859:
refereed work." The EPA noted that the publisher Kinne had later agreed that the peer review process was flawed, and editors had then resigned as they could not get him to agree corrective action. The emails expressed displeasure but did not show that any action was in fact taken, and it is "expected and appropriate that researchers choose in which journals to publish, as well as recommend to their peers journals in which to publish or not publish. In this case, the bottom line is that the underlying science at issue has been shown to be flawed. The scientists' actions were focused on this lack of scientific merit and the process that lead to it, and not an attempt to distort the science or the scientific literature." The EPA considered that "If anything, their actions aimed to police the peer review process and rectify a problem that threatened its scientific integrity."
438:
the science of global climate change; in fact, CEQ just inserted a reference to it in the final draft chapter on global climate change contained in EPA's first "State of the
Environment" report. ... With both the National Academy and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) holding that the 20th Century is the warmest of the past thousand years (see below), this recent study begins to provide a counterbalance on the point to those two authorities. It represents an opening to potentially invigorate debate on the actual climate history of the past 1000 years and whether that history reinforces or detracts from our level of confidence regarding the potential human influence on global climate change."
515:
world, and they had taken as their base period for comparison mean temperatures over the whole of the 20th century, reconstructing past temperatures from proxy evidence not capable of resolving decadal trends, thus failing to show whether or not late 20th century warming was anomalous. The IPCC TAR had concluded that late 20th century northern hemisphere warmth was likely to have exceeded warmth of any time in the past 1,000 years on the basis of studies that compared temperatures for recent decades with reconstructions of earlier periods while allowing for uncertainties in the reconstructions. Soon, Baliunas and
Legates published a response to this paper in the same journal.
702:, and the papers, showing research into detailed patterns of local and regional climate variability, were directly relevant to his main goal of research on physical mechanisms of the sun-climate relationship. When asked if he had been "hired by or employed by or received grants from organizations that have taken advocacy positions with respect to the Kyoto Protocol, the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, or legislation before the U.S. Congress that would affect greenhouse gas emissions", he responded "I have not knowingly been hired by, nor employed by, nor received grants from any such organizations described in this question."
639:
anti-greenhouse community, and second, if a paper is rejected, to ignore that review and seek another more 'sympathic' reviewer. In the second case he can then (with enough reviews) claim that the honest review was an outlier." Wigley supported the suggestion of an ethics committee, which he would be willing to serve on. Until then, he urged others to "dissociate themselves from
Climate Research". The editors who had not resigned appeared to him to be mostly "a rogues’ gallery of skeptics", and he thought any reputable scientists still listed as editors should resign.
380:, including any period of 50 years or more that was wet, dry, warm or cold. Though "mindful" that the MWP and LIA are both defined by temperature, "we emphasize that great bias would result if those thermal anomalies were to be dissociated" from climatic conditions such as wetness and dryness, but wetness and dryness were undefined and only "referred to the standard usage in English." Their selection of a 50-year plus period excluded recent warming, which had occurred in two periods of 30 years in the 20th century, with the greatest warming in the late 20th century.
557:
the editor in chief rather than directly to individual editors as previously. While Kinne agreed that the Soon and
Baliunas paper should not have been published as it was, he did not accept von Storch's proposal and wanted prior agreement from all the other editors before von Storch's editorial was published. When von Storch found that some of the other editors thought the Soon and Baliunas paper was acceptable, he "concluded that we have different standards", and suspected that "some of the
666:
reexamined the questions raised in the
Baliunas and Soon study, but used different statistical methodology, restricted themselves to records that were validated as temperature proxies, and considered the timing of temperature anomalies in different regions to examine whether they had happened at the same time, or were from different periods reflecting local rather than global changes. They found that by far the most widespread warming had occurred after the mid 20th century.
531:, agreed to ask de Freitas for copies of the reviewer's evaluations: after studying the response, he advised the editors of his "Conclusions: 1) The reviewers consulted (4 for each ms) by the editor presented detailed, critical and helpful evaluations. 2) The editor properly analyzed the evaluations and requested appropriate revisions. 3) The authors revised their manuscripts accordingly. Summary: Chris de Freitas has done a good and correct job as editor."
277:
481:, said "Their analysis doesn't consider whether the warm/cold periods occurred at the same time". The paper would count warm or wet conditions in one region from 800 to 850 and dry conditions in a separate region from 1200 to 1250 as both demonstrating the Medieval Warm period. He noted that regional periods of warmth or cooling do not always occur at the same time as the global average warms or cools.
318:; "Our results suggest a different interpretation of the multiproxy climates compared to recent conclusions of Mann et al. (1998, 1999, 2000)." Their abstract concluded that "Across the world, many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest or a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium". The paper acknowledged funding support from the
854:
to stop considering 'Climate
Research' as a legitimate peer-reviewed journal. We would also need to consider what we tell or request of our more reasonable colleagues who currently sit on the editorial board. Perhaps we should encourage our colleagues in the climate research community to no longer submit to, or cite papers in, this journal."
608:
Soon et al. paper, "I believe it is the mainstream view of just about every scientist in my field that I have talked to that there is little that is valid in that paper. They got just about everything wrong." He later recalled that he "left that meeting having demonstrated what the mainstream views on climate science are."
538:, recalled that many of them were "somewhat confused and still very concerned about what had happened". The paper "had apparently gone to four reviewers none of whom had recommended rejection", and "The review process had apparently been correct, but a fundamentally flawed paper had been published." She and fellow editor
366:, the total solar output increases, and when there are fewer sunspots, it decreases. Soon and Baliunas attributed the Medieval warm period to such an increase in solar output, and believe that decreases in solar output led to the Little Ice Age, a period of cooling lasting until the mid-19th Century. In a statement to
657:
that the critics had mischaracterized the research in the paper. He said that he had used precipitation data because too many scientists had concentrated on temperature records which, in Soon's opinion, are not the only measures of climate. He added that "Some of the proxy information doesn't contain
627:
records had warmer anomalies at earlier times. He wrote "While these statements may be true, the critics point out that they cannot be concluded convincingly from the evidence provided in the paper. CR should have requested appropriate revisions of the manuscript prior to publication." Kinne told the
556:
On 28 July von Storch drafted an editorial stating that "the review process of CR failed to confront the authors with necessary and legitimate methodological questions which should have been addressed in the finally printed paper", and proposing a new system in which all new papers were to be sent to
437:
stating "The recent paper of Soon-Baliunas contradicts a dogmatic view held by many in the climate science community that the past century was the warmest in the past millennium and signals human induced "global warming". ... We plan to begin to refer to this study in
Administration communications on
410:
to say that it "was absurd, almost laughable (if it wasn't, as is transparently evident, being used as a policy–and politics–driven publicity stunt to support the dubious positions on climate change of some prominent
American politicians)", and added that the paper made no attempt to find if the past
351:. A press release dated 31 March 2003 headed "20th Century Climate Not So Hot" announced the paper with a statement lacking the caveats of the original paper; "Soon and his colleagues concluded that the 20th century is neither the warmest century over the last 1000 years, nor is it the most extreme."
853:
and trying to get de
Freitas removed, leading to the resignations of editors. They quoted Phil Jones writing that "I will be e-mailing the journal to tell them I'm having nothing more to do with it until they rid themselves of this troublesome editor", and Mann's email response that "I think we have
488:
drafted and circulated privately a memorandum providing detailed guidance on the topic. They stated "Nothing in the paper undermines in any way the conclusion of earlier studies that the average temperature of the late twentieth century in the
Northern Hemisphere was anomalous against the background
400:
that "I believed our only choice was to ignore this paper. They've already achieved what they wanted, the claim of a peer-reviewed paper. There is nothing we can do about that now, but the last thing we want is to bring attention to the paper." Jones replied "I think the sceptics will use this paper
697:
said it had not provided funds for the research. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant AF49620-02-1-0194, deals with Theory and Observation of Stellar Magnetic Activity, and NASA grant NAG5-7635 studies variability of stars. When questioned during the 29 July 2003 Senate hearing, Soon said
514:
paper made three key points: the SB03 and Soon et al. papers had misused precipitation and drought proxies without assessing their sensitivity to temperature, they had taken regional temperature changes as global changes without any attempt to show that they had occurred at the same time across the
626:
expressed regrets about the resignations of von Storch, Goodess, and a third editor, Mitsuru Ando. Kinne described the main conclusions of the Soon and Baliunas paper; that the late 20th century was probably not the warmest period nor uniquely extreme in the last 2,000 years, and most of the proxy
545:
To meet the concerns, Kinne proposed to adopt the more common system where instead of editors acting fully independently, an editor in chief would have overall responsibility, and that Hans von Storch would be upgraded from editor to editor in chief as of 1 August 2003. At first von Storch thought
607:
read out an email dated 28 July. In it, von Storch announced his resignation, and stated "that the review of the Soon et al. paper failed to detect significant methodological flaws in the paper. The critique published in the Eos journal by Mann et al. is valid." In reply, Mann testified about the
561:
had identified Climate Research as a journal where some editors were not as rigorous in the review process as is otherwise common.". He felt that "editors used different scales for judging the validity of an article. Some editors considered the problem of the Soon & Baliunas paper as merely a
565:
Hans von Storch resigned on the same day, 28 July, and condemned the journal's review process in his resignation letter: "The review process had utterly failed; important questions have not been asked ... the methodological basis for such a conclusion (that the 20th century is probably not the
858:
wrote that von Storch "is partly to blame — he encourages the publication of crap science ‘in order to stimulate debate’. One approach is to go direct to the publishers and point out the fact that their journal is perceived as being a medium for disseminating misinformation under the guise of
665:
and Briffa published a paper on "The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years", and concluded that "comparison with instrumental temperatures shows the spatial extent of recent warmth to be of greater significance than that during the medieval period." They
375:
Rather than showing quantitative data, they primarily categorized research by others into those supporting, and those not supporting, the MWP and the LIA as defined by themselves. Soon said "I was stating outright that I'm not able to give too many quantitative details, especially in terms of
1019:
Jones, P. D.; Briffa, K. R.; Osborn, T. J.; Lough, J. M.; Van Ommen, T. D.; Vinther, B. M.; Luterbacher, J.; Wahl, E. R.; Zwiers, F. W.; Mann, M. E.; Schmidt, G. A.; Ammann, C. M.; Buckley, B. M.; Cobb, K. M.; Esper, J.; Goosse, H.; Graham, N.; Jansen, E.; Kiefer, T.; Kull, C.; Kuttel, M.;
638:
wrote to a colleague that "I have had papers that I refereed (and soundly rejected), under De Freitas’s editorship, appear later in the journal — without me seeing any response from the authors. As I have said before to others, his strategy is first to use mainly referees that are in the
658:
directly the temperature information, but it fits the general description of the medieval warm climatic anomaly. This is a first-order study to try to collect as much data as possible and try not to make the pretension that we know how to separate the information in the proxy."
405:
back a number of years if it goes unchallenged. I will be emailing the journal to tell them I'm having nothing more to do with it until they rid themselves of this troublesome editor", referring to de Freitas. At the time the second Soon et al. paper was publicised, Mann emailed
642:
By this time four editors had left the journal: von Storch, Clare Goodess, Mitsuru Ando and Shardul Argawala. In mid September Andrew Comrie also withdrew, so five editors had resigned; half of the journal's editorial board. The five remaining editors included de Freitas.
552:
rebuttal of the paper he decided that "We should say that we have a problem here, that the manuscript was flawed, that the manuscript should not have been published in this way. The problem is that the conclusions are not supported by the evidence presented in the paper."
184:
in both time and global distribution, over the past six centuries In 1999 they extended their approach to 1,000 years in a study (MBH99) summarised in a graph which showed relatively little change until a sharp rise in the 20th century, earning it the nickname of the
193:(TAR) included a version of this graph which was frequently featured in literature publicising the findings of the IPCC report that the 1990s were likely to have been the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, of the past millennium in the Northern Hemisphere.
586:
and the Soon and Baliunas paper in supporting his conclusion: "With all of the hysteria, all of the fear, all of the phony science, could it be that man-made global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people? It sure sounds like it."
594:
held on 29 July 2003, examining work by the small group of researchers saying there was no evidence of significant human-caused global warming. Three scientists were invited, Mann giving testimony supporting the consensus position, opposed by long term
456:
Other scientists also criticized the study's methods and argued that the authors had misrepresented or misinterpreted their data. Some of those whose work was referenced by Soon and Baliunas were particularly critical. Tim Barnett of the
2150:
1086:
Wahl, E. R.; Ammann, C. M. (2007). "Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, Hughes reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere surface temperatures: Examination of criticisms based on the nature and processing of proxy climate evidence".
788:
had nothing to do with any pressure from Jones, Mann, or anyone else, but instead he "left this post on my own, with no outside pressure, because of insufficient quality control on a bad paper—a skeptic's paper, at that."
1754:
766:(CRU) and other scientists, including Michael E. Mann. Several of the emails included conversations about Soon and Baliunas' paper as the controversy was ongoing in 2003 and 2004. In an 18 December 2009 column in
1988:"EPA's Response to the Petitions to Reconsider the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act, Volume 3: Process Issues Raised by Petitioners"
241:
which used data from previous papers to argue that the Medieval Warm Period had been warmer than the 20th century, and that recent warming was not unusual. They sent their paper to one of the editors of
2460:
1425:, pp. 133, 136–137 describes de Freitas as "a man with known sceptical views" and a "climate contrarian" who "was a driving force behind the creation of an early sceptic organisation in Canada,
591:
562:
problem of 'opinion', while it was really a problem of severe methodological flaws. Thus, I decided that I had to disconnect from that journal, which I had served proudly for about 10 years."
737:
2142:
2620:
433:
deleted all references to surface temperature reconstructions showing world temperatures rising over the last 1,000 years, and on 21 April 2003 sent a memo to Kevin O'Donovan in the
484:
The media requested opinions from climate scientists and paleoclimatologists familiar with the issues underlying the Soon and Baliunas papers, and to help with information Mann and
1744:
461:
commented that "the fact that has received any attention at all is a result, again in my view, of its utility to those groups who want the global warming issue to just go away".
2211:
2909:
681:
Also, the additional sources of funding mentioned in the papers were apparently unrelated to the research presented in Soon and Baliunas 2003 and in Soon et al. 2003: both the
449:
were receiving numerous complaints and critiques of the paper from other scientists, to such an extent that they raised the issues with de Freitas and the journal's publisher
75:
The paper was strongly criticized by numerous scientists for its methodology and for its misuse of data from previously published studies, which prompted concerns about the
2851:
473:
was discussed in the paper, said the paper was "so fundamentally misconceived and contains so many egregious errors that it would take weeks to list and explain them all."
372:, Soon said that, "When you compare the 20th century to the previous nine centuries, you do not see the change in the 20th century as anything unusual or unprecedented."
478:
434:
510:
as an article "On Past Temperatures and Anomalous Late-20th Century Warmth". Most of the paper's authors had been cited in the Soon and Baliunas 2003 paper (SB03). The
721:, which gave Soon two grants totaling $ 175,000 in 2005/6 and again in 2010, and coal and oil industry sources such as Mobil Foundation, the Texaco Foundation and the
2048:
I prepared this editorial for Climate Research on 28. July 2003. It was not accepted by the publisher, and therefore I stepped down as Editor-n-Chief on the same day.
2754:
2704:
1598:
2483:
2427:
694:
2564:
2180:
1994:
826:
2450:
1528:
Legates, D. R.; Idso, S.; Idso, C.; Baliunas, S.; Soon, W. (2003). "Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal".
2525:
804:
had admitted that the paper had problems, and considered that Jones could not reasonably be criticised for his reaction. A paper prepared for the review by
800:
gave evidence that he believed the paper showed self-evident errors and the reaction was both proper and proportionate: the review noted that the publisher
1580:
546:
the objections to the Soon and Balunas paper should be presented in a comment which they could consider for publication, but when he saw a preprint of the
218:
1998:
736:
have also received industry funding. They have been linked to Western coal interests, and the ExxonMobil Foundation provided a grant of $ 15,000 to their
504:
The memorandum developed into a more general position paper jointly authored by 13 climate scientists, which was published on 8 July 2003 in the journal
45:
2330:
2783:
2242:
705:
Connections between the paper's authors and oil industry groups have been well documented. Soon and Baliunas were at the time paid consultants of the
130:
57:
268:
that would distribute submitted papers amongst its editors, leaving its authors free to "shop around" for one that would be friendly to their views.
1724:
749:
1666:
991:
818:
process. The review concluded that the strong reaction to the Soon and Baliunas paper "was understandable, and did not amount to undue pressure on
306:. The article reviewed 240 previously published papers and tried to find evidence for temperature anomalies in the last thousand years such as the
315:
186:
101:
41:
2028:
1491:
1447:
1141:
137:
included a "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on
79:
process of the paper. The controversy resulted in the resignation of half of the editors of the journal and in the admission by its publisher,
2078:
2884:
2835:
2116:
1860:
1829:
2630:
1788:
84:
1882:
1709:
1401:
1329:
1269:
566:
warmest nor a uniquely extreme climate period of the last millennium) was simply not given." Clare Goodess also resigned later that day.
1622:
1215:
Mann, M. E.; Bradley, R. S.; Hughes, M. K. (1998). "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries".
1020:
Mosley-Thompson, E.; Overpeck, J. T.; Riedwyl, N.; Schulz, M.; Tudhope, A. W.; Villalba, R.; Wanner, H.; Wolff, E.; Xoplaki, E. (2009).
458:
2207:
2645:
1960:
1594:," (Press release), 31 March 2003, retrieved on 24 August 2010. Harvard press release documented in secondary source: Pearce, Fred, "
1295:
2676:
2515:"Constraints on Variability of Brightness and Surface Magnetism on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries in the Sun and Sun-like Stars"
1906:
2899:
2879:
1392:
1264:
909:
722:
653:
534:
The journal had 10 editors, who at that time each independently received and accepted manuscripts from authors. One of the editors,
368:
122:
2296:
1587:
753:
426:
181:
1883:"AGU News: Leading Climate Scientists Reaffirm View that Late 20th Century Warming Was Unusual and Resulted From Human Activity"
583:
2889:
2597:
1021:
419:
65:
2733:
674:
Questions have also been raised about funding for the paper. Soon and Baliunas "was in part underwritten by $ 53,000 from the
2904:
958:
631:
that "I have not stood behind the paper by Soon and Baliunas. Indeed: the reviewers failed to detect methodological flaws."
2751:
2701:
2060:
1595:
1137:
842:
830:
792:
The Independent Climate Change Email Review, an independent review funded by the University of East Anglia and chaired by
682:
323:
142:
61:
2554:
2491:
2419:
578:
proposing restrictions on greenhouse gases was being debated in the Senate on 28 July 2003, Republican Oklahoma Senator
987:
710:
706:
675:
415:
319:
202:
190:
170:
134:
2859:
333:
In the Spring of 2003, Soon and Baliunas, with three additional co-authors, published a longer version of the paper in
2894:
2172:
205:(TAR), the "hockey stick controversy" developed in which the graph was targeted by those opposing ratification of the
126:
762:
were distributed on the internet. Many of the emails included communication between climatologists in East Anglia's
2352:
Osborn T.J., Briffa K.R. (2006). "The Spatial Extent of 20th-Century Warmth in the Context of the Past 1200 Years".
180:, Bradley and Hughes published a multiproxy study (MBH98) which used a new statistical approach to find patterns of
2671:
2514:
797:
618:
494:
397:
289:
243:
150:
35:
1479:
1433:
759:
575:
83:, that the paper should not have been published as it was. The article and responses to it featured in further
53:
2322:
2855:
2792:
2742:
2487:
805:
768:
718:
388:
Initially, the scientists whose work was being disputed by Soon and Baliunas felt it was one of a series of
2780:
2234:
1987:
1022:"High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects"
834:
725:. Soon has stated that he has "never been motivated by financial reward in any of my scientific research."
542:
knew of three earlier papers edited by de Freitas where concerns had been raised about the review process.
2371:
1545:
763:
596:
335:
330:, while stating that the views were those of the authors and were independent of the sponsoring agencies.
1721:
2808:
2054:
1658:
1130:
980:
558:
466:
389:
165:
emissions were resisted by industrial interests, and political pressures increased as the international
796:, examined allegations that the emails showed attempts to undermine normal procedures of publication.
129:, worried about political influence of scientists, successfully lobbied for the 1988 formation of the
2363:
2280:
1944:
1852:
1846:
1537:
1483:
1437:
1224:
1169:
1160:
Hughes, M. K.; Diaz, H. F. (1994). "Was there a ?medieval warm period?, and if so, where and when?".
1096:
1036:
891:
307:
158:
2852:"Reconstructing Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years: A Reappraisal" (abstract)
2376:
1550:
2592:
849:
argued that emails from March and April 2003 showed scientists discussing a boycott of the journal
846:
717:
totalled $ 335,000 between 2005 and 2010. Other contributors to Soon's research career include the
535:
485:
446:
359:
2108:
2397:
1749:
1702:"Committee Report: White House Engaged in Systematic Effort to Manipulate Climate Change Science"
1563:
1442:
1426:
1240:
1185:
1112:
1052:
498:
230:
146:
1821:
1815:
1792:
1890:
2831:
2389:
2354:
1856:
1825:
1701:
1387:
1259:
462:
238:
154:
1630:
2816:
2381:
2288:
1952:
1555:
1541:
1325:
1291:
1232:
1177:
1104:
1044:
946:
899:
793:
758:
In November 2009, emails and documents which had been hacked from a server belonging to the
733:
470:
402:
284:
249:
2484:"Anharmonic and Standing Dynamo Waves: Theory and Observation of Stellar Magnetic Activity"
2082:
1930:
1789:"Stormy Times for Climate Research : Promoting ethical science, design and technology"
453:. In reply, de Freitas said they were "a mix of a witch-hunt and the Spanish Inquisition".
2812:
2787:
2776:
2758:
2737:
2708:
2666:
2650:
2415:
1910:
1903:
1728:
1602:
1591:
876:
690:
539:
442:
393:
355:
299:
265:
234:
222:
214:
177:
49:
31:
2367:
2284:
2265:
1948:
1337:
1228:
1173:
1100:
1040:
895:
354:
In the paper, Soon, Baliunas, and their co-authors investigated the correlation between
276:
2455:
1935:
838:
662:
411:
warm temperatures it reported were contemporaneous or merely one-off scattered events.
311:
252:, an opponent of action to curb carbon dioxide emissions who has been characterized by
206:
166:
118:
111:
107:
1584:
693:, not for work related to proxy climate records as discussed in the papers, while the
302:
and it was published in the small refereed journal on 31 January 2003 under the title
2873:
2401:
1915:
1740:
1303:
1244:
1189:
1056:
729:
699:
600:
548:
506:
489:
of the past millennium". Colleagues receiving these requests from the media included
430:
348:
344:
314:(LIA). The authors pointed out their disagreement with the Mann, Bradley, and Hughes
125:
pressed for an international scientific panel to assess the topic. The United States
2587:
1567:
1116:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2713:
2559:
1607:
773:
604:
1060:
776:
alleged that pressure from Jones and Mann was responsible for the resignations at
225:, while Baliunas had previously been noted for disputing that man-made chemicals (
950:
145:(SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by
2747:
2697:
2423:
815:
474:
407:
396:'s words, "couldn't get published in a reputable journal". In March he wrote to
295:
257:
253:
210:
138:
76:
27:
2752:
Emails reveal strenuous efforts by climate scientists to 'censor' their critics
2702:
Emails reveal strenuous efforts by climate scientists to 'censor' their critics
1596:
Emails reveal strenuous efforts by climate scientists to 'censor' their critics
1559:
1460:
Soon and Baliunas had specifically sent their paper to one Chris de Freitas at
173:
who sought climatologists to dissent and undermine its scientific credibility.
1623:"Sun's warming is global: CfA lecture links solar activity and climate change"
1108:
855:
810:
801:
714:
635:
623:
579:
528:
490:
450:
340:
226:
80:
2451:"Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards"
2323:"Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards"
2143:"Politics Reasserts Itself in the Debate Over Climate Change and Its Hazards"
1048:
133:
to provide reports subject to detailed approval by government delegates. The
2385:
2746:, 18 December 2009; Michaels statement characterized as "allegations" in:
2555:"Climate sceptic Willie Soon received $ 1m from oil companies, papers show"
2393:
1931:"Comment on "On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth""
1956:
221:: Soon had for a long time said that climate change was primarily due to
2625:
1181:
363:
2095:
This web-page was written in 2003, and has not been changed since then
121:. There was increasing public and political interest, and in 1987 the
2292:
904:
2173:"Congressional Record, Volume 149 Issue 113 (Monday, July 28, 2003)"
376:
aggregating all the results". They used a very loose definition of
60:
and other researchers. The publication was quickly taken up by the
1236:
275:
1464:, an editor known for opposing curbs on carbon dioxide emissions.
877:"Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years"
2828:
The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth About Global Warming
2521:
686:
327:
304:
Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years
23:
Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years
592:
United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
582:
made a two-hour speech in opposition. He cited a study by the
2805:
1904:"On Past Temperatures and Anomalous Late-20th Century Warmth"
40:. In the review, the authors expressed disagreement with the
2854:, by Soon W.; Baliunas S.; Idso C.; Idso S.; Legates D.R:
1745:"Bush Aide Softened Greenhouse Gas Links to Global Warming"
425:
prior to the draft being made public. The administration's
713:
between 2001 and 2007 totalled $ 274,000, and grants from
201:
After the publicity the MBH99 study had been given by the
20:
involved the publication in 2003 of a review study titled
2646:"American climate skeptic Soon funded by oil, coal firms"
2266:"Climate Research: an article unleashed worldwide storms"
2136:
2134:
814:, showed that strong responses were not uncommon in the
738:
Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change
622:
editorial pre-published on 5 August 2003, its publisher
1296:"Modern Temperature Trend; The Hockey Stick and Beyond"
384:
Responses from other scientists, political intervention
2815:, an independent review funded by the UEA, chaired by
106:
By the late 1980s, scientific findings indicated that
603:. The Soon and Baliunas paper was discussed. Senator
2029:"Editorial Climate Research 28.7.2003 (unpublished)"
1817:
Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming
2621:"US climate skeptic Soon funded by oil, coal firms"
1581:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
780:. On 22 December 2009 von Storch responded in the
698:that the NOAA grant for Soon et al. was awarded to
709:. Soon has also received multiple grants from the
87:, including questions about funding of the paper.
2210:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 29 July 2003.
2072:
2070:
1876:
1874:
1872:
875:Soon, Willie; Sallie Baliunas (31 January 2003).
479:Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
157:and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the
2667:"Foes of global warming theory have energy ties"
2202:
2200:
2198:
2022:
2020:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1131:"Working Group 1: The Science of Climate Change"
689:stated that they had provided funds for work on
2548:
2546:
1611:, 9 February 2010, retrieved on 24 August 2010.
695:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1652:
1650:
1648:
161:had been at any one time. Efforts to reduce CO
1995:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1511:
1509:
951:"Global Warming as a Political Issue (1980s)"
827:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1936:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
1889:. American Geophysical Union. Archived from
1706:Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
981:"Working Group 1: the Scientific Assessment"
2910:George W. Bush administration controversies
2806:The Independent Climate Change Email Review
2208:"Committee on Environment and Public Works"
2177:U.S. Government Publishing Office Home Page
2038:. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007
1982:
1980:
1978:
1919:, Volume 84, No. 27, 8 July 2003, page 256.
1814:Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009).
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
256:as a "climate contrarian". Unusually for a
219:Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2482:Baliunas, S; et al. (29 April 2005).
1708:, United States House of Representatives,
1014:
1012:
584:Center for Energy and Economic Development
2862:The companion paper to the controversial
2375:
1845:Appell, David (2006). Human, Katy (ed.).
1549:
1474:
1472:
903:
131:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
58:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1258:Richard Monastersky (8 September 2006).
750:Climatic Research Unit email controversy
1791:. SGR Newsletter no. 28. Archived from
1386:Monastersky, Richard (September 2003).
1330:"Modern Temperature Trend; footnote 48"
867:
683:Air Force Office of Scientific Research
339:. The three additional co-authors were
324:Air Force Office of Scientific Research
153:, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by
102:Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
2858:, Volume 14, Numbers 2–3, 1 May 2003.
2731:How to Manufacture a Climate Consensus
2052:
1963:from the original on 26 September 2012
1851:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
1848:Critical Perspectives on World Climate
1687:
1515:
1422:
1358:
1202:
933:
2183:from the original on 29 November 2014
2153:from the original on 19 December 2013
2077:von Storch, Hans (23 November 2009).
2004:from the original on 15 December 2011
1260:"Climate Science on Trial – Research"
997:from the original on 16 December 2010
169:was opposed by lobbyists such as the
7:
2679:from the original on 5 February 2011
2463:from the original on 13 October 2017
2119:from the original on 6 December 2008
2109:"Global warming: a load of hot air?"
1494:from the original on 29 January 2010
1450:from the original on 29 January 2010
1272:from the original on 13 October 2012
1147:from the original on 15 October 2011
831:Coalition for Responsible Regulation
2586:Sanchez, Irene (13 November 2005).
2141:Revkin, Andrew C. (5 August 2003).
2107:Cauchi, Stephen (17 January 2004).
1438:"CSI | Déjà vu All Over Again"
459:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
401:to their own ends and it will set
217:. Both were astrophysicists at the
2567:from the original on 10 March 2015
2513:Baliunas, Sallie (29 April 2005).
2430:from the original on 15 April 2007
2245:from the original on 19 March 2011
2027:von Storch, Hans (4 August 2003).
1929:Soon, Willie; et al. (2003).
1712:from the original on 25 April 2012
1700:Waxman, Henry (12 December 2007),
1669:from the original on 19 March 2011
784:that his resignation as editor of
678:, the voice of the oil industry".
418:was involved in editing the first
64:as a basis for amending the first
14:
2644:Gardner, Timothy (28 June 2011).
2619:Gardner, Timothy (28 June 2011).
2420:"A New Take on an Old Millennium"
2333:from the original on 3 March 2016
2302:from the original on 7 March 2020
2233:David Appell (21 February 2005).
1404:from the original on 3 March 2011
1393:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1388:"Storm Brews Over Global Warming"
1265:The Chronicle of Higher Education
723:Electric Power Research Institute
654:The Chronicle of Higher Education
590:Inhofe convened a hearing of the
523:On 20 June 2003 the publisher of
369:The Chronicle of Higher Education
123:World Meteorological Organization
2600:from the original on 3 July 2007
2531:from the original on 20 May 2010
2449:Revkin, Andrew (5 August 2003).
2321:Revkin, Andrew (5 August 2003).
1787:Goodess, Clare (November 2003).
961:from the original on 22 May 2011
915:from the original on 30 May 2021
754:Climatic Research Unit documents
427:Council on Environmental Quality
26:, written by aerospace engineer
2214:from the original on 2 May 2009
1757:from the original on 6 May 2012
1621:Powell, Alvin (24 April 2003).
1585:20th Century Climate Not So Hot
1334:The Discovery of Global Warming
1300:The Discovery of Global Warming
955:The Discovery of Global Warming
420:Environmental Protection Agency
66:Environmental Protection Agency
1657:Appell, David (24 June 2003).
294:accepted the paper written by
46:historical temperature changes
1:
2665:Nesmith, Jeff (1 June 2003).
2264:Kinne, Otto (5 August 2003).
1138:IPCC Second Assessment Report
843:Southeastern Legal Foundation
744:Climatic Research Unit emails
441:By May the journal's editors
264:at the time did not have one
209:on global warming, including
143:IPCC Second Assessment Report
62:George W. Bush administration
34:and published in the journal
18:Soon and Baliunas controversy
2885:Climate change controversies
2553:Vidal, John (27 June 2011).
1820:. Greystone Books. pp.
988:IPCC First Assessment Report
711:American Petroleum Institute
707:George C. Marshall Institute
676:American Petroleum Institute
651:In September 2003 Soon told
435:Office of the Vice President
320:American Petroleum Institute
203:IPCC Third Assessment Report
191:IPCC Third Assessment Report
171:American Petroleum Institute
135:IPCC First Assessment Report
1881:Peter Weiss (7 July 2003).
519:Response of journal editors
96:IPCC and the Kyoto protocol
56:as was the position of the
2926:
2781:Good Science, Bad Politics
2672:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2588:"Warming study draws fire"
1627:Harvard University Gazette
1560:10.1260/095830503765184619
990:. 1990. pp. 199–202.
747:
719:Charles G. Koch Foundation
117:emissions were leading to
99:
85:global warming controversy
2235:"Behind the Hockey Stick"
2059:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1109:10.1007/s10584-006-9105-7
760:University of East Anglia
477:, a climatologist at the
423:Report on the Environment
280:Harvard & Smithsonian
70:Report on the Environment
2900:Scientific controversies
2880:Hockey stick controversy
2856:Energy & Environment
2811:14 February 2010 at the
1727:25 February 2013 at the
1530:Energy & Environment
1484:"Déjà vu All Over Again"
1049:10.1177/0959683608098952
358:and temperatures of the
54:greenhouse gas emissions
2793:The Wall Street Journal
2757:25 January 2017 at the
2743:The Wall Street Journal
2707:25 January 2017 at the
2488:United States Air Force
2386:10.1126/science.1120514
2014:pp. 48–51, 64–65, 73–76
1690:, pp. 130, 132–133
1601:25 January 2017 at the
1542:2003En&En..14..233S
769:The Wall Street Journal
612:Subsequent resignations
2890:Historical climatology
2786:27 August 2017 at the
2736:27 August 2010 at the
1997:(EPA). 14 April 2011.
1590:22 August 2010 at the
764:Climatic Research Unit
597:global warming deniers
362:. When there are more
336:Energy and Environment
281:
2905:Climate change denial
2866:paper discussed here.
2826:Pearce, Fred (2010).
1887:AGU Release No. 03-19
1482:(13 September 2004).
1436:(13 September 2004).
1157:pp. 173–176, fig 3.20
835:Ohio Coal Association
576:McCain-Lieberman bill
467:University of Arizona
279:
229:refrigerants such as
127:Reagan administration
1957:10.1029/2003EO440007
1909:30 June 2010 at the
1340:on 22 September 2020
1306:on 22 September 2020
1205:, pp. 14, 79–85
825:In petitions to the
647:Later investigations
316:hockey stick studies
308:Medieval warm period
159:Medieval Warm Period
141:'s 1965 paper. The
2830:. Random House UK.
2796:, 22 December 2009.
2593:The Harvard Crimson
2418:(9 February 2006).
2368:2006Sci...311..841O
2285:2003ClRes..24..197K
2239:Scientific American
1949:2003EOSTr..84..473S
1893:on 17 January 2010.
1663:Scientific American
1229:1998Natur.392..779M
1174:1994ClCh...26..109H
1101:2007ClCh...85...33W
1041:2009Holoc..19....3J
896:2003ClRes..23...89S
782:Wall Street Journal
670:Funding controversy
634:On 19 August 2003,
486:Michael Oppenheimer
416:Bush administration
2895:2003 controversies
2767:, 9 February 2010.
2717:, 9 February 2010.
2327:The New York Times
2147:The New York Times
1750:The New York Times
1633:on 14 October 2006
1488:Skeptical Inquirer
1443:Skeptical Inquirer
1427:Friends of Science
1361:, pp. 130–131
1182:10.1007/BF01092410
1066:on 14 October 2015
728:Soon's co-authors
499:Raymond S. Bradley
360:Earth's atmosphere
287:, as an editor at
282:
237:. They prepared a
187:hockey stick graph
147:Raymond S. Bradley
42:hockey stick graph
2837:978-0-85265-229-9
2362:(5762): 841–844.
1862:978-1-4042-0688-5
1831:978-1-55365-485-8
1328:(February 2011).
1294:(February 2011).
1223:(6678): 779–787.
691:solar variability
463:Malcolm K. Hughes
239:literature review
197:Soon and Baliunas
2917:
2864:Climate Research
2841:
2819:
2817:Sir Muir Russell
2803:
2797:
2777:Von Storch, Hans
2774:
2768:
2724:
2718:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2629:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2490:. Archived from
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2416:Mann, Michael E.
2412:
2406:
2405:
2379:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2293:10.3354/cr024197
2273:Climate Research
2270:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2179:. 28 July 2003.
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2081:. Archived from
2079:"The CR Problem"
2074:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2036:Climate Research
2033:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1926:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1867:
1866:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1784:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1741:Andrew C. Revkin
1737:
1731:
1722:Report pp. 21–25
1720:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1629:. Archived from
1618:
1612:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:Climate Research
1457:
1455:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1383:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:. Archived from
1326:Spencer R. Weart
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1302:. Archived from
1292:Spencer R. Weart
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1168:(2–3): 109–142.
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1059:. Archived from
1026:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
996:
985:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
949:(October 2009).
947:Spencer R. Weart
943:
937:
936:, pp. 37–39
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
914:
907:
905:10.3354/cr023089
884:Climate Research
881:
872:
851:Climate Research
820:Climate Research
794:Sir Muir Russell
786:Climate Research
778:Climate Research
734:Sherwood B. Idso
619:Climate Research
599:Willie Soon and
525:Climate Research
471:dendrochronology
469:, whose work on
392:papers that, in
290:Climate Research
285:Chris de Freitas
262:Climate Research
250:Chris de Freitas
245:Climate Research
108:greenhouse gases
48:were related to
44:and argued that
37:Climate Research
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2870:
2869:
2848:
2846:Further reading
2838:
2825:
2822:
2813:Wayback Machine
2804:
2800:
2788:Wayback Machine
2775:
2771:
2759:Wayback Machine
2738:Wayback Machine
2725:
2721:
2709:Wayback Machine
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2651:Chicago Tribune
2643:
2642:
2638:
2633:on 2 July 2011.
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2494:on 8 April 2013
2481:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2377:10.1.1.590.2928
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2086:
2085:on 19 July 2011
2076:
2075:
2068:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1943:(44): 473–476.
1928:
1927:
1923:
1911:Wayback Machine
1902:
1898:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1863:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1743:(8 June 2005).
1739:
1738:
1734:
1729:Wayback Machine
1715:
1713:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1603:Wayback Machine
1592:Wayback Machine
1579:
1575:
1551:10.1.1.124.3216
1527:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1453:
1451:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1162:Climatic Change
1159:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1089:Climatic Change
1085:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
983:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
945:
944:
940:
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
879:
874:
873:
869:
865:
756:
746:
672:
649:
614:
580:James M. Inhofe
572:
540:Hans von Storch
521:
443:Hans von Storch
429:chief of staff
386:
378:climate anomaly
356:solar variation
274:
266:editor in chief
235:ozone depletion
233:) were causing
223:solar variation
215:Sallie Baliunas
199:
164:
115:
104:
98:
93:
50:solar variation
32:Sallie Baliunas
30:and astronomer
12:
11:
5:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2821:
2820:
2798:
2769:
2719:
2690:
2657:
2636:
2611:
2578:
2542:
2505:
2474:
2456:New York Times
2441:
2407:
2344:
2313:
2256:
2225:
2194:
2164:
2130:
2099:
2066:
2016:
1974:
1921:
1896:
1868:
1861:
1837:
1830:
1806:
1795:on 25 May 2011
1768:
1732:
1692:
1680:
1644:
1613:
1573:
1520:
1505:
1468:
1415:
1363:
1351:
1317:
1283:
1268:. p. 10.
1250:
1207:
1195:
1122:
1095:(1–2): 33–69.
1078:
1008:
972:
938:
926:
866:
864:
861:
847:State of Texas
839:Peabody Energy
806:Richard Horton
745:
742:
671:
668:
648:
645:
629:New York Times
613:
610:
571:
570:Senate hearing
568:
520:
517:
385:
382:
312:Little Ice Age
310:(MWP) and the
273:
270:
207:Kyoto Protocol
198:
195:
189:. In 2001 the
182:climate change
167:Kyoto Protocol
162:
119:global warming
113:
100:Main article:
97:
94:
92:
89:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2922:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:Michaels, Pat
2723:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1518:, p. 131
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:Mooney, Chris
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:10.1038/33859
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1009:
993:
989:
982:
976:
973:
960:
956:
952:
948:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
871:
868:
862:
860:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
761:
755:
751:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:Craig D. Idso
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
700:David Legates
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
669:
667:
664:
659:
656:
655:
646:
644:
640:
637:
632:
630:
625:
621:
620:
611:
609:
606:
602:
601:David Legates
598:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
563:
560:
554:
551:
550:
543:
541:
537:
536:Clare Goodess
532:
530:
526:
518:
516:
513:
509:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
447:Clare Goodess
444:
439:
436:
432:
431:Philip Cooney
428:
424:
421:
417:
412:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
373:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
349:David Legates
346:
345:Sherwood Idso
342:
338:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
286:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
258:peer reviewed
255:
251:
247:
246:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:
103:
95:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
25:
24:
19:
2863:
2827:
2801:
2791:
2772:
2764:The Guardian
2762:
2748:Pearce, Fred
2741:
2722:
2714:The Guardian
2712:
2698:Pearce, Fred
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2670:
2660:
2649:
2639:
2631:the original
2624:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2591:
2581:
2569:. Retrieved
2560:The Guardian
2558:
2533:. Retrieved
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2410:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2326:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2276:
2272:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2185:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2121:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:
2094:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:the original
2055:cite journal
2047:
2040:. Retrieved
2035:
2006:. Retrieved
1965:. Retrieved
1940:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1899:
1891:the original
1886:
1847:
1840:
1816:
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1759:. Retrieved
1748:
1735:
1714:, retrieved
1705:
1695:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1626:
1616:
1608:The Guardian
1606:
1576:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1496:. Retrieved
1487:
1461:
1459:
1452:. Retrieved
1441:
1434:Chris Mooney
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1391:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:the original
1333:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:the original
1299:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1198:
1165:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1125:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1068:. Retrieved
1061:the original
1032:
1029:The Holocene
1028:
999:. Retrieved
975:
963:. Retrieved
954:
941:
929:
917:. Retrieved
887:
883:
870:
850:
824:
819:
809:
808:, editor of
791:
785:
781:
777:
774:Pat Michaels
767:
757:
727:
704:
680:
673:
660:
652:
650:
641:
633:
628:
617:
615:
605:Jim Jeffords
589:
573:
564:
555:
547:
544:
533:
524:
522:
511:
505:
503:
495:Philip Jones
483:
455:
440:
422:
413:
387:
377:
374:
367:
353:
334:
332:
303:
288:
283:
261:
244:
200:
175:
105:
74:
69:
52:rather than
36:
22:
21:
17:
15:
2683:19 November
2571:13 December
2535:16 December
2498:16 December
2467:16 December
2424:RealClimate
2337:20 February
2279:: 197–198.
1761:19 December
1688:Pearce 2010
1673:19 December
1659:"Hot Words"
1516:Pearce 2010
1423:Pearce 2010
1408:15 February
1359:Pearce 2010
1203:Pearce 2010
1035:(1): 3–49.
934:Pearce 2010
829:(EPA), the
816:peer review
475:Peter Stott
408:Fred Pearce
272:Publication
254:Fred Pearce
211:Willie Soon
139:Hubert Lamb
77:peer review
28:Willie Soon
2874:Categories
2860:Full text.
2306:27 January
2218:8 December
2187:13 January
2123:16 January
2089:22 January
2042:19 January
2008:10 January
1799:9 December
1716:9 December
1536:(2): 233.
1498:16 January
1454:4 December
1431:Also, see
1400:(2): A16.
1310:8 December
1276:8 December
1076:pp. 34, 36
919:27 January
890:: 89–110.
863:References
856:Tom Wigley
845:, and the
811:The Lancet
802:Otto Kinne
798:Phil Jones
748:See also:
715:ExxonMobil
636:Tom Wigley
624:Otto Kinne
529:Otto Kinne
491:Tom Wigley
451:Otto Kinne
398:Phil Jones
341:Craig Idso
227:halocarbon
151:Phil Jones
110:including
91:Background
81:Otto Kinne
2402:129718548
2372:CiteSeerX
1546:CiteSeerX
1245:129871008
1190:128680153
1070:29 August
1057:129606908
740:in 2000.
661:In 2006,
574:When the
390:sceptical
260:journal,
176:In 1998,
2809:Archived
2784:Archived
2755:Archived
2734:Archived
2705:Archived
2677:Archived
2598:Archived
2565:Archived
2526:Archived
2461:Archived
2434:17 April
2428:Archived
2394:16469924
2331:Archived
2297:Archived
2243:Archived
2212:Archived
2181:Archived
2151:Archived
2117:Archived
1999:Archived
1961:Archived
1907:Archived
1755:Archived
1725:Archived
1710:archived
1667:Archived
1637:17 April
1599:Archived
1588:Archived
1568:14119104
1492:Archived
1448:Archived
1402:Archived
1344:1 August
1270:Archived
1142:Archived
1140:. 1996.
1117:18640802
992:Archived
959:Archived
910:Archived
559:skeptics
364:sunspots
300:Baliunas
2626:Reuters
2364:Bibcode
2355:Science
2281:Bibcode
2249:7 March
2157:6 March
2113:The Age
1967:27 June
1945:Bibcode
1538:Bibcode
1225:Bibcode
1170:Bibcode
1151:6 March
1097:Bibcode
1037:Bibcode
1001:6 March
965:6 March
892:Bibcode
465:of the
2834:
2604:30 May
2400:
2392:
2374:
1859:
1828:
1566:
1548:
1243:
1217:Nature
1188:
1115:
1055:
841:, the
833:, the
663:Osborn
347:, and
322:, the
155:Hughes
2529:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2398:S2CID
2300:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
2002:(PDF)
1991:(PDF)
1822:104–5
1564:S2CID
1241:S2CID
1186:S2CID
1145:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
1113:S2CID
1064:(PDF)
1053:S2CID
1025:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
984:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
616:In a
403:paleo
2832:ISBN
2685:2012
2606:2009
2573:2016
2537:2011
2522:NASA
2500:2011
2469:2011
2436:2007
2390:PMID
2339:2017
2308:2020
2251:2011
2220:2011
2189:2015
2159:2011
2125:2010
2091:2012
2061:link
2044:2012
2010:2012
1969:2012
1857:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1801:2011
1763:2011
1718:2011
1675:2011
1639:2007
1500:2010
1456:2011
1410:2014
1346:2012
1312:2011
1278:2011
1153:2011
1072:2015
1003:2011
967:2011
921:2020
752:and
732:and
687:NASA
685:and
497:and
445:and
414:The
394:Mann
328:NASA
326:and
298:and
296:Soon
231:CFCs
213:and
178:Mann
149:and
16:The
2790:",
2779:, "
2761:",
2750:, "
2740:",
2729:, "
2711:",
2700:, "
2382:doi
2360:311
2289:doi
1953:doi
1916:Eos
1853:171
1605:",
1583:, "
1556:doi
1233:doi
1221:392
1178:doi
1105:doi
1045:doi
900:doi
549:Eos
512:Eos
507:Eos
68:'s
2876::
2675:.
2669:.
2648:.
2623:.
2596:.
2590:.
2563:.
2557:.
2545:^
2524:.
2520:.
2486:.
2459:.
2453:.
2426:.
2422:.
2396:.
2388:.
2380:.
2370:.
2358:.
2329:.
2325:.
2295:.
2287:.
2277:24
2275:.
2271:.
2241:.
2237:.
2197:^
2175:.
2149:.
2145:.
2133:^
2115:.
2111:.
2093:.
2069:^
2057:}}
2053:{{
2046:.
2034:.
2019:^
1993:.
1977:^
1959:.
1951:.
1941:84
1939:.
1933:.
1913:,
1885:.
1871:^
1855:.
1824:.
1771:^
1753:.
1747:.
1704:,
1665:.
1661:.
1647:^
1625:.
1562:.
1554:.
1544:.
1534:14
1532:.
1508:^
1490:.
1486:.
1471:^
1458:.
1446:.
1440:.
1429:",
1398:50
1396:.
1390:.
1366:^
1332:.
1298:.
1262:.
1239:.
1231:.
1219:.
1184:.
1176:.
1166:26
1164:.
1136:.
1111:.
1103:.
1093:85
1091:.
1051:.
1043:.
1033:19
1031:.
1027:.
1011:^
986:.
957:.
953:.
908:.
898:.
888:23
886:.
882:.
837:,
822:.
772:,
527:,
501:.
493:,
343:,
248:,
112:CO
72:.
2840:.
2687:.
2654:.
2608:.
2575:.
2539:.
2502:.
2471:.
2438:.
2404:.
2384::
2366::
2341:.
2310:.
2291::
2283::
2253:.
2222:.
2191:.
2161:.
2127:.
2063:)
2012:.
1971:.
1955::
1947::
1865:.
1834:.
1803:.
1765:.
1677:.
1641:.
1570:.
1558::
1540::
1502:.
1412:.
1348:.
1314:.
1280:.
1247:.
1235::
1227::
1192:.
1180::
1172::
1155:.
1119:.
1107::
1099::
1074:.
1047::
1039::
1005:.
969:.
923:.
902::
894::
292:,
163:2
114:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.