1517:
45:
1330:
1322:
1233:
1487:. Aurelian is usually credited with changing or completing the change of the food distribution system from grain or flour to bread, and adding olive oil, salt, and pork to the products distributed to the populace. These products had been distributed sporadically before. Aurelian is also credited with increasing the size of the loaves of bread without increasing their price – a measure that was undoubtedly popular with the Romans who were not receiving free bread and other products through the dole.
1139:
1225:, whom he respected greatly, in a dream. Apollonius implored: "Aurelian, if you desire to rule, abstain from the blood of the innocent! Aurelian, if you will conquer, be merciful!" Aurelian spared Tyana, and it paid off; many more cities submitted to him upon seeing that the Emperor would not exact revenge upon them. Within six months, his armies stood at the gates of Palmyra, which surrendered when Zenobia tried to flee to the
774:
1155:
1032:
819:
641:, the emperor at the time, for providing him with such a talented deputy. Crinitus adopted Aurelian as his heir, either voluntarily or possibly through force. Emperor Valerian attended the adoption ceremony which took place in the baths of Byzantium. Following this, Crinitus disappeared from the historical record. A painting showing Ulpius Crinitus alongside Aurelian has been found in the
1409:, a senior public financial official whose responsibilities included supervision of the mint at Rome, revolted against Aurelian. The revolt seems to have been caused by the fact that the mint workers, and Felicissimus first, were accustomed to stealing the silver for the coins and producing coins of inferior quality. Aurelian wanted to eliminate this, and put Felicissimus on trial. The
797:, only to find themselves trapped and surrounded. The harsh conditions now exacerbated their shortage of food. However, the Romans underestimated the Goths and let their guard down, allowing the enemy to break through their lines and escape. Apparently emperor Claudius ignored advice, perhaps from Aurelian, and withheld the cavalry and sent in only the infantry to stop their break-out.
532:). These two propositions, together with the tradition that the clan Aurelius had been entrusted with the maintenance of that deity's cult in Rome, inspired the notion that this could explain the devotion to the sun-god that Aurelian was to manifest as emperor. However, it seems that this extrapolation of unverifiable facts is now generally accepted as being no more than just that.
915:
1439:, marked the end of the revolt, even if at a high price (some sources give the figure, probably exaggerated, of 7,000 casualties). Many of the rebels were executed; also some of the supporting senators were put to death. The mint of Rome was closed temporarily, and the institution of several other mints caused the main mint of the empire to lose its hegemony.
669:, Gallienus promptly besieged his adversary in the city. However, during the siege the Emperor was assassinated. One source says Aurelian, who was present at the siege, participated and supported general Claudius for the purple — which is plausible. In 268 or 269 Aurelian and his cavalry participated in the victory of Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor
928:
threatened the empire from within, with usurpers weakening the strength of the state. Also, the economic substrate of the state, agriculture and commerce, suffered from the disruption caused by the instability. On top of this, an epidemic swept through the Empire around 250, greatly diminishing manpower both for the army and for agriculture.
1508:, in 271. If Aurelian "did suppress this food distribution system, he most likely intended to put into effect a more radical reform." Indeed, around this time, Aurelian reformed the Cura Annonae to replace the dole of grain by a dole of bread, salt and pork, as well as subsidized prices for other goods such as oil and wine.
927:
had celebrated the millennium of the city of Rome with great and expensive ceremonies and games, and the Empire had given a tremendous proof of self-confidence. In the following years, however, the Empire had to face a huge pressure from external enemies, while, at the same time, dangerous civil wars
800:
The determined Goths killed many of the oncoming infantry and were only prevented from slaughtering them all when
Aurelian finally charged in with his Dalmatian cavalry. The Goths still managed to escape and continued their march through Thrace. The Roman army continued to follow the Goths during the
540:
It is commonly accepted that
Aurelian probably joined the army in 235 at around age twenty. It is also generally assumed that, as a member of the lowest rank of society – albeit a citizen – he would have enlisted in the ranks of the legions. Saunders suggests that his career is more easily understood
709:
During the reign of
Claudius, Aurelian was promoted rapidly: he was given command of the elite Dalmatian cavalry and soon promoted to overall head of the army after the emperor and what had been Emperor Claudius' own position before his acclamation. The war against Aureolus and the concentration of
1351:
Aurelian was a reformer, and settled many important functions of the imperial apparatus, dealing with the economy and religion. He restored many public buildings, reorganized the management of the food reserves, set fixed prices for the most important goods, and prosecuted misconduct by the public
1250:
Eventually
Zenobia and her son were captured and made to walk the streets of Rome in his triumph, the woman in golden chains. With the grain stores once again shipped to Rome, Aurelian's soldiers handed out free bread to the citizens of the city, and the Emperor was hailed a hero by his subjects.
1020:—who tried to exploit the sense of insecurity of the empire and the overwhelming influence of the armies in Roman politics. Aurelian, being an experienced commander, was aware of the importance of the army, and his propaganda, known through his coinage, shows he wanted the support of the legions.
804:
Emperor
Claudius fell ill on the march to the battle and returned to his regional headquarters in Sirmium, leaving Aurelian in charge of operations against the Goths. Aurelian used his cavalry to great effect, breaking the Goths into smaller groups which were easier to handle. By late summer the
761:
when they heard of emperor
Claudius' approach, causing them to abandon the siege and pillage north-eastern Macedonia. Aurelian intercepted the Goths with his Dalmatian cavalry and defeated them in a series of minor skirmishes, killing as many as three thousand of the enemy. Aurelian continued to
700:
Claudius was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers outside
Mediolanum. The new emperor immediately ordered the Senate to deify Gallienus. Next, Claudius began to distance himself from those responsible for his predecessor's assassination, ordering the execution of those directly involved.
918:
Aurelian was a military commander, and during his reign he tried to keep legions' fidelity; this coin celebrated the CONCORDIA MILITVM, "concord of the soldiers" – in other words, harmony between the emperor and the military. Legend: IMP. C. AVRELIANVS AVG. / CONCORDIA MILITVM – XXIQ
769:
Claudius could not afford another pitched battle, so he instead laid a successful ambush, killing thousands. However, the majority of the Goths escaped and began retreating south the way they had come. For the rest of year, Aurelian harassed the enemy with his
Dalmatian cavalry.
1516:
705:
was still besieged in
Mediolanum and sought reconciliation with the new emperor, but Claudius had no sympathy for a potential rival. The emperor had Aureolus killed and one source implicates Aurelian in the deed, perhaps even signing the warrant for his death himself.
805:
Goths were defeated: any survivors were stripped of their animals and booty and were levied into the army or settled as farmers in frontier regions. Aurelian had no time to relish his victories; in late August news arrived from
Sirmium that emperor Claudius was dead.
1462:. Considering that this was an improvement over the previous situation gives an idea of the severity of the economic situation Aurelian faced. The Emperor struggled to introduce the new "good" coin by recalling all the old "bad" coins before their introduction.
888:
in Sirmium. Aurelian defeated Quintillus' troops, and was recognized as emperor by the Senate after Quintillus' death. The claim that Aurelian was chosen by Claudius on his death bed can be dismissed as propaganda; later, probably in 272, Aurelian put his own
1551:
However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, he had been strict and had handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of his (called Eros by
2214:, xxxiii,21. Other sources do not cite Aurelian among those who conspired against Gallienus, though different sources have claimed that he was the one who called Gallienus out of his tent under a proposed "conspiracy" at the point Gallienus was stabbed.
1364:
as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon. His intention was to give to all the peoples of the Empire, civilian or soldiers, easterners or westerners, a single god they could believe in without betraying their own gods. The centre of the cult was
553:
which could indicate Italian settler ancestry — and even this is contested — his rise to the highest ranks is more easily understood if he did not have to start from the bottom. His suggestion has not been taken up by other academic authorities.
1343:("Restorer of the World"). This title was first assumed by Aurelian in late summer of 272, and had been carried previously by both Valerian and Gallienus. In four years, Aurelian had secured the frontiers of the Empire and reunified it.
8360:
788:
Now stranded in Roman territory, the Goths' lack of provisions began to take its toll. Aurelian, sensing his enemies' desperation, attacked them with the full force of his cavalry, killing many and driving the remainder westward into
1255:, Aurelian was obliged to return to Palmyra in 273 when that city rebelled once more. This time, Aurelian allowed his soldiers to sack the city, and Palmyra never recovered. More honors came his way; he was now known as
520:(tenant farmer) who worked the lands of a senator named Aurelius. Aurelian's father was probably a veteran of the Roman army. He married the daughter of Aurelius from whom Aurelian received his name via his mother. The
1666:
Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus pius felix invictus Augustus, pontifex maximus, Germanicus maximus, Gothicus maximus, Parthicus maximus, Carpicus maximus, tribunicia potestate VI, consul III,
1556:) had told a lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution and showed it to collaborators. The
1294:
was willing to abandon his throne and allow Gaul and Britain to return to the Empire, but could not openly submit to Aurelian. Instead, the two seem to have conspired so that when the armies met at the
549:
offices than that pursued by ex-rankers, although not necessarily less laborious. However, although Saunders's conjecture as to Aurelian's early career is not supported by any evidence other than his
557:
Whatever his origins, Aurelian certainly must have built up a very solid reputation for military competence during the tumultuous mid-decades of the century. To be sure, the exploits detailed in the
471:
wrote that he died at the age of 61, implying a birth in 214. However, his chronicle is often described as "too frequently unreliable", meaning that his statement may not be completely accurate.
44:
884:, the army refused to recognize the new emperor, preferring to support one of its own commanders: Aurelian was proclaimed emperor about August or September (older sources argue for May) by the
461:
and are considered unreliable. Comparative research with other sources from his era has rendered some details more secure than others. Aurelian was born on 9 September, a date recorded in the
441:("master and god"), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis, earning him the title
568:, while not always impossible, are not supported by any independent evidence and one at least is demonstrably an invention typical of that author. However, he was probably associated with
216:
2951:
545:– the three steps of the equestrian military career – one of the routes to higher equestrian office in the Imperial Service. This could be a more expeditious route to senior military and
1190:. The Syrian queen cut off Rome's shipments of grain, and in a matter of weeks, the Romans started running low on bread. In the beginning, Aurelian had been recognized as Emperor, while
8355:
1302:
that autumn, Tetricus simply deserted to the Roman camp and Aurelian easily defeated the Gallic army facing him. Tetricus was rewarded for his collusion by Aurelian who made him a
1090:. However, the menace of the Germanic people and a Germanic invasion was still perceived by the Romans as likely; therefore Aurelian resolved to build a new system of walls around
541:
if it is assumed that his family was of Roman settler origins with a tradition of military service and that he enlisted as an equestrian. This would have opened up for him the
900:
With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems – recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the
8201:
1270:
The rich province of Egypt was also recovered by Aurelian. The Brucheion (Royal Quarter) in Alexandria was burned to the ground. This section of the city once contained the
757:. Claudius immediately dispatched Aurelian to the Balkans to contain the invasion as best he could until Claudius could arrive with his main army. The Goths were besieging
730:
unhindered, they entered northern Italy and began pillaging the area. In early 269, emperor Claudius and Aurelian marched north to meet the Alamanni, defeating them at the
1221:
lent itself to a legend: Aurelian to that point had destroyed every city that resisted him, but he spared Tyana after having a vision of the great 1st-century philosopher
1118:, on the exposed north bank of the Danube, as it was too difficult and expensive to defend. He reorganized a new province of Dacia south of the Danube, inside the former
1536:), presented an opportunity to attack the Sassanid Empire, and in 275 Aurelian set out for another campaign against the Sassanids. On his way, he suppressed a revolt in
1074:(January 271). When the news of the defeat arrived in Rome, it caused great fear for the arrival of the barbarians, but Aurelian attacked the Alamanni camping near the
766:
where emperor Claudius had assembled his main army. The ensuing battle was indecisive: the northward advance of the Goths was halted but Roman losses were heavy.
572:'s cavalry army and shone as an officer of that elite unit because, when he finally emerged in a historically reliable context in the early part of the reign of
1389:
209:
3108:
2639:
1422:, thus disaffecting the population to the emperor. This rebellion also had the support of some senators, probably those who had supported the election of
2187:
1415:
incited the mint workers to revolt: the rebellion spread in the streets, even if it seems that Felicissimus was killed immediately, presumably executed.
8216:
8211:
3358:
202:
1388:
argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the other gods if he had had enough time. He was recorded by Christian historians as having organized
980:
The first actions of the new Emperor were aimed at strengthening his own position in his territories. Late in 270, Aurelian campaigned in northern
8191:
8186:
3883:
1206:("king" and "supreme military commander"), but Aurelian decided to invade the eastern provinces as soon as he felt his army to be strong enough.
8290:
8196:
8176:
4677:
4545:
3180:
3097:
2862:
2815:
2663:
2609:
2584:
2470:
2096:
2066:
1905:
1435:("urban cohorts"), reinforced by some regular troops of the imperial army, to attack the rebelling mob: the resulting battle, fought on the
8310:
8300:
8181:
3890:
2235:
J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 266, Herwig Wolfram,
2056:
8295:
8171:
5951:
5739:
4513:
8340:
8160:
6921:
6637:
5505:
4765:
4739:
1376:
During his short rule, Aurelian seemed to follow the principle of "one faith, one empire", which would not be made official until the
3129:
3046:
3025:
2971:
2782:
2244:
2171:
2121:
1946:
1791:
1005:
858:
8345:
1585:
on the emperor, but this was reversed before the end of the year, and Aurelian, like his predecessor Claudius II, was deified as
1419:
1106:
The emperor led his legions to the Balkans, where he defeated and routed the Goths beyond the Danube, killing the Gothic leader
8315:
7413:
4479:
4462:
4289:
4277:
3282:
1604:
in 274, ruled the empire in her own right for some time after his death, although this is just speculative. Sources hint at an
1501:
1481:
Rome had been distributing grain to its poorest citizens at a reduced price since 123 BC, and for free since 58 BC through the
8206:
7463:
7190:
7046:
4450:
4242:
4204:
4164:
4131:
2559:
840:
4710:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
801:
spring and summer of 270. Meanwhile, a devastating plague swept through the Balkans, killing many soldiers in both armies.
7759:
7549:
7481:
7346:
7213:
7123:
6936:
5054:
4665:
4491:
4318:
4284:
4248:
4137:
3274:
1705:
were: (i) prefecture of a cohort of auxiliary infantry; (ii) tribunate of a legionary cohort; and (iii) prefecture of an
8350:
7331:
7268:
6551:
4306:
3351:
2990:
2286:
617:
Illyria and Thrace, Ulpius had fallen ill, so he ordered Aurelian to deal with the invaders. Aurelian was designated as
7692:
6801:
6713:
6198:
5975:
5966:
4387:
4066:
3532:
3170:
2009:
paras 5.5–6, 6.3–5, and 7.1–2. If he ever was a tribune of a legion as suggested in 7.1–2 it could not have been with
1329:
1321:
881:
614:
348:
2961:
8365:
8330:
8226:
7521:
6854:
6591:
6418:
6350:
4932:
4697:
4653:
4631:
4582:
4469:
4260:
4029:
3371:
2086:
2043:
1296:
595:
312:
961:, seceded to form a third, autonomous state within the territories of the Roman Empire, which is now known as the
829:
8325:
8042:
5813:
4604:
4572:
4397:
3577:
3151:
1731:
1071:
836:
613:. He took an interest in Aurelian's early career. Aurelian was reportedly his deputy for a time. When a group of
268:
20:
498:). Modern research considers Dacia Ripensis as the more likely region. When he was born this region was part of
8335:
5887:
5658:
5520:
4614:
4567:
4114:
3761:
3056:
1366:
7727:
7642:
7619:
5936:
5798:
5735:
5524:
5324:
5140:
4422:
4402:
4176:
4056:
3344:
1727:
1684:
1573:
1299:
1009:
981:
969:
1232:
363:, he entered the Roman army in 235 and climbed up the ranks. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor
8231:
8221:
7769:
7748:
7667:
6581:
6441:
6051:
5685:
5645:
5439:
5381:
5265:
5069:
4732:
4692:
4671:
4577:
3367:
1183:
1175:
944:
731:
689:
642:
251:
3286:
1612:
as his successor. Additionally, some of Ulpia's coins appear to have been minted after Aurelian's death.
951:, which was successful in defending against the Sassanid threat. The western provinces, those facing the
8241:
7717:
7682:
7662:
7652:
7614:
6118:
5472:
4626:
4621:
4597:
4592:
4508:
4345:
4333:
4104:
3729:
2890:
2088:
Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire by Daniël Den Hengst
1377:
1271:
1083:
525:
278:
6214:
996:, expelling them from Roman territory. To celebrate these victories, Aurelian was granted the title of
414:
in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the
3036:
1540:– possibly against Faustinus, an officer or usurper of Tetricus – and defeated barbarian marauders in
8275:
7742:
7697:
7070:
6698:
6633:
6486:
6481:
6188:
6183:
6036:
5462:
5250:
5129:
4609:
4557:
4417:
4392:
4357:
4272:
4186:
4036:
3867:
3336:
3254:
1218:
953:
670:
290:
8285:
8280:
7732:
7707:
7672:
7609:
6984:
6959:
6163:
6158:
5582:
5013:
4540:
4525:
4503:
4438:
4427:
4382:
4328:
3818:
3756:
3719:
2908:
1600:
1553:
1222:
8022:
8009:
7586:
6596:
6168:
6143:
5210:
4985:
4587:
4530:
4474:
4456:
4445:
4407:
4377:
4255:
3973:
3877:
3627:
3596:
3589:
3143:
3135:
3076:
1952:
1456:), which meant that twenty of such coins would contain the same silver quantity of an old silver
1179:
932:
638:
546:
495:
463:
8305:
8077:
8056:
7950:
7917:
7629:
6964:
6586:
6466:
6088:
6016:
5674:
5477:
5467:
5399:
4725:
4552:
4498:
4339:
4237:
4212:
4061:
3923:
3659:
3644:
3522:
3490:
3325:
3296:
3239:
3176:
3125:
3093:
3042:
3021:
2967:
2858:
2811:
2778:
2659:
2605:
2580:
2555:
2549:
2240:
2167:
2117:
2092:
2062:
1942:
1901:
1840:
1797:
1787:
1752:
1735:
1609:
1581:
1565:
1287:
782:
678:
626:
507:
372:
256:
140:
87:
50:
1895:
968:
In Rome, the Emperor was occupied with internal menaces to his power and with the defence of
8320:
8256:
8083:
7911:
7677:
7431:
7014:
6311:
6207:
6148:
5572:
5552:
4682:
4659:
4562:
4535:
4520:
4486:
4412:
4372:
4362:
4087:
4014:
3984:
3847:
3802:
3797:
3669:
3117:
3068:
2901:
1934:
1561:
1431:
1163:
1143:
1138:
948:
715:
559:
516:
457:
407:
27:
2946:
437:, two centuries earlier, was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as
8028:
7998:
7957:
7893:
7637:
7567:
7437:
6776:
6431:
6153:
5547:
5185:
5153:
4992:
4323:
4313:
4222:
4009:
3917:
3905:
3899:
3751:
3572:
3542:
3485:
3465:
2923:
2881:
2211:
1923:"Constantius heros (ILCV 66) – An elegiac testimony on the decline of the Late Roman West"
1370:
1226:
1123:
924:
511:
499:
491:
487:
300:
295:
2633:
1845:. Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Brill. p. 152
773:
8236:
8124:
7922:
7883:
7601:
7557:
7426:
6510:
6436:
6266:
6138:
6098:
5846:
5698:
5663:
5653:
5587:
5542:
5424:
5419:
4999:
4978:
4944:
4217:
4181:
4126:
4019:
3942:
3840:
3834:
3766:
3746:
3500:
3460:
3258:
1595:
1465:
A very large number of rare gold coins of Aurelian have been discovered as part of the
1384:("God and born ruler") on some of his coins, a style also later adopted by Diocletian.
1162:
In 272, Aurelian turned his attention to the lost eastern provinces of the empire, the
1095:
1079:
1040:
1036:
931:
The end result was that the Empire could not endure the blow of the capture of Emperor
685:
634:
494:
place his birthplace in an area between Dacia Ripensis and Macedonia (overlapping with
483:
427:
415:
403:
328:
273:
133:
103:
351:. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the
8269:
7803:
7702:
7534:
7504:
7180:
7035:
6892:
6761:
6601:
6576:
6526:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6113:
5920:
5851:
5841:
5703:
5457:
5205:
5148:
5101:
4938:
4897:
4687:
4647:
4191:
3999:
3807:
3229:
3147:
3080:
2628:
1956:
1661:
1569:
1466:
1303:
1283:
1147:
1001:
962:
894:
411:
344:
119:
59:
1882:
1759:
would mint coins with the legends XI or IA, signalling a 10% of silver in the alloy.
1246:: the rising sun/star of Augustus. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG. / ORIENS AVG. – XIR.
1154:
653:
Aurelian's successes as a cavalry commander ultimately made him a member of Emperor
7888:
7722:
7712:
7687:
7539:
7489:
7448:
7174:
7086:
6974:
6887:
6867:
6786:
6751:
6746:
6571:
6281:
6103:
6093:
6056:
6011:
5925:
5915:
5905:
5821:
5537:
5414:
5223:
5164:
5024:
4971:
4876:
4432:
4227:
4159:
4154:
4144:
3967:
3829:
3470:
3307:
3265:
2942:
2475:
2283:
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
1878:
1483:
1444:
1436:
1406:
1361:
1031:
1017:
885:
763:
758:
602:
529:
468:
352:
187:
183:
3196:
2530:
The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,1–1,61,1, and
7992:
7937:
7788:
7737:
7657:
7529:
7421:
7403:
7361:
7272:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7107:
7091:
7064:
7029:
7019:
6954:
6907:
6897:
6882:
6872:
6819:
6781:
6756:
6736:
6726:
6492:
6476:
6451:
6446:
6246:
6173:
6083:
6066:
6021:
5996:
5930:
5910:
5895:
5877:
5607:
5602:
5409:
5236:
5216:
5030:
4964:
4955:
4839:
4296:
4171:
4121:
4046:
3620:
3567:
3510:
3300:
1605:
1373:
in Rome, with great decorations financed by the spoils of the Palmyrene Empire.
1315:
1274:, although the extent of the surviving Library in Aurelian's time is uncertain.
1191:
1115:
1107:
1013:
902:
818:
794:
665:, his former general and now usurper for the throne. Driving Aureolus back into
658:
573:
423:
244:
164:
1564:, fearing punishment from the emperor, murdered him shortly after October 275 (
1251:
After a brief clash with the Persians and another in Egypt against the usurper
8109:
8063:
8016:
7971:
7943:
7764:
7647:
7572:
7499:
7388:
7203:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7113:
7101:
7081:
7054:
7024:
7004:
6949:
6902:
6877:
6809:
6771:
6741:
6731:
6471:
6271:
6261:
6031:
6026:
5991:
5900:
5872:
5693:
5597:
5592:
5577:
5562:
5370:
5364:
5278:
5006:
4824:
4761:
4352:
4267:
4232:
4197:
4109:
4024:
3784:
3777:
3724:
3704:
3649:
3614:
3607:
3552:
3517:
3380:
3222:
3072:
2767:
2678:
1938:
1621:
1541:
1537:
1423:
1402:
1385:
1291:
1187:
993:
877:
399:
376:
77:
3202:
2982:
2656:
Die römischen Kaiser : 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian
2278:
1290:. Aurelian won this campaign largely through diplomacy; the "Gallic Emperor"
1082:, and forcing them to re-cross the Po river; Aurelian finally routed them at
1046:
The burden of the northern barbarians was not yet over, however. In 271, the
633:
in battle. Aurelian used the resources gained from the battles to enrich the
406:. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the
359:
invasions and internal revolts. Born in modest circumstances, most likely in
8049:
7964:
7927:
7853:
7847:
7774:
7754:
7471:
7453:
7398:
7378:
7241:
7076:
7059:
7009:
6862:
6829:
6824:
6766:
6565:
6386:
6339:
6251:
6228:
6001:
5867:
5836:
5404:
5230:
5111:
4848:
4099:
4051:
3961:
3948:
3735:
3664:
3637:
3632:
3601:
3547:
3495:
3430:
3425:
2643:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 923–924.
1922:
1801:
1668:
1529:
1309:
1210:
1051:
939:. The eastern provinces found their protectors in the rulers of the city of
936:
754:
654:
585:
569:
503:
368:
364:
356:
240:
6291:
2955:, volume 9 (V.1), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1903), columns 1347–1419.
914:
3116:. The Classical World. Vol. 94. London: Routledge. pp. 284–286.
3059:(1924). "Zur Chronologie der römischen Kaiser von Decius bis Diocletian".
379:
then ruled for three months, before Aurelian took the empire for himself.
8119:
8114:
8103:
7985:
7978:
7932:
7904:
7898:
7863:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7443:
7383:
7226:
7198:
6791:
6721:
6533:
6519:
6499:
6461:
6373:
6318:
6276:
6108:
6078:
6041:
5986:
5831:
5708:
5613:
5557:
5452:
5359:
5353:
5342:
5308:
5192:
5178:
5171:
5158:
5122:
4862:
4367:
4149:
4041:
3994:
3954:
3936:
3856:
3791:
3771:
3741:
3714:
3709:
3694:
3684:
3562:
3557:
3505:
3480:
3475:
3440:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
2694:
2490:
1781:
1719:
1545:
1533:
1525:
1496:
1458:
1282:
In 274, the victorious emperor turned his attention to the west, and the
1059:
1055:
1047:
1025:
989:
711:
702:
662:
610:
434:
395:
383:
893:
at the day of Claudius' death, thus implicitly considering Quintillus a
8096:
8035:
7878:
7562:
7373:
7367:
7355:
7236:
7231:
7168:
7147:
6992:
6944:
6844:
6834:
6559:
6456:
6426:
6408:
6397:
6380:
6332:
6325:
6256:
6178:
5826:
5634:
5620:
5532:
5483:
5389:
5332:
5283:
5116:
5106:
5086:
5019:
4869:
4748:
4301:
4004:
3911:
3824:
3679:
3455:
3139:
2726:
1625:
1470:
1337:
Aurelian returned to Rome and won his last honorific from the Senate –
1171:
1167:
1127:
1075:
1067:
985:
940:
843: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
778:
738:
622:
618:
606:
599:
479:
391:
123:
2604:(, 10. printing ed.). New York: Everyman's Library. p. 332.
1532:(273) in quick succession, and the rise to power of a weakened ruler (
1070:' withdrawal, quickly entered Italia, but his army was defeated in an
194:
8003:
7873:
7510:
7393:
6998:
6969:
6839:
6814:
6606:
6540:
6366:
6359:
6286:
6241:
6235:
6061:
5981:
5567:
5394:
5347:
5301:
5273:
5199:
5077:
5036:
4918:
4883:
4855:
4073:
3930:
3812:
3584:
3450:
2710:
2239:(transl. by Thomas J. Dunlap), University of California Press, 1988.
2137:
1491:
1252:
1237:
1119:
790:
750:
742:
723:
719:
360:
8361:
Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae
3121:
880:
seized power with support of the Senate. With an act typical of the
2963:
Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
8089:
7868:
7858:
7836:
7494:
6403:
6391:
6304:
6221:
6072:
6006:
5668:
5490:
5337:
5295:
5289:
5081:
5040:
4911:
4904:
4890:
3674:
3445:
3435:
3415:
1756:
1515:
1328:
1320:
1231:
1214:
1153:
1137:
1030:
958:
913:
772:
746:
674:
666:
630:
387:
2930:
Compendium excerpt: Claudius to Diocletian 268–284 (12th century)
426:, and monetary reforms attempting to curb the devaluation of the
7841:
7831:
7221:
7096:
6297:
5627:
5447:
5429:
5314:
5096:
5091:
4925:
3420:
3410:
1400:
Aurelian's reign records the only uprising of mint workers. The
1369:, built in 274 and dedicated on December 25 of that year in the
1091:
1063:
737:
While still dealing with the defeated enemy, news came from the
727:
419:
8149:
7266:
6631:
5733:
4759:
4721:
3340:
2632:
198:
6046:
2579:. New haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. pp. 118–119.
1579:
Aurelian's enemies in the Senate briefly succeeded in passing
812:
590:
375:
became emperor until his own death in 270. Claudius' brother
19:
This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see
1325:
A Radiate of Aurelian, obverse. Legend: IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG.
4717:
2386:
2384:
2058:
The Reign of Emperor Gallienus: The Apogee of Roman Cavalry
1333:
A Radiate of Aurelian, reverse. Legend: ORIENS AVG. – EXXI.
1418:
The Palmyrene rebellion in Egypt had probably reduced the
584:
The existence of Ulpius Crinitus has been doubted by many
2188:"LacusCurtius: Templum Solis (Platner & Ashby, 1929)"
1682:
Had Aurelian's family been enfranchised by virtue of the
1240:
defeat the Palmyrene Empire, and celebrates ORIENS AVG –
1142:
The Roman Empire by 271 A.D before the reconquest of the
1000:. The authority of the Emperor was challenged by several
486:"which he founded so that he would have been a Moesian".
3090:
Aurelian and Probus: The Soldier Emperors Who Saved Rome
1921:
Wijnendaele, Jeroen W. P.; Hanaghan, Michael P. (2021).
355:
after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of
26:"Aurelianus" redirects here. For the genus of bugs, see
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2336:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2306:
2304:
455:
Many details about Aurelian's early life come from the
3038:
Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284
2952:
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1442:
His monetary reformation included the introduction of
1174:. Zenobia had carved out her own empire, encompassing
2551:
Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome
2255:
2253:
1862:
1860:
506:
like several other emperors of the late 3rd century (
1624:
in France is named after Aurelian. Originally named
171:
Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus
7802:
7787:
7628:
7600:
7585:
7548:
7520:
7480:
7462:
7412:
7345:
7330:
7297:
7288:
7212:
7189:
7122:
7045:
6983:
6935:
6920:
6853:
6800:
6712:
6697:
6662:
6653:
6550:
6509:
6417:
6349:
6197:
5965:
5950:
5886:
5860:
5812:
5797:
5764:
5755:
5684:
5644:
5519:
5504:
5438:
5380:
5323:
5264:
5249:
5139:
5068:
5053:
4954:
4838:
4823:
4790:
4781:
4640:
4086:
3983:
3866:
3693:
3531:
3379:
510:) all of whom shared a common military background.
179:
163:
153:
139:
129:
110:
97:
93:
83:
73:
65:
58:
37:
2602:The decline and fall of the Roman empire. Volume I
1360:Aurelian strengthened the position of the Sun god
692:. They are known to have had a daughter together.
3172:The Roman Emperor Aurelian: Restorer of the World
3061:Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete
3011:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services.
2966:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
1158:The route of Aurelian's campaign against Palmyra.
1114:. However, he decided to abandon the province of
947:, whose autonomy grew until the formation of the
793:. As winter set in, the Goths retreated into the
3009:A biography of the Emperor Aurelian (AD 270–275)
2904:Aurelianus Life of Aurelian Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
2471:"Solving the Mystery of an Ancient Roman Plague"
1426:, and thus had something to fear from Aurelian.
1209:Asia Minor was recovered easily; every city but
621:of the Third Legion. He used his force of 2,500
8356:Roman emperors murdered by the Praetorian Guard
2166:. New York, NY: Psychology Press. p. 172.
1560:Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the
1217:surrendered to him with little resistance. The
1066:. Aurelian, who was in Pannonia to control the
528:", whose worship Aurelian promoted as Emperor (
2919:(published in 1814), book 1, (5th–6th century)
762:harass the enemy, driving them northward into
386:after a devastating war. He also defeated the
4733:
3352:
3175:. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors.
2554:. University of Michigan Press. p. 167.
1608:between Aurelian's death and the election of
1594:There is some evidence that Aurelian's wife,
1568:began his reign in November or December), in
1504:was the last known official in charge of the
210:
8:
3018:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
2887:, xxxv "Epitome de Caesaribus" (4th century)
2808:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
1671:, pater patriae, proconsul, restitutor orbis
1102:Defeat of the Goths and abandonment of Dacia
605:. Ulpius was reportedly born in the city of
410:in 273. The following year he conquered the
2116:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 113.
1786:. Yale University Press. pp. 375–376.
1586:
1410:
1395:
1338:
1307:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1201:
1195:
688:, about whom little is known. She was from
657:' entourage. In 268 Gallienus travelled to
645:, adding to the veracity of his existence.
563:
442:
8146:
7799:
7597:
7342:
7294:
7285:
7263:
6932:
6709:
6659:
6650:
6628:
5962:
5809:
5761:
5752:
5730:
5516:
5261:
5065:
4835:
4787:
4778:
4756:
4740:
4726:
4718:
3863:
3359:
3345:
3337:
3211:
1396:Felicissimus' rebellion and coinage reform
1286:which had already been reduced in size by
1054:and sacking the villages; they passed the
217:
203:
195:
34:
2658:(in German). München: Beck. p. 250.
2623:
2621:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
1448:containing 5% silver. They bore the mark
859:Learn how and when to remove this message
49:Bust of Aurelian, formerly identified as
2857:. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon.
2022:
1993:
1981:
1490:Aurelian is believed to have terminated
1194:, the son of Zenobia, held the title of
2459:. Vol. II. Loeb Classical Library.
2402:
2390:
1969:
1772:
1653:
741:reporting large-scale attacks from the
588:. If he did exist he would have been a
576:, he seems to have been its commander.
478:describes him both as a Pannonian from
347:who reigned from 270 to 275 during the
2839:
2827:
2754:
2742:
2518:
2506:
2375:
2363:
2342:
2327:
2312:
2277:Körner, Christian (23 December 2008).
2259:
2223:
1866:
150:
3092:. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military.
2272:
2270:
2268:
2091:. BRILL. pp. 91, 119, 204, 206.
2080:
2078:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1814:
637:. After the battle, Crinitus thanked
422:, the abandonment of the province of
7:
3203:On coins of Aurelian with the title
2993:from the original on 20 October 2006
2577:How Rome fell: death of a superpower
2289:from the original on 2 December 2010
1236:Aurelian and the personification of
841:adding citations to reliable sources
2426:
1050:moved towards Italia, entering the
2981:Körner, Christian (20 July 2001).
2575:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2009).
1660:His full name, with honorific and
1628:, Aurelian rebuilt and renamed it
1086:. For this, he received the title
382:During his reign, he defeated the
14:
2414:
1826:
1524:The deaths of the Sassanid Kings
3007:Saunders, Randall Titus (1992).
2797:, London: Routledge, pp, 139-140
1134:Conquest of the Palmyrene Empire
876:When Claudius died, his brother
817:
43:
2775:Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV
2769:The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold
1502:Titus Flavius Postumius Quietus
828:needs additional citations for
524:describes her as "priestess of
3110:Aurelian and the Third Century
2795:Aurelian and the Third Century
2164:Aurelian and the Third Century
2114:Aurelian and the Third Century
2055:Syvänne, Ilkka (30 May 2019).
1:
8291:3rd-century murdered monarchs
7760:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
2495:Historia Augusta – Aurelianus
1780:Kleiner, Diana E. E. (1992).
1278:Conquest of the Gallic Empire
467:. The 6th-century chronicler
340:
336:
114:
16:Roman emperor from 270 to 275
3283:T. Flavius Postumius Quietus
2895:Breviarium historiae Romanae
2855:Cenabum, Aurelianis, Orléans
2851:For an exact etymology, see
2489:Zosimus, 1,48f.; Eutropius;
1380:. He appears with the title
1110:, and assuming the title of
1024:Defending Italy against the
910:The Roman Empire in the 270s
777:Ruins of Imperial Palace at
710:forces in Italy allowed the
8311:Crisis of the Third Century
8301:Ancient assassinated people
7693:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2810:(London: Routledge, 2015),
2085:Hengst, Daniël den (2010).
2013:as that unit never existed.
1692:would have been "Aurelius".
1452:(or its Greek numeral form
976:Reunification of the empire
882:Crisis of the Third Century
447:("Restorer of the World").
349:Crisis of the Third Century
117:November (?) 275 (aged ~61)
8382:
8296:3rd-century Roman emperors
6592:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
5976:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
5740:Second Intermediate Period
4632:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4583:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4470:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
3020:. Routledge. p. 125.
2548:Stoneman, Richard (1994).
1267:("Restorer of the East").
514:describes his father as a
333:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus
159:Lucius Domitius Aurelianus
25:
18:
8341:3rd-century Roman consuls
8254:
8156:
8145:
8043:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
7733:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
7284:
7262:
6649:
6638:Third Intermediate Period
6627:
5751:
5729:
4777:
4766:First Intermediate Period
4755:
4708:
4605:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4573:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4398:Constantine IX Monomachos
3322:
3305:
3293:
3279:
3263:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3073:10.1515/apf.1924.7.1-2.30
3035:Peachin, Michael (1990).
2897:, IX. 13–15 (4th century)
2279:"Aurelian (A.D. 270–275)"
1939:10.1515/9783110742770-008
1839:Halsberghe, G.H. (1972).
1742:, i.e. through the ranks.
1732:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus
1477:Food distribution reforms
1094:that became known as the
625:, and the armies of four
235:
170:
158:
149:
42:
21:Aurelian (disambiguation)
7755:Cleopatra VII Philopator
6012:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
4770: (<3150–2040 BC)
4568:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2987:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2830:, pp. 104–105, 225.
2683:De Mortibus Persecutorum
2654:Clauss, Manfred (2001).
1842:The Cult of Sol Invictus
1598:, who had been declared
1473:, France, in the 1980s.
1078:, defeating them in the
684:Aurelian was married to
371:in 268. Following that,
8346:Murdered Roman emperors
7728:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
7643:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
5937:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
4423:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
4057:Tiberius II Constantine
3107:Watson, Alaric (1999).
3088:Syvänne, Ilkka (2020).
2853:Debal, Jacques (1996).
2793:Watson, Alaric (2004),
2640:Encyclopædia Britannica
2600:Gibbon, Edward (1993).
2162:Watson, Alaric (2004).
2112:Watson, Alaric (2004).
1897:Studies in John Malalas
1728:Publius Aelius Aelianus
1685:Constitutio Antoniniana
1610:Marcus Claudius Tacitus
1500:program. Roman prefect
1016:, and the rebellion of
8316:Deified Roman emperors
7770:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
7749:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7743:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
7698:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
7668:Arsinoe III Philopator
6582:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
6052:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
5992:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
5583:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
4578:Michael IX Palaiologos
3315:with Capitolinus (274)
3016:Southern, Pat (2001).
2699:Historia Ecclesiastica
2509:, pp. 51–54, 217.
1718:Compare the career of
1640:), which evolved into
1587:
1521:
1411:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1308:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1202:
1196:
1159:
1151:
1043:
920:
785:
732:Battle of Lake Benacus
564:
443:
332:
7718:Ptolemy X Alexander I
7683:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7663:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7658:Berenice II Euergetes
7653:Ptolemy III Euergetes
7615:Philip III Arrhidaeus
6124:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
6119:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
5473:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
4672:Thessalonian emperors
4666:Trapezuntine emperors
4627:John VIII Palaiologos
4622:Manuel II Palaiologos
4593:John VI Kantakouzenos
4509:Andronikos I Komnenos
4346:Constantine Lekapenos
3374:and empresses regnant
3041:. Amsterdam: Gieben.
2928:Compendium of History
2885:Epitome de Caesaribus
2192:penelope.uchicago.edu
1900:. BRILL. p. 76.
1894:Croke, Brian (1990).
1738:(certainly) who rose
1709:of auxiliary cavalry.
1636:("city of Aurelian",
1519:
1429:Aurelian ordered the
1382:deus et dominus natus
1378:Edict of Thessalonica
1332:
1324:
1272:Library of Alexandria
1235:
1157:
1141:
1072:ambush near Placentia
1034:
917:
776:
714:to break through the
106:or Sirmium (Pannonia)
8151:Dynastic genealogies
7775:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
7071:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
6985:High Priests of Amun
6487:Merankhre Mentuhotep
6189:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
6184:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
6037:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
5744: (2040–1550 BC)
5463:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4610:John VII Palaiologos
4558:Theodore II Laskaris
4418:Constantine X Doukas
4358:Nikephoros II Phokas
3255:Flavius Antiochianus
3169:White, John (2015).
3157:on 18 February 2020.
2960:Kienast, D. (2017).
2733:, Book 7, Chapter 23
2497:xxi,1–3 and xviii,2.
2237:History of the Goths
1883:Book 12, chapter 30.
1734:(both probably) and
1420:grain supply to Rome
837:improve this article
671:Claudius II Gothicus
343:November 275) was a
8351:People from Sirmium
7673:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
7610:Alexander the Great
6642: (1550–664 BC)
6164:Mershepsesre Ini II
6159:Merkawre Sobekhotep
5553:Neferkare IV Khendu
4541:Theodore I Laskaris
4526:Alexios III Angelos
4504:Alexios II Komnenos
4428:Romanos IV Diogenes
4383:Romanos III Argyros
4329:Romanos I Lekapenos
3326:M. Claudius Tacitus
3297:M. Claudius Tacitus
3287:Junius Veldumnianus
2915:Translation of the
2842:, pp. 113–116.
2493:, FGrH IIA 460 F7;
2025:, pp. 129–130.
2011:Legio VII Gallicana
2007:vita Divi Aureliani
1520:Aureus of Aurelian.
1316:Lucania et Bruttium
1264:Restitutor Orientis
1223:Apollonius of Tyana
1186:and large parts of
722:. Marching through
627:Germanic chieftains
565:vita Divi Aureliani
482:and as a native of
367:, until Gallienus'
101:9 September 214 (?)
8010:Trebonianus Gallus
6597:Senakhtenre Ahmose
6215:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
6169:Sewahenre Senebmiu
6144:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
5573:Neferkare V Tereru
5543:Neferkare III Neby
5211:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
4660:Britannic emperors
4654:Palmyrene emperors
4588:John V Palaiologos
4531:Alexios IV Angelos
4480:Constantine Doukas
4475:Alexios I Komnenos
4463:Constantine Doukas
4446:Michael VII Doukas
4408:Michael VI Bringas
3974:Romulus Augustulus
3597:Trebonianus Gallus
3590:Herennius Etruscus
3372:Byzantine emperors
3301:Julius Placidianus
3247:Political offices
3199:, at Wildwinds.com
2766:Sylvianne Estiot,
2417:, pp. 46, 50.
1522:
1335:
1327:
1248:
1160:
1152:
1088:Germanicus Maximus
1062:and moved towards
1044:
998:Germanicus Maximus
921:
786:
502:. Aurelian was an
496:Dacia Mediterranea
464:Chronograph of 354
8366:Damnatio memoriae
8331:Illyrian emperors
8263:
8262:
8250:
8249:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8057:Claudius Gothicus
7951:Severus Alexander
7918:Septimius Severus
7783:
7782:
7581:
7580:
7326:
7325:
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7249:
6965:Osorkon the Elder
6916:
6915:
6693:
6692:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6587:Nubkheperre Intef
6467:Sekhemre Shedwast
6089:Sehetepkare Intef
6017:Semenkare Nebnuni
5946:
5945:
5793:
5792:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5500:
5499:
5478:Netjerkare Siptah
5400:Neferirkare Kakai
5245:
5244:
5049:
5048:
4819:
4818:
4715:
4714:
4553:John III Vatatzes
4499:Manuel I Komnenos
4238:Michael I Rangabe
4082:
4081:
3924:Petronius Maximus
3523:Severus Alexander
3491:Septimius Severus
3335:
3334:
3323:Succeeded by
3319:Marcellinus (275)
3280:Succeeded by
3237:Succeeded by
3182:978-1-4738-4569-5
3099:978-1-5267-6750-9
2936:Secondary sources
2864:978-2-7297-0554-1
2816:978-0-415-73807-1
2745:, pp. 52–53.
2665:978-3-406-47288-6
2611:978-0-679-42308-9
2586:978-0-300-13719-4
2521:, pp. 54–55.
2393:, pp. 43–44.
2098:978-900-417-438-2
2068:978-1-5267-4522-4
2061:. Pen and Sword.
1972:, pp. 29–30.
1907:978-90-04-34462-4
1736:Traianus Mucianus
1634:Aureliana Civitas
1582:damnatio memoriae
1455:
1451:
1300:at Durocatalaunum
1297:Battle of Châlons
1258:Parthicus Maximus
1170:from the city of
1166:, ruled by Queen
972:and the Balkans.
869:
868:
861:
783:Sremska Mitrovica
679:Battle of Naissus
508:Illyrian emperors
373:Claudius Gothicus
321:
320:
193:
192:
175:
174:
51:Claudius Gothicus
8373:
8326:Gothicus Maximus
8257:List of pharaohs
8147:
7912:Pescennius Niger
7800:
7796:
7795:
7708:Ptolemy IX Soter
7678:Cleopatra I Syra
7598:
7594:
7593:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7295:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7264:
7015:Djedkhonsuefankh
6933:
6929:
6928:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6680:
6675:
6660:
6651:
6644:
6643:
6629:
6222:Qareh Khawoserre
6208:Yakbim Sekhaenre
6149:Mersekhemre Ined
5963:
5959:
5958:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5762:
5753:
5746:
5745:
5731:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5066:
5062:
5061:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4788:
4779:
4772:
4771:
4757:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4563:John IV Laskaris
4536:Alexios V Doukas
4521:Isaac II Angelos
4487:John II Komnenos
4413:Isaac I Komnenos
4373:Constantine VIII
4363:John I Tzimiskes
4090:Byzantine Empire
3864:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3294:Preceded by
3275:Pomponius Bassus
3252:Preceded by
3220:Preceded by
3212:
3197:Aurelian coinage
3186:
3158:
3156:
3150:. Archived from
3115:
3103:
3084:
3052:
3031:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2977:
2956:
2931:
2902:Historia Augusta
2869:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2724:
2718:
2717:, 263rd Olympiad
2708:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2634:"Aurelian"
2625:
2616:
2615:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2532:Historia Augusta
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2479:. November 2017.
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:Historia Augusta
2452:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1722:who pursued the
1716:
1710:
1699:
1693:
1680:
1674:
1658:
1590:
1588:Divus Aurelianus
1562:Praetorian Guard
1453:
1449:
1432:cohortes urbanae
1414:
1356:Religious reform
1342:
1340:Restitutor Orbis
1313:
1266:
1260:
1245:
1205:
1199:
1164:Palmyrene Empire
1144:Palmyrene Empire
1130:as the capital.
1112:Gothicus Maximus
1039:, a gate in the
949:Palmyrene Empire
923:In 248, Emperor
864:
857:
853:
850:
844:
821:
813:
795:Haemus Mountains
718:along the upper
567:
560:Historia Augusta
536:Military service
522:Historia Augusta
476:Historia Augusta
458:Historia Augusta
446:
444:Restitutor Orbis
408:Palmyrene Empire
342:
338:
263:Italian Campaign
230:
219:
212:
205:
196:
151:
116:
47:
35:
28:Aurelianus (bug)
8381:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8336:Illyrian people
8266:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8246:
8152:
8129:
8029:Macrianus Minor
7958:Maximinus Thrax
7894:Marcus Aurelius
7793:
7792:
7791:
7779:
7638:Ptolemy I Soter
7624:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7577:
7544:
7516:
7476:
7458:
7438:Psammetichus IV
7408:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7322:
7300:
7291:
7280:
7277:(664 BC–313 AD)
7276:
7275:
7246:
7208:
7185:
7181:Menkheperre Ini
7118:
7041:
6979:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6912:
6849:
6796:
6777:Neferneferuaten
6703:
6702:
6701:
6689:
6688:
6678:
6673:
6672:Pharaohs
6665:
6656:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6611:
6546:
6505:
6432:Sobekhotep VIII
6413:
6345:
6193:
6154:Sewadjkare Hori
5956:
5955:
5954:
5942:
5882:
5856:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5789:
5767:
5758:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5713:
5680:
5640:
5548:Djedkare Shemai
5510:
5509:
5508:
5496:
5434:
5376:
5319:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5135:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5045:
4950:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4793:
4784:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4751:
4746:
4716:
4711:
4704:
4648:Gallic emperors
4636:
4324:Constantine VII
4105:Constantine III
4092:
4089:
4078:
3987:
3979:
3918:Valentinian III
3906:Constantius III
3900:Priscus Attalus
3884:Constantine III
3870:
3862:
3752:Valerius Valens
3697:
3689:
3535:
3527:
3486:Didius Julianus
3466:Marcus Aurelius
3383:
3375:
3365:
3331:
3329:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3285:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3242:
3233:
3225:
3205:dominus et deus
3193:
3183:
3168:
3165:
3163:Further reading
3154:
3132:
3122:10.2307/4352566
3113:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3055:
3049:
3034:
3028:
3015:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2959:
2941:
2938:
2924:Joannes Zonaras
2922:
2882:Aurelius Victor
2878:
2876:Primary sources
2873:
2872:
2865:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2788:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2488:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2212:Aurelius Victor
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1783:Roman sculpture
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1751:Later emperors
1750:
1746:
1717:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1681:
1677:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1638:cité d'Aurélien
1618:
1514:
1479:
1398:
1371:Campus Agrippae
1358:
1349:
1280:
1227:Sassanid Empire
1136:
1124:Dacia Aureliana
1104:
1029:
978:
925:Philip the Arab
912:
874:
865:
854:
848:
845:
834:
822:
811:
698:
651:
649:Under Gallienus
582:
580:Ulpius Crinitus
538:
500:Moesia Superior
492:John Xiphilinus
453:
439:dominus et deus
361:Moesia Superior
322:
317:
307:Gallic Campaign
231:
225:
223:
118:
102:
54:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8379:
8377:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8268:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8150:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8125:Maximinus Daza
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8025:
8020:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7884:Antoninus Pius
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7797:
7794:(30 BC–313 AD)
7785:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7604:
7595:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7558:Artaxerxes III
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7429:
7427:Petubastis III
7424:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7351:
7349:
7340:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7310:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7292:
7289:
7282:
7281:
7267:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7218:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6930:
6922:3 Intermediate
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6718:
6716:
6707:
6704:(1550–1070 BC)
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6647:
6646:
6632:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6437:Neferhotep III
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6267:Sewadjkare III
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6236:Maaibre Sheshi
6232:
6229:'Ammu Ahotepre
6225:
6218:
6211:
6203:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6139:Merhotepre Ini
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6099:Sobekhotep III
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5971:
5969:
5960:
5957:(1802–1550 BC)
5952:2 Intermediate
5948:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5847:Mentuhotep III
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5807:
5804:(2040–1802 BC)
5799:Middle Kingdom
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5759:
5756:
5749:
5748:
5736:Middle Kingdom
5734:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5699:Neferkare VIII
5696:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5671:
5666:
5664:Nebkaure Khety
5661:
5656:
5654:Meryibre Khety
5650:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Neferkamin Anu
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5514:
5511:(2181–2040 BC)
5506:1 Intermediate
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5425:Djedkare Isesi
5422:
5420:Menkauhor Kaiu
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5256:(2686–2181 BC)
5247:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5072:
5063:
5060:(3150–2686 BC)
5055:Early Dynastic
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4775:
4774:
4760:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4607:
4602:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4467:
4443:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4403:Theodora (III)
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4299:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4265:
4253:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:Constantine VI
4215:
4210:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Theodosius III
4179:
4174:
4169:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4127:Constantine IV
4124:
4119:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:Eastern Empire
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:Western Empire
3861:
3860:
3853:
3841:Magnus Maximus
3837:
3835:Valentinian II
3832:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3767:Constantius II
3764:
3762:Constantine II
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3461:Antoninus Pius
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3384:27 BC – AD 235
3377:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3304:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3278:
3262:
3259:Virius Orfitus
3253:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:Regnal titles
3210:
3209:
3200:
3192:
3191:External links
3189:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3130:
3104:
3098:
3085:
3067:(1–2): 30–51.
3053:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3004:
2978:
2972:
2957:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2906:
2898:
2888:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2806:Pat Southern,
2799:
2786:
2759:
2757:, p. 130.
2747:
2735:
2719:
2703:
2687:
2671:
2664:
2646:
2631:, ed. (1911).
2629:Chisholm, Hugh
2617:
2610:
2592:
2585:
2567:
2560:
2540:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2482:
2462:
2447:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2405:, p. 222.
2395:
2380:
2368:
2347:
2332:
2317:
2300:
2264:
2249:
2228:
2216:
2204:
2179:
2172:
2154:
2129:
2122:
2104:
2097:
2074:
2067:
2047:
2027:
2015:
2005:For instance,
1998:
1996:, p. 109.
1986:
1984:, p. 107.
1974:
1962:
1947:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 139.
1807:
1792:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1726:with those of
1711:
1694:
1675:
1662:victory titles
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1617:
1614:
1596:Ulpia Severina
1513:
1510:
1478:
1475:
1397:
1394:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1314:(governor) of
1279:
1276:
1243:oriens Augusti
1135:
1132:
1103:
1100:
1096:Aurelian Walls
1080:Battle of Fano
1076:Metaurus River
1041:Aurelian Walls
1037:Porta Asinaria
1028:
1022:
977:
974:
935:in 260 by the
911:
908:
873:
870:
867:
866:
825:
823:
816:
810:
807:
716:Rhaetian limes
697:
696:Under Claudius
694:
686:Ulpia Severina
650:
647:
629:to defeat the
581:
578:
537:
534:
484:Dacia Ripensis
452:
449:
428:Roman currency
416:Aurelian Walls
335:; 9 September
319:
318:
316:
315:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
236:
233:
232:
224:
222:
221:
214:
207:
199:
191:
190:
181:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
134:Ulpia Severina
131:
127:
126:
112:
108:
107:
104:Dacia Ripensis
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
48:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8378:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8258:
8253:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8148:
8144:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7798:
7790:
7786:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:Cleopatra III
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7508:
7506:
7505:Nepherites II
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7316:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7287:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7036:Psusennes III
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6927:(1069–664 BC)
6923:
6919:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:Ramesses VIII
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6762:Amenhotep III
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6700:
6696:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6626:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Seqenenre Tao
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6577:Sobekemsaf II
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6527:Wepwawetemsaf
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:Merneferre Ay
6132:
6130:
6129:Wahibre Ibiau
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6114:Sobekhotep IV
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:Amenemhat III
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5852:Mentuhotep IV
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Mentuhotep II
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5783:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5763:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Wahkare Khety
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Neferkare VII
5657:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5206:Seth-Peribsen
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Hotepsekhemwy
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:Double Falcon
4937:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:(pre-3150 BC)
4826:
4825:Protodynastic
4822:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4762:Protodynastic
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4731:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4707:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4285:Theodora (II)
4283:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:Constantine V
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Anastasius II
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Theodosius II
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Valentinian I
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:Constantine I
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Constantius I
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3330:Aemilianus II
3327:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3230:Roman emperor
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:(Section 1.9)
3206:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3131:0-415-07248-4
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:Stein, Arthur
3054:
3050:
3048:90-5063-034-0
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3027:0-415-23944-3
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3003:(Korner:2001)
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2973:9783534132898
2969:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2943:Groag, Edmund
2940:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:Historia Nova
2914:
2913:Historia Nova
2910:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:9782717724929
2780:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:Magh, David.
2451:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:, p. 46.
2377:
2372:
2369:
2366:, p. 45.
2365:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:, p. 44.
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:, p. 43.
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:, p. 42.
2314:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:0-520-06983-8
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:, p. 41.
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2173:0-415-30187-4
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2142:topostext.org
2139:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2123:0-415-30187-4
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:Saunders 1992
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:Saunders 1992
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:Saunders 1992
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:9783110742770
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:0-300-04631-6
1789:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Caenophrurium
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:Lava Treasure
1463:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Gallic Empire
1277:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:fall of Tyana
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1148:Gallic Empire
1145:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
973:
971:
966:
964:
963:Gallic Empire
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
916:
909:
907:
905:
904:
898:
896:
892:
887:
883:
879:
872:Rise to power
871:
863:
860:
852:
842:
838:
832:
831:
826:This section
824:
820:
815:
814:
808:
806:
802:
798:
796:
792:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
704:
695:
693:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
643:Temple of Sol
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:Goths invaded
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
592:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
561:
555:
552:
548:
547:procuratorial
544:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:
513:
512:Pseudo-Victor
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Pseudo-Victor
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
465:
460:
459:
450:
448:
445:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:Gallic Empire
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
369:assassination
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Roman emperor
334:
330:
326:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
285:Palmyrene War
284:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
246:
242:
238:
237:
234:
229:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
201:
200:
197:
189:
185:
182:
178:
169:
166:
162:
157:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
120:Caenophrurium
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:Roman emperor
57:
52:
46:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
8102:
8095:
8088:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8015:
8008:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7910:
7903:
7889:Lucius Verus
7846:
7747:
7723:Berenice III
7713:Cleopatra IV
7688:Cleopatra II
7620:Alexander IV
7540:Nectanebo II
7509:
7490:Nepherites I
7449:Artaxerxes I
7436:
7366:
7354:
7337:(664–332 BC)
7317:
7273:Roman Period
7175:Shoshenq VII
7173:
7146:
7106:
7087:Shoshenq III
7069:
7034:
6997:
6975:Psusennes II
6888:Ramesses VII
6868:Ramesses III
6752:Amenhotep II
6747:Thutmose III
6683:
6572:Sobekemsaf I
6564:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6498:
6491:
6396:
6379:
6374:'Aper-'Anati
6372:
6365:
6358:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6282:Sekheperenre
6234:
6227:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6104:Neferhotep I
6094:Seth Meribre
6071:
6057:Djedkheperew
5974:
5935:
5926:Amenemhat IV
5916:Senusret III
5906:Amenemhat II
5822:Mentuhotep I
5784:
5673:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5538:Neferkare II
5489:
5482:
5415:Nyuserre Ini
5369:
5352:
5307:
5300:
5288:
5229:
5224:Neferkasokar
5222:
5215:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5128:
5121:
5029:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4972:Finger Snail
4970:
4963:
4943:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4810:
4615:Andronikos V
4613:
4596:
4544:
4512:
4490:
4478:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4437:
4431:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4305:
4288:
4276:
4259:
4247:
4241:
4228:Nikephoros I
4203:
4202:
4196:
4163:
4160:Justinian II
4155:Tiberius III
4145:Justinian II
4136:
4130:
4113:
4065:
4037:Anastasius I
4028:
3972:
3968:Julius Nepos
3960:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3830:Theodosius I
3817:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3747:Maximinus II
3734:
3654:
3636:
3619:
3606:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3509:
3471:Lucius Verus
3318:
3314:
3308:Roman consul
3306:
3272:
3266:Roman consul
3264:
3228:
3204:
3171:
3152:the original
3109:
3089:
3064:
3060:
3037:
3017:
3008:
2995:. Retrieved
2986:
2962:
2950:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2884:
2854:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2777:, BNF, 2011
2774:
2768:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2601:
2595:
2576:
2570:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2476:The Atlantic
2474:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2422:
2410:
2403:Kienast 2017
2398:
2391:Peachin 1990
2371:
2291:. Retrieved
2282:
2236:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2087:
2057:
2050:
2040:White (2015)
2018:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1970:Syvänne 2020
1965:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1879:John Malalas
1874:
1869:, p. 1.
1847:. Retrieved
1841:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1782:
1775:
1747:
1739:
1724:Tres Militia
1723:
1714:
1706:
1703:tres militia
1702:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1620:The city of
1619:
1599:
1593:
1580:
1578:
1557:
1550:
1523:
1505:
1495:
1489:
1484:Cura Annonae
1482:
1480:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1441:
1437:Caelian hill
1430:
1428:
1417:
1407:Felicissimus
1401:
1399:
1390:persecutions
1381:
1375:
1367:a new temple
1362:Sol Invictus
1359:
1350:
1336:
1281:
1269:
1249:
1208:
1161:
1111:
1105:
1087:
1045:
1018:Felicissimus
997:
984:against the
979:
967:
952:
930:
922:
901:
899:
891:dies imperii
890:
875:
855:
846:
835:Please help
830:verification
827:
803:
799:
787:
768:
764:Upper Moesia
759:Thessalonica
736:
708:
699:
683:
652:
609:, in modern
589:
583:
558:
556:
550:
543:tres militia
542:
539:
530:Sol Invictus
521:
515:
475:
473:
469:John Malalas
462:
456:
454:
438:
432:
381:
353:Roman Empire
324:
323:
252:Lake Benacus
227:
188:Sol Invictus
32:
8276:210s births
7993:Gordian III
7938:Diadumenian
7738:Cleopatra V
7592:(332–30 BC)
7587:Hellenistic
7530:Nectanebo I
7422:Cambyses II
7404:Psamtik III
7362:Tefnakht II
7164:Takelot III
7159:Osorkon III
7154:Shoshenq VI
7108:Pedubast II
7092:Shoshenq IV
7065:Shoshenq II
7030:Pinedjem II
7020:Menkheperre
6955:Psusennes I
6908:Ramesses XI
6898:Ramesses IX
6883:Ramesses VI
6873:Ramesses IV
6820:Ramesses II
6782:Tutankhamun
6757:Thutmose IV
6737:Thutmose II
6727:Amenhotep I
6699:New Kingdom
6634:New Kingdom
6493:Senusret IV
6477:Dedumose II
6452:Nebiriau II
6447:Nebiryraw I
6442:Mentuhotepi
6247:Khakherewre
6174:Merkheperre
6084:Imyremeshaw
6067:Sedjefakare
6022:Sehetepibre
5997:Ameny Qemau
5931:Sobekneferu
5911:Senusret II
5896:Amenemhat I
5878:Iyibkhentre
5608:Neferirkare
5603:Neferkauhor
5410:Shepseskare
5251:Old Kingdom
5237:Khasekhemwy
5217:Neferkara I
5186:Weneg-Nebty
5031:Scorpion II
4674:(1224–1242)
4668:(1204–1461)
4457:Konstantios
4334:Christopher
4307:Constantine
4297:Michael III
4278:Constantine
4261:Constantine
4243:Theophylact
4172:Philippicus
4122:Constans II
4047:Justinian I
3943:Severus III
3891:Constans II
3645:Claudius II
3621:Silbannacus
3568:Gordian III
3543:Maximinus I
3511:Diadumenian
2947:Domitius 36
2840:Watson 1999
2828:Watson 1999
2818:, page 181.
2755:Watson 1999
2743:Watson 1999
2731:Historiarum
2519:Watson 1999
2507:Watson 1999
2376:Watson 1999
2364:Watson 1999
2343:Watson 1999
2328:Watson 1999
2313:Watson 1999
2260:Watson 1999
2224:Watson 1999
2138:"ToposText"
1867:Watson 1999
1829:, col. 157.
1606:interregnum
1445:antoniniani
1288:Claudius II
1192:Vaballathus
1150:by Aurelian
1108:Cannabaudes
1058:, occupied
903:res publica
781:, today in
673:) over the
661:and fought
623:auxiliaries
574:Claudius II
245:Claudius II
226:Battles of
165:Regnal name
74:Predecessor
8286:275 deaths
8281:214 births
8270:Categories
8110:Diocletian
8064:Quintillus
8017:Aemilianus
7972:Gordian II
7944:Elagabalus
7765:Arsinoe IV
7648:Arsinoe II
7573:Darius III
7500:Psammuthes
7389:Psamtik II
7204:Bakenranef
7142:Pedubast I
7137:Takelot II
7132:Harsiese A
7114:Osorkon IV
7102:Shoshenq V
7082:Osorkon II
7055:Shoshenq I
7025:Smendes II
7005:Pinedjem I
6950:Amenemnisu
6903:Ramesses X
6878:Ramesses V
6830:Amenmesses
6810:Ramesses I
6772:Smenkhkare
6742:Hatshepsut
6732:Thutmose I
6482:Montuemsaf
6472:Dedumose I
6272:Nebdjefare
6262:Merdjefare
6032:Nedjemibre
6027:Sewadjkare
5901:Senusret I
5873:Qakare Ini
5694:Meryhathor
5598:Neferkaure
5593:Qakare Iby
5578:Neferkahor
5563:Neferkamin
5371:Thamphthis
5365:Shepseskaf
5279:Sekhemkhet
5130:Horus Bird
5007:Scorpion I
4451:Andronikos
4439:Nikephoros
4388:Michael IV
4353:Romanos II
4273:Theophilos
4268:Michael II
4249:Staurakios
4233:Staurakios
4205:Nikephoros
4198:Artabasdos
4110:Heraclonas
4067:Theodosius
4025:Basiliscus
3785:Nepotianus
3778:Magnentius
3772:Constans I
3725:Severus II
3705:Diocletian
3650:Quintillus
3615:Aemilianus
3608:Volusianus
3553:Gordian II
3518:Elagabalus
3381:Principate
3223:Quintillus
2997:4 November
2983:"Aurelian"
2679:Lactantius
2561:0472083155
2536:Aurelianus
2042:, p.
1815:White 2015
1767:References
1688:(212) his
1630:Aurelianum
1542:Vindelicia
1528:(272) and
1424:Quintillus
1412:rationalis
1403:rationalis
1386:Lactantius
1352:officers.
1188:Asia Minor
1014:Domitianus
994:Sarmatians
878:Quintillus
849:March 2021
667:Mediolanum
586:historians
451:Early life
400:Sarmatians
377:Quintillus
184:Henotheist
145:1 daughter
78:Quintillus
8242:Ptolemaic
8050:Gallienus
7965:Gordian I
7928:Caracalla
7854:Vespasian
7848:Vitellius
7630:Ptolemaic
7472:Amyrtaeus
7454:Darius II
7399:Ahmose II
7379:Psamtik I
7318:uncertain
7306:Pharaohs
7242:Tanutamun
7077:Takelot I
7060:Osorkon I
7010:Masaharta
6960:Amenemope
6863:Setnakhte
6825:Merneptah
6767:Akhenaten
6684:uncertain
6566:Nebmaatre
6387:Sakir-Har
6340:Yaqub-Har
6252:Nebefawre
6002:Hotepibre
5868:Segerseni
5837:Intef III
5785:uncertain
5773:Pharaohs
5405:Neferefre
5231:Hudjefa I
5112:Semerkhet
4849:Hedju Hor
4811:uncertain
4799:Pharaohs
4693:Classical
4678:Empresses
4662:(286–296)
4656:(267–273)
4650:(260–274)
4393:Michael V
4319:Alexander
4132:Heraclius
4100:Heraclius
4052:Justin II
3962:Glycerius
3949:Anthemius
3819:Procopius
3757:Martinian
3736:Maxentius
3665:Florianus
3638:Saloninus
3633:Gallienus
3602:Hostilian
3578:Philip II
3548:Gordian I
3496:Caracalla
3431:Vespasian
3426:Vitellius
3148:153920517
3081:161464046
2891:Eutropius
2715:Chronicon
2293:6 January
2045: ???
1957:244540886
1669:imperator
1530:Hormizd I
1310:corrector
1211:Byzantium
1203:imperator
1180:Palestine
1122:, called
1060:Placentia
1006:Septimius
937:Sassanids
755:Bastarnae
655:Gallienus
635:provinces
570:Gallienus
433:Although
365:Gallienus
357:barbarian
269:Placentia
241:Gallienus
84:Successor
8306:Aurelian
8202:21 to 23
8120:Galerius
8115:Maximian
8104:Numerian
8071:Aurelian
8023:Valerian
7986:Balbinus
7979:Pupienus
7933:Macrinus
7905:Pertinax
7899:Commodus
7864:Domitian
7827:Claudius
7822:Caligula
7817:Tiberius
7812:Augustus
7432:Darius I
7384:Necho II
7227:Shebitku
7199:Tefnakht
6792:Horemheb
6722:Ahmose I
6534:Pantjeny
6520:Senebkay
6500:Pepi III
6462:Bebiankh
6319:Shenshek
6277:Nebsenre
6109:Sihathor
6079:Khendjer
6042:Renseneb
5987:Nerikare
5832:Intef II
5709:Merykare
5614:Wadjkare
5558:Merenhor
5453:Userkare
5360:Menkaure
5354:Bikheris
5343:Djedefre
5309:Qahedjet
5193:Wadjenes
5179:Horus Sa
5172:Nubnefer
5159:Nynetjer
5123:Sneferka
4863:Ni-Neith
4749:Pharaohs
4688:Usurpers
4683:Augustae
4641:See also
4546:Nicholas
4368:Basil II
4165:Tiberius
4150:Leontius
4138:Tiberius
4115:Tiberius
4093:610–1453
4088:Eastern/
4042:Justin I
3995:Arcadius
3955:Olybrius
3937:Majorian
3878:Honorius
3857:Eugenius
3792:Vetranio
3742:Licinius
3715:Galerius
3710:Maximian
3695:Dominate
3685:Numerian
3655:Aurelian
3628:Valerian
3573:Philip I
3563:Balbinus
3558:Pupienus
3506:Macrinus
3481:Pertinax
3476:Commodus
3441:Domitian
3406:Claudius
3401:Caligula
3396:Tiberius
3391:Augustus
3234:270–275
2991:Archived
2773:Also in
2695:Eusebius
2538:, 22–31.
2491:Dexippus
2287:Archived
1849:13 April
1802:25050500
1740:e caliga
1720:Pertinax
1558:notarius
1534:Bahram I
1526:Shapur I
1506:alimenta
1497:alimenta
1459:denarius
1292:Tetricus
1146:and the
1056:Po River
1052:Po plain
1048:Alamanni
1026:Juthungi
1002:usurpers
990:Juthungi
933:Valerian
726:and the
712:Alamanni
703:Aureolus
663:Aureolus
639:Valerian
600:Thracian
596:Illyrian
504:Illyrian
435:Domitian
396:Juthungi
384:Alamanni
325:Aurelian
228:Aurelian
180:Religion
38:Aurelian
8321:Domitii
8097:Carinus
8078:Tacitus
8036:Quietus
7879:Hadrian
7563:Khabash
7394:Wahibre
7374:Necho I
7368:Nekauba
7356:Ammeris
7299:Dynasty
7237:Taharqa
7232:Shabaka
7169:Rudamun
7148:Iuput I
6993:Herihor
6945:Smendes
6845:Twosret
6835:Seti II
6679:female)
6664:Dynasty
6560:Rahotep
6457:Semenre
6427:Djehuti
6409:Khamudi
6398:Yanassi
6381:Salitis
6333:Yakareb
6326:Khamure
6257:Sehebre
6179:Merkare
5827:Intef I
5766:Dynasty
5675:Imhotep
5635:Iytjenu
5621:Khuiqer
5533:Menkare
5484:Neferka
5468:Pepi II
5390:Userkaf
5284:Sanakht
5107:Anedjib
5087:Hor-Aha
5020:Iry-Hor
5014:Shendjw
4986:Pen-Abu
4870:Hat-Hor
4792:Dynasty
4698:Eastern
4598:Matthew
4492:Alexios
4340:Stephen
4302:Basil I
4187:Leo III
4062:Maurice
4005:Marcian
3988:395–610
3912:Joannes
3871:395–480
3825:Gratian
3698:284–610
3680:Carinus
3660:Tacitus
3536:235–285
3456:Hadrian
3312:274–275
3240:Tacitus
3140:4352566
2909:Zosimus
2727:Orosius
2701:7.30.20
2445:Korner.
2427:Zonaras
2247:, p. 54
2197:23 June
1933:: 273.
1753:Tacitus
1642:Orléans
1626:Cenabum
1622:Orléans
1601:Augusta
1566:Tacitus
1554:Zosimus
1546:Germany
1471:Corsica
1347:Reforms
1304:senator
1172:Palmyra
1168:Zenobia
1128:Serdica
1126:, with
1068:Vandals
1010:Urbanus
986:Vandals
957:of the
941:Palmyra
895:usurper
886:legions
809:Emperor
779:Sirmium
739:Balkans
677:at the
607:Italica
603:legions
594:of the
517:colonus
480:Sirmium
392:Vandals
313:Châlons
257:Naissus
124:Thracia
88:Tacitus
69:270–275
8237:Argead
8084:Probus
8004:Decius
7999:Philip
7874:Trajan
7602:Argead
7511:Muthis
7464:XXVIII
7444:Xerxes
7312:female
7290:Period
6999:Piankh
6970:Siamun
6840:Siptah
6815:Seti I
6655:Period
6607:Kamose
6541:Snaaib
6511:Abydos
6367:Semqen
6360:Sharek
6312:Sheneh
6292:'Apepi
6287:Bebnum
6242:Nehesy
6062:Sebkay
5982:Sonbef
5779:female
5757:Period
5568:Nikare
5458:Pepi I
5395:Sahure
5348:Khafre
5333:Snefru
5302:Sedjes
5274:Djoser
5200:Senedj
5078:Narmer
5037:Narmer
4919:Wazner
4884:Hsekiu
4856:Ny-Hor
4805:female
4783:Period
4460:&
4436:&
4343:&
4314:Leo VI
4290:Thekla
4246:&
4213:Leo IV
4135:&
4074:Phocas
4030:Marcus
4015:Leo II
3931:Avitus
3848:Victor
3813:Valens
3803:Jovian
3798:Julian
3670:Probus
3605:&
3585:Decius
3533:Crisis
3451:Trajan
3179:
3146:
3138:
3128:
3096:
3079:
3045:
3024:
2970:
2861:
2814:
2781:
2711:Jerome
2662:
2608:
2583:
2558:
2243:
2170:
2147:7 June
2120:
2095:
2065:
1955:
1945:
1927:Chiron
1904:
1800:
1790:
1664:, was
1616:Legacy
1574:Thrace
1492:Trajan
1253:Firmus
1120:Moesia
992:, and
982:Italia
970:Italia
791:Thrace
753:, and
751:Gepids
743:Heruli
724:Raetia
720:Danube
619:legate
402:, and
339:214 –
239:Under
130:Spouse
8090:Carus
7869:Nerva
7859:Titus
7837:Galba
7804:XXXIV
7789:Roman
7568:Arses
7495:Hakor
7414:XXVII
7124:XXIII
6714:XVIII
6674:(male
6404:Apepi
6392:Khyan
6305:Wazad
6073:Wegaf
6007:Iufni
5861:Nubia
5669:Setut
5491:Nefer
5338:Khufu
5296:Khaba
5290:Nebka
5154:Nebra
5082:Menes
5041:Menes
4993:Stork
4956:Upper
4912:Neheb
4905:Thesh
4891:Khayu
4840:Lower
4256:Leo V
4223:Irene
4010:Leo I
3675:Carus
3446:Nerva
3436:Titus
3416:Galba
3368:Roman
3273:with
3155:(PDF)
3144:S2CID
3136:JSTOR
3114:(PDF)
3077:S2CID
2415:Stein
1953:S2CID
1827:Groag
1757:Carus
1690:nomen
1648:Notes
1512:Death
1215:Tyana
1184:Egypt
1176:Syria
1116:Dacia
1084:Pavia
959:Rhine
954:limes
945:Syria
943:, in
747:Goths
690:Dacia
675:Goths
659:Italy
631:Goths
611:Spain
551:nomen
424:Dacia
404:Carpi
388:Goths
329:Latin
301:Emesa
296:Immae
291:Tyana
279:Pavia
154:Names
141:Issue
66:Reign
7923:Geta
7842:Otho
7832:Nero
7550:XXXI
7535:Teos
7482:XXIX
7347:XXVI
7332:Late
7309:male
7269:Late
7222:Piye
7191:XXIV
7097:Pami
7047:XXII
6636:and
6552:XVII
6298:Nuya
5967:XIII
5776:male
5738:and
5628:Khui
5525:VIII
5448:Teti
5430:Unas
5315:Huni
5117:Qa'a
5097:Djet
5092:Djer
5000:Bull
4979:Fish
4945:Wash
4926:Mekh
4802:male
4612:(w.
4595:(w.
4543:(w.
4514:John
4511:(w.
4489:(w.
4477:(w.
4448:(w.
4430:(w.
4331:(w.
4304:(w.
4287:(w.
4275:(w.
4258:(w.
4240:(w.
4201:(w.
4162:(w.
4129:(w.
4112:(w.
4064:(w.
4027:(w.
4020:Zeno
3887:(w.
3844:(w.
3635:(w.
3599:(w.
3587:(w.
3575:(w.
3508:(w.
3501:Geta
3421:Otho
3411:Nero
3370:and
3177:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2999:2006
2968:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2812:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2660:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2295:2011
2241:ISBN
2199:2020
2168:ISBN
2149:2020
2118:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2063:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1851:2018
1798:OCLC
1788:ISBN
1755:and
1701:The
1538:Gaul
1306:and
1261:and
1213:and
1200:and
1092:Rome
1064:Fano
1035:The
919:mint
728:Alps
598:and
490:and
474:The
420:Rome
274:Fano
243:and
111:Died
98:Born
7522:XXX
7271:to
7214:XXV
6937:XXI
6802:XIX
6419:XVI
6199:XIV
6047:Hor
5888:XII
5521:VII
5266:III
5102:Den
4898:Tiu
4764:to
4433:Leo
4378:Zoe
3624:(?)
3270:271
3118:doi
3069:doi
2949:",
2945:, "
1935:doi
1707:ala
1632:or
1548:).
1494:'s
1469:in
1450:XXI
1238:Sol
1197:rex
839:by
591:dux
526:Sol
418:in
186:of
8272::
8232:31
8227:30
8222:27
8217:26
8212:25
8207:24
8197:20
8192:19
8187:18
8182:12
8177:11
6855:XX
6787:Ay
6351:XV
5814:XI
5646:IX
5440:VI
5325:IV
5165:Ba
5141:II
5080:/
5039:/
5025:Ka
4877:Pu
4454:,
4337:,
3328:II
3142:.
3134:.
3124:.
3075:.
3063:.
2989:.
2985:.
2926:,
2911:,
2893:,
2729:,
2713:,
2697:,
2685:6.
2681:,
2637:.
2620:^
2534:,
2473:.
2434:^
2383:^
2350:^
2335:^
2320:^
2303:^
2285:.
2281:.
2267:^
2252:^
2190:.
2140:.
2077:^
2030:^
1951:.
1941:.
1931:51
1929:.
1925:.
1881:,
1859:^
1796:.
1730:,
1673:.
1644:.
1591:.
1576:.
1572:,
1454:KA
1392:.
1318:.
1229:.
1182:,
1178:,
1098:.
1012:,
1008:,
988:,
965:.
906:.
897:.
749:,
745:,
734:.
681:.
430:.
398:,
394:,
390:,
341:c.
337:c.
331::
122:,
115:c.
8172:4
8168:3
8165:2
8161:1
5686:X
5523:/
5382:V
5070:I
4965:A
4933:A
4741:e
4734:t
4727:v
4618:)
4601:)
4549:)
4517:)
4495:)
4483:)
4466:)
4442:)
4349:)
4310:)
4293:)
4281:)
4264:)
4252:)
4209:)
4168:)
4141:)
4118:)
4070:)
4033:)
3895:)
3852:)
3641:)
3611:)
3593:)
3581:)
3514:)
3360:e
3353:t
3346:v
3185:.
3120::
3102:.
3083:.
3071::
3065:7
3051:.
3030:.
3001:.
2976:.
2867:.
2771:.
2668:.
2614:.
2589:.
2564:.
2429:.
2297:.
2262:.
2201:.
2176:.
2151:.
2126:.
2101:.
2071:.
1959:.
1937::
1910:.
1853:.
1804:.
1544:(
1004:—
862:)
856:(
851:)
847:(
833:.
327:(
218:e
211:t
204:v
53:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
