro, Jeremy K.; Coman, Alin (May 2018). "Collective Memory from a Psychological Perspective".
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paradigm, as it allows the vast majority of humanity to access and modify a common shared online collective memory.
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Shall androids dream of genocides? How generative AI can change the future of memorialization of mass atrocities
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Pezdek, Kathy (November 2003). "Event memory and autobiographical memory for the events of September 11, 2001".
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argues that the phenomenon of human collective intelligence undergoes a profound shift with the arrival of the
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The theory of collective memory was also discussed by former Hiroshima resident and atomic-bomb survivor,
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Rajaram, S., & Pereira-Pasarin, L. P. (2010). Collaborative memory: Cognitive research and theory.
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Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '11
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Roediger, Henry L.; Abel, Magdalena (July 2015). "Collective memory: a new arena of cognitive study".
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Collective memory has been a topic of interest and research across a number of disciplines, including
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2896:"Mnemonic convergence in social networks: The emergent properties of cognition at a collective level"
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Roediger, Henry L.; Wertsch, James V. (January 2008). "Creating a new discipline of memory studies".
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3658:, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition. Elsevier. 2015.
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Encyclopedia of American Social History. Ed. Mary Clayton et al. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1993.
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by John Sutton, Philosophy Department, Macquarie University, Sydney. Links to many bibliographies
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hashtags which relate to particular thematic facets of history (e.g.,#sporthistory, #arthistory).
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With the ability of online data such as social media and social network data and developments in
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Hirst, W., Yamashiro, J., Coman, A. (2018). Collective memory from a psychological perspective.
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Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
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Assmann, Jan; Czaplicka, John (Spring–Summer 1995). "Collective Memory and Cultural Identity".
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Handbook for Research in American History: A Guide to Bibliographies and Other Reference Works
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The Influence of Retrieval Organization on the Formation and Persistence of Collective Memory
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Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
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Roediger, H. L., & Abel, M. (2015). Collective memory: A new arena of cognitive study.
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Hirst, William; Manier, David (April 2008). "Towards a psychology of collective memory".
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How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy
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Anastasio, Thomas J.; Ehrenberger, Kristen Ann; Watson, Patrick; Zhang, Wenyi (2012).
871:". The name "Mandela effect" comes from the name of South African civil rights leader
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Embattled dreamlands: the politics of contesting Armenian, Kurdish and Turkish memory
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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd Ed.), Vol. 4
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The psychology of learning and motivation: advances in research and theory. Vol. 45
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memory; and comparing the social representations of history between social groups.
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3362:. 1st Vintage Books ed. New York: A.A. Knopf : Distributed by Random House.
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hashtags related to particular events in the past (e.g., #wwi, #sevenyearswar).
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Collective memory of political events : social psychological perspectives
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1979:
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17:
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987:
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663:
458:
3329:
3308:
National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major Events in the American Century
2939:
2804:
2761:
2710:
2656:
2501:
2458:
2347:
2258:
2212:
2060:
1936:
1879:
1566:
1488:
1445:
1378:
1327:
1208:
1130:
3315:
The Politics of Regret: On Collective Memory and Historical Responsibility
3287:
The Promise of Memory: History and Politics in Marx, Benjamin, and Derrida
3218:
2301:
1728:
4280:
3540:
Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
3294:
The Temple of Memories: history, power, and morality in a Chinese village
3221:
Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory
944:
Hashtags, as well as tweets, can be classified into the following types:
784:
483:
478:
438:
3492:"Analysis of Temporal and Web Site References in History-related Tweets"
3271:
Forget colonialism? : sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar
1730:
Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory
1597:
Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook
3993:
3692:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23
3640:
Hirst W., Manier D. (2008). Towards a psychology of collective memory.
2745:
2647:
2630:
2615:
667:
648:
analyzed and advanced the concept of the collective memory in the book
3331:
Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs
3244:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography
1645:
639:
refers to the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of a
2167:"Americans Exaggerate Their Home State's Role in Building the Nation"
2044:
2536:
3484:
Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems
3390:
Olick, Jeffrey K., Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, and Daniel Levy, eds.
3377:
Rebuilding Shattered Worlds: Creating Community by Voicing the Past
3322:
In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat,1943-1949
3301:
Time Passages : Collective Memory and American Popular Culture
2274:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
2239:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1637:
3724:"History in the Public Sphere: Analyzing Collective Memory" course
3591:
Walden VG (2022). The Memorial Museum in the Digital Age. Sussex:
1903:"Building a collective memory: the case for collective forgetting"
1152:
Olick, Jeffrey K.; Vinitzky-Seroussi, Vered; Levy, Daniel (2011).
692:
continuous process by which collective memories of events change.
2629:
Roediger, Henry L.; Meade, Michelle L.; Bergman, Erik T. (2001).
1708:"Troubles with Remembering; or, the Seven Sins of Memory Studies"
3531:
Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Jatowt, Adam; DĂĽring, Marten (23 May 2018).
3368:
Forest of Struggle: Moralities of Remembrance in Upland Cambodia
1400:
Yuan, Ti-Fei; DeSoto, K. Andrew; Xue, Yan; Fu, Mingchen (2016).
1045:
498:
3733:
3729:
3409:
United States History: A Selective Guide to Information Sources
3140:, edited by M. Bloch. Boulder and Oxford: Westview Press: 1998.
3054:
830:
The main theoretical account for collaborative inhibition is
859:
In 2010, a study was done to see how individuals remembered
2372:. Ross, Brian H. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2004.
1774:
In Praise of Forgetting: Historical Memory and Its Ironies
3490:
Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Jatowt, Adam; DĂĽring, Marten (2017).
3154:. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
713:
The concept of collective memory, initially developed by
3501:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 419–420.
3264:
The Wages of Guilt: memories of war in Germany and Japan
3181:, Mahwah, New Jersey. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: 1997.
3130:, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 2016.
2894:
Coman, A.; Momennejad, I.; Drach, R.; Geana, A. (2016).
3352:
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-63678-7.
1074:– biases to taboo some elements of a collective memory
927:
Computational approaches to collective memory analysis
3499:
Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference
1588:
Assmann, Jan (2008). A. Erll & A. NĂĽnning (ed.).
3440:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 1231.
2964:. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. p. 1231.
1068: – Data and information held by an organization
813:
Cognitive mechanisms underlying collaborative recall
4640:
4609:
4468:
4461:
4354:
4326:
4258:
4215:
4187:
4147:
4089:
3984:
3890:
3865:
3817:
3810:
3767:
3303:, Minneapolis. University of Minnesota Press: 2001.
3273:, Berkeley : Univ. of California Press, 2001
2085:
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
1960:
Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition
918:Synchronization of memories from dyads to networks
822:Collaborative inhibition and retrieval disruption
3411:. Englewood, Colorado. Libraries Unlimited: 1994
2676:
2674:
2415:Barber, Sarah J.; Rajaram, Suparna (July 2011).
3624:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
751:
2861:Individual and Collective Memory Consolidation
2828:Individual and Collective Memory Consolidation
2610:(Thesis). Stony Brook University. p. 12.
1901:Hirst, William; Coman, Alin (1 October 2018).
3745:
3296:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.
617:
27:Shared knowledge and values of a social group
8:
3567:"Analyzing history-related posts in twitter"
3542:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 213–222.
3195:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
3023:"Analyzing history-related posts in twitter"
2151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
791:Collective memory and psychological research
3876:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
3631:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
3374:Smith, A. L., & Eisenstein, A. (2016).
3334:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2734:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
2033:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
4465:
3814:
3752:
3738:
3730:
3571:International Journal on Digital Libraries
3465:Makhortykh, M., Zucker, E.M., Simon, D.J.
3429:Au Yeung, Ching-man; Jatowt, Adam (2011).
3289:, State University of New York Press, 2006
3225:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3027:International Journal on Digital Libraries
2953:Au Yeung, Ching-man; Jatowt, Adam (2011).
1830:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1236:(in French). Paris: Librairie FĂ©lix Alcan.
624:
610:
31:
3582:
3565:Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Jatowt, Adam (2020).
3128:Collective Memory and the Historical Past
3121:Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies
3098:Learn how and when to remove this message
3038:
3021:Sumikawa, Yasunobu; Jatowt, Adam (2020).
2929:
2919:
2646:
2448:
1918:
1435:
1417:
3674:Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5
3656:Collective memory (Social psychology of)
2126:DeSoto, Henry L. Roediger III,K Andrew.
2863:, The MIT Press, pp. 41–60, 2012,
1084:
39:
3711:Interdisciplinary Study of Memory Site
3416:A Companion to Cultural Memory Studies
2393:
2144:
1823:
1684:
753:The problem is with crude concepts of
682:Conceptualization of collective memory
3619:, Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 188–193.
3533:"Digital History meets Microblogging"
3431:"Studying how the past is remembered"
2955:"Studying how the past is remembered"
2889:
2887:
2313:
2311:
2232:
2230:
2171:Association for Psychological Science
2026:
2024:
1845:
1843:
1841:
7:
3705:For a Sociology of Collective Memory
3654:Licata, Laurent and Mercy, Aurélie:
3401:. University of Nebraska Press: 1987
3348:Tillack-Graf, Anne-Kathleen (2012):
3324:, University of Chicago Press, 2005.
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
861:a bombing that occurred in the 1980s
3610:Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 26
3371:. University of Hawaii Press, 2013.
3248:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1590:"Communicative and cultural memory"
911:retrieval induced forgetting method
3414:Erll, Astrid and NĂĽnning, Ansgar.
1510:Wertsch, James V. (15 July 2002).
1402:"Remembering the Leaders of China"
25:
4157:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
3394:. Oxford University Press: 2011.
3191:Generations and Collective Memory
2635:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
800:Social representations of history
709:Perspectives on collective memory
4702:
4690:
3649:Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22
3407:Blazek, Ron and Perrault, Anna.
3310:. Armonk, N.Y. M.E. Sharpe: 1998
3059:
2789:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01967.x
2695:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02343.x
2128:"The Power of Collective Memory"
1733:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1513:Voices of Collective Remembering
1233:Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire
696:History versus collective memory
650:Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire
591:
47:
3380:. University of Nebraska Press.
3164:, Univ of Chicago Press, 1992,
1995:Journal of Cognitive Psychology
1659:Hersey, John (12 August 1985).
687:Attributes of collective memory
4367:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
4240:Memory and social interactions
2869:10.7551/mitpress/9173.003.0006
2859:"Defining Collective Memory",
2836:10.7551/mitpress/9173.001.0001
1516:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
3152:Themes in the social sciences
3082:and help improve the section.
1907:Current Opinion in Psychology
334:Industrial and organizational
4076:Retrieval-induced forgetting
3681:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
3392:The Collective Memory Reader
3177:Paez, Dario. Rime, Bernard:
2631:"Social contagion of memory"
2601:Congleton, Adam (May 2012).
2525:Applied Cognitive Psychology
2486:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.08.002
2433:10.1080/09658211.2011.584389
2097:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.05.006
2007:10.1080/20445911.2013.862536
1972:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.10.001
1920:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.002
1852:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1155:The Collective Memory Reader
1103:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
955:National or Regional History
775:multi-collective perspective
489:Human factors and ergonomics
2286:10.1037/0278-7393.23.5.1176
2251:10.1037/0278-7393.26.6.1568
1750:. Oxford University Press.
1605:10.1515/9783110207262.2.109
1230:Halbwachs, Maurice (1925).
1158:. Oxford University Press.
933:natural language processing
4756:
4414:Levels of Processing model
4339:World Memory Championships
4172:Lost in the mall technique
4019:dissociative (psychogenic)
3584:10.1007/s00799-020-00296-2
3418:. Walter De Gruyter. 2010.
3040:10.1007/s00799-020-00296-2
1864:10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.010
1663:(New ed.). New York.
1115:10.1016/j.tics.2015.04.003
4685:
2572:10.1007/s10539-017-9593-z
2205:10.1080/09658210701811862
1777:. Yale University Press.
1551:10.3758/s13421-013-0369-7
1473:10.1080/09658210701801434
1193:10.1080/09658210701811912
855:Collective false memories
264:Applied behavior analysis
4452:The Seven Sins of Memory
4397:Intermediate-term memory
4202:Indirect tests of memory
4179:Recovered-memory therapy
4129:Misattribution of memory
3603:Psychological approaches
3423:Computational approaches
2560:Biology & Philosophy
2332:10.1177/1745691610388763
1802:. New York. p. 10.
1419:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00373
1363:10.1177/0956797616631113
1261:10.1177/1750698007083884
1001:Collective consciousness
4735:Collective intelligence
4139:Source-monitoring error
3548:10.1145/3197026.3197057
3507:10.1145/3091478.3098868
3446:10.1145/2063576.2063755
3397:Prucha, Francis Paul.
3126:Jeffrey Andrew Barash,
2970:10.1145/2063576.2063755
2921:10.1073/pnas.1525569113
1798:Leupold, David (2020).
1406:Frontiers in Psychology
1312:10.1126/science.1259627
1006:Collective intelligence
988:digital memorialization
888:Social contagion errors
454:Behavioral neuroscience
109:Behavioral neuroscience
4740:Sociology of knowledge
4546:George Armitage Miller
4506:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
3626:, 113 (29), 8171–8176.
3148:How Societies Remember
2400:: CS1 maint: others (
1713:Dublin Review of Books
1539:Memory & Cognition
1461:Memory (Hove, England)
1181:Memory (Hove, England)
1011:Collective unconscious
759:
504:Psychology of religion
444:Behavioral engineering
128:Cognitive neuroscience
94:Affective neuroscience
4709:Philosophy portal
4697:Psychology portal
4561:Henry L. Roediger III
4162:False memory syndrome
4134:Misinformation effect
4114:Imagination inflation
3577:. Springer: 105–134.
3328:Sorek, Tamir (2015).
3266:. New York: Meridian.
3262:Buruma, Ian. (1995).
3033:. Springer: 105–134.
2777:Psychological Science
2683:Psychological Science
1351:Psychological Science
1066:Organizational memory
1030:Distributed cognition
967:General Commemoration
961:Facet-focused History
937:information retrieval
598:Psychology portal
4066:Motivated forgetting
3526:on 16 December 2017.
3360:Landscape and Memory
3240:Beiner, Guy (2018).
3217:Beiner, Guy (2007).
3175:Pennebaker, James W.
3162:On Collective Memory
1771:David Rieff (2016).
1744:Beiner, Guy (2018).
1727:Beiner, Guy (2007).
1706:Beiner, Guy (2017).
1041:Les Lieux de MĂ©moire
1035:Institutional memory
1021:Digital preservation
832:retrieval disruption
4576:Arthur P. Shimamura
4476:Richard C. Atkinson
4293:Effects of exercise
4167:Memory implantation
4051:Interference theory
3967:Selective retention
3947:Meaningful learning
3474:Discov Artif Intell
3320:Olick, Jeffrey K.:
3313:Olick, Jeffrey K.:
3292:Jing, Jun. (1996).
2912:2016PNAS..113.8171C
2132:Scientific American
1630:New German Critique
1304:2014Sci...346.1106R
1298:(6213): 1106–1109.
980:Historical Entities
896:Re-exposure effects
449:Behavioral genetics
364:Occupational health
104:Behavioral genetics
35:Part of a series on
4673:Andriy Slyusarchuk
4496:Hermann Ebbinghaus
4402:Involuntary memory
4303:Memory improvement
4288:Effects of alcohol
4250:Transactive memory
4228:Politics of memory
4197:Exceptional memory
3716:2007-02-11 at the
3285:Fitsch, Matthias:
3279:2009-11-29 at the
3184:Amy Corning &
3123:, Stanford UP 2005
2746:10.1037/xge0000077
2648:10.3758/bf03196174
1072:Selective omission
566:Schools of thought
404:Sport and exercise
250:Applied psychology
4717:
4716:
4681:
4680:
4668:Cosmos Rossellius
4516:Marcia K. Johnson
4387:Exosomatic memory
4372:Context-dependent
4362:Absent-mindedness
4245:Memory conformity
4223:Collective memory
4124:Memory conformity
4061:Memory inhibition
3980:
3979:
3972:Tip of the tongue
3557:978-1-4503-5178-2
3516:978-1-4503-4896-6
3455:978-1-4503-0717-8
3341:978-0-8047-9518-0
3317:, Routledge, 2007
3306:Neal, Arthur G.:
3299:Lipsitz, George:
3255:978-0-19-874935-6
3232:978-0-299-21824-9
3201:978-0-226-28252-7
3158:Maurice Halbwachs
3108:
3107:
3100:
2979:978-1-4503-0717-8
2906:(29): 8171–8176.
2878:978-0-262-30166-4
2845:978-0-262-30166-4
1809:978-0-429-34415-2
1784:978-0-300-18279-8
1757:978-0-19-874935-6
1614:978-3-11-018860-8
1523:978-0-521-00880-8
1165:978-0-19-533741-9
974:Historical Events
646:Maurice Halbwachs
637:Collective memory
634:
633:
531:Counseling topics
474:Consumer behavior
215:Psycholinguistics
99:Affective science
16:(Redirected from
4747:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4648:Jonathan Hancock
4601:Robert Stickgold
4571:Richard Shiffrin
4526:Elizabeth Loftus
4466:
4382:Childhood memory
4189:Research methods
4071:Repressed memory
4046:Forgetting curve
4034:transient global
3905:Autobiographical
3815:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3588:
3586:
3561:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3519:. Archived from
3496:
3459:
3435:
3345:
3269:Cole, Jennifer:
3259:
3236:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3078:Please read the
3074:may need cleanup
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2531:(9): 1033–1045.
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2045:10.1037/a0035974
2039:(4): 1570–1584.
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730:Kiyoshi Tanimoto
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561:Research methods
220:Psychophysiology
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4586:Susumu Tonegawa
4566:Daniel Schacter
4541:Eleanor Maguire
4531:Geoffrey Loftus
4486:Stephen J. Ceci
4481:Robert A. Bjork
4457:
4376:state-dependent
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4322:
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4235:Cultural memory
4211:
4207:Memory disorder
4183:
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3758:
3718:Wayback Machine
3701:
3694:(5), 1160–1175.
3637:(4), 1570–1584.
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3281:Wayback Machine
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3144:Connerton, Paul
3113:
3111:General studies
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3070:Further reading
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1657:
1653:
1632:(65): 125–133.
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1100:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1051:National memory
1016:Cultural memory
996:
949:General History
929:
920:
906:
898:
890:
882:
857:
848:
824:
815:
802:
793:
711:
698:
689:
684:
630:
592:
590:
583:
582:
581:
580:
556:Psychotherapies
524:
514:
513:
434:
426:
425:
424:
423:
252:
242:
241:
240:
239:
200:Neuropsychology
82:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Paul R. McHugh
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4511:Ivan Izquierdo
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Hindsight bias
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4056:Memory erasure
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:post-traumatic
4011:
4006:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Personal-event
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3882:Working memory
3879:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3852:Motor learning
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3768:Basic concepts
3765:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3721:
3708:
3700:
3699:External links
3697:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3677:
3670:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3589:
3562:
3556:
3528:
3515:
3487:
3486:(pp. 965-974).
3480:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3356:Schama, Simon.
3353:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3186:Howard Schuman
3182:
3172:
3155:
3141:
3131:
3124:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2985:
2978:
2945:
2883:
2877:
2851:
2844:
2818:
2783:(8): 727–733.
2767:
2740:(4): 717–722.
2724:
2689:(5): 627–633.
2670:
2641:(2): 365–371.
2621:
2593:
2566:(6): 839–853.
2550:
2515:
2480:(5): 686–687.
2464:
2427:(5): 462–469.
2407:
2378:
2361:
2326:(6): 649–663.
2307:
2264:
2226:
2199:(3): 213–230.
2183:
2158:
2118:
2091:(4): 521–528.
2074:
2020:
1985:
1966:(4): 239–243.
1950:
1893:
1858:(5): 438–451.
1837:
1808:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1756:
1736:
1719:
1698:
1669:
1651:
1638:10.2307/488538
1620:
1613:
1580:
1545:(3): 383–399.
1529:
1522:
1502:
1467:(3): 318–326.
1451:
1392:
1357:(5): 644–650.
1341:
1282:
1249:Memory Studies
1239:
1222:
1187:(3): 183–200.
1171:
1164:
1144:
1109:(7): 359–361.
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1056:Oral tradition
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
995:
992:
984:
983:
977:
971:
970:#rememberthem.
964:
958:
952:
928:
925:
919:
916:
905:
902:
897:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
873:Nelson Mandela
869:Mandela effect
856:
853:
847:
844:
823:
820:
814:
811:
801:
798:
792:
789:
723:oral tradition
710:
707:
697:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
632:
631:
629:
628:
621:
614:
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
585:
584:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
526:
525:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
254:
253:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
145:Cross-cultural
142:
137:
136:
135:
125:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
83:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
66:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4752:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4632:Clive Wearing
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Endel Tulving
4594:
4592:
4591:Anne Treisman
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:Brenda Milner
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:James McGaugh
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Sigmund Freud
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:retrospective
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Muscle memory
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:Art of memory
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Memory biases
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Confabulation
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4091:Memory errors
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:post-hypnotic
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Rote learning
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Hyperthymesia
3935:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Active recall
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Consolidation
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3687:(7), 359–361.
3686:
3682:
3678:
3676:(6), 649–663.
3675:
3671:
3669:(3), 318–326.
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3651:(5), 438–451.
3650:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:Zucker, Eve.
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:0-226-11596-8
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:Maurice Bloch
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3091:
3081:
3080:editing guide
3075:
3071:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:0-12-543345-X
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:0-394-54844-2
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
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3802:Neuroanatomy
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494:Intelligence
225:Quantitative
190:Mathematical
185:Intelligence
175:Experimental
170:Evolutionary
160:Differential
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4521:Eric Kandel
4469:Researchers
4441:Prospective
4392:Free recall
4346:Shas Pollak
3999:anterograde
3915:Declarative
3612:(1), 65–80.
3117:Jan Assmann
3088:August 2024
2616:11401/71188
2176:14 December
2137:14 December
1599:: 109–118.
1255:(1): 9–22.
935:as well as
781:Pierre LĂ©vy
766:David Rieff
734:John Hersey
536:Disciplines
409:Suicidology
304:Educational
259:Anomalistic
235:Theoretical
210:Personality
140:Comparative
123:Cognitivism
114:Behaviorism
4724:Categories
4556:Lynn Nadel
4434:intertrial
4419:Metamemory
4407:flashbacks
4327:In society
4024:retrograde
3986:Forgetting
3957:Procedural
3867:Short-term
3837:Eyewitness
3644:, 183–200.
3642:Memory, 16
3072:" section
1818:1130319782
1080:References
904:Forgetting
764:Historian
747:Guy Beiner
745:Historian
672:philosophy
660:psychology
464:Competence
329:Humanistic
309:Ergonomics
294:Counseling
269:Assessment
205:Perception
165:Ecological
41:Psychology
4308:Nutrition
4216:In groups
4029:selective
4004:childhood
3932:Flashbulb
3892:Long-term
3792:Attention
3385:Handbooks
2797:0956-7976
2754:1939-2222
2703:1467-9280
2580:1572-8404
2545:0888-4080
2494:0010-9452
2441:0965-8211
2396:cite book
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2105:2211-3681
2053:1939-2222
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1980:2211-3681
1929:2352-250X
1913:: 88–92.
1872:1879-307X
1826:cite book
1687:cite book
1661:Hiroshima
1559:1532-5946
1497:205665059
1481:0965-8211
1428:1664-1078
1371:0956-7976
1320:1095-9203
1269:1750-6980
1201:0965-8211
1123:1879-307X
739:Hiroshima
715:Halbwachs
664:sociology
652:(1925).
459:Cognition
374:Political
284:Community
119:Cognitive
69:Subfields
4610:Patients
4281:mnemonic
4276:chunking
3942:Implicit
3925:Semantic
3920:Episodic
3910:Explicit
3775:Encoding
3714:Archived
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994:See also
785:internet
571:Timeline
484:Feelings
479:Emotions
439:Behavior
433:Concepts
394:Religion
379:Positive
369:Pastoral
354:Military
319:Forensic
314:Feminist
299:Critical
289:Consumer
279:Coaching
274:Clinical
150:Cultural
89:Abnormal
4429:Priming
4355:Related
4298:Emotion
3994:Amnesia
3832:Eidetic
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3780:Storage
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1300:Bibcode
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668:history
546:Outline
419:Traffic
414:Systems
349:Medical
180:Gestalt
64:History
59:Outline
4730:Memory
4462:People
4447:memory
4378:memory
4318:Trauma
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1941:S2CID
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1383:S2CID
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344:Media
339:Legal
195:Moral
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