43:
695:
725:. Some modern scholarship interprets the imperial radiate crown as a divine, solar association rather than an overt symbol of Sol; Bergmann calls it a pseudo-object designed to disguise the divine and solar connotations that would otherwise be politically controversial but there is broad agreement that coin-images showing the imperial radiate crown are stylistically distinct from those of the solar crown of rays; the imperial radiate crown is depicted as a real object rather than as symbolic light.
538:
646:
442:
276:
3210:
5423:
952:
844:
660:
768:
740:
were not. Hijmans believes this implies that the radiate crown of living emperors is a symbolic link to
Augustus. His successors automatically inherited (or sometimes acquired) the same offices and honours due to Octavian as "saviour of the Republic" through his victory at Actium, piously attributed
607:
On the venerable day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country however persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits because it often happens that another day is not suitable for grain-sowing or
522:
on the grounds that
Aurelian placed and consecrated a cult statue of the sun god looted from Palmyra in the temple of Sol Invictus. Forsythe (2012) discusses these arguments and adds a third more recent one, based on the work of Steven Hijmans. Hijmans argues that Aurelian's solar deity was simply
488:
instituted by
Aurelian. Every pontifex of Sol was a member of the senatorial elite, indicating that the priesthood of Sol was now highly prestigious. Almost all these senators held other priesthoods as well, however, and some of these other priesthoods take precedence in the inscriptions in which
907:
It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries, the
Christians also took part. Accordingly, when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a
417:, the teenaged Severan heir, adopted the name of his deity and brought his cult image from Emesa to Rome. Once installed as emperor, he neglected Rome's traditional State deities and promoted his own as Rome's most powerful deity. This ended with his murder in 222. The
1033:, in the central roundel of a circular representation of the zodiac or the seasons. These combinations "may have represented to an agricultural Jewish community the perpetuation of the annual cycle of the universe or ... the central part of a calendar".
1257:"An inscription of unique interest from the reign of Licinius embodies the official prescription for the annual celebration by his army of a festival of Sol Invictus on December 19". The inscription actually prescribes an annual offering to Sol on
789:
in the Roman calendar. In Rome, this yearly festival was celebrated with thirty chariot races. Gary
Forsythe, Professor of Ancient History, says "This celebration would have formed a welcome addition to the seven-day period of the
493:, which was dedicated on 25 December 274, and brought the total number of temples for the god in Rome to (at least) four. He also instituted games in honor of the sun god, held every four years from 274 onwards.
573:, claiming the "Unconquered Sun" as a companion to the Emperor, used with particular frequency by Constantine. Statuettes of Sol Invictus, carried by the standard-bearers, appear in three places in reliefs on the
1119:
Publius Aelius
Amandus dedicated this to the god Sol Invictus in accordance with the vow he had made, upon his honorable discharge from the equestrian guard of the emperor, during the consulship of Tertullus and
206:
legalized
Christianity and restricted paganism. The last known inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to AD 387, although there were enough devotees in the fifth century that the Christian theologian
352:
An inscription of CE 102 records a restoration of a portico of Sol in what is now the
Trastevere area of Rome by a certain Gaius Iulius Anicetus. While he may have had in mind an allusion to his own
1114:
SOLI INVICTO DEO / EX VOTO SUSCEPTO / ACCEPTA MISSIONE / HONESTA EX NUME/RO EQ(UITUM) SING(ULARIUM) AUG(USTI) P(UBLIUS) / AELIUS AMANDUS / D(E)D(ICAVIT) TERTULLO ET / SACERDOTI CO(N)S(ULIBUS)
628:
Berrens (2004) deals with coin-evidence of
Imperial connection to the Solar cult. Sol is depicted sporadically on imperial coins in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, then more frequently from
943:
nimbus makes the
Christian significance apparent", and the figure is seen by some simply as a representation of the Sun with no explicit religious reference whatever, pagan or Christian.
1224:
The civil edict of March 7, A.D. 321, was expressly issued by Constantine to command that "all judges and townships and all occupations of trade rest on the venerable day of the sun."
4674:
3610:
198:
revived his cult in AD 274 and promoted Sol Invictus as the chief god of the empire. From Aurelian onward, Sol Invictus often appeared on imperial coinage, usually shown wearing a
4669:
341:
is continuous from the "earliest history" of the city until the institution of Christianity as the exclusive state religion. Scholars have sometimes regarded the traditional
1097:
received the full support of the emperors: The many coins showing the sun god that these emperors struck provide official evidence of this." and "the custom of representing
1781:
5454:
2107:
1801:
1013:. As well as in Hamat Tiberias, figures of Helios or Sol Invictus also appear in several of the very few surviving schemes of decoration surviving from Late Antique
4625:
5514:
3615:
1958:
399:, and was equated with Mithras. The relation of the Mithraic Sol Invictus to the public cult of the deity with the same name is unclear and perhaps non-existent.
1627:
474:
thoroughly reformed the Roman cult of Sol, elevating the sun-god to one of the premier divinities of the Empire. Where previously priests of Sol had been simply
796:(December 17–23), Rome's most joyous holiday season since Republican times, characterized by parties, banquets, and exchanges of gifts". In AD 362, the emperor
959:
synagogue, with the Sun in the centre, surrounded by the twelve zodiac constellations and with the four seasons associated inaccurately with the constellations
5011:
4372:
5499:
429:, or Sol". While this has been seen as an attempt to import the Syrian sun god to Rome, the Roman cult of Sol had existed in Rome at least since the early
4270:
4101:
214:
In recent years, the scholarly community has become divided on Sol between traditionalists and a growing group of revisionists. In the traditional view,
3359:
967:, begins "The heavens proclaim the glory of God, the firmament proclaims his handiwork", and likens the Sun to a bridegroom, to a warrior, and to the
2771:
1248:
A mosaic floor in the Baths of the Porta Marina at Ostia depicts a radiate victory crown on a table as well as a victorious competitor wearing one.
5504:
4605:
1724:
5000:
4807:
2285:
Hijmans, Steven E. (23–26 August 2003). "Metaphor, Symbol and Reality: the Polysemy of the Imperial Radiate Crown". In Mattusch, C.C. (ed.).
2032:
1644:
1579:
1535:
4881:
2654:
2581:
2556:
42:
4610:
4325:
3670:
2065:
2011:
1990:
1981:
1720:
1690:
1370:
4679:
4468:
4039:
3865:
3627:
2091:
2059:
476:
2456:
4941:
2201:
1811:
4856:
1574:. Historia-Einzelschriften (Wiesbaden, Germany) (in German). Vol. 185. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag (Geschichte).
1410:
5509:
5081:
4876:
4771:
1886:
3421:
1849:
Salzman, Michele Renee (2004). "Pagan and Christian notions of the week in the 4th century CE western Roman Empire".
4785:
4168:
3947:
2686:
2419:
2007:
2002:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1716:
1711:
1686:
1681:
1667:
1366:
1362:
1157:
489:
they are listed, suggesting that they were considered more prestigious than the priesthood of Sol. Aurelian also built a new
2304:
895:'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice.
264:. There were at least three temples of Sol in Rome, all active during the Empire and all dating from the earlier Republic.
5494:
4706:
4493:
4488:
4002:
3793:
372:
20:
2434:
1882:
891:
Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December ... the eighth before the calends of January ... But they call it the '
4861:
4565:
4111:
2764:
1161:
1052:
392:
371:
as an epithet of Sol is from CE 158. Another, stylistically dated to the 2nd century, is inscribed on a Roman
104:
1701:
Hijmans (2009) (a reworking of Hijmans (1996)); Matern (2001); Wallraff (2002); and Berrens (2004); all follow Hijmans.
5469:
5449:
1650:
3773:
3292:
3266:
2680:
2289:. The XVIth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Boston, MA: Oxford (published 2006). pp. 440–443.
1471:
1432:
892:
297:
5489:
5017:
5006:
4926:
4778:
4699:
4518:
4275:
4163:
3877:
3838:
3426:
3261:
1149:
1057:
228:, was believed to be an early Roman god of minor importance whose cult had petered out by the first century AD.
5033:
4819:
4741:
4659:
4652:
4555:
4438:
3860:
3692:
3541:
3520:
3510:
2917:
2780:
2151:
916:
Another theory is that Christmas was calculated as nine months after a date chosen as Christ's conception (the
899:
The theory is mentioned in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript by 12th-century Syrian bishop
827:(or Filocalian calendar). Historians generally agree that this part of the text was written in Rome in AD 336.
620:, so that Sol formed the dominant backdrop when seen from the direction of the main approach towards the arch.
490:
172:
70:
4158:
2674:
939:
had spoken of Christ driving his chariot across the sky. This interpretation is doubted by others: "Only the
4981:
4966:
4901:
4851:
4846:
4755:
4736:
4620:
4340:
3889:
3663:
3525:
2757:
1636:
1203:
608:
vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.
542:
1803:
The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the ruler cult of the western provinces of the Roman Empire
694:
4911:
4535:
4478:
4023:
3727:
3353:
664:
5459:
4813:
4585:
4483:
4230:
3833:
3766:
3572:
3469:
3125:
3044:
2792:
1892:
1062:
936:
581:
of Constantine as well as a gold medallion from his reign depict the Emperor's bust in profile twinned (
537:
387:
338:
314:
219:
203:
191:
561:
on their official coinage, with a wide range of legends, only a few of which incorporated the epithet
4996:
4951:
4600:
4575:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4503:
4290:
4260:
4215:
4190:
3567:
3451:
3405:
3195:
3039:
2812:
2166:
1072:
334:
232:, on the other hand, was believed to be a Syrian sun god whose cult was first promoted in Rome under
752:
Furthermore, radiate crowns were not solely worn by emperors: The wreaths awarded to victors at the
349:
as two separate deities, but the rejection of this view by S. E. Hijmans has found supporters.
5484:
5479:
5474:
4971:
4946:
4886:
4792:
4758:
4726:
4615:
4595:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4508:
4498:
3982:
3798:
3605:
3411:
3297:
3271:
3130:
2979:
2969:
2932:
2174:
1728:
869:
The early Church linked Jesus Christ to the Sun and referred to him as the 'Sun of Righteousness' (
645:
574:
511:
485:
318:
2442:
496:
The identity of Aurelian's Sol Invictus has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Based on the
5464:
5426:
4931:
4545:
4428:
4367:
4362:
4345:
4305:
3813:
3720:
3656:
3484:
3110:
3074:
3034:
3009:
2912:
2892:
2832:
2251:
2145:
2101:
1952:
1508:
1047:
848:
823:
503:
396:
305:
292:
280:
245:
208:
60:
1029:
in the West Bank. He is shown in floor mosaics, with the usual radiate halo, and sometimes in a
1869:
Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, salvation, and ethics in the cults of Cybele, Isis, and Mithras
963:
The traditional image of the Sun has also been used in early Jewish prophecy, poetry, and art.
5086:
5076:
4936:
4841:
4747:
4692:
4389:
4255:
4235:
4148:
3957:
3884:
3855:
3843:
3706:
3622:
3582:
3236:
3190:
3064:
3054:
3004:
2877:
2857:
2852:
2837:
2650:
2627:
2619:
2577:
2552:
2087:
2055:
2049:
2028:
1807:
1640:
1585:
1575:
1541:
1531:
1199:
1153:
932:
884:
736:; he points out that henceforth, living emperors were depicted with radiate crowns, but state
629:
5259:
5117:
5046:
4991:
4976:
4761:
4448:
4418:
4320:
4310:
4245:
4061:
3962:
3515:
3246:
3165:
3105:
2964:
2942:
2927:
2611:
2534:
2243:
1500:
1042:
900:
830:
Wallraff (2001) says there is limited evidence for the festival before the mid-4th century.
797:
733:
613:
498:
409:
322:
85:
5056:
441:
202:
and driving a horse-drawn chariot through the sky. His prominence lasted until the emperor
5374:
5254:
5212:
5192:
5177:
4896:
4891:
4871:
4664:
4647:
4637:
4423:
4355:
4315:
4250:
4200:
4133:
3818:
3637:
3632:
3551:
3546:
3399:
3367:
3251:
2784:
2464:
1942:
991:
880:
786:
275:
4091:
3987:
2676:
Age of spirituality : Late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century
1939:
Richard, J.C. (1976). "Le culte de Sol et les Aurelii: À propos de Paul Fest. p. 22 L.".
728:
Hijmans argues that the Imperial radiate crown represents the honorary wreath awarded to
2234:
Marlowe, E. (2006). "Framing the sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman cityscape".
1891:. Translated by Thayer (English translation ed.). Loeb. 1, 5 – via Penelope,
1215:
The medal is illustrated in Toynbee (1944); the solidus is illustrated in Maurice (n.d.)
5305:
5167:
5112:
4986:
4916:
4866:
4713:
4433:
4401:
4395:
4285:
4225:
4066:
4034:
3972:
3942:
3872:
3489:
3378:
3241:
2959:
2749:
2703:
2670:
1178:
1002:
925:
578:
465:
457:
430:
261:
256:. In the revisionist view, there was only one cult of Sol in Rome, continuous from the
236:, without success. Some fifty years later, in AD 274, Aurelian established the cult of
178:
3209:
854:
A widely-held theory is that the Church chose December 25 as Jesus Christ's birthday (
5443:
5369:
5290:
5228:
4335:
4330:
4210:
4205:
4128:
3850:
3808:
3761:
3713:
3416:
3340:
3256:
3185:
3155:
3135:
2984:
2907:
2897:
2798:
2738:
2716:
2255:
2197:
1512:
1488:
921:
722:
710:
257:
108:
1311:
5364:
5312:
5147:
4906:
4406:
4280:
3937:
3828:
3788:
3479:
3474:
3436:
3333:
2882:
2822:
2247:
979:
917:
187:
5394:
5071:
5066:
2887:
1853:. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. University of Pennsylvania. p. 192.
1528:
Helios und Sol: Kulte und Ikonographie des griechischen und römischen Sonnengottes
577:. Constantine's official coinage continues to bear images of Sol until 325/326. A
470:
was associated with the cult of Sol. After his victories in the East, the Emperor
2300:
1287:
244:
Syrian sun god he might have been: some scholars opted for the sky god of Emesa,
5404:
5379:
5300:
5280:
5275:
5249:
5202:
5182:
5132:
4513:
4300:
4240:
4220:
4180:
4175:
4096:
4046:
3231:
1572:
Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193–337 n. Chr.)
682:
446:
183:
2051:
The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A study of religious interaction in Roman Syria
1198:
A comprehensive discussion of all sol-coinage and sol-legends per emperor from
5142:
5107:
4956:
4443:
4384:
4350:
4143:
4123:
4076:
4071:
3967:
3932:
3922:
3699:
3441:
3348:
3115:
3100:
3090:
3019:
2999:
1186:
1067:
1018:
1006:
995:
956:
792:
414:
233:
2726:
2631:
2623:
2025:
Die römischen Kaiser – 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian
19:
This article is about the Roman sun god. For other uses of Sol Invictus, see
5384:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5127:
4453:
4086:
4081:
4056:
4012:
3952:
3803:
3679:
3587:
3175:
3069:
2332:
Bradshaw, Paul (2020). "The Dating of Christmas". In Larsen, Timothy (ed.).
1589:
1545:
1014:
983:
617:
199:
5207:
4379:
717:
was posthumously depicted with radiate crown, as were living emperors from
337:. It had been in use from the 3rd century BCE. The Roman cult to
2615:
1504:
5398:
5389:
5343:
5187:
5061:
4961:
4458:
4412:
4153:
4007:
3992:
3927:
3912:
3901:
3494:
3431:
3372:
3276:
3095:
3049:
3024:
2954:
2862:
2847:
2842:
2817:
1182:
1030:
964:
776:
729:
714:
698:
672:
650:
471:
453:
355:
326:
249:
195:
100:
48:
994:, and rejoicing afterward, which festival later devolved into the Roman
951:
843:
638:
appears on coin legends from AD 261, well before the reign of Aurelian.
612:
Constantine's triumphal arch was carefully positioned to align with the
5333:
5328:
5233:
5197:
5122:
5091:
4138:
3977:
3917:
3783:
3150:
3140:
3059:
3029:
3014:
2974:
2872:
876:
701:
in his radiate crown, on a silvered bronze coin struck at Rome, 274–275
686:
659:
519:
515:
310:
253:
2715:
Miles, Clement A. (1912). "December 25 and the Natalis Invicti".
1160:, and pontifex of Sol, in that order. In a list of eight priesthoods,
767:
218:
was the second of two different sun gods in Rome. The first of these,
5338:
5295:
5285:
4921:
4799:
4295:
4265:
4051:
3997:
3778:
3577:
3319:
3313:
3226:
3160:
3145:
3120:
2902:
2827:
1026:
1022:
1010:
975:
803:
746:
742:
600:
582:
449:
330:
149:
118:
480:
and tended to belong to lower ranks of Roman society, they were now
785:('birthday of the Invincible Sun') on 25 December, the date of the
681:, "to the Unconquered Sun": the Emperor (at left) wears a radiated
5137:
3823:
3446:
3170:
2994:
2949:
2937:
2922:
2867:
2599:
1768:. 3rd series. 30–31. Accademia Romana di Archeologia: 161 ff.
1144:
For a full list of the pontifices of Sol see J. Rupke (ed.),
968:
950:
908:
leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the
842:
766:
753:
693:
658:
644:
536:
507:
440:
286:
274:
2600:"Sol Invictus, the winter solstice, and the origins of Christmas"
5359:
5023:
3741:
3327:
3180:
987:
809:
718:
649:
Identical reverse as the coin of Constantine I but with Emperor
426:
3652:
2753:
2356:
Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History
2084:
Time in Roman Religion: One thousand years of religious history
1476:(2nd ed.). Beck. pp. 365–368 – via Archive.org.
2989:
2224:
Excellent discussion of this decree by Wallraff (2002) 96–102.
1267:, i.e., on the fourteenth day before the Kalends of December).
159:
90:
2203:
From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, A.D. 311-600
3648:
3208:
1091:"Up to the conversion of Constantine the Great, the cult of
887:
associates Christ's birth with the birthday of Sol Invictus:
2531:
Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries
2178:. Query column. Philippine Publishing House. pp. 18–19
240:
as an official religion. There has never been consensus on
2301:"Regio IV – Insula X – Terme di Porta Marina (IV, X, 1–2)"
990:
the first established the tradition of fasting before the
732:, perhaps posthumously, to commemorate his victory at the
182:, "Invincible Sun" or "Unconquered Sun") was the official
2140:. Vol. II. p. 236. plate vii, nr. 14.
1239:
for Roman Sol, nor for the Emesan Solar deity Elagabalus.
860:) to appropriate the festival of Sol Invictus's birthday
359:, which is the Latinized form of the Greek equivalent of
2518:
A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature
2287:
Common ground. Archaeology, art, science, and humanities
383:"I glorify the unconquerable sun, the creator of light."
2718:
Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan
1009:
as Helios surrounded by a ring with the signs of the
1871:. Translated by Gordon, Richard. Brill. p. 100.
1862:
1860:
1779:
Kantorowicz, E.H. (August 1961). "Gods in Uniform".
1764:
Guarducci, M. (1957–1959). "Sol invictus Augustus".
1751:
The Roman army, 31 BC–AD 337: A sourcebook
5352:
5321:
5268:
5242:
5221:
5100:
5045:
5032:
4830:
4725:
4636:
4467:
4189:
4110:
4021:
3898:
3752:
3598:
3560:
3534:
3503:
3462:
3390:
3306:
3285:
3219:
3083:
2791:
423:
fuit autem Heliogabali vel Iovis vel Solis sacerdos
421:equates the deity Elagabalus with Jupiter and Sol:
367:), the earliest extant dated inscription that uses
155:
145:
140:
132:
124:
114:
96:
84:
76:
66:
56:
28:
2645:Cartlidge, David R.; Elliott, James Keith (2001).
2549:The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome
924:. This theory was first proposed by French writer
771:Coin depicting Sol / crescent moon and seven stars
2435:"Online text of inscription, Parts 6 and 12"
2125:(reprint ed.). plate xvii, nr. 11.
1782:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
814:was a festival of the sun held at the end of the
502:, some scholars have argued that it was based on
2267:
2265:
2077:
2075:
1621:
1619:
1489:"Temples and priests of Sol in the city of Rome"
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
905:
889:
605:
2373:. University of California Press. p. 287.
1404:
1402:
1400:
395:. Sol Invictus played a prominent role in the
3664:
2765:
1945:: L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine
1629:Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome
1233:The coins issued under Elagabalus do not use
452:disc of Sol Invictus (3rd century), found at
8:
2386:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity
2106:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
603:" – as the Roman day of rest
425:, "He was also a priest of Heliogabalus, or
391:is a regular epithet linking deities to the
2483:
2481:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
1806:(Second ed.). E.J. Brill. p. 87.
870:
861:
855:
780:
211:found it necessary to preach against them.
5042:
3671:
3657:
3649:
2805:
2772:
2758:
2750:
2505:. Kok Pharos Publishing. pp. 107–108.
2388:. Cambridge University Press. p. 133.
1957:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
912:Nativity should be solemnised on that day.
136:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (25th December)
41:
2336:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4–10.
1851:Time and Temporality in the Ancient World
1103:on coins came to an end in AD 323."
847:Mosaic of Sol in Mausoleum M in the
291:of the emperors, to Sol Invictus and the
2371:Sons of Hellenism, Fathers of the Church
935:has been interpreted by some as Christ.
5455:270s establishments in the Roman Empire
2576:. Oxford University Press. p. 70.
1838:. Oxford University Press. p. 107.
1411:"The sun that did not rise in the east"
1279:
1084:
599: – the day of the Sun, "
545:depicting Sol Invictus with the legend
2143:
2099:
1950:
25:
5515:Christianity and Hellenistic religion
5001:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2551:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 18.
1836:The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries
1152:lists his priesthoods as pontifex of
879:. A Christian treatise attributed to
585:) with Sol Invictus, with the legend
177:
7:
2491:, Liturgical Press, 2004, pp. 80–81.
1905:See in particular Halsberghe (1972).
1665:p. 18, with citations from the
713:and the cult of Sol are postulated.
378:INVENTORI LUCIS SOLI INVICTO AUGUSTO
920:): March 25, the Roman date of the
593:Constantine decreed (March 7, 321)
514:, suggest that it was based on the
510:. Others, basing their argument on
309:("unconquered, invincible") was an
5500:Christianity-related controversies
2082:Forsythe, Gary, Professor (2012).
14:
2574:The Oxford History of Western Art
1459:(4th ed.). 2012. s.v. "Sol".
709:Connections between the imperial
5422:
5421:
4877:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
4772:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
2334:The Oxford Handbook of Christmas
2068:from the original on 2015-12-08.
1264:DIE XIV KAL(ENDIS) DECEMB(RIBUS)
931:The charioteer in the mosaic of
821:The festival is recorded in the
2503:Towards the Origin of Christmas
2307:from the original on 2008-11-09
2121:Toynbee, Jocelyn M.C. (1987) .
2086:. Routledge. pp. 142–143.
1457:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
1206:can be found in Berrens (2004).
1135:An illustration is provided in
279:Dedication made by a priest of
190:and a later version of the god
5505:Deities of classical antiquity
4857:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
4786:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
4169:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
3948:Legend of the Christmas Spider
2687:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2420:Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
2248:10.1080/00043079.2006.10786288
2003:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1973:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1712:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1682:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1668:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1626:Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009).
1473:Religion und Kultus der Roemer
1363:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1288:"Sol | Roman god | Britannica"
1158:quindecimviri sacris faciundis
685:, worn also by the god on the
1:
4808:Christmas television specials
4707:The New Oxford Book of Carols
3794:Annunciation to the shepherds
1515:– via researchgate.net.
21:Sol Invictus (disambiguation)
4862:Christmas and holiday season
2516:Jeffrey, David Lyle (1992).
2165:Odom, Robert L. (May 1950).
2138:Numismatique Constantinienne
1530:(in German). Ege Yayınları.
1433:"Sol Invictus and Christmas"
1177:The other three were in the
1162:Vettius Agorius Praetextatus
1053:Christian views on astrology
624:Sol and later Roman Emperors
523:the traditional Greco-Roman
283:on behalf of the well-being
2647:The Art of Christian Legend
2457:"Necropolis (Scavi) Tomb M"
1487:Hijmans, Steven E. (2010).
1347:Halsberghe, Gaston (1972).
893:Birthday of the Unconquered
47:A relief of Sol from Roman
5531:
3774:Adoration of the Shepherds
3267:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
3206:
2681:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2206:. C. Scribner. p. 380
863:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
782:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
762:Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
632:onwards until AD 325–326.
298:equites singulares Augusti
18:
5417:
5018:WWE Tribute to the Troops
4779:A Visit from St. Nicholas
4700:The Oxford Book of Carols
4276:Feast of the Seven Fishes
3839:Massacre of the Innocents
3688:
3262:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2808:
2649:. Routledge. p. 64.
2358:. Routledge. p. 141.
2167:"Pagan Sunday observance"
2027:. C.H.Beck. p. 250.
1947:. Rome. pp. 915–925.
1823:– via Google Books.
1635:(Thesis). Groningen, NL:
1570:Berrens, Stephan (2004).
1150:Memmius Vitrasius Orfitus
1058:Christianity and paganism
978:legend found in tractate
866:, held on the same date.
248:, while others preferred
40:
33:
4820:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3521:Rape of the Sabine Women
2520:. Eerdmans. p. 141.
2489:The Origins of Christmas
2398:Wallraff (2001) 174–177
2384:Remijsen, Sofie (2015).
2048:Dirven, Lucinda (1999).
2023:Clauss, Manfred (2001).
1409:Hijmans, Steven (1996).
1349:The Cult of Sol Invictus
883:and dating to the early
779:instituted the festival
179:[ˈsoːɫɪnˈwɪktʊs]
5510:Latin words and phrases
4982:Small Business Saturday
4852:Black Friday (shopping)
4847:Black Friday (partying)
4341:Nine Lessons and Carols
4271:Events and celebrations
3526:Battle of Lacus Curtius
2708:Encyclopædia Britannica
2501:Roll, Susan K. (1995).
2461:saintpetersbasilica.org
2354:Forsythe, Gary (2012).
1834:Ulansey, David (1989).
1725:"CIL-VI-715 photograph"
1637:University of Groningen
1470:Wissowa, Georg (1912).
775:In AD 274, the emperor
484:and members of the new
4626:Post-War United States
3213:
2781:Ancient Roman religion
2547:Webb, Matilda (2001).
2054:. Brill. p. 169.
1526:Matern, Petra (2002).
960:
914:
897:
871:
862:
856:
851:
781:
772:
702:
689:
654:
614:colossal statue of Sol
610:
552:
461:
301:
16:Late Roman solar deity
4675:Hit singles in the US
4670:Hit singles in the UK
4231:Carols by Candlelight
4159:Santa Claus' daughter
3767:Adoration of the Magi
3212:
2731:Catholic Encyclopedia
2616:10.1353/mou.2003.0038
2572:Kemp, Martin (2000).
2537:. Yale:1997, p. 155).
2369:Elm, Susanna (2012).
1893:University of Chicago
1867:Alvar, Jaime (2008).
1766:Rendiconti della Pont
1749:Campbell, J. (1994).
1505:10.1353/mou.2010.0073
1437:penelope.uchicago.edu
1063:Esoteric Christianity
1021:, Husefa, all now in
954:
937:Clement of Alexandria
846:
770:
697:
662:
648:
588:INVICTUS CONSTANTINUS
567:, such as the legend
540:
486:college of pontifices
444:
313:utilized for several
295:of the military unit
278:
5495:December observances
4967:Santa's Candy Castle
4291:Google Santa Tracker
3406:Interpretatio graeca
2150:: CS1 maint: year (
2136:Maurice, J. (n.d.).
1800:Brill, E.J. (1993).
1388:Ennaratio in Psalmum
1073:Victory over the Sun
903:. The scribe wrote:
857:Dies Natalis Christi
51:, 2nd–3rd century CE
4972:Santa Claus Village
4887:Christmas Mountains
4793:Journey of the Magi
3799:Baptism of the Lord
3606:Classical mythology
3427:Theology of victory
3272:Kings of Alba Longa
2598:Hijmans, S (2003).
1941:Mélanges offerts à
1373:dates from AD 387"
984:talmudic hypothesis
575:Arch of Constantine
570:SOLI INVICTO COMITI
555:Emperors portrayed
548:SOLI INVICTO COMITI
518:, the solar god of
375:(ornamental disk):
156:Palmyran equivalent
5470:Christ myth theory
5450:274 establishments
5082:Twelve-dish supper
4932:Jews and Christmas
4882:Christmas Lectures
4611:American Civil War
4346:NORAD Tracks Santa
3722:Saint Nicholas Day
3214:
2745:. Ancient sources.
2710:(Online ed.).
2685:fully online from
2487:Kelly, Joseph F.,
1292:www.britannica.com
1048:Christ myth theory
1001:A mosaic floor in
961:
852:
849:Vatican Necropolis
824:Chronograph of 354
818:in late December.
773:
703:
690:
655:
553:
462:
397:Mithraic mysteries
302:
281:Jupiter Dolichenus
5437:
5436:
5413:
5412:
5077:Thirteen desserts
4997:Virginia O'Hanlon
4842:Advent Conspiracy
4756:Films (Christmas,
4748:A Christmas Carol
4693:Carols for Choirs
4236:Cavalcade of Magi
4216:Boar's Head Feast
3885:Star of Bethlehem
3856:Nativity of Jesus
3844:flight into Egypt
3729:St. Stephen's Day
3646:
3645:
3623:Etruscan religion
3237:Romulus and Remus
3220:Legendary figures
3204:
3203:
2853:Castor and Pollux
2272:Bergmann (1998),
2034:978-3-406-47288-6
1646:978-90-367-3931-3
1581:978-3-515-08575-5
1537:978-975-8070-53-4
1312:"Sol - Roman God"
1200:Septimius Severus
1100:DEUS SOL INVICTUS
1094:DEUS SOL INVICTUS
885:fourth century AD
721:(after AD 65) to
707:
706:
630:Septimius Severus
506:(or Elagabla) of
407:According to the
165:
164:
71:Temple of the Sun
67:Major cult center
5522:
5490:Winter festivals
5429:
5425:
5424:
5260:Redcurrant sauce
5049:
5043:
5038:
5012:Winter festivals
4762:Christmas horror
4729:
4640:
4471:
4326:Meals and feasts
4246:Christmas jumper
4193:
4164:Santa's reindeer
4116:
4062:Father Christmas
4026:
3983:Santa's workshop
3904:
3866:in later culture
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3516:Founding of Rome
3286:Legendary beings
3247:Tullus Hostilius
3084:Abstract deities
2943:Lares Familiares
2806:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2711:
2691:
2690:
2679:. New York, NY:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2656:978-0-41523392-7
2642:
2636:
2635:
2604:Mouseion Calgary
2595:
2589:
2587:
2583:978-0-19860012-1
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:978-1-90221058-2
2544:
2538:
2535:Ramsay MacMullen
2528:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2463:. Archived from
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:. Archived from
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:Hoey (1939) 480
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:Roman Medallions
2118:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
2014:
1999:
1993:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1888:Historia Augusta
1879:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1727:. Archived from
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1649:. Archived from
1634:
1623:
1594:
1593:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1406:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1351:. Leiden: Brill.
1344:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1175:
1169:
1148:(2005), p. 606.
1146:Fasti Sacerdotum
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1043:Astrological age
982:8a contains the
901:Jacob Bar-Salibi
875:) prophesied by
874:
865:
859:
784:
734:Battle of Actium
680:
679:
663:Coin of Emperor
641:
640:
637:
636:
598:
597:
590:
589:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
559:
550:
549:
541:Coin of Emperor
528:
527:
499:Augustan History
419:Historia Augusta
410:Historia Augusta
380:
379:
262:end of antiquity
181:
176:
146:Greek equivalent
45:
26:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5409:
5375:Pickled herring
5348:
5317:
5264:
5255:Cranberry sauce
5238:
5217:
5193:Red velvet cake
5178:Poppy seed roll
5096:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5007:White Christmas
4897:Christmas truce
4892:Christmas seals
4872:Christmas creep
4834:
4832:
4826:
4727:
4721:
4638:
4632:
4469:
4463:
4316:Lord of Misrule
4251:Christmas Peace
4201:Advent calendar
4191:
4185:
4134:Knecht Ruprecht
4114:
4112:
4106:
4028:
4024:
4017:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3819:Herod the Great
3754:
3748:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3647:
3642:
3638:Myth and ritual
3633:Greek mythology
3594:
3556:
3552:Pignora imperii
3547:Parabiago Plate
3530:
3499:
3458:
3392:
3386:
3368:Sibylline Books
3302:
3281:
3252:Servius Tullius
3215:
3200:
3079:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2737:
2725:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2671:Weitzmann, Kurt
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2098:
2094:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1970:
1966:
1949:
1943:Jacques Heurgon
1938:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:Wallraff (2002)
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1679:
1675:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1597:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1386:, XII; also in
1381:
1377:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1193:
1176:
1172:
1168:in third place.
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1039:
992:winter solstice
949:
881:John Chrysostom
841:
836:
787:winter solstice
765:
677:
676:
667:, c. 280, with
634:
633:
626:
595:
594:
587:
586:
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
556:
547:
546:
535:
525:
524:
445:Roman Imperial
439:
405:
377:
376:
273:
173:Classical Latin
171:
52:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5528:
5526:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5306:Smoking Bishop
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5040:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4987:Super Saturday
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Giving Tuesday
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Christmas club
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:Piae Cantiones
4710:
4703:
4696:
4686:
4680:Music charts (
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Père Fouettard
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4115:Saint Nicholas
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Grandpa Indian
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4035:Saint Nicholas
4031:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Old Man Winter
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Miner's figure
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Kallikantzaros
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3873:Nativity scene
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3708:Children's Day
3704:
3697:
3694:Blue Christmas
3689:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3490:Pythagoreanism
3487:
3485:Peripateticism
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:The Golden Ass
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3298:Barnacle goose
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Numa Pompilius
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2789:
2788:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2743:tertullian.org
2739:"Sol Invictus"
2735:
2723:
2712:
2698:
2697:External links
2695:
2693:
2692:
2673:, ed. (1979).
2662:
2655:
2637:
2610:(3): 377–398.
2590:
2588:emphasis added
2582:
2564:
2557:
2539:
2523:
2508:
2493:
2477:
2448:
2445:on 2007-12-04.
2439:tertullian.org
2426:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2376:
2361:
2339:
2317:
2292:
2277:
2261:
2242:(2): 223–242.
2226:
2217:
2198:Schaff, Philip
2189:
2157:
2128:
2113:
2093:978-0415522175
2092:
2071:
2061:978-9004115897
2060:
2040:
2033:
2015:
1994:
1964:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1874:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1812:
1792:
1771:
1756:
1741:
1703:
1694:
1673:
1645:
1595:
1580:
1551:
1536:
1518:
1499:(3): 381–427.
1479:
1462:
1448:
1424:
1396:
1375:
1354:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1250:
1241:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1191:
1179:Circus Maximus
1170:
1166:Pontifex Solis
1137:
1128:
1105:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1003:Hamat Tiberias
955:Mosaic in the
948:
945:
926:Louis Duchesne
922:spring equinox
840:
837:
835:
832:
764:
758:
756:were radiate.
705:
704:
691:
675:, with legend
656:
625:
622:
534:
531:
491:temple for Sol
458:British Museum
438:
435:
404:
401:
272:
266:
194:. The emperor
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
98:
94:
93:
88:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
46:
38:
37:
35:God of the sun
34:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5527:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:Meat and fish
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:Hot chocolate
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:Ugly sweaters
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Controversies
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:In literature
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4606:United States
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Moravian star
4334:
4332:
4331:Midnight Mass
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Candle arches
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:Advent wreath
4209:
4207:
4206:Advent candle
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:Companions of
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:Gift-bringers
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3890:Twelfth Night
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Nativity Fast
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Christmastide
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Angel Gabriel
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:Biblical Magi
3760:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3715:Christmas Eve
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Imperial cult
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:and practices
3389:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:Metamorphoses
3338:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:Ancus Marcius
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Tranquillitas
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
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3023:
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3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
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2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:Dii Consentes
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2744:
2740:
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2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2467:on 2011-07-24
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
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2377:
2372:
2365:
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2357:
2350:
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2328:
2326:
2324:
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2318:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:Matern (2001)
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1813:90-04-07180-6
1809:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1789:(4): 368–393.
1788:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1753:. p. 43.
1752:
1745:
1742:
1731:on 2011-07-16
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1656:on 2012-02-25
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
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1602:
1600:
1596:
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1566:
1564:
1562:
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1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1316:Mythology.net
1313:
1307:
1304:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:, one of the
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1106:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:and Calenda.
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
958:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
904:
902:
896:
894:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
872:Sol Justitiae
867:
864:
858:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:
819:
817:
813:
811:
806:
805:
802:Hymn to King
800:wrote in his
799:
795:
794:
788:
783:
778:
769:
763:
759:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:radiate crown
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
652:
647:
643:
642:
639:
631:
623:
621:
619:
615:
609:
604:
602:
591:
584:
580:
576:
551:, c. 315
544:
543:Constantine I
539:
532:
530:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:Sol Elagablus
501:
500:
494:
492:
487:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
459:
455:
451:
448:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
402:
400:
398:
394:
393:Imperial cult
390:
389:
384:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Roman deities
312:
308:
307:
300:
299:
294:
290:
288:
282:
277:
270:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
212:
210:
205:
204:Constantine I
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
174:
169:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:radiate crown
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
5460:Sol Invictus
5365:Gefilte fish
5313:Ponche crema
5148:Melomakarono
5016:
4907:Cyber Monday
4812:
4777:
4746:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4688:Music books
4681:
4519:Nazi Germany
4411:
4407:Secret Santa
4394:
4281:Flying Santa
3988:Tió de Nadal
3938:Korvatunturi
3789:Annunciation
3755:Christianity
3736:Sol Invictus
3734:
3542:Gubernaculum
3511:Golden Bough
3480:Neoplatonism
3475:Epicureanism
3404:
3377:
3358:
3339:
3332:
3318:
2823:Anna Perenna
2797:
2742:
2730:
2717:
2707:
2684:
2675:
2665:
2646:
2640:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2548:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2469:. Retrieved
2465:the original
2460:
2451:
2443:the original
2438:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2333:
2309:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2239:
2236:Art Bulletin
2235:
2229:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2202:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2173:
2160:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2083:
2050:
2043:
2024:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1887:
1883:"Latin text"
1877:
1868:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1802:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:the original
1715:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1658:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1628:
1571:
1527:
1521:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1320:. Retrieved
1318:. 2016-10-21
1315:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1282:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1194:
1173:
1165:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1087:
1017:, including
1000:
980:Avodah Zarah
973:
962:
941:cross-shaped
940:
930:
918:Annunciation
915:
909:
906:
898:
890:
868:
853:
839:Christianity
829:
822:
820:
815:
808:
801:
791:
774:
761:
760:Festival of
754:Actian Games
751:
737:
727:
708:
678:SOLI INVICTO
669:Sol Invictus
668:
635:SOL INVICTUS
627:
611:
606:
592:
558:SOL INVICTUS
554:
526:SOL INVICTUS
497:
495:
481:
475:
467:gens Aurelia
466:
463:
422:
418:
408:
406:
386:
382:
368:
364:
363:, ἀνίκητος (
360:
354:
351:
347:Sol Invictus
346:
342:
317:, including
304:
303:
296:
284:
268:
241:
238:Sol Invictus
237:
230:Sol Invictus
229:
225:
220:
216:Sol Invictus
215:
213:
188:Roman Empire
186:of the late
168:Sol Invictus
167:
166:
29:Sol Invictus
5380:Roast goose
5301:Mulled wine
5281:Champurrado
5276:Apple cider
5250:Bread sauce
5203:Szaloncukor
5183:Pumpkin pie
5133:Gingerbread
5087:Smörgåsbord
4728:Other media
4566:Philippines
4556:New Zealand
4439:Twelve Days
4396:Räuchermann
4351:Nutcrackers
4301:Las Posadas
4261:Decorations
4241:Christingle
4181:Zwarte Piet
4176:Snegurochka
4097:Sinterklaas
4047:Santa Claus
3616:Persecution
3568:Gallo-Roman
3360:Res divinae
3232:Rhea Silvia
2727:"Christmas"
1382:Augustine,
1204:Constantine
933:Mausoleum M
723:Constantine
683:solar crown
533:Constantine
343:Sol Indiges
221:Sol Indiges
141:Equivalents
57:Other names
5485:Solar gods
5480:Roman gods
5475:Elagabalus
5444:Categories
5108:Candy cane
5057:Joulupöytä
4957:Pikkujoulu
4621:New Mexico
4470:By country
4444:Wassailing
4385:Poinsettia
4192:Traditions
4144:Mrs. Claus
4124:Belsnickel
4077:Julemanden
4072:Joulupukki
4003:Wenceslaus
3968:North Pole
3933:Jack Frost
3923:Christkind
3878:Neapolitan
3701:Boxing Day
3561:Variations
3463:Philosophy
3442:Capitolium
3349:Propertius
3116:Averruncus
3101:Aeternitas
3091:Abundantia
3020:Proserpina
2471:2015-08-25
2311:2009-11-12
1735:2009-11-12
1660:2021-06-17
1442:2023-12-11
1421:: 115–150.
1322:2022-12-12
1297:2022-12-12
1275:References
1261: 18 (
1187:Trastevere
1068:Saturnalia
1019:Beth Alpha
1015:synagogues
996:Saturnalia
957:Beth Alpha
816:Saturnalia
793:Saturnalia
596:DIES SOLIS
482:pontifices
477:sacerdotes
464:The Roman
415:Elagabalus
403:Elagabalus
271:as epithet
234:Elagabalus
61:Elagabalus
5465:Christmas
5395:Tourtière
5385:Romeritos
5322:Dumplings
5269:Beverages
5173:Pecan pie
5163:Panettone
5158:Pampushka
5153:Mince pie
5128:Fruitcake
5072:Réveillon
4952:NFL games
4947:NBA games
4942:In August
4912:Economics
4682:Billboard
4536:Indonesia
4479:Australia
4454:Yule goat
4429:Stockings
4363:Ornaments
4092:Père Noël
4087:Olentzero
4082:Noel Baba
4057:Ded Moroz
4013:Yule Lads
3953:Mari Lwyd
3804:Bethlehem
3681:Christmas
3588:Mithraism
3573:Mysteries
3422:Palladium
3400:Festivals
3176:Securitas
3126:Concordia
3070:Vertumnus
2888:Dīs Pater
2785:mythology
2632:202535001
2624:1496-9343
2256:191508817
2146:cite book
2102:cite book
1953:cite book
1691:VI, 31181
1513:162381004
1392:Ennaratio
1185:, and in
1181:, on the
1079:Footnotes
1005:presents
928:in 1889.
807:that the
671:riding a
618:Colosseum
209:Augustine
200:sun crown
133:Festivals
5428:Category
5399:meat pie
5390:Stuffing
5344:Varenyky
5213:Yule log
5188:Qurabiya
5062:Julebord
5035:Food and
4962:SantaCon
4927:El Gordo
4814:Yule Log
4586:Scotland
4499:Ethiopia
4484:Colombia
4459:Yule log
4413:Spanbaum
4390:Pyramids
4256:Crackers
4154:Sack Man
4040:folklore
4008:Yule cat
3913:Badalisc
3903:folklore
3814:Epiphany
3628:Glossary
3599:See also
3495:Stoicism
3470:Cynicism
3432:Pomerium
3391:Concepts
3373:Apuleius
3293:She-wolf
3277:Hersilia
3196:Victoria
3096:Aequitas
3050:Summanus
3040:Silvanus
3025:Quirinus
2955:Libertas
2918:Hercules
2863:Cloacina
2848:Carmenta
2843:Bona Dea
2818:Angerona
2813:Agenoria
2417:Dessau.
2305:Archived
2200:(1867).
2175:Ministry
2066:Archived
2012:VI, 1779
1991:VI, 1742
1982:VI, 1739
1590:57010712
1546:53857589
1493:Mouseion
1384:Sermones
1371:VI, 1778
1259:November
1236:INVICTUS
1183:Quirinal
1120:Sacerdos
1037:See also
1031:quadriga
965:Psalm 19
777:Aurelian
730:Augustus
715:Augustus
699:Aurelian
673:quadriga
651:Licinius
564:INVICTUS
472:Aurelian
454:Pessinus
447:repoussé
437:Aurelian
431:Republic
388:Augustus
369:invictus
365:anikētos
361:invictus
356:cognomen
335:Silvanus
327:Hercules
306:Invictus
269:Invictus
258:monarchy
250:Malakbel
246:Elagabal
196:Aurelian
101:Sunburst
49:Lugdunum
5334:Pierogi
5329:Hallaca
5234:Borscht
5198:Stollen
5168:Pavlova
5143:Makówki
5123:Cozonac
5092:Wigilia
4977:Scrooge
4937:In July
4835:society
4767:Poetry
4601:Ukraine
4576:Romania
4541:Ireland
4531:Iceland
4526:Hungary
4514:Germany
4504:Finland
4494:England
4489:Denmark
4449:Windows
4380:Piñatas
4368:Parades
4321:Markets
4306:Letters
4296:Hampers
4139:Krampus
3978:Perchta
3918:Caganer
3611:Decline
3535:Objects
3437:Temples
3417:Charity
3151:Laverna
3141:Fortuna
3131:Feronia
3060:Veritas
3030:Salacia
3015:Priapus
3000:Penates
2980:Neptune
2975:Minerva
2970:Mercury
2933:Jupiter
2873:Dea Dia
2838:Bellona
2793:Deities
2733:. 1908.
2423:. 8940.
2210:6 March
2182:6 March
1721:VI, 715
1415:Babesch
976:Aggadic
947:Judaism
877:Malachi
687:obverse
653:on head
616:by the
579:solidus
520:Palmyra
512:Zosimus
373:phalera
319:Jupiter
311:epithet
260:to the
254:Palmyra
184:sun god
97:Symbols
80:The sky
5405:Turkey
5339:Tamale
5296:Kissel
5286:Eggnog
5243:Sauces
5229:Menudo
5208:Turrón
5118:Cookie
5101:Sweets
5067:Kūčios
5048:Dinner
4922:Grinch
4833:modern
4800:Tomten
4759:Santa,
4742:novels
4660:Operas
4648:Carols
4616:Hawaii
4596:Sweden
4591:Serbia
4581:Russia
4571:Poland
4561:Norway
4551:Mexico
4509:France
4424:Stamps
4419:Szopka
4311:Lights
4266:Didukh
4102:Others
4052:Befana
3998:Vertep
3861:in art
3829:Joseph
3779:Advent
3578:Cybele
3504:Events
3452:Celtic
3320:Aeneid
3314:Virgil
3227:Aeneas
3161:Pietas
3146:Fontus
3121:Caelus
3111:Annona
3106:Africa
3075:Vulcan
3035:Saturn
3010:Pomona
2913:Genius
2903:Faunus
2893:Egeria
2833:Aurora
2828:Apollo
2653:
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1394:II, 3.
1027:Naaran
1025:, and
1023:Israel
1011:zodiac
834:Legacy
804:Helios
798:Julian
747:Helios
743:Apollo
665:Probus
601:Sunday
583:jugate
450:silver
333:, and
331:Apollo
293:Genius
150:Helios
125:Gender
119:Sunday
86:Planet
5138:Kutia
5037:drink
4665:Songs
4639:Music
4546:Italy
4402:Seals
4356:dolls
4286:Gifts
4226:Cards
4129:Elves
3993:Turoń
3963:Nisse
3928:Grýla
3824:Jesus
3447:Cella
3354:Varro
3334:Fasti
3307:Texts
3191:Terra
3171:Salus
3136:Fides
3065:Vesta
3055:Venus
3005:Pluto
2995:Orcus
2950:Liber
2938:Lares
2923:Janus
2908:Flora
2898:Fauna
2878:Diana
2868:Cupid
2858:Ceres
2704:"Sol"
2252:S2CID
2170:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1509:S2CID
1390:XXV;
1164:puts
1154:Vesta
1007:David
986:that
969:Torah
812:Solis
508:Emesa
287:salus
242:which
224:, or
77:Abode
5360:Carp
5222:Soup
5113:Cake
5024:Xmas
4653:list
4434:Tree
4373:list
3834:Mary
3743:Yule
3583:Isis
3328:Ovid
3181:Spes
3166:Roma
2965:Mars
2960:Luna
2928:Juno
2883:Dies
2783:and
2651:ISBN
2628:OCLC
2620:ISSN
2578:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2212:2021
2184:2021
2152:link
2108:link
2088:ISBN
2056:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1959:link
1821:2020
1808:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1586:OCLC
1576:ISBN
1542:OCLC
1532:ISBN
988:Adam
910:true
810:Agon
738:divi
719:Nero
516:Šams
427:Jove
345:and
323:Mars
128:Male
105:halo
5370:Ham
3900:In
3156:Pax
3045:Sol
2990:Ops
2985:Nox
2612:doi
2244:doi
2008:CIL
1987:CIL
1978:CIL
1787:105
1717:CIL
1687:CIL
1501:doi
1367:CIL
1202:to
1125:see
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339:Sol
252:of
226:Sol
192:Sol
160:Utu
115:Day
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