269:
114:
342:
107:
44:
466:, which also allow heat circulation. Drilling has shown that the reservoirs have temperatures of about 250–260 °C (482–500 °F). The Sol de Mañana geothermal system may be physically connected to El Tatio, with Sol de Mañana being closer to the heat source and Tatio an outflow at lower elevation.
541:
Laguna
Colorada/Sol de Mañana are the main focus of geothermal power prospecting in Bolivia; other sites have drawn scarce interest. As of 2016 Bolivia did not have any legislation specific for geothermal power generation. Geothermal power development is also hindered by the remote location, which
1245:
Lagos, Magdalena Sofía; Muñoz, José Francisco; Suárez, Francisco
Ignacio; Fuenzalida, María José; Yáñez-Morroni, Gonzalo; Sanzana, Pedro (29 June 2023). "Investigating the effects of channelization in the Silala River: A review of the implementation of a coupled MIKE -11 and MIKE-SHE modeling
262:, which can be reached from Sol de Mañana. There are mines at Cerro Aguita Blanca, a few kilometres south of Sol de Mañana, and at Cerro Apacheta about five kilometres west-southwest; the latter can be reached through another road from Sol de Mañana.
197:. Apart from Sol de Mañana proper there are additional geothermal manifestations dispersed a few kilometres south-southwest at Apacheta and 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Sol de Mañana; north-northwest at Huayllajara; The first two feature
275:
268:
1390:
Pritchard, M. E.; Henderson, S. T.; Jay, J. A.; Soler, V.; Krzesni, D. A.; Button, N. E.; Welch, M. D.; Semple, A. G.; Glass, B.; Sunagua, M.; Minaya, E.; Amigo, A.; Clavero, J. (1 June 2014).
165:. The field has been prospected as a possible geothermal power production site, with research beginning in the 1970s and after a pause recommencing in 2010. Development is ongoing as of 2023.
1194:
Delgadillo, T. Z.; Puente, Héctor G. (1998). The Laguna
Colorada (Bolivia) Project: A Reservoir Engineering Assessment (Report). Transactions-Geothermal Resources Council. pp. 257–262.
1199:
Fernandez-Turiel, J.L.; Garcia-Valles, M.; Gimeno-Torrente, D.; Saavedra-Alonso, J.; Martinez-Manent, S. (October 2005). "The hot spring and geyser sinters of El Tatio, Northern Chile".
526:
were undertaken in the following years; however development ceased in 1993 as the legal and political circumstances were unfavourable. A renewed effort began in 2010, spearheaded by the
478:
on Sol de Mañana. Mean annual precipitation is about 75 millimetres (3.0 in) and mean temperatures are about 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The geothermal field is part of the
216:
and earthquakes have been recorded in the field. Sol de Mañana lies at about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) elevation, making it among the highest geothermal fields in the world.
1518:
208:-containing gases. The temperatures of the springs reach 30 °C (86 °F) and the fumaroles 70 °C (158 °F), hot enough to be visible from space in
1281:"Distribution, structural and hydrological control of the hot springs and geysers of El Tatio, Chile, revealed by optical and thermal infrared drone surveying"
1128:
479:
154:
1513:
415:
have identified several rock units under Sol de Mañana, including several layers of dacitic ignimbrites with ages of about 5-1.2 million years and
527:
309:
is one of four belts of volcanoes in the Andes. Volcanic activity began 23 million years ago and involved the emplacement of a series of
1392:"Reconnaissance earthquake studies at nine volcanic areas of the central Andes with coincident satellite thermal and InSAR observations"
63:
401:, which constitute pathways for the ascent of hot water. The most important faults at the field trend north-northwest-south-southeast.
1341:"Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion for the characterization of the Sol de Mañana high-enthalpy geothermal field, Bolivia"
181:), in a remote and uninhabited region of Bolivia. In an area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) there are steam vents,
106:
318:
227:
in
Bolivia, 75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast from Sol de Mañana, and the field can be accessed through unpaved roads from
1150:
Cortecci, Gianni; Boschetti, Tiziano; Mussi, Mario; Lameli, Christian
Herrera; Mucchino, Claudio; Barbieri, Maurizio (2005).
1268:
1508:
530:, during which additional cores were drilled, but as of 2023 is still at its early stages and as of 2016 is only used as
443:, across the border in Chile. The geothermal heat reservoir appears to be located within the ignimbrites and andesites.
56:
204:
Steam/water emissions can under exceptional circumstances reach heights of 200 metres (660 ft). Gas vents release
235:, the best-known geothermal manifestation in the Central Andes. There are numerous volcanoes in the area, including
295:
beneath the South
American Plate. The subduction is responsible for the volcanism of the Andes. The growth of the
1463:
1151:
350:
322:
1230:"Uyuni, capital turística de Bolivia. Aproximaciones antropológicas a un fenómeno visual posmoderno desbordante"
317:
grew on top of the ignimbrites; there are about 150 separate volcanic centres. The
Altiplano volcanoes form the
329:. About 50 volcanoes in the Central Andes (Bolivia, northern Chile, northern Argentina) were active during the
419:
lavas. Hydrothermal alteration has taken place throughout the layers, forming from top to bottom layers rich
522:
as the most suitable areas for geothermal power generation. A geothermal project began in 1978 and numerous
146:
1391:
1280:
244:
1471:
USGS (1992). Geology and mineral resources of the
Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental, Bolivia (Report).
1339:
Pereyra
Quiroga, Bruno; Meneses Rioseco, Ernesto; Kapinos, Gerhard; Brasse, Heinrich (1 September 2023).
535:
306:
538:. An electrical power potential of about 50–100 megawatts (67,000–134,000 hp) has been estimated.
341:
1403:
1352:
1292:
1208:
1163:
515:
231:, 340 kilometres (210 mi) away. 30 kilometres (19 mi) across the frontier, in Chile, lies
220:
1130:
Valoración y gobernanza de los proyectos geotérmicos en América del Sur: una propuesta metodológica
224:
138:
1152:"New chemical and original isotopic data on waters from El Tatio geothermal field, northern Chile"
353:
geothermal area/caldera complex (the names are sometimes used interchangeably). The area features
1452:
1378:
1316:
543:
432:
178:
174:
1493:
1329:
145:, hot springs and mud pools. It lies at about 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) elevation, south of
1419:
1370:
1308:
1472:
1431:
Suaznabar, Paola
Adriana Coca; Quiroga, Bruno Pereyra; Villarreal, José Ramón Pérez (2019).
1411:
1360:
1300:
1255:
1216:
1171:
499:
240:
1453:
Well Data Analysis and Volumetric Assessment of the Sol de Mañana Geothermal Field, Bolivia
973:
971:
950:
922:
920:
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844:
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385:
occur in the area. There are various north-south and northwest–southeast trending tectonic
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685:
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519:
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475:
463:
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259:
1143:"Diputados aprueba financiamiento para construcción de Planta Geotérmica Laguna Colorada"
1407:
1356:
1296:
1279:
Müller, Daniel; Walter, Thomas R.; Zimmer, Martin; Gonzalez, Gabriel (1 December 2022).
1212:
1167:
389:
in the region, associated with rock deformation. At Sol de Mañana there are a number of
43:
867:
865:
258:
systems. The field lies 40 kilometres (25 mi)-20 kilometres (12 mi) south of
248:
209:
1433:"Well Drilling in Sol de Mañana Geothermal Field – Laguna Colorada Geothermal Project"
1365:
1340:
1229:
1502:
1415:
1382:
1320:
1304:
584:
511:
459:
314:
302:
commenced 25 million years ago before shifting eastward 12-6 million years ago.
213:
1142:
588:
531:
447:
436:
394:
313:, which form one of the largest ignimbrite plateaus of the world. Numerous younger
299:
252:
201:
altered rocks and sometimes they are considered to be separate geothermal fields.
198:
1331:
Two new supereruptions in the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the central Andes
1220:
483:
358:
289:
162:
451:
412:
310:
186:
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78:
65:
17:
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236:
142:
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1037:
1025:
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1001:
977:
926:
856:
774:
747:
699:
797:
795:
523:
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The heat may originate either in the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body or in the
440:
398:
378:
374:
330:
326:
232:
194:
182:
150:
428:
406:
402:
382:
354:
325:. The dry climate leads to an exceptional preservation of the volcanic
292:
255:
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871:
424:
362:
205:
190:
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erosion has taken place in the area during the past, which has left
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158:
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656:
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455:
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454:, forming two heat reservoirs underground that are capped by a
816:
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created the impetus for increased investigation of Bolivia's
1061:
637:
635:
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networks, and the low price of electricity in the country.
157:
and is an important tourism attraction on the road between
1085:
938:
905:
903:
901:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
801:
786:
759:
431:; each of these layers is several hundred metres thick.
562:
The Altiplano-Puna Magmatic Body is an accumulation of
626:
506:
and the surrounding Andean ranges. Prospecting by the
610:
608:
482:
and one of the main tourism attractions on the Uyuni-
1269:
Informe de rendición pública de cuentas inicial 2022
1267:
Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energies (April 2022).
94:
55:
50:
36:
153:geothermal field. The field is located within the
989:
832:
1073:
718:
660:
1396:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1285:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1185:De Silva, Shanaka L.; Francis, Peter (1991).
8:
1127:Bona, Paolo; Coviello, Manlio (April 2016).
1109:
820:
641:
510:and the state agency for geology identified
480:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
288:Off the western coast of South America, the
155:Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve
29:Geothermally active area in southern Bolivia
409:east and north-northwest of Sol de Mañana.
1228:Damir, Galaz-Mandakovic Fernández (2014).
872:Ministry of Hydrocarbons and Energies 2022
462:water reaches the reservoirs through deep
33:
1476:
1364:
1189:. Vol. 220. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
1175:
1519:Tourist attractions in Potosí Department
909:
892:
802:Suaznabar, Quiroga & Villarreal 2019
730:
1141:Communication Ministry (25 July 2020).
604:
555:
528:Japan International Cooperation Agency
278:Panorama of the Sol de Mañana mudpools
1451:Sullcani, Pedro Rómulo Ramos (2015).
672:
583:Including the Tara Ignimbrite from a
113:
7:
614:
247:southwest of Sol de Mañana, and the
1460:National Energy Authority (Iceland)
1334:. 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting.
962:
450:. It is transported upward through
219:The nearest major communities are
25:
1366:10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102748
435:rocks were not encountered. This
1416:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.004
1328:Ort, Michael H. (October 2009).
1305:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107696
267:
112:
105:
42:
319:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
141:in southern Bolivia, including
1514:Landforms of Potosí Department
1187:Volcanoes of the central Andes
345:The landscape of Sol de Mañana
321:, which is underpinned by the
1:
542:would require building large
349:Sol de Mañana is part of the
1221:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.07.005
990:Delgadillo & Puente 1998
951:Fernandez-Turiel et al. 2005
845:Fernandez-Turiel et al. 2005
833:Delgadillo & Puente 1998
508:National Electricity Company
1098:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1074:De Silva & Francis 1991
1050:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1038:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1026:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1014:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
1002:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
978:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
927:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
857:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
775:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
748:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
719:De Silva & Francis 1991
700:Pereyra Quiroga et al. 2023
661:De Silva & Francis 1991
627:Communication Ministry 2020
502:resources, focusing on the
490:Geothermal power generation
1535:
173:Sol de Mañana lies in the
1464:United Nations University
323:Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
139:geothermal manifestations
99:
41:
1110:Bona & Coviello 2016
821:Bona & Coviello 2016
642:Bona & Coviello 2016
1177:10.2343/geochemj.39.547
1274:(Report) (in Spanish).
439:is similar to that at
346:
939:Pritchard et al. 2014
760:Pritchard et al. 2014
470:Climate and ecosystem
373:) emplaced on top of
365:forming ignimbrites,
344:
307:Central Volcanic Zone
79:22.42639°S 67.75972°W
1509:Landforms of Bolivia
1136:(in Spanish). CEPAL.
1062:Cortecci et al. 2005
84:-22.42639; -67.75972
1408:2014JVGR..280...90P
1357:2023Geoth.11302748P
1297:2022JVGR..43207696M
1213:2005SedG..180..125F
1201:Sedimentary Geology
1168:2005GeocJ..39..547C
1156:Geochemical Journal
524:drilling operations
239:west-southwest and
75: /
787:Müller et al. 2022
544:power transmission
536:San Cristobal mine
397:active during the
377:marine sediments.
347:
179:Sud Lipez Province
175:San Pablo de Lipez
51:Highest point
1260:10.1002/wat2.1673
1086:Lagos et al. 2023
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
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1440:GRC Transactions
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516:Salar de Empexa
496:1973 oil crisis
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476:weather station
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351:Laguna Colorada
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1236:(in Spanish).
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214:Seismic swarms
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460:Precipitation
457:
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400:
396:
395:normal faults
392:
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381:deposits and
380:
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225:Quetena Chico
222:
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180:
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168:
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136:
135:Sol de Mañana
120:Sol de Mañana
108:
98:
93:
88:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:Sol de Mañana
35:
32:
27:
19:
18:Sol de Manana
1459:
1443:
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1344:
1330:
1288:
1284:
1251:
1247:
1237:
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1093:
1088:, p. 5.
1081:
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1021:
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997:
985:
980:, p. 5.
965:, p. 1.
958:
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934:
929:, p. 3.
859:, p. 8.
852:
840:
828:
804:, p. 2.
789:, p. 3.
782:
777:, p. 2.
755:
750:, p. 1.
726:
702:, p. 4.
668:
622:
589:Cerro Guacha
579:
558:
540:
532:process heat
493:
473:
448:volcanic arc
445:
437:stratigraphy
411:
393:, including
348:
304:
300:high plateau
287:
253:Cerro Guacha
218:
203:
172:
149:and east of
134:
133:
31:
26:
1345:Geothermics
1248:WIREs Water
484:Antofagasta
474:There is a
413:Drill cores
359:Pleistocene
311:ignimbrites
305:The Andean
290:Nazca Plate
187:hot springs
169:Description
163:Antofagasta
82: /
57:Coordinates
1503:Categories
1462:(Report).
1402:: 90–103.
1351:: 102748.
1291:: 107696.
1240:: 147–173.
673:Damir 2014
599:References
452:convection
387:lineaments
70:67°45′35″W
67:22°25′35″S
1424:0377-0273
1383:259617984
1375:0375-6505
1321:253033476
1313:0377-0273
1246:system".
615:USGS 1992
572:Altiplano
504:Altiplano
417:andesitic
327:landforms
297:Altiplano
245:Escalante
237:Tocorpuri
195:fumaroles
183:mud pools
143:fumaroles
95:Geography
963:Ort 2009
534:for the
441:El Tatio
433:Basement
407:moraines
399:Holocene
383:moraines
379:Alluvial
375:Cenozoic
331:Holocene
293:subducts
233:El Tatio
212:images.
151:El Tatio
1404:Bibcode
1353:Bibcode
1293:Bibcode
1209:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1120:Sources
570:of the
566:in the
458:layer.
429:epidote
403:Glacial
355:Miocene
284:Geology
256:caldera
191:geysers
1422:
1381:
1373:
1319:
1311:
512:Sajama
486:road.
464:faults
425:silica
391:faults
363:dacite
241:Putana
206:sulfur
1456:(PDF)
1436:(PDF)
1379:S2CID
1317:S2CID
1272:(PDF)
1134:(PDF)
568:crust
564:magma
550:Notes
421:clays
371:tuffs
367:lavas
337:Local
229:Uyuni
210:ASTER
159:Uyuni
1420:ISSN
1371:ISSN
1309:ISSN
518:and
494:The
456:clay
427:and
369:and
251:and
243:and
223:and
193:and
161:and
1473:doi
1412:doi
1400:280
1361:doi
1349:113
1301:doi
1289:432
1256:doi
1217:doi
1205:180
1172:doi
587:of
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1170:.
1160:39
1158:.
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970:^
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607:^
514:,
423:,
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189:,
185:,
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1219::
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591:.
574:.
357:-
20:)
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